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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cognitive_biases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_biases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cognitive biases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_biases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anchoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anchoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Anchoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anchoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apophenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apophenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Apophenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apophenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attribution_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attribution_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Attribution bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attribution_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confirmation_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confirmation_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Confirmation bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confirmation_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Framing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Framing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Framing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Framing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halo_effect_and_horn_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halo_effect_and_horn_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Halo effect and horn effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halo_effect_and_horn_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-serving_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-serving_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Self-serving bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-serving_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_quo_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_quo_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.8</span> <span>Status quo bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_quo_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Conflicts of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Corruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Favoritism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Favoritism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Favoritism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Favoritism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lobbying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobbying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Lobbying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobbying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulatory_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulatory_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Regulatory issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulatory_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shilling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shilling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Shilling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shilling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistical_biases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistical_biases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Statistical biases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistical_biases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forecast_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forecast_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Forecast bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forecast_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observer-expectancy_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observer-expectancy_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Observer-expectancy effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observer-expectancy_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reporting_bias_and_social_desirability_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reporting_bias_and_social_desirability_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Reporting bias and social desirability bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reporting_bias_and_social_desirability_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Selection bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prejudices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prejudices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Prejudices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prejudices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ageism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ageism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Ageism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ageism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Classism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lookism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lookism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Lookism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lookism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Racism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>Sexism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contextual_biases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contextual_biases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contextual biases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contextual_biases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contextual biases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contextual_biases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biases_in_academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biases_in_academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Biases in academia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biases_in_academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Academic bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimenter_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimenter_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Experimenter bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimenter_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Funding bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_text_on_net_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_text_on_net_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Full text on net bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_text_on_net_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Publication bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biases_in_law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biases_in_law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Biases in law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biases_in_law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Driving_while_black" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Driving_while_black"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Driving while black</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Driving_while_black-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_profiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_profiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Racial profiling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_profiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victim_blaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victim_blaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Victim blaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victim_blaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biases_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biases_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Biases in media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biases_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agenda_setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agenda_setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Agenda setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agenda_setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gatekeeping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gatekeeping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Gatekeeping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gatekeeping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Sensationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_contexts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_contexts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other contexts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_contexts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Educational_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Educational bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inductive_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inductive_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Inductive bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inductive_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insider_trading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insider_trading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Insider trading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insider_trading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Match_fixing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Match_fixing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Match fixing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Match_fixing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implicit_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implicit_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Implicit bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implicit_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bias</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="انحياز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انحياز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99r%C9%99zlilik" title="Qərəzlilik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qərəzlilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="পক্ষপাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পক্ষপাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Прадузятасць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прадузятасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podjatost" title="Podjatost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Podjatost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuedd" title="Tuedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tuedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_(psykologi)" title="Bias (psykologi) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bias (psykologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%88%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μεροληψία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεροληψία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesgo" title="Sesgo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sesgo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuri_(psikologia)" title="Isuri (psikologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Isuri (psikologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سوگیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوگیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biais_(distorsion)" title="Biais (distorsion) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biais (distorsion)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatrom" title="Leatrom – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leatrom" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesgo" title="Nesgo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nesgo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%B8%ED%96%A5" title="편향 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="편향" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կողմնակալություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կողմնակալություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="पक्षपात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पक्षपात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias" title="Bias – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bias" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94" title="הטיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הטיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D2%A3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Сыңаржақтылық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сыңаржақтылық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/By%C3%A8_(estatistik)" title="Byè (estatistik) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Byè (estatistik)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclinatio" title="Inclinatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Inclinatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="പക്ഷപാതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പക്ഷപാതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berat_sebelah" title="Berat sebelah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Berat sebelah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_(fout)" title="Bias (fout) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bias (fout)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E3%81%84%E8%BE%BC%E3%81%BF" title="思い込み – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="思い込み" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias" title="Bias – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bias" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8" title="پلویتوب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پلویتوب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%84" title="ភាពលំអៀង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាពលំអៀង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendencyjno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Tendencyjność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tendencyjność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%A9s" title="Viés – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Viés" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias" title="Bias – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bias" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Предвзятость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Предвзятость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias" title="Bias – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bias" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Пристрасност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пристрасност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematiskt_fel" title="Systematiskt fel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Systematiskt fel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பக்கசார்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பக்கசார்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="ความเอนเอียง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความเอนเอียง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanl%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Yanlılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yanlılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Inclination for or against</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bias_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bias (disambiguation)">Bias (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_In_The_Moon2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Man_In_The_Moon2.png/220px-Man_In_The_Moon2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="551" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Man_In_The_Moon2.png/330px-Man_In_The_Moon2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Man_In_The_Moon2.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon" title="Man in the Moon">Interpretations of the random patterns of craters on the Moon</a>. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_supremacism" title="Autistic supremacism">Autistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacy" title="Jewish supremacy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Campaigns in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Australian_sentiment" title="Anti-Australian sentiment">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_Women%27s_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">Blind audition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li>Bias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonperson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nonperson (disambiguation)">Nonperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bias</b> is a disproportionate weight <i>in favor of</i> or <i>against</i> an idea or thing, usually in a way that is inaccurate, <a href="/wiki/Open-mindedness" title="Open-mindedness">closed-minded</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudicial</a>, or unfair. Biases can be innate or learned. People may develop biases for or against an individual, a group, or a belief.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In science and engineering, a bias is a <a href="/wiki/Systematic_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic error">systematic error</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistical_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical bias">Statistical bias</a> results from an unfair <a href="/wiki/Sample_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample (statistics)">sampling</a> of a population, or from an <a href="/wiki/Estimation" title="Estimation">estimation</a> process that does not give accurate results on average.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word appears to <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivative (linguistics)">derive</a> from <a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Provençal</a> into <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>biais</i>, "sideways, askance, against the grain". Whence comes <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i>biais</i>, "a slant, a slope, an oblique".<sup id="cite_ref-etymology_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymology-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It seems to have entered <a href="/wiki/English_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="English (language)">English</a> via the game of <a href="/wiki/Bowls" title="Bowls">bowls</a>, where it referred to balls made with a greater weight on one side. Which expanded to the figurative use, "a one-sided tendency of the mind", and, at first especially in law, "undue propensity or prejudice".<sup id="cite_ref-etymology_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymology-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Ballast" title="Ballast">ballast</a>, used to lower the centre of gravity of a ship to increase stability and to keep the ship from one side.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_biases">Cognitive biases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cognitive biases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">List of cognitive biases</a></div> <p>A cognitive bias is a repeating or basic misstep in thinking, assessing, recollecting, or other cognitive processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Chegg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chegg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, a pattern of deviation from standards in judgment, whereby inferences may be created unreasonably.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People create their own "subjective <a href="/wiki/Social_reality" title="Social reality">social reality</a>" from their own perceptions,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their view of the world may dictate their behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called <a href="/wiki/Irrationality" title="Irrationality">irrationality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However some cognitive biases are taken to be <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_behavior" title="Adaptive behavior">adaptive</a>, and thus may lead to success in the appropriate situation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, cognitive biases as an example through education may allow faster choice selection when speedier outcomes for a task are more valuable than precision.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other cognitive biases are a "by-product" of human processing limitations,<sup id="cite_ref-Haselton,_M._G.,_Nettle,_D.,_&_Andrews,_P._W._2005_724–746_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haselton,_M._G.,_Nettle,_D.,_&_Andrews,_P._W._2005_724–746-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coming about because of an <a href="/wiki/Bounded_rationality" title="Bounded rationality">absence of appropriate mental mechanisms</a>, or just from human limitations in <a href="/wiki/Information_processing_(psychology)" title="Information processing (psychology)">information processing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anchoring">Anchoring</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anchoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anchoring_(cognitive_bias)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchoring (cognitive bias)">Anchoring</a></div> <p>Anchoring is a <a href="/wiki/Heuristics_in_judgment_and_decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Heuristics in judgment and decision making">psychological heuristic</a> that describes the propensity to rely on the first piece of <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> encountered when <a href="/wiki/Decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision making">making decisions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScienceDaily_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceDaily-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Investopedia_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Investopedia-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this <a href="/wiki/Heuristic" title="Heuristic">heuristic</a>, individuals begin with an implicitly suggested reference point (the "anchor") and make adjustments to it to reach their estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the initial price offered for a <a href="/wiki/Used_car" title="Used car">used car</a> sets the standard for the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">negotiations</a>, so that <a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">prices</a> lower than the initial price seem more reasonable even if they are still higher than what the car is worth.<sup id="cite_ref-TverskyKahneman1974_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TverskyKahneman1974-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apophenia">Apophenia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Apophenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Apophenia" title="Apophenia">Apophenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">Pareidolia</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindsight_bias" title="Hindsight bias">Hindsight bias</a></div> <p>Apophenia, also known as patternicity,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or agenticity,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the human tendency to perceive meaningful patterns within <a href="/wiki/Randomness" title="Randomness">random</a> data. Apophenia is well documented as a <a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(making_excuses)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationalization (making excuses)">rationalization</a> for gambling. Gamblers may imagine that they see patterns in the numbers which appear in <a href="/wiki/Lottery" title="Lottery">lotteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Card_game" title="Card game">card games</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Roulette_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Roulette wheel">roulette wheels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One manifestation of this is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Gambler%27s_fallacy" title="Gambler's fallacy">gambler's fallacy</a>". </p><p>Pareidolia is the visual or auditory form of apophenia. It has been suggested that pareidolia combined with <a href="/wiki/Hierophany" title="Hierophany">hierophany</a> may have helped ancient societies organize chaos and make the world intelligible.