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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_elisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical elisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_elisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elision_in_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elision_in_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Elision in poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elision_in_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deletion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deletion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Deletion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deletion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finnish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Finnish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Icelandic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Icelandic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Icelandic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Icelandic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Irish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malayalam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malayalam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Malayalam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malayalam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Tamil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urdu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urdu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>Urdu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urdu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welsh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welsh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span>Welsh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welsh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Related areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elision</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9)" title="إسقاط (لغة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسقاط (لغة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisi%C3%B3n" title="Elisión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elisión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleziya" title="Eleziya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eleziya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5)" title="Элизия (тел белеме) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Элизия (тел белеме)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Елизия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Елизия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koazhadur_(yezhoniezh)" title="Koazhadur (yezhoniezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Koazhadur (yezhoniezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisi%C3%B3" title="Elisió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elisió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elize" title="Elize – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elize" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elision" title="Elision – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elision" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisi%C3%B3n" title="Elisión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elisión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizio" title="Elizio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elizio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B0%D9%81_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="حذف (زبان‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حذف (زبان‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lision" title="Élision – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élision" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisi%C3%B3n" title="Elisión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elisión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%9C%81%E7%95%A5" title="語音省略 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="語音省略" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%A6%AC%EC%A2%85" title="엘리종 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘리종" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliziono" title="Eliziono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Eliziono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisione" title="Elisione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elisione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ელიზია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელიზია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Элизия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Элизия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Элизия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Элизия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisie" title="Elisie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Elisie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisie" title="Elisie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elisie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3" title="エリジオン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エリジオン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elidering" title="Elidering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elidering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizja" title="Elizja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elizja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elis%C3%A3o" title="Elisão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elisão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliziune" title="Eliziune – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eliziune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Элизия (лингвистика) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Элизия (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisio" title="Elisio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elisio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elision" title="Elision – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elision" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Елізія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Елізія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotchaedje_del_voyale_do_prum%C3%AE_p%C3%AE" title="Spotchaedje del voyale do prumî pî – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Spotchaedje del voyale do prumî pî" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%9C%81%E7%95%A5" title="語音省略 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="語音省略" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%9C%81%E7%95%A5" title="語音省略 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="語音省略" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q650250#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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(linguistics)">alternation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">Metathesis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_metathesis" title="Quantitative metathesis">Quantitative metathesis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">Lenition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">Consonant gradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">Consonant voicing and devoicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assibilation" title="Assibilation">Assibilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirantization" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirantization">Spirantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debuccalization" title="Debuccalization">Debuccalization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fortition" title="Fortition">Fortition</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">Epenthesis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prothesis_(linguistics)" title="Prothesis (linguistics)">Prothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragoge" title="Paragoge">Paragoge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpacking_(linguistics)" title="Unpacking (linguistics)">Unpacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_breaking" title="Vowel breaking">Vowel breaking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elision</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apheresis_(linguistics)" title="Apheresis (linguistics)">Apheresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonology)" title="Syncope (phonology)">Syncope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">Apocope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplology" title="Haplology">Haplology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_reduction" title="Cluster reduction">Cluster reduction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transphonologization" title="Transphonologization">Transphonologization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">Compensatory lengthening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">Nasalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)#Origin" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tonogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_tone" title="Floating tone">Floating