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<span>Toggle Application in wood construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Application_in_wood_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hurricane_tie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurricane_tie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hurricane tie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurricane_tie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seismic_tie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seismic_tie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Seismic tie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seismic_tie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Girder_tiedown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Girder_tiedown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Girder tiedown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Girder_tiedown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joist_hanger_or_corner_bracket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joist_hanger_or_corner_bracket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Joist hanger or corner bracket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joist_hanger_or_corner_bracket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twist_strap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twist_strap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Twist strap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twist_strap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floor_span_connector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floor_span_connector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Floor span connector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floor_span_connector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angle_tie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angle_tie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Angle tie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angle_tie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Z-clip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Z-clip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Z-clip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Z-clip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Plate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rafter_tie_(and_tie-beams)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rafter_tie_(and_tie-beams)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Rafter tie (and tie-beams)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rafter_tie_(and_tie-beams)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H2A..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5b/H2A..jpg" decoding="async" width="58" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>A hurricane tie used to fasten a <a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">rafter</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">stud</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>tie</b>, <a href="/wiki/Strap" title="Strap">strap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tie_rod" title="Tie rod">tie rod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eyebar" title="Eyebar">eyebar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy-wire" title="Guy-wire">guy-wire</a>, suspension cables, or wire ropes, are examples of linear <a href="/wiki/Structural_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural component">structural components</a> designed to resist <a href="/wiki/Tension_(physics)" title="Tension (physics)">tension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the opposite of a <a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">strut</a> or <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">column</a>, which is designed to resist compression. Ties may be made of any tension resisting material. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_in_wood_construction">Application in wood construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Application in wood construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In wood-frame construction ties are generally made of <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanized</a> <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coatings_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coatings-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood framing ties generally have holes allowing them to be fastened to the wood structure by <a href="/wiki/Nail_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nail (engineering)">nails</a> or <a href="/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">screws</a>. The number and type of nails are specific to the tie and its use. The manufacturer generally specifies information as to the connection method for each of their products. Among the most common wood framing ties used is the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">hurricane</a> tie or <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> tie used in the <a href="/wiki/Framing_(construction)" title="Framing (construction)">framing</a> of wooden structures where wind uplift or seismic overturning is a concern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hurricane_tie">Hurricane tie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hurricane tie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_100713-A-5170O-167.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Defense.gov_photo_essay_100713-A-5170O-167.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_100713-A-5170O-167.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Defense.gov_photo_essay_100713-A-5170O-167.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_100713-A-5170O-167.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Defense.gov_photo_essay_100713-A-5170O-167.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_100713-A-5170O-167.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Hurricane ties are in place at the top of the wall as the roof trusses are being placed.</figcaption></figure> <p>A hurricane tie (also known as hurricane clip or strip) is used to help make a structure (specifically <a href="/wiki/Framing_(construction)" title="Framing (construction)">wooden structures</a>) more resistant to high winds (such as in <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a>), resisting uplift, racking, overturning, and sliding.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the crucial connections in a structure, that would otherwise fail under the pressures of high winds, have a corresponding type of tie, generally made of <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanized</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, and intended to resist hurricane-force and other strong winds.<sup id="cite_ref-Rumbarger,_Janet_2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumbarger,_Janet_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Hurricane clip" has two meanings in building construction: </p> <ul><li>A connecting tie that provides a continuous structural load transfer path from the top of a building to its foundation, helping to protect buildings from damage resulting from high wind. These devices are primarily used in areas affected by high winds including <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a> but are generally suitable for any area that may be impacted by windstorm damage. They are also known as hurricane <i>ties</i><sup id="cite_ref-Rumbarger,_Janet_2003_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumbarger,_Janet_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>strips</i>;</li> <li>A tie which is attached to roof tiles to keep them from blowing off a roof. These devices are also known as <i>wind clips</i> and <i>hurricane side clips</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seismic_tie">Seismic tie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Seismic tie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seismic ties are used to securely fix cabinets, bookcases, desks, appliances, machinery & equipment to walls and/or floors to constrain their movement during earthquakes. <sup id="cite_ref-USG_data_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USG_data-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Girder_tiedown">Girder tiedown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Girder tiedown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Top mount, face mount, sloped/skewed, and variable pitch hangers for dimensional lumber, engineered wood I-joists, structural composite lumber and masonry wall. To give added strength in increase various load requirements over wood only. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joist_hanger_or_corner_bracket">Joist hanger or corner bracket</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Joist hanger or corner bracket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joist hangers are used to prevent floor joists, which is what supports the flooring systems in residential homes and buildings built using lumber, from dropping and twisting thus creating an uneven walking surface. This is known as floor sagging. It is important to note that when laying wooden subfloor to apply adhesive to the joists which the subfloor will lay on to help prevent creaking & lateral movement and separation of the joists and subfloor. Using screws instead of nails is also highly recommended to prevent the aforementioned creaking and other problems as well. Subfloor isn't load bearing in residential construction. Although the use of steel joist hangers to support floor joists is recommended over a ledger supporting the joists because of house settling and nail separation, they are not required by code in most municipalities. However, toe nailing & end nailing is nowhere near as effective as using hangers to support flooring systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twist_strap">Twist strap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Twist strap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twist straps provide a tension connection between two wood members. They resist uplift at the heel of a truss economically. When the strengthening is being done from the inside, the ideal connector to use is one that connects rafters or trusses directly to wall studs. This can only be done where the rafter or trusses are immediately above or immediately to the side of studs below. In that case a twist strap connector can be used.