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attribution_bias">Attribution bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Attribution bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Attribution_bias" title="Attribution bias">Attribution bias</a></div> <p>An attribution bias can happen when individuals assess or attempt to discover explanations behind their own and others' behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-Heider_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heider-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelley_1967_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelley_1967-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People make <a href="/wiki/Attribution_(psychology)" title="Attribution (psychology)">attributions</a> about the causes of their own and others' behaviors; but these attributions do not necessarily precisely reflect reality. Rather than operating as objective perceivers, individuals are inclined to perceptual slips that prompt biased understandings of their social world.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nisbett_and_Ross_1980_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nisbett_and_Ross_1980-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When judging others we tend to assume their actions are the result of internal factors such as <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a>, whereas we tend to assume our own actions arise because of the necessity of external circumstances. There are a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Attribution_bias#List_of_attribution_biases" title="Attribution bias">sorts</a> of attribution biases, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_attribution_error" title="Ultimate attribution error">ultimate attribution error</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_attribution_error" title="Fundamental attribution error">fundamental attribution error</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actor-observer_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Actor-observer bias">actor-observer bias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Self-serving_bias" title="Self-serving bias">self-serving bias</a>. </p><p>Examples of attribution bias:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confirmation_bias">Confirmation bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Confirmation bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fred_Barnard07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing of a man sitting on a stool at a writing desk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fred_Barnard07.jpg/170px-Fred_Barnard07.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fred_Barnard07.jpg/255px-Fred_Barnard07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fred_Barnard07.jpg/340px-Fred_Barnard07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Confirmation bias has been described as an internal "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yes_man" class="extiw" title="wikt:yes man">yes man</a>", echoing back a person's beliefs like <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>' character <a href="/wiki/Uriah_Heep_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uriah Heep (character)">Uriah Heep</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></div> <p>Confirmation bias is the tendency to <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">search for</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evaluation" title="Evaluation">interpret</a>, favor, and <a href="/wiki/Recall_(memory)" title="Recall (memory)">recall</a> information in a way that confirms one's <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypotheses</a> while giving disproportionately less attention to information that contradicts it.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect is stronger for <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotionally</a> charged issues and for deeply entrenched beliefs. People also tend to interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing position. Biased search, interpretation and memory have been invoked to explain <a href="/wiki/Attitude_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Attitude polarization">attitude polarization</a> (when a disagreement becomes more extreme even though the different parties are exposed to the same evidence), <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias#Persistence_of_discredited_beliefs" title="Confirmation bias">belief perseverance</a> (when beliefs persist after the evidence for them is shown to be false), the irrational primacy effect (a greater reliance on information encountered early in a series) and <a href="/wiki/Illusory_correlation" title="Illusory correlation">illusory correlation</a> (when people falsely perceive an association between two events or situations). Confirmation biases contribute to <a href="/wiki/Overconfidence_effect" title="Overconfidence effect">overconfidence</a> in personal beliefs and can maintain or strengthen beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. Poor <a href="/wiki/Decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision making">decisions</a> due to these biases have been found in political and organizational contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-cbiaspolitics_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbiaspolitics-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Framing">Framing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Framing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Cultural_bias"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural bias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing (social sciences)</a></div> <p>Framing involves the <a href="/wiki/Social_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social construction">social construction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Social_phenomenon" title="Social phenomenon">social phenomena</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> sources, <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">political or social movements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">political leaders</a>, and so on. It is an influence over how people organize, perceive, and communicate about <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Druckman2001_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Druckman2001-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be positive or negative, depending on the audience and what kind of information is being presented. For political purposes, framing often presents facts in such a way that implicates a problem that is in need of a solution. Members of political parties attempt to frame issues in a way that makes a solution favoring their own political leaning appear as the most appropriate course of action for the situation at hand.<sup id="cite_ref-van_der_Pas_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_der_Pas-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As understood in <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theory</a>, framing is a <a href="/wiki/Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology)">schema</a> of <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_(logic)" title="Interpretation (logic)">interpretation</a>, a collection of <a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">anecdotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a>, that individuals rely on to understand and respond to events.<sup id="cite_ref-Goffman1974_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goffman1974-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People use filters to make sense of the world, the choices they then make are influenced by their creation of a frame. </p><p>Cultural bias is the related phenomenon of interpreting and judging phenomena by standards inherent to one's own culture. Numerous such biases exist, concerning cultural norms for color, location of body parts, <a href="/wiki/Mate_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Mate selection">mate selection</a>, concepts of <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logical</a> validity, acceptability of <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboos</a>. Ordinary people may tend to imagine other people as basically the same, not significantly more or less valuable, probably attached emotionally to different groups and different land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Halo_effect_and_horn_effect">Halo effect and horn effect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Halo effect and horn effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Halo_effect" title="Halo effect">Halo effect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horn_effect" title="Horn effect">Horn effect</a></div> <p>The halo effect and the horn effect are when an <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observer's</a> overall impression of a person, <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">product</a> influences their feelings about specifics of that entity's character or properties.<sup id="cite_ref-study.com_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-study.com-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Investopedia_halo_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Investopedia_halo-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name halo effect is based on the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">saint's halo</a>, and is a specific type of <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation bias</a>, wherein positive sentiments in one area cause questionable or unknown characteristics to be seen positively. If the observer likes one aspect of something, they will have a positive predisposition toward everything about it.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nisbett_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nisbett-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ostrove_sigall1975_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ostrove_sigall1975-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person's <a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">appearance</a> has been found to produce a halo effect.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The halo effect is also present in the field of <a href="/wiki/Brand_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand marketing">brand marketing</a>, affecting perception of <a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">companies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a> (NGOs).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opposite of the halo is the horn effect, when "individuals believe (that negative) traits are inter-connected."<sup id="cite_ref-JoshKennon_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoshKennon-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term horn effect refers to <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_horns" title="Sign of the horns">Devil's horns</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a reliable source (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It works in a negative direction: if the observer dislikes one aspect of something, they will have a negative predisposition towards other aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-Attitudes_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attitudes-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Self-serving_bias">Self-serving bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Self-serving bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Self-serving_bias" title="Self-serving bias">Self-serving bias</a></div> <p>Self-serving bias is the tendency for <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceptual</a> processes to be <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_distortion" title="Cognitive distortion">distorted</a> by the individual's need to maintain and enhance <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the propensity to credit accomplishment to our own capacities and endeavors, yet attribute failure to outside factors,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to dismiss the legitimacy of negative criticism, concentrate on positive qualities and accomplishments yet disregard flaws and failures. Studies have demonstrated that this bias can affect <a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">behavior</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Job" class="mw-redirect" title="Job">workplace</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pal_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pal-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpersonal relationships">interpersonal relationships</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_et_al._60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_et_al.