tone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">Assimilation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_(phonetics)" title="Fusion (phonetics)">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarticulation" title="Coarticulation">Coarticulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">Palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">Labialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">Final devoicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphony" title="Metaphony">Metaphony</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">umlaut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_harmony" title="Consonant harmony">Consonant harmony</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dissimilation" title="Dissimilation">Dissimilation</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">Sandhi</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">Liaison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linking_and_intrusive_R" title="Linking and intrusive R">linking R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">Consonant mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">Tone sandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_hiatus" title="Vowel hiatus">Vowel hiatus</a></li></ul> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Synalepha" title="Synalepha">Synalepha</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">Crasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synaeresis" title="Synaeresis">Synaeresis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(prosody)" title="Diaeresis (prosody)">diaeresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synizesis" title="Synizesis">Synizesis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophony" title="Apophony">Apophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Affrication">Affrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">Gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(phonetics)" title="Clipping (phonetics)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronting_(sound_change)" title="Fronting (sound change)">Fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_(sound_change)" title="Raising (sound change)">Raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacism" title="Betacism">Betacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iotacism" title="Iotacism">Iotacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_(phonetics)" title="Fusion (phonetics)">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_change#Merger" title="Phonological change">Merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">Compensatory lengthening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization" title="Monophthongization">Monophthongization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhotacism" title="Rhotacism">Rhotacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoglottophilia" title="Rhinoglottophilia">Rhinoglottophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">Sulcalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shm-reduplication" title="Shm-reduplication">Shm-reduplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">Consonant mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_shift" title="Vowel shift">Vowel shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_shift" title="Chain shift">Chain shift</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; padding-top: 1px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sound_change" title="Template:Sound change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sound_change" title="Template talk:Sound change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sound_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sound change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In linguistics, an <b>elision</b> or <b>deletion</b> is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a>, or a whole <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>) in a word or phrase. However, these terms are also used to refer more narrowly to cases where two words are run together by the omission of a final sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Harman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is the elision of word-final /t/ in English if it is preceded and followed by a consonant: "first light" is often pronounced "firs' light" (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fɜrs<span class="wrap"> </span>laɪt/</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Gimson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other terms are used to refer to specific cases where sounds are omitted. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citation_forms_and_contextual_forms">Citation forms and contextual forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Citation forms and contextual forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A word may be spoken individually in what is called the <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">citation form</a>. This corresponds to the pronunciation given in a dictionary. However, when words are spoken in context, it often happens that some sounds that belong to the citation form are omitted. Elision is not an all-or-nothing process: elision is more likely to occur in some styles of speaking and less likely in others.<sup id="cite_ref-Shockey_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shockey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many writers have described the styles of speech in which elision is most commonly found, using terms such as "casual speech",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "spontaneous speech",<sup id="cite_ref-Cauldwell_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cauldwell-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "allegro speech"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "rapid speech".<sup id="cite_ref-Gimson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, what may appear to be the disappearance of a sound may in fact be a change in the articulation of a sound that makes it less audible. For example, it has been said that in some dialects of Spanish the word-final <i>-ado</i>, as in <i>cansado</i> (tired) is pronounced /ado/ in citation form but the /d/ is omitted in normal speech, giving "cansao". More careful description will show that the Spanish phoneme /d/ is usually pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">voiced dental fricative</a> [ð] when it occurs between vowels. In casual speech it is frequently weakened to a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental approximant">voiced dental approximant</a> [ð̞].<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most extreme possibility is complete elision resulting in a diphthong with no observable consonantal tongue gesture.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this view, elision is the final stage in lenition or consonant weakening, the last phase of a cline or continuum describable as d > ð > ð̞ > ∅. Whether the elision is of vowel or consonant, if it is consistent through time, the form with elision may come to be accepted as the norm: <i>tabula</i> > <i>tabla</i> as in Spanish, <i>mutare</i> > <i>muer</i> ("change, molt") in French, <i>luna</i> > <i>lua</i> ("moon") in Portuguese. It is usual to explain elision and related connected-speech phenomena in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_least_effort" title="Principle of least effort">principle of least effort</a> or "economy of effort". This concept has been stated as "If a word or expression remains perfectly intelligible without a certain sound, people tend to omit that sound."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_elisions">Historical elisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical elisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various ways in which the present form of a language may reflect elisions that have taken place in the past. This topic is an area of <a href="/wiki/Diachronic_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diachronic linguistics">diachronic linguistics</a>. Such elisions may originally have been <i>optional</i> but have over time become <i>obligatory</i> (or mandatory). An example of historical elision in French that began at the phrasal level and became <a href="/wiki/Lexicalization" title="Lexicalization">lexicalized</a> is preposition <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">de</i></span> > <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">d'</i></span> in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">aujourd'hui</i></span> "today", now felt by native speakers to be one word, but deriving from <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">au jour de hui</i></span>, literally "at the day of today" and meaning "nowadays", although <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">hui</i></span> is no longer recognized as meaningful in French. In English, the word "cupboard" would originally have contained /p/ between /ʌ/ and /b/, but the /p/ is believed to have disappeared from the pronunciation of the word about the fifteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesOEP_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesOEP-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contractions">Contractions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many languages there is a process similar but not identical to elision, called <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)"><b>contraction</b></a>, where common words that occur frequently together form a shortened pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be a historical case (for example, French "<i>ce est</i>" has become "<i>c'est</i>" /sɛ/ and it would now be incorrect to say "<i>ce est</i>" /sə ɛ/) or one that is still optional (in English, a speaker may say "that is" /ðæt ɪz/ or "that's" /ðæts/). Contractions of both sorts are natural forms of the language used by native speakers and are often <a href="/wiki/Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquial</a> but not considered substandard.