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floor_span_connector">Floor span connector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Floor span connector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A connector for connecting wall studs of two adjacent floors in a light frame building structure, the connector having a first attachment tab, a seat member, a diagonally slanted support leg, and a second attachment tab, all substantially planar. The connector is intended to be paired and the paired connectors joined by an elongated tie member that pierces the sill plates of the intervening floor structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angle_tie">Angle tie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Angle tie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes referred to as an angle brace. The Angle tie is used to prevent displacement of building elements due to thrust. A brace/tie across an interior angle of a wooden frame, forming the hypotenuse and securing the two side pieces together.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Z-clip">Z-clip</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Z-clip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to a French cleat, a Z-Clip allows for the installation of wall panels without screwing into the front of the panels. The clips provide a secure mount for wall panels, partitions, frames, cabinets, and more. Once installed, clips wedge together to lock panels in place. To disengage panels, simply lift and remove. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plate">Plate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Plate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_truss_plates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Wood_truss_plates.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>Metal connector plates</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Truss_connector_plate" title="Truss connector plate">truss connector plate</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rafter_tie_(and_tie-beams)"><span id="Rafter_tie_.28and_tie-beams.29"></span>Rafter tie (and tie-beams)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rafter tie (and tie-beams)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rafter ties are designed to tie together the bottoms of opposing rafters on a roof, to resist the outward thrust where the roof meets the house ceiling and walls. This helps keep walls from spreading due to the weight of the roof and anything on it, notably wet snow. In many or most homes, the ceiling <a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">joists</a> also serve as the rafter ties. When the walls spread, the roof ridge will sag. A sagging ridge is one clue that the home may lack adequate rafter ties. Rafter ties form the bottom chord of a simple triangular roof truss. They resist the out-thrust of a triangle that's trying to flatten under the roof's own weight or snow load. They are placed in the bottom one-third of the roof height. Rafter ties are always required unless the roof has a structural (self-supporting) ridge, or is built using engineered trusses. A lack of rafter ties is a serious structural issue in a conventionally-framed roof. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Marys_Church,_Radnage,_Bucks,_England_15th_century_tie-beam_roof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/St_Marys_Church%2C_Radnage%2C_Bucks%2C_England_15th_century_tie-beam_roof.jpg/300px-St_Marys_Church%2C_Radnage%2C_Bucks%2C_England_15th_century_tie-beam_roof.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/St_Marys_Church%2C_Radnage%2C_Bucks%2C_England_15th_century_tie-beam_roof.jpg/450px-St_Marys_Church%2C_Radnage%2C_Bucks%2C_England_15th_century_tie-beam_roof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/St_Marys_Church%2C_Radnage%2C_Bucks%2C_England_15th_century_tie-beam_roof.jpg/600px-St_Marys_Church%2C_Radnage%2C_Bucks%2C_England_15th_century_tie-beam_roof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption>The 15th-century tie-beam roof at St Mary's Church, <a href="/wiki/Radnage" title="Radnage">Radnage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a> in England</figcaption></figure> <p>A wooden beam serving this purpose is known as a tie-beam, and a roof incorporating tie-beams is known as a tie-beam roof.<sup id="cite_ref-Council-code_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Council-code-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(construction)" title="Framing (construction)">Framing (construction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_structural_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of structural elements">List of structural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_rod" title="Tie rod">Tie rod</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_(engineering)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrautwine1919" class="citation book cs1">Trautwine, John Cresson (1919) [1871]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog"><i>The Civil Engineer's Pocket-Book</i></a> (20th ed.). Wallingford, Pennsylvania: Trautwine Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilengineersp00unkngoog/page/n433">359</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2010</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <q>A long slender piece sustaining tension is called a tie. One sustaining compression is called a strut or post.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+Engineer%27s+Pocket-Book&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=359&rft.edition=20th&rft.pub=Trautwine+Company&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Trautwine&rft.aufirst=John+Cresson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilengineersp00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATie+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coatings-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coatings_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strong-tie.com/productuse/coatings.html">"Different coatings available"</a>. strong-tie.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Different+coatings+available&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strong-tie.com%2Fproductuse%2Fcoatings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATie+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safestronghome.com/highwind/01.asp">"How wind affects your home"</a>. safestronghome.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+wind+affects+your+home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safestronghome.com%2Fhighwind%2F01.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATie+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span> (A Simpson Strong-Tie website)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rumbarger,_Janet_2003-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rumbarger,_Janet_2003_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rumbarger,_Janet_2003_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rumbarger, Janet, Richard Vitullo, and Charles George Ramsey. <i>Architectural graphic standards for residential construction</i>. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2003. 238. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boralamerica.com/Media/Default/Resources/Roof-Components/components-install-wind-clip.pdf">Document from a commercial website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USG_data-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USG_data_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usg.com/content/dam/USG_Marketing_Communications/united_states/product_promotional_materials/finished_assets/seismic-technical-guide-seismic-clip-perimeter-interface-en-SC2498.pdf">"Seismic Technical Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>USGUSG Seismic Ceiling Resource Center</i>. usg.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USGUSG+Seismic+Ceiling+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=Seismic+Technical+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usg.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FUSG_Marketing_Communications%2Funited_states%2Fproduct_promotional_materials%2Ffinished_assets%2Fseismic-technical-guide-seismic-clip-perimeter-interface-en-SC2498.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATie+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1992" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, LeRoy Oscar (28 Nov 1992). <i>Wood-frame House Construction</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/ibc/2012/icod_ibc_2012_23_par196.htm">the original</a> on 24 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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