-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> playing <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sports</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DeMichele_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMichele-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">consumer decisions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moon_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moon-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Status_quo_bias">Status quo bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Status quo bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_bias" title="Status quo bias">Status quo bias</a></div> <p>Status quo bias is an <a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">emotional bias</a>; a preference for the current state of affairs. The current baseline (or status quo) is taken as a reference point, and any change from that baseline is perceived as a loss. Status quo bias should be distinguished from a rational preference for the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> ante, as when the current state of affairs is objectively superior to the available alternatives, or when imperfect information is a significant problem. A large body of evidence, however, shows that status quo bias frequently affects human decision-making.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts_of_interest">Conflicts of interest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conflicts of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></div> <p>A conflict of interest is when a <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">person</a> or <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">association</a> has intersecting interests (<a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">financial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">personal</a>, etc.) which could potentially corrupt. The potential conflict is autonomous of actual <a href="/wiki/Inappropriateness" title="Inappropriateness">improper actions</a>, it can be found and intentionally defused before <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>, or the appearance of corruption, happens. "A conflict of interest is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional judgement or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It exists if the circumstances are sensibly accepted to present a hazard that choices made may be unduly affected by auxiliary interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corruption">Corruption</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A conflict of interest arises when a decision-maker participates in a corrupt act that seeks to influence the outcome in favor of a specific individual, organization, or entity in a decision-making process.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, attempts to solicit a <a href="/wiki/Bribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bribe">bribe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)" title="Kickback (bribery)">kickback</a> in exchange for favoring a party creates a conflict of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A perceived conflict of interest may also arise in an individual who is offered such a payment, even if it is declined, particularly in situations where the attempt to bribe is not reported.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laws restricting monetary transaction is appropriate can differ between jurisdictions based upon their criminal laws. For example, some nations criminalize the receipt of political <a href="/wiki/Campaign_contributions" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign contributions">campaign contributions</a> in the form of cash, while other nations permit cash donations provided that donors otherwise adhere to election law.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Favoritism">Favoritism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Favoritism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></div> <p>Favoritism, sometimes known as in-group favoritism, or in-group bias, refers to a pattern of favoring members of one's <a href="/wiki/Ingroups_and_outgroups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingroups and outgroups">in-group</a> over out-group members. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways.<sup id="cite_ref-aronson_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aronson-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been researched by <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologists</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychologists</a>, and linked to <a href="/wiki/Group_conflict" title="Group conflict">group conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a> is favoritism of long-standing friends, especially by appointing them to positions of authority, regardless of their qualifications.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a> is favoritism granted to <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">relatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Article_Nepotism_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article_Nepotism-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lobbying">Lobbying</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lobbying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabakslobby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tabakslobby.jpg/220px-Tabakslobby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tabakslobby.jpg/330px-Tabakslobby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tabakslobby.jpg/440px-Tabakslobby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Box offered by <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_lobbyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco lobbyists">tobacco lobbyists</a> to Dutch <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">Member of the European Parliament</a> <a href="/wiki/Kartika_Liotard" title="Kartika Liotard">Kartika Liotard</a> in September 2013</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">Lobbying</a></div> <p>Lobbying is the attempt to influence choices made by <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">administrators</a>, frequently <a href="/wiki/Legislator" title="Legislator">lawmakers</a> or individuals from <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">administrative agencies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lobbyists may be among a legislator's <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">constituencies</a>, or not; they may engage in lobbying as a <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>, or not. Lobbying is often spoken of with <a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">contempt</a>, the implication is that people with inordinate <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">socioeconomic power</a> are <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corrupting</a> the <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> in order to serve their own interests. When people who have a <a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">duty</a> to act on behalf of others, such as elected officials with a duty to serve their constituents' interests or more broadly the <a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">common good</a>, stand to benefit by shaping the law to serve the interests of some private parties, there is a conflict of interest. This can lead to all sides in a debate looking to sway the issue by means of lobbyists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regulatory_issues">Regulatory issues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Regulatory issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Industry_self-regulation" title="Industry self-regulation">Industry self-regulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a></div> <p>Self-regulation is the process whereby an organization monitors its own adherence to legal, ethical, or safety standards, rather than have an outside, independent agency such as a third party entity monitor and enforce those standards.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-regulation of any group can create a conflict of interest. If any organization, such as a corporation or government bureaucracy, is asked to eliminate unethical behavior within their own group, it may be in their interest in the short run to eliminate the appearance of unethical behavior, rather than the behavior itself. </p><p>Regulatory capture is a form of <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a> that can occur when a <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">regulatory agency</a>, created to act in the <a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">public interest</a>, instead advances the commercial or political concerns of special <a href="/wiki/Interest_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Interest group">interest groups</a> that dominate the industry or sector it is charged with regulating.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulatory capture occurs because groups or individuals with a high-stakes interest in the outcome of policy or regulatory decisions can be expected to focus their resources and energies in attempting to gain the policy outcomes they prefer, while members of the public, each with only a tiny individual stake in the outcome, will ignore it altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-tbl_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-tbl-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulatory capture is a risk to which a regulatory agency is exposed by its very nature.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shilling">Shilling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Shilling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shill" title="Shill">Shill</a></div> <p>Shilling is deliberately giving spectators the feeling that one is an energetic autonomous <a href="/wiki/Customer" title="Customer">client</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Seller" class="mw-redirect" title="Seller">vendor</a> for whom one is working. The effectiveness of shilling relies on <a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">crowd psychology</a> to encourage other onlookers or audience members to purchase the goods or services (or accept the ideas being marketed). Shilling is illegal in some places, but legal in others.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of shilling is <a href="/wiki/Review#Bought_review" title="Review">paid reviews</a> that give the impression of being autonomous opinions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistical_biases">Statistical biases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Statistical biases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bias_(statistics)" title="Bias (statistics)">Bias (statistics)</a></div> <p>Statistical bias is a systematic tendency in the process of data collection, which results in lopsided, misleading results. This can occur in any of a number of ways, in the way the sample is selected, or in the way data are collected.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a property of a <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical</a> technique or of its results whereby the <a href="/wiki/Expected_value" title="Expected value">expected value</a> of the results differs from the true underlying quantitative <a href="/wiki/Parameter#Statistics_and_econometrics" title="Parameter">parameter</a> being <a href="/wiki/Estimation_theory" title="Estimation theory">estimated</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forecast_bias">Forecast bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Forecast bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forecast_bias" title="Forecast bias">Forecast bias</a></div> <p>A forecast bias is when there are consistent differences between results and the forecasts of those quantities; that is: forecasts may have an overall tendency to be too high or too low. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Observer-expectancy_effect">Observer-expectancy effect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Observer-expectancy effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Observer-expectancy_effect" title="Observer-expectancy effect">Observer-expectancy effect</a></div> <p>The observer-expectancy effect is when a <a href="/wiki/Researcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Researcher">researcher's</a> expectations cause them to subconsciously influence the people participating in an experiment. It is usually <a href="/wiki/Experimental_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental control">controlled</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Double-blind_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-blind experiment">double-blind system</a>, and was an important reason for the development of double-blind experiments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reporting_bias_and_social_desirability_bias">Reporting bias and social desirability bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reporting bias and social desirability bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Reporting_bias" title="Reporting bias">Reporting bias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_desirability_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Social desirability bias">Social desirability bias</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empirical_research" title="Empirical research">empirical research</a>, reporting bias is defined as "selective revealing or suppression of information" of undesirable behavior by subjects<sup id="cite_ref-Porta2008_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porta2008-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It refers to a tendency to under-report unexpected or undesirable experimental results, while being more trusting of expected or desirable results. This can propagate, as each instance reinforces the status quo, and later experimenters justify their own reporting bias by observing that previous experimenters reported different results. </p><p>Social desirability bias is a bias within <a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">social science research</a> where <a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">survey</a> respondents can tend to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed positively by others.<sup id="cite_ref-SDRdef_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDRdef-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can take the form of over-reporting laudable behavior, or under-reporting undesirable behavior. This bias interferes with the interpretation of average tendencies as well as individual differences. The inclination represents a major issue with <a href="/wiki/Self-report_study" title="Self-report study">self-report</a> questionnaires; of special concern are self-reports of abilities, <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personalities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexual behavior</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">drug use</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SDRdef_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDRdef-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Selection_bias">Selection bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Selection bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Selection_bias" title="Selection bias">Selection bias</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_random_sampling.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Simple_random_sampling.PNG/220px-Simple_random_sampling.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Simple_random_sampling.PNG/330px-Simple_random_sampling.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Simple_random_sampling.PNG/440px-Simple_random_sampling.PNG 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">Sampling</a> is supposed to collect of a representative <a href="/wiki/Statistical_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical sample">sample</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Population_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Population (statistics)">population</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Selection bias is the conscious or unconscious bias introduced into a study by the way individuals, groups or data are selected for analysis, if such a way means that true randomization is not achieved, thereby ensuring that the sample obtained is not representative of the population intended to be analyzed.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results in a sample that may be significantly different from the overall population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prejudices">Prejudices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Prejudices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bigotry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bigotry">Bigotry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural bias</a></div> <p>Bias and prejudice are usually considered to be closely related.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prejudice is prejudgment, or forming an opinion before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case. The word is often used to refer to preconceived, usually unfavorable, judgments toward people or a person because of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, political opinion, <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_classification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (human classification)">race</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a>, or other personal characteristics. Prejudice can also refer to unfounded beliefs<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may include "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ageism">Ageism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ageism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Ageism</a></div> <p>Ageism is the stereotyping and/or discrimination against individuals or groups on the basis of their age. It can be used in reference to prejudicial attitudes towards older people, or towards younger people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classism">Classism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Classism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></div> <p>Classism is <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>. It includes attitudes that benefit the <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a> at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Under_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Under class">lower class</a>, or vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-Kadi_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadi-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lookism">Lookism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Lookism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Lookism</a></div> <p>Lookism is <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">physical attractiveness</a>, or more generally to people whose appearance matches cultural preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people make automatic judgments of others based on their physical appearance that influence how they respond to those people.<sup id="cite_ref-Eagly_et_al.,_1991)._99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eagly_et_al.,_1991).-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes,_Simmons,_&_Peters,_2005)._100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes,_Simmons,_&_Peters,_2005).-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racism">Racism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Racism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div> <p>Racism consists of ideologies based on a desire to dominate or a belief in the inferiority of another race.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also hold that members of different races should be treated differently.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schaefer_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schaefer-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newman_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newman-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexism">Sexism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sexism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sexism</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sexism&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffragette_arrest,_London,_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A woman under arrrest walking between two policemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Suffragette_arrest%2C_London%2C_1914.jpg/220px-Suffragette_arrest%2C_London%2C_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Suffragette_arrest%2C_London%2C_1914.jpg/330px-Suffragette_arrest%2C_London%2C_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Suffragette_arrest%2C_London%2C_1914.jpg/440px-Suffragette_arrest%2C_London%2C_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2447" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a> organizations campaigned for women's right to vote.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sexism</a> is <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> based on one's <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>. Sexism can affect anyone, but primarily affects <a href="/wiki/Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Women">women</a> and <a href="/wiki/Girl" title="Girl">girls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sexism_Discrimination_Against_Women_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sexism_Discrimination_Against_Women-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been linked to <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sexism_Matsumoto_2001_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sexism_Matsumoto_2001-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sexism_Nakdimen_1984_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sexism_Nakdimen_1984-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may include the belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another.<sup id="cite_ref-Sexism_Schaefer_2011_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sexism_Schaefer_2011-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extreme sexism may foster <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">sexual violence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sexism_Masequesmay_2014_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sexism_Masequesmay_2014-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discrimination in this context is defined as discrimination toward people based on their <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sexism_Macklem_2003_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sexism_Macklem_2003-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or their gender or sex differences.<sup id="cite_ref-Sexism_Lenhart_2004_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sexism_Lenhart_2004-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this is <a href="/wiki/Workplace_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace inequality">workplace inequality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sexism_Lenhart_2004_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sexism_Lenhart_2004-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexism refers to violation of equal opportunities (<a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">formal equality</a>) based on gender or refers to violation of <a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">equality of outcomes</a> based on gender, also called <a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">substantive equality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sexism_EU_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sexism_EU-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexism may arise from social or cultural customs and norms.