<sup id="cite_ref-Knowles_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knowles-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English contractions are usually vowel-less <a href="/wiki/Stress_and_vowel_reduction_in_English#Weak_and_strong_forms_of_words" title="Stress and vowel reduction in English">weak form words</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knowles_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knowles-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases the contracted form is not a simple matter of elision: for example, "that's" as a contraction is made not only by the elision of the /ɪ/ of "is" but also by the change of final consonant from /z/ to /s/; "won't" for "will not" requires not only the elision of the /ɒ/ of "not" but also the vowel change /ɪ/ → /oʊ/ and in English <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">RP</a> "can't" and "shan't" change vowel from /æ/ of "can" and "shall" to /ɑː/ in /kɑːnt/, /ʃɑːnt/. In some languages employing the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, such as English, the omitted letters in a contraction are replaced by an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> (e.g., <i>isn't</i> for <i>is not</i>). Written Greek marks elisions in the same way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elision_in_poetry">Elision in poetry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elision in poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Poetic_contraction" title="Poetic contraction">Poetic contraction</a></div> <p>Elision is frequently found in verse. It is sometimes explicitly marked in the spelling, and in other cases has to be inferred from knowledge of the metre. Elisions occurred regularly in Latin, but were not written, except in inscriptions and comedy. Elision of a vowel before a word starting in a vowel is frequent in poetry, where the metre sometimes requires it. For example, the opening line of <a href="/wiki/Catullus_3" title="Catullus 3">Catullus 3</a> is Lugete, O Veneres Cupidinesque, but would be read as Lugeto Veneres Cupidinesque (audio).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many examples of <a href="/wiki/Poetic_contraction" title="Poetic contraction">poetic contraction</a> in English verse of past centuries marked by spelling and punctuation. Frequently found examples are over > o'er and ever > e'er. Multiple examples can be seen in lines such as the following from <a href="/wiki/Elegy_Written_in_a_Country_Churchyard" title="Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard">Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard</a> by Thomas Gray, published in 1751: </p> <ul><li>Th' applause of list'ning senates to command</li> <li>He gain'd from heav'n ('twas all he wish'd) a friend</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deletion">Deletion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Deletion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>deletion</i> is used in some modern work instead of <i>elision</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CelceMurcia_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CelceMurcia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When contemporary or historic deletion is treated in terms of <a href="/wiki/Generative_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative phonology">Generative phonology</a> it is usual to explain the process as one of substituting zero for a phoneme, in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Phonological_rule" title="Phonological rule">phonological rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form of such rules is typically </p> <pre>X --> ∅ (i.e. the segment x becomes zero) </pre> <p>An example of a deletion rule (for /r/-deletion in English RP) is provided by Giegerich.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If we start with the premise that the underlying form of the word "hear" has a final /r/ and has the phonological form /hɪər/, we need to be able to explain how /r/ is deleted at the end of "hear" but is not deleted in the derived word "hearing". The difference is between word-final /r/ in "hear", where the /r/ would form part of the rhyme of a syllable, and word-medial /r/ which would form the onset of the second syllable of "hearing". The following rule deletes /r/ in "hear", giving /hɪə/, but does not apply in the case of "hearing", giving /hɪərɪŋ/. </p> <pre> rhyme /r/ --> ∅/ _____ </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of elision in English: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th>IPA before elision </th> <th>IPA after elision </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>natural</i> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>laboratory</i> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɒr/: 'or' in 'moral'">ɒr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɒr/: 'or' in 'moral'">ɒr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>laboratory</i> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>temperature</i> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>, sometimes <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>family</i> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>vegetable</i> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <a href="/wiki/Devoiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Devoiced">devoiced</a> into <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>fifth</i> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>him</i> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>going to</i> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> (<i>gonna</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>it is</i>, <i>it has</i> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> (<i>it's</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>I have</i> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span></span>/</a></span></span> (<i>I've</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>is not</i> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> (<i>isn't</i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most elisions in English are not mandatory, but they are used in common practice and even sometimes in more formal speech. This applies to nearly all the examples in the above table. However, these types of elisions are rarely shown in modern writing and never shown in formal writing. In formal writing, the words are written the same whether or not the speaker would elide them, but in many plays and classic American literature, words are often written with an elision to demonstrate accent: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Well, we ain't got any," George exploded. "Whatever we ain't got, that's what you want. God <b>a'mighty</b>, if I was alone I could live so easy. I could go get a job <b>an' work</b>, <b>an' no</b> trouble. No mess at all, and when the end of the month come I could take my fifty bucks and go into town and get whatever I want. Why, I could stay in a <b><a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">cathouse</a></b> all night. I could eat any place I want, hotel or any place, and order any damn thing I could think of. <b>An' I</b> could do all that every damn month. Get a gallon of whisky, or set in a pool room and play cards or shoot pool." Lennie knelt and looked over the fire at the angry George. And Lennie's face was drawn in with terror. "<b>An' whatta</b> I got," George went on furiously. "I got you! You can't keep a job and you lose me <b>ever' job</b> I get. <b>Jus' keep</b> me <b>shovin' all</b> over the country all the time."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Of_Mice_and_Men" title="Of Mice and Men">Of Mice and Men</a> 1937, 1.89<sup id="cite_ref-Shmoop.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shmoop.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Other examples, such as <i>him</i> and <i>going to</i> shown in the table above, are generally used only in fast or informal speech. They are still generally written as is unless the writer intends to show the dialect or speech patterns of the speaker. </p><p>The third type of elision is in common contractions, such as <i>can't</i>, <i>isn't</i>, or <i>I'm</i>. The apostrophes represent the sounds that are removed and are not spoken but help the reader to understand that it is a contraction and not a word of its own. These contractions used to be written out when transcribed (i.e. <i>cannot</i>, <i>is not</i>, <i>I am</i>) even if they were pronounced as a contraction, but now they are always written as a contraction so long as they are spoken that way. However, they are by no means mandatory and a speaker or writer may choose to keep the words distinct rather than contract them either as a stylistic choice, when using formal register, to make meaning clearer to children or non-native English speakers, or to emphasize a word within the contraction (e.g. <i>I </i>am<i> going!</i>) </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhotic</a> accents of English, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is dropped unless it's followed by a vowel, making <i>cheetah</i> and <i>cheater</i> completely homophonous. In non-rhotic accents spoken outside of North America, many instances of <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span> correspond to <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span> in North American English as <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span></span>/</a></span></span> and <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span></span>/</a></span></span> are used instead of <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnish">Finnish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Finnish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consonant in the <a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">partitive case</a> ending <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">-ta</i></span> elides when it is surrounded by two short vowels except when the first of the two vowels involved is <a href="/wiki/Paragoge" title="Paragoge">paragoge</a> (added to the stem). Otherwise, it stays. For example, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">katto+ta</i></span> → <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kattoa</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ranta+ta</i></span> → <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">rantaa</i></span>, but <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">työ+tä</i></span> → <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">työtä</i></span> (not a short vowel), <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">mies+ta</i></span> → <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">miestä</i></span> (consonant stem), <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">jousi+ta</i></span> → <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">jousta</i></span> (paragogic <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">i</i></span> on a consonant stem). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French">French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elision_(French)" title="Elision (French)">Elision (French)</a></div> <p>Elision of unstressed vowels (usually <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid central rounded vowel">ə</a>/</span>) is common in the French language and, in some cases, must be indicated orthographically with an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a>. </p><p>Elision of vowel and consonant sounds was also an important phenomenon in the phonological evolution of French. For example, <i>s</i> following a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> and preceding another consonant regularly elided, with <a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">compensatory lengthening</a> of the vowel. </p> <ul><li>Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">hospitāle</i></span> → Old French <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">(h)ostel</i></span> → Modern French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">hôtel</i></span></li> <li>Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">spatha</i></span> → Old French <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">espee</i></span> → Modern French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">épée</i></span></li> <li>Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">schola</i></span> → Old French <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">escole</i></span> → Modern French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">école</i></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns and adjectives that end with unstressed "el" or "er" have the "e" elided when they are declined or a suffix follows. ex. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">teuer</i></span> becomes <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">teure</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">teuren</i></span>, etc., and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Himmel</i></span> + <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-isch</i></span> becomes <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">himmlisch</i></span>. </p><p>The final <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">e</i></span> of a noun is also elided when another noun or suffix is concatenated onto it: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Strafe</i></span> + <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gesetzbuch</i></span> becomes <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Strafgesetzbuch</i></span>. </p><p>In both of the above cases, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">e</i></span> represents a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Icelandic">Icelandic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Icelandic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elision (<span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">brottfall</i></span>) is common in <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>. There are a variety of rules for its occurrence,<sup id="cite_ref-Der_WWW2-Webserver_—_Web-Support_des_Computer-_und_Medienservice_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Der_WWW2-Webserver_—_Web-Support_des_Computer-_und_Medienservice-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the most notable is the loss of trailing consonants in common particles as well as the merger of similar vowel sounds. For example, the ubiquitous <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">ég er að</i></span> (verb) structure ("I am verb-ing") becomes transformed to <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">éra</i></span> (verb); the full particles is spoken only when a person is sounding the sentence out word by word. Another noteworthy and extremely common example along this line includes the phrase <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">er það ekki?</i></span> ("really?") which is pronounced as <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">erþakki</i></span>. A common example of internal consonant loss in Icelandic is <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">gerðu svo vel</i></span> ("here you go", "please"), pronounced <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">gjersovel</i></span> (the hidden <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">j</i></span> sound is unrelated to the elision and occurs when a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> precedes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ,<span class="wrap"> </span>i,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ai/</span>). Another special case of elision is the loss of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> from the start of <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">þetta</i></span> ("this", "that"), which is sometimes pronounced <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">etta</i></span> (<span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">hvað er þetta</i></span> (what is this?) -> <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">hvaretta?</i></span>). The pronunciation of the full word tends to lay emphasis on it ("What is <i>this</i>?") while the elision of the word leads to its deemphasis ("<i>What</i> is this?"). The loss of the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> in <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">þetta</i></span> is similar to how <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span> can be lost in "that" and "this" when asking a question and speaking swiftly in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish">Irish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Irish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elision is found in the Ulster dialect of Irish, particularly in final position. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Iontach</i></span>, for example, while pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈiːntəx]</span> in the Conamara dialect, is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈintə]</span> in Ulster. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">n</i></span> is also elided when it begins intervocalic consonant clusters. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Anró</i></span> is pronounced <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">aró</i></span>; <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">muintir</i></span> is pronounced <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">muitir</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology#Devoicing" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese phonology § Devoicing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_particles" title="Japanese particles">Japanese particles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese#Honorific_prefixes" title="Honorific speech in Japanese">Honorific speech in Japanese § Honorific prefixes</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Elision" title="Special:EditPage/Elision">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Elision%22">"Elision"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Elision%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Elision%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Elision%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Elision%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Elision%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Elision is extremely common in the pronunciation of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a>. In general, a high vowel (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>) that appears in a low-pitched syllable between two voiceless consonants is devoiced and often deleted outright. However, unlike French or English, Japanese does not often show elision in writing. The process is purely phonetic and varies considerably depending on the dialect or level of formality. A few examples (slightly exaggerated; apostrophes added to indicate elision): </p> <dl><dd>松下さんはいますか？ <i>Matsushita-san wa imasu ka?</i> ("Is Mr. Matsushita in?")</dd> <dd>Pronounced: <i>matsush'tasanwa imas'ka</i></dd> <dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[matsɯɕi̥tasaɰ̃wa<span class="wrap"> </span>imasɯ̥ka]</a></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd>失礼します <i>Shitsurei shimasu</i> ("Excuse me")</dd> <dd>Pronounced: <i>sh'tsureishimas' </i></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɕi̥tsɯɾeː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɕimasɯ̥]</a></span></dd></dl> <p>Gender roles also influence elision in Japanese. It is considered masculine to elide, especially the final <i>u</i> of the polite verb forms (<i>-masu</i>, <i>desu</i>), but women are traditionally encouraged to do the opposite. However, excessive elision is generally associated with lower <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige</a>, and inadequate elision is seen as overly fussy or old-fashioned. Some <a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Japanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of Japanese language">nonstandard dialects</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_dialect" title="Kagoshima dialect">Satsuma-ben</a>, are known for their extensive elision. </p><p>It is common for successive o sounds to be reduced to a single o sound, as is frequently encountered when the particle を (wo/o) is followed by the beautifying or honorific お (o). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin">Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Latin poetry featured frequent elision, with syllables being dropped to fit the meter or for <a href="/wiki/Euphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphony">euphony</a>. Words ending in vowels would elide with the following word if it started with a vowel or h; words ending with -m would also be elided in the same way (this is called ecthlipsis).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In writing, unlike in Greek, this would not be shown, with the normal spelling of the word represented. For instance, line 5 of <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> is written as "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem</i></span>", even though it would be pronounced as "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">multa quoquet bello passus, dum conderet urbem</i></span>". </p><p>It is generally thought that elision in Latin poetry came from ordinary Latin pronunciation. However, at some points in speech where elision was standard in poetry, such as at the end of sentences, there was no elision in prose. Around 30 B.C., there was a sharp decline in the amount of elision. Later revived to a varying degree during the Silver Age, it then declined again.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other examples of elision in Latin literature include: </p> <ul><li>Virgil's <i>Aeneid</i> Book I, Line 3: "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">litora, multum ille et terris iactatus et alto</i></span> " is pronounced "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">litora, multillet terris iactatus et alto</i></span> ", where "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">multillet</i></span> " comprises three long syllables, or one and a half <a href="/wiki/Spondee" title="Spondee">spondees</a>.</li> <li>Virgil's <i>Aeneid</i> Book I, Line 11: "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">impulerit. tantaene animis caelestibus irae?</i></span> " is pronounced "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">impulerit. tantaenanimis caelestibus irae?</i></span> ", where "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">tantaenanimis</i></span> " comprises three long syllables and two short syllables.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> Book III, Line 557: "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quem quidem ego actutum (modo vos absistite) cogam</i></span> " is pronounced "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quem quidegactutum (modo vos absistite) cogam</i></span> ", where "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quidegactutum</i></span> " comprises two short syllables and a long syllable.</li> <li>Ovid's <i><a href="/wiki/Amores_(Ovid)" title="Amores (Ovid)">Amores</a></i> Book III, Poem VI, Line 101: "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Huic ego, vae! demens narrabam fluminum amores!</i></span> " is pronounced "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Huic ego, vae! demens narrabam fluminamores!</i></span> ".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus_73" class="mw-redirect" title="Catullus 73">Catullus 73</a> line 6, "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quam modo qui me unum atque unicum amicum habuit</i></span>", has elision connecting the final six words together.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caecilius_Statius" title="Caecilius Statius">Caecilius Statius</a>'s <i>Ephesio</i> (quoted in Cicero's <i><a href="/wiki/Cato_Maior_de_Senectute" title="Cato Maior de Senectute">Cato Maior de Senectute</a></i> 25) has the line: "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sentire ea aetate eumpse esse odiosum alteri</i></span>" where there is elision between every word.<sup id="cite_ref-Oldfather_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldfather-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A line from <a href="/wiki/Lucilius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucilius">Lucilius</a> (600 Marx; 728 Warmington) similarly has elision connecting all its words: "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">frigore inluvie inbalnitie inperfunditie incuria</i></span>".<sup id="cite_ref-Oldfather_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldfather-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In a study of elision in Latin poetry, J. Soubiran argues that "elision" would better be called "<a href="/wiki/Synalepha" title="Synalepha">synaloepha</a>", and the process understood as a merging of syllables, in most cases, rather than the loss of one.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malayalam">Malayalam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Malayalam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dropping sounds in connected speech by native speakers is very common in this language from <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. For example, <i>entha</i> becomes <i>ntha</i> and <i>ippol</i> becomes <i>ippo</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish">Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The change of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance languages</a> included a significant amount of elision, especially <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">syncope</a> (loss of medial vowels). <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> has these examples: </p> <ul><li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">tabla</i></span> from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">tabula</i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">isla</i></span> from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">insula</i></span> (through <span title="Latin-language text">*<i lang="la">isula</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">alma</i></span> from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">anima</i></span> (with <a href="/wiki/Dissimilation" title="Dissimilation">dissimilation</a> of <i>-nm-</i> to <i>-lm-</i>)</li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">hembra</i></span> from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">femina</i></span> (with <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> of <i>f-</i> to <i>h-</i> to ∅, dissimilation of <i>-mn-</i> to <i>-mr-</i> and then <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthesis</a> of <i>-mr-</i> to <i>-mbr-</i>)</li></ul> <p>In addition, speakers often employ <a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">crasis</a> or elision between two words to avoid a <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a> caused by vowels: the choice of which to use depends upon whether or