<sup id="cite_ref-Sexism_Macfarlane_2019_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sexism_Macfarlane_2019-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contextual_biases">Contextual biases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Contextual biases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biases_in_academia">Biases in academia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Biases in academia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Statistical_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical bias">Statistical bias</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academic_bias">Academic bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Academic bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic bias</a></div> <p>Academic bias is the bias or perceived bias of <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">scholars</a> allowing their <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a> to shape their <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a>. Claims of bias are often linked to claims by conservatives of pervasive bias against political conservatives and religious Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have argued that these claims are based upon <a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">anecdotal evidence</a> which would not reliably indicate systematic bias,<sup id="cite_ref-Ames_2005_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ames_2005-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_2006_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_2006-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have suggested that this divide is due to <a href="/wiki/Self-selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-selection">self-selection</a> of conservatives choosing not to pursue academic careers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ames_2005_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ames_2005-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gross2_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some evidence that perception of classroom bias may be rooted in issues of <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">sexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sex</a> as much or more than in <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Experimenter_bias">Experimenter bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Experimenter bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Experimenter%27s_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimenter's bias">Experimenter's bias</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Experimental_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental science">science research</a>, experimenter bias occurs when experimenter expectancies regarding <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">study</a> results bias the research outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-Sackett_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sackett-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of experimenter bias include conscious or <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_cognition" title="Unconscious cognition">unconscious</a> influences on subject behavior including creation of <a href="/wiki/Demand_characteristics" title="Demand characteristics">demand characteristics</a> that influence subjects, and altered or <a href="/wiki/Publication_bias" title="Publication bias">selective recording of experimental results themselves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KantowitzIII2009_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KantowitzIII2009-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also involve asking leading probes and not neutrally redirecting the subject back to the task when they ask for validation or questions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Funding_bias">Funding bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Funding bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding bias</a></div> <p>Funding bias refers to the tendency of a scientific study to support the interests of the study's financial sponsor. This phenomenon is recognized sufficiently that researchers undertake studies to examine bias in past published studies.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be caused by any or all of: a conscious or subconscious <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(social_psychology)" title="Reciprocity (social psychology)">sense of obligation</a> of researchers towards their employers,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_misconduct" title="Scientific misconduct">misconduct</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scientific_malpractice" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific malpractice">malpractice</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Publication_bias" title="Publication bias">publication bias</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lexchin_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lexchin-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Reporting_bias" title="Reporting bias">reporting bias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Full_text_on_net_bias">Full text on net bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Full text on net bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/FUTON_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="FUTON bias">FUTON bias</a></div> <p>Full text on net (or FUTON) bias is a tendency of <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_method" title="Scholarly method">scholars</a> to cite <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a> with <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a>—that is, journals that make their full text available on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> without charge—in their own writing as compared with <a href="/wiki/Closed-access" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed-access">toll access publications</a>. Scholars can more easily discover and access articles that have their full text on the internet, which increases authors' likelihood of reading, quoting, and citing these articles, this may increase the <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact factor</a> of open access journals relative to journals without open access.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid_15301326_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid_15301326-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid_12937253_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid_12937253-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cite_pmid|16517987_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite_pmid|16517987-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cite_pmid|18974812_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite_pmid|18974812-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid_12401287_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid_12401287-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The related bias, no abstract available bias (NAA bias) is scholars' tendency to cite journal articles that have an <a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">abstract</a> available online more readily than articles that do not.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid_15301326_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid_15301326-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid_12401287_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid_12401287-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Publication_bias">Publication bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Publication bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Publication_bias" title="Publication bias">Publication bias</a></div> <p>Publication bias is a type of bias with regard to what academic <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> is likely to be published because of a tendency among researchers and journal editors to prefer some outcomes rather than others (e.g., results showing a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">significant</a> finding), which leads to a problematic bias in the published literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Song2010_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Song2010-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can propagate further as <a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">literature reviews</a> of claims about support for a <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> will themselves be biased if the original literature is contaminated by publication bias.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothstein2005_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothstein2005-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">Studies</a> with significant results often do not appear to be superior to studies with a <a href="/wiki/Null_result" title="Null result">null result</a> with respect to quality of <a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">design</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Easterbrook_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Easterbrook-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, statistically significant results have been shown to be three times more likely to be published compared to papers with null results.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biases_in_law_enforcement">Biases in law enforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Biases in law enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Driving_while_black">Driving while black</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Driving while black"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Driving_while_black" title="Driving while black">Driving while black</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Driving" title="Driving">Driving</a> while black refers to the <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">racial profiling</a> of <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> drivers. The phrase implies that a motorist might be pulled over by a <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> officer, questioned, and searched, because of a <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racial bias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DWB_matters_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWB_matters-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racial_profiling">Racial profiling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Racial profiling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></div> <p>Racial profiling, or ethnic profiling, is the act of suspecting or targeting a person of a certain <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a> on the basis of racially observed characteristics or behavior, rather than on individual suspicion.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Warren_2009_52–63_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren_2009_52–63-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Racial profiling is commonly referred to regarding its use by <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>, and its leading to discrimination against <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minorities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Victim_blaming">Victim blaming</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Victim blaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></div> <p>Victim blaming occurs when the victim of a wrongful act is held at fault for the harm that befell them.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of <a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">victimology</a> seeks to mitigate the perception of victims as responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biases_in_media">Biases in media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Biases in media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Media_bias"></span> Media bias is the bias or perceived bias of <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/News_producer" title="News producer">news producers</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> in the selection of events, the stories that are reported, and how they are covered. The term generally implies a pervasive or widespread bias violating <a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">the standards of journalism</a>, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The level of media bias in different nations is debated. There are also <a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">watchdog</a> groups that report on media bias. </p><p>Practical limitations to media neutrality include the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent narrative, <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> influence including overt and covert <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the influence of the owners of the news source, <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">concentration of media ownership</a>, the selection of staff, the preferences of an intended <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a>, and pressure from <a href="/wiki/Advertiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertiser">advertisers</a>. </p><p>Bias has been a feature of the mass media since its birth with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>. The expense of early printing equipment restricted media production to a limited number of people. Historians have found that publishers often served the interests of powerful social groups.