not the vowels are identical. This is referred to as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawlessspanish.com/pronunciation/enlace-encadenamiento/">enlace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Synalepha" title="Synalepha">synalepha</a>, and is especially common in poetry and songs. It is not necessarily indicated in writing, but often is in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hymnary.org/hymn/FyC2011/page/683">hymn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Ave_Maria_(P%C3%A9rez_Casas_Beltr%C3%A1n%2C_Emilio_H.)">music</a>. It can appear as a <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a> below or an <a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore</a> between the adjacent words, e.g. "por-que ̮en-ton-ces" or "por-que_en-ton-ces". </p><p>A frequent informal use is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relaxed_pronunciation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relaxed pronunciation (page does not exist)">the elision of</a> <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">d</i></span> in the past participle suffix <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">-ado</i></span>, pronouncing <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">cansado</i></span> as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">cansao</i></span>. The elision of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">d</i></span> in <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">-ido</i></span> is considered even more informal, but both elisions common in <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian Spanish</a>. Thus, the Andalusian <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">quejío</i></span> for <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">quejido</i></span> ("lament") has entered Standard Spanish as a term for a special feature of <a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">Flamenco</a> singing. Similar distinctions are made with the words <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">bailaor(a)</i></span> and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">cantaor(a)</i></span> as contracted versions of the literal translations for dancer and singer exclusively used for Flamenco, compared to the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">bailarín</i></span> and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">cantante</i></span> of standard Spanish. The perceived vulgarity of the silent <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">d</i></span> may lead to <a href="/wiki/Hypercorrection" title="Hypercorrection">hypercorrections</a> like <a href="/wiki/Asterisk#Generative_linguistics" title="Asterisk">*</a><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">bacalado</i></span> for <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">bacalao</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a>) or *<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Bilbado</i></span> for <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-RAE_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAE-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tamil">Tamil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tamil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> has a set of rules for elision. They are categorised into classes based on the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> where elision occurs: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Class name</th> <th>Phoneme </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kutriyalukaram</td> <td><i>u</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kutriyalikaram</td> <td><i>i</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aiykaarakkurukkam</td> <td><i>ai</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oukaarakkurukkam</td> <td><i>au</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aaythakkurukkam</td> <td>the special character <i>akh</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Makarakkurukkam</td> <td><i>m</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urdu">Urdu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Urdu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Pakistan, elision has become very common in speech. Commonly used words have single consonants or syllables removed in casual speech and it is becoming more acceptable in formal settings due to an increasing understandability and use. Although not seen when writing in the Urdu script (Nastaleeq), it is often seen in Roman Urdu (Latin alphabet) as the latter is more similar to vernacular Urdu. Most elisions occur by removing a vowel or the consonant /h/ or a combination of the two. Some widely-used examples are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Elision </th> <th>Original </th> <th>Original (Urdu) </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Paṛo </td> <td>Paṛho </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پڑھو</span> </td> <td>Study </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ray </td> <td>Rahay </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">رہے</span> </td> <td>Remain/(Present Participle) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Theekay </td> <td>Theek Hai </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹھیک ہے</span></span> </td> <td>Alright/Okay </td></tr> <tr> <td>May </td> <td>Main </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">میں</span> </td> <td>I/Me </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ay </td> <td>Hai </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ہے</span> </td> <td>Is </td></tr> <tr> <td>Khamakha </td> <td>Khawa Makhwa </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">خواہ مخواہ</span> </td> <td>Gratuitously </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>(The difference between the elision May and the original word Main is the lack of nasalization at the end in the former.)</i> </p><p>In sentences, they may appear as: </p><p><i>Kya tum paṛ ray o?</i> ("Are you studying?") instead of "<i>Kya tum paṛh rahay ho?"</i> </p><p>Variations are also common where some individuals may prefer to pronounce a complete word such as "<i>paṛh"</i> while shortening the rest, depending on the preference of the person, their dialect, or their accent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welsh">Welsh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Welsh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elision is a major feature of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, found commonly in verb forms, such as in the following examples: </p> <ul><li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Ydych chi'n (chi yn) hoffi'r (hoffi yr) coffi?</i></span> - 'Do you like the coffee?' (The definitite article is always <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">'r</i></span> after a vowel even when the next word begins with a consonant, e.g. <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Mae'r gath yn sgramo</i></span> - 'the cat is scratching', but <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">y gath ddu</i></span> - 'the black cat'.</li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Ble mae'r (mae yr) dre?</i></span> - 'Where is the town?'</li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">(Ry)dw i'n (i yn) darllen.</i></span> - 'I am reading'</li></ul> <p>Elision of word-final <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">-f</i></span> is almost always found in <a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">spoken Welsh</a> to the point where the words are spelt with optional final <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">-f</i></span> in words like <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">gorsa(f), pentre(f)</i></span> and has been eradicated from the inflected prepositions: <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">arna i</i></span>, not *<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">arnaf i</i></span> - 'on me', etc. These always retain their final <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">-f</i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">literary register</a>, however. </p><p>Welsh also displays elision of initial syllables in singular/plural or collective/singulative pairs where the plural or singulative becomes longer than two syllables. This, however, is now restricted to specific nouns and is not productive. E.g. <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">hosan / sanau</i></span> - 'sock / socks' where the initial <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">ho-</i></span> has been lost in the plural; <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">adar / deryn</i></span> - 'birds / a bird' where the initial <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">a-</i></span> has been lost in the singulative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_areas">Related areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Related areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apheresis_(linguistics)" title="Apheresis (linguistics)">Aphaeresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">Apocope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(morphology)" title="Clipping (morphology)">Clipping (morphology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_reduction" title="Cluster reduction">Cluster reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">Contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">Crasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disemvoweling" title="Disemvoweling">Disemvoweling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elision_(French)" title="Elision (French)">Elision in the French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacuna (linguistics)">Lacuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">Lenition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_contraction" title="Poetic contraction">Poetic contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodelision" title="Prodelision">Prodelision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">Sandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synaeresis" title="Synaeresis">Synaeresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synalepha" title="Synalepha">Synalepha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">Syncope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synizesis" title="Synizesis">Synizesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">Vowel reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_and_vowel_reduction_in_English#Weak_and_strong_forms_of_words" title="Stress and vowel reduction in English">Weak form words</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Harman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harman_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarmanHolman1999" class="citation book cs1">Harman, William; Holman, C. H. (1999). <i>A Handbook to Literature</i> (8th ed.). Pearson. p. 512. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0130127310" title="Special:BookSources/978-0130127310"><bdi>978-0130127310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+to+Literature&rft.pages=512&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0130127310&rft.aulast=Harman&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Holman%2C+C.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gimson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gimson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gimson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruttenden2014" class="citation book cs1">Cruttenden, Alan (2014). <i>Gimson's Pronunciation of English</i>. Routledge. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-8309-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-8309-2"><bdi>978-1-4441-8309-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gimson%27s+Pronunciation+of+English&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4441-8309-2&rft.aulast=Cruttenden&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shockey-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shockey_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShockey2003" class="citation book cs1">Shockey, Linda (2003). <i>Sound Patterns of Spoken English</i>. Blackwell. pp. 14–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-23080-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-23080-7"><bdi>0-631-23080-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+Patterns+of+Spoken+English&rft.pages=14-29&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-631-23080-7&rft.aulast=Shockey&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon2002" class="citation book cs1">McMahon, April (2002). <i>An Introduction to English Phonology</i>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 47–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1251-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1251-3"><bdi>0-7486-1251-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+English+Phonology&rft.pages=47-8&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7486-1251-3&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=April&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cauldwell-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cauldwell_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCauldwell2013" class="citation book cs1">Cauldwell, Richard (2013). <i>Phonology for Listening</i>. SpeechinAction. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0954344726" title="Special:BookSources/978-0954344726"><bdi>978-0954344726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonology+for+Listening&rft.pub=SpeechinAction&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0954344726&rft.aulast=Cauldwell&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkamatsu1995" class="citation book cs1">Akamatsu, Tsutomu (1995). "On some neutralisations and archiphonemes in English allegro speech". In <a href="/wiki/Jack_Windsor_Lewis" title="Jack Windsor Lewis">Windsor Lewis, Jack</a> (ed.). <i>Studies in General and English Phonetics: Essays in Honour of Professor J.D. O'Connor</i>. Routledge. pp. 3–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08068-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08068-1"><bdi>0-415-08068-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+some+neutralisations+and+archiphonemes+in+English+allegro+speech&rft.btitle=Studies+in+General+and+English+Phonetics%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Professor+J.D.+O%27Connor&rft.pages=3-9&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-415-08068-1&rft.aulast=Akamatsu&rft.aufirst=Tsutomu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez-Celdran2004" class="citation journal cs1">Martinez-Celdran, Eugenio (2004). "Problems in the classification of approximants". <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 201–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001732">10.1017/S0025100304001732</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144568679">144568679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Problems+in+the+classification+of+approximants&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-210&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100304001732&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144568679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Martinez-Celdran&rft.aufirst=Eugenio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkYallop1995" class="citation book cs1">Clark, John; Yallop, Colin (1995). <i>An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology</i> (2nd ed.). Blackwell. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19452-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19452-5"><bdi>0-631-19452-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Phonetics+and+Phonology&rft.pages=90&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-631-19452-5&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Yallop%2C+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1963" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Daniel (1963). <i>The Pronunciation of English</i> (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pronunciation+of+English&rft.pages=133&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JonesOEP-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JonesOEP_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1967" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Daniel (1967). <i>An Outline of English Phonetics</i> (9th ed.). Heffer. p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outline+of+English+Phonetics&rft.pages=230&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Heffer&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://literarydevices.net/elision/">"Elision"</a>. <i>Literary Devices</i>. 7 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Literary+Devices&rft.atitle=Elision&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliterarydevices.net%2Felision%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knowles-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knowles_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knowles_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles1987" class="citation book cs1">Knowles, Gerry (1987). <i>Patterns of Spoken English</i>. Longman. pp. 145–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-29132-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-29132-1"><bdi>0-582-29132-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+Spoken+English&rft.pages=145-7&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-582-29132-1&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatullus" class="citation web cs1">Catullus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pantheonpoets.com/poems/lugete-o-veneres-cupidinesque/">"Catullus 3"</a>. <i>PantheonPoets</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PantheonPoets&rft.atitle=Catullus+3&rft.au=Catullus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pantheonpoets.com%2Fpoems%2Flugete-o-veneres-cupidinesque%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CelceMurcia-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CelceMurcia_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelce-MurciaBrintonGoodwin1996" class="citation book cs1">Celce-Murcia, Marianne; Brinton, Donna; Goodwin, Janet (1996). <i>Teaching Pronunciation</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 163–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-40694-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-40694-3"><bdi>0-521-40694-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+Pronunciation&rft.pages=163-4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-40694-3&rft.aulast=Celce-Murcia&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft.au=Brinton%2C+Donna&rft.au=Goodwin%2C+Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreidler2004" class="citation book cs1">Kreidler, Charles W. (2004). <i>The Pronunciation of English</i> (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 249–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-1336-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-1336-7"><bdi>1-4051-1336-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pronunciation+of+English&rft.pages=249-250&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4051-1336-7&rft.aulast=Kreidler&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiegerich1992" class="citation book cs1">Giegerich, Heinz (1992). <i>English Phonology</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 301–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33603-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33603-1"><bdi>0-521-33603-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Phonology&rft.pages=301-2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-33603-1&rft.aulast=Giegerich&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shmoop.com-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shmoop.com_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinbeck" class="citation web cs1">Steinbeck, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shmoop.com/of-mice-and-men/quotes.html">"Of Mice and Men Quotes"</a>. <i>Of Mice and Men</i>. Covici, Friede, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Of+Mice+and+Men&rft.atitle=Of+Mice+and+Men+Quotes&rft.aulast=Steinbeck&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shmoop.com%2Fof-mice-and-men%2Fquotes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Der_WWW2-Webserver_—_Web-Support_des_Computer-_und_Medienservice-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Der_WWW2-Webserver_—_Web-Support_des_Computer-_und_Medienservice_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hu-berlin.de/bragi/b5/reglur/b5regla_19_brottfoll.htm">"BRAGI: framburður: regla 19 > "Brottföll"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Der WWW2-Webserver — Web-Support des Computer- und Medienservice</i> (in Icelandic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+WWW2-Webserver+%E2%80%94+Web-Support+des+Computer-+und+Medienservice&rft.atitle=BRAGI%3A+frambur%C3%B0ur%3A+regla+19+%3E+%22Brottf%C3%B6ll%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hu-berlin.de%2Fbragi%2Fb5%2Freglur%2Fb5regla_19_brottfoll.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1866" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Thomas Kerchever (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstversebook00arnogoog"><i>The First Verse Book</i></a> (9th ed.). Rivingtons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstversebook00arnogoog/page/n7">3</a>–4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Verse+Book&rft.pages=3-4&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Rivingtons&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Kerchever&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstversebook00arnogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGildenhardZissos2016" class="citation book cs1">Gildenhard, Ingo; Zissos, Andrew (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UQz5DAAAQBAJ&q=quem+quidem+ego+actutum+(modo+vos+absistite)+cogam&pg=PT204"><i>Ovid, Metamorphoses, 3.511-733: Latin Text with Introduction, Commentary, Glossary of Terms, Vocabulary Aid and Study Questions</i></a>. Open Book Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783740857" title="Special:BookSources/9781783740857"><bdi>9781783740857</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovid%2C+Metamorphoses%2C+3.511-733%3A+Latin+Text+with+Introduction%2C+Commentary%2C+Glossary+of+Terms%2C+Vocabulary+Aid+and+Study+Questions&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781783740857&rft.aulast=Gildenhard&rft.aufirst=Ingo&rft.au=Zissos%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUQz5DAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dquem%2Bquidem%2Bego%2Bactutum%2B%28modo%2Bvos%2Babsistite%29%2Bcogam%26pg%3DPT204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturtevantKent1915" class="citation journal cs1">Sturtevant, Edgar H.; Kent, Roland G. (1915). "Elision and Hiatus in Latin Prose and Verse". <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>46</b>: 129–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F282939">10.2307/282939</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/282939">282939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=Elision+and+Hiatus+in+Latin+Prose+and+Verse&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=129-155&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F282939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F282939%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sturtevant&rft.aufirst=Edgar+H.&rft.au=Kent%2C+Roland+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurley1943" class="citation journal cs1">Murley, Clyde (1943). "Life, Logic, and Language". <i>The Classical Journal</i>. <b>38</b> (5): 287. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3291593">3291593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Life%2C+Logic%2C+and+Language&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=287&rft.date=1943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3291593%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Murley&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oldfather-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oldfather_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oldfather_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldfather1943" class="citation journal cs1">Oldfather, William Abbott (1943). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Most Extreme Case of Elision in the Latin Language'?". <i>The Classical Journal</i>. <b>38</b> (8): 478–479. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3292378">3292378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=%27The+Most+Extreme+Case+of+Elision+in+the+Latin+Language%27%3F&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=478-479&rft.date=1943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3292378%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Oldfather&rft.aufirst=William+Abbott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soubiran, J. (1966). <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Élision dans la poésie latine</i></span> (Paris), pp. 55–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAE-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RAE_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/html/glosario.htm">Ultracorrección</a></i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Diccionario_panhisp%C3%A1nico_de_dudas" title="Diccionario panhispánico de dudas">Diccionario panhispánico de dudas</a></i>, 1st edition, October 2005, <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Crowley_(linguist)" title="Terry Crowley (linguist)">Crowley, Terry</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi03edcrow"><i>An Introduction to Historical Linguistics</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-558378-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-558378-7"><bdi>0-19-558378-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Historical+Linguistics&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-558378-7&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi03edcrow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElision" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elision&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elision" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:elision">elision</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://french.about.com/library/pronunciation/bl-emuet.htm">French examples</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002032424/http://french.about.com/library/pronunciation/bl-emuet.htm">Archived</a> 2016-10-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (contains pop-up ad)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404044055/http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/smyth_1c_uni.htm">Greek Grammar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050309224231/http://english.unitecnology.ac.nz/resources/resources/exp_lang/putting_words.html">Putting Words Together</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidtulga.com/contractions.htm">List of words said with Relaxed Pronunciation - also includes contractions</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650250#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Elision"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh00002554">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Élision"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976571n">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Élision"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976571n">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kontrakce (lingvistika)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120166&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007291070405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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