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agenda_setting">Agenda setting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Agenda setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting theory</a></div> <p>Agenda setting describes the capacity of the media to focus on particular stories, if a news item is covered frequently and prominently, the audience will regard the issue as more important. That is, its <a href="/wiki/Salience_(language)#Public_opinion" title="Salience (language)">salience</a> will increase.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gatekeeping">Gatekeeping</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Gatekeeping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gatekeeping_(communication)" title="Gatekeeping (communication)">Gatekeeping (communication)</a></div> <p>Gatekeeping is the way in which information and news are filtered to the public, by each person or corporation along the way. It is the "process of culling and crafting countless bits of information into the limited number of messages that reach people every day, and it is the center of the media's role in modern public life. [...] This process determines not only which information is selected, but also what the content and nature of the messages, such as news, will be."<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sensationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></div> <p>Sensationalism is when events and topics in news stories and pieces are overhyped to present skewed impressions of events, which may cause a misrepresentation of the truth of a story.<sup id="cite_ref-fair_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fair-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sensationalism may involve reporting about insignificant matters and events, or the presentation of <a href="/wiki/News#Newsworthiness" title="News">newsworthy</a> topics in a trivial or <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">tabloid</a> manner contrary to the standards of <a href="/wiki/Journalism#Professional_journalism" title="Journalism">professional journalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stephens_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thompson_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_contexts">Other contexts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Other contexts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Educational_bias">Educational bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Educational bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bias_in_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Bias in education">Bias in education</a></div> <p>Bias in education refers to real or perceived bias in the educational system. The content of school textbooks is often the issue of debate, as their target audience is young people, and the term "whitewashing" is used to refer to selective removal of critical or damaging evidence or comment.<sup id="cite_ref-7forms_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7forms-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Washpost_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washpost-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whitewashhist_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitewashhist-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious bias in textbooks is observed in countries where religion plays a dominant role. There can be many forms of educational bias. Some overlooked aspects, occurring especially with the pedagogical circles of public and private schools—sources that are unrelated to fiduciary or mercantile impoverishment which may be unduly magnified—include teacher bias as well as a general bias against women who are going into STEM research.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inductive_bias">Inductive bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Inductive bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inductive_bias" title="Inductive bias">Inductive bias</a></div> <p>Inductive bias occurs within the field of <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>. In machine learning one seeks to develop <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> that are able to <i>learn</i> to anticipate a particular output. To accomplish this, the learning algorithm is given training cases that show the expected connection. Then the learner is tested with new examples. Without further assumptions, this problem cannot be solved exactly as unknown situations may not be predictable.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell1980_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell1980-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DesJardinsandGordon1995_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DesJardinsandGordon1995-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inductive bias of the learning algorithm is the set of assumptions that the learner uses to predict outputs given inputs that it has not encountered.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell1980_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell1980-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may bias the learner towards the correct solution, the incorrect, or be correct some of the time. A classical example of an inductive bias is <a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_Razor" class="mw-redirect" title="Occam's Razor">Occam's Razor</a>, which assumes that the simplest consistent hypothesis is the best. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insider_trading">Insider trading</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Insider trading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></div> <p>Insider trading is the trading of a <a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">public company</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">stock</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">securities</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Option_(finance)" title="Option (finance)">stock options</a>) by individuals with access to <a href="/wiki/Market_moving_information" title="Market moving information">non-public information</a> about the company. In <a href="/wiki/Insider_trading#Legal_differences_among_jurisdictions" title="Insider trading">various countries</a>, trading based on insider information is illegal because it is seen as unfair to other investors who do not have access to the information as the investor with insider information could potentially make far larger profits that a typical investor could make. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Match_fixing">Match fixing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Match fixing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Match_fixing" title="Match fixing">Match fixing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spot-fixing" title="Spot-fixing">Spot-fixing</a></div> <p>In organized <a href="/wiki/Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports">sports</a>, match fixing occurs when a match is played to a completely or partially pre-determined result, violating the rules of the game and often the law.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a variety of reasons for this, but the most common is in exchange for a payoff from gamblers. Players might also intentionally perform poorly to get an advantage in the future (such as a better <a href="/wiki/Draft_pick" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft pick">draft pick</a>, or an easier opponent in a <a href="/wiki/Playoffs" title="Playoffs">playoff</a>), or to rig a <a href="/wiki/Handicap_(sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Handicap (sports)">handicap</a> system. Match-fixing generally refers to fixing the final result of the game. Another form of match-fixing, known as <a href="/wiki/Spot-fixing" title="Spot-fixing">spot-fixing</a>, involves fixing small events within a match which can be gambled upon, but which are unlikely to prove decisive in determining the final result of the game. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implicit_bias">Implicit bias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Implicit bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Implicit_stereotype" title="Implicit stereotype">implicit stereotype</a></div><p>An <b>implicit bias</b>, or <b>implicit stereotype</b>, is the unconscious attribution of particular qualities to a member of a certain social group.<sup id="cite_ref-GandB95_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GandB95-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Implicit stereotypes are shaped by experience and based on learned associations between particular qualities and social categories, including race and/or gender. Individuals' perceptions and behaviors can be influenced by the implicit stereotypes they hold, even if they are unaware/unintentionally hold such stereotypes. Implicit bias is an aspect of implicit <a href="/wiki/Social_cognition" title="Social cognition">social cognition</a>: the phenomenon that perceptions, attitudes, and stereotypes operate without conscious intention. For example, researchers may have implicit bias when designing survey questions and as a result, the questions do not produce accurate results or fail to encourage survey participation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of implicit bias is supported by a variety of scientific articles in psychological literature. Implicit stereotype was first defined by psychologists <a href="/wiki/Mahzarin_Banaji" title="Mahzarin Banaji">Mahzarin Banaji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Greenwald" title="Anthony Greenwald">Anthony Greenwald</a> in 1995. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/28px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/42px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/56px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">List of cognitive biases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_theory" title="Detection theory">Detection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Falsity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metascience" title="Metascience">Metascience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion" title="Opinion">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_equation" title="Personal equation">Personal equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_(truth)" title="Proof (truth)">Proof (truth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_method" title="Scholarly method">Scholarly method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism" title="Source criticism">Source criticism</a></li> <li>Wikipedia: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Racial bias on Wikipedia">Racial bias on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias_in_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic bias in Wikipedia">Systemic bias in Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Ideological bias on Wikipedia">Ideological bias on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">Gender bias on Wikipedia</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSteinbock1978" class="citation journal cs1">Steinbock, Bonnie (1978). "Speciesism and the Idea of Equality". <i>Philosophy</i>. <b>53</b> (204): <span class="nowrap">247–</span>256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100016582">10.1017/S0031819100016582</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170331649">170331649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=Speciesism+and+the+Idea+of+Equality&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=204&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E247-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819100016582&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170331649%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Steinbock&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelshBegg2016" class="citation journal cs1">Welsh, Matthew; Begg, Steve (2016). "What have we learned? Insights from a decade of bias research". <i>The APPEA Journal</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 435. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2Faj15032">10.1071/aj15032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1326-4966">1326-4966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+APPEA+Journal&rft.atitle=What+have+we+learned%3F+Insights+from+a+decade+of+bias+research&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=435&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2Faj15032&rft.issn=1326-4966&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Begg%2C+Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymology-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etymology_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymology_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/bias">"Online Etymology Dictionary, <i>Bias</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113428/https://www.etymonline.com/word/bias">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 Aug</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary%2C+Bias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fbias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestcott1948" class="citation book cs1">Westcott, Sir Abell (1948). <i>The Shipwright's Trade</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+Desirability+Bias&rft.pub=psychologyconcepts.com&rft.date=2011-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologyconcepts.com%2Fsocial-desirability-bias%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?CdrID=44087">Dictionary of Cancer Terms → selection bias</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705015055/http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?CdrID=44087">Archived</a> 2014-07-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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AMACOM, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814472109" title="Special:BookSources/0814472109">0814472109</a> p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eagly_et_al.,_1991).-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eagly_et_al.,_1991)._99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEaglyAshmoreMakhijaniLongo1991" class="citation journal cs1">Eagly, Alice; Ashmore, Richard; Makhijani, Mona G.; Longo, Laura C. (1991). "What is beautiful is good, but". <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>. <b>110</b>: <span class="nowrap">109–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.110.1.109">10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=What+is+beautiful+is+good%2C+but.&rft.volume=110&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-2909.110.1.109&rft.aulast=Eagly&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft.au=Ashmore%2C+Richard&rft.au=Makhijani%2C+Mona+G.&rft.au=Longo%2C+Laura+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhodes,_Simmons,_&_Peters,_2005).-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes,_Simmons,_&_Peters,_2005)._100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhodesSimmonsPeters2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rhodes, Gillian; Simmons, Leigh; Peters, Marianne (2005). "Attractiveness and Sexual Behavior: Does Attractiveness Enhance Mating Success?". <i>Evolution and Human Behavior</i>. <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">186–</span>201. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EHumB..26..186R">2005EHumB..26..186R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.evolhumbehav.2004.08.014">10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.08.014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution+and+Human+Behavior&rft.atitle=Attractiveness+and+Sexual+Behavior%3A+Does+Attractiveness+Enhance+Mating+Success%3F&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E186-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.evolhumbehav.2004.08.014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005EHumB..26..186R&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft.au=Simmons%2C+Leigh&rft.au=Peters%2C+Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150829065706/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/racism">"Oxford English Dictionary, <i>Racism</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/racism">the original</a> on 2015-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 Aug</span> 2015</span>. <q><i>Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior:</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary%2C+Racism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fracism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSCHMID1996" class="citation journal cs1">SCHMID, W. THOMAS (April 1996). "The Definition of Racism". <i>Journal of Applied Philosophy</i>. <b>13</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-5930.1996.tb00147.x">10.1111/j.1468-5930.1996.tb00147.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+Definition+of+Racism&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1996-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-5930.1996.tb00147.x&rft.aulast=SCHMID&rft.aufirst=W.+THOMAS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/racism">Racism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911222636/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/racism">Archived</a> 2012-09-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Oxford Dictionaries</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schaefer-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schaefer_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Racism" in R. Schefer. 2008 Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society. SAGE. p. 1113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newman-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newman_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewman2012" class="citation book cs1">Newman, D. M. (2012). <i>Sociology : exploring the architecture of everyday life</i> (9th ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8729-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8729-5"><bdi>978-1-4129-8729-5</bdi></a>. <q>racism: Belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+%3A+exploring+the+architecture+of+everyday+life&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=405&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-8729-5&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sexism_Discrimination_Against_Women-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sexism_Discrimination_Against_Women_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevensonLindberg2011" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A., eds. (2011). <i>New Oxford American Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989153-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989153-5"><bdi>978-0-19-989153-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Oxford+American+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-989153-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span> Defines sexism as "prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCuddJones2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ann_E._Cudd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ann E. Cudd">Cudd, Ann E.</a>; Jones, Leslie E. (2008). "Sexism". In Frey, R. G.; Wellman, Christopher Heath (eds.). <i>A Companion to Applied Ethics</i>. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7190-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7190-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-7190-8</bdi></a>. <q><span class="nowrap">[I]n</span> the more accurate and more specific sense<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] 'sexism' refers to a historically and globally pervasive form of oppression against women.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sexism&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Applied+Ethics&rft.series=Blackwell+Companions+to+Philosophy&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7190-8&rft.aulast=Cudd&rft.aufirst=Ann+E.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Leslie+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasequesmay2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Masequesmay, Gina (2008). "Sexism". In O'Brien, Jodi (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Gender and Society, Volume 2</i>. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">748–</span>751. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6602-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6602-2"><bdi>978-1-4522-6602-2</bdi></a>. <q><i>Sexism</i> usually refers to prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls.<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] Sexism is an ideology or practices that maintain patriarchy or male domination.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sexism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Gender+and+Society%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E748-%3C%2Fspan%3E751&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6602-2&rft.aulast=Masequesmay&rft.aufirst=Gina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span> Also see: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasequesmay2024" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Masequesmay, Gina (5 Jan 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/sexism">"Sexism"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 Feb</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sexism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01-05&rft.aulast=Masequesmay&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fsexism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHornsby2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Hornsby" title="Jennifer Hornsby">Hornsby, Jennifer</a> (2005). "Sexism". In Honderich, Ted (ed.). <i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103747-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103747-4"><bdi>978-0-19-103747-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sexism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-103747-4&rft.aulast=Hornsby&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span> Defines sexism as "thought or practice which may permeate language and which assumes women's inferiority to men".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaryJary2005" class="citation book cs1">Jary, David; Jary, Julia, eds. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collinsdictionar0000unse_t6p4/page/551/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Collins Dictionary of Sociology</i></a></span> (4th ed.). Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 551. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-718399-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-718399-9"><bdi>978-0-00-718399-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collins+Dictionary+of+Sociology&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pages=551&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-00-718399-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollinsdictionar0000unse_t6p4%2Fpage%2F551%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span> Defines <i>sexism</i> as discrimination against either men or women on the grounds of sex, and also "any devaluation or denigration of women or men, but particularly women, which is embodied in institutions and social relationships".</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScruton2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton, Roger</a> (2007). <i>The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought</i> (3rd ed.). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hants.: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 631. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62509-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62509-9"><bdi>978-0-230-62509-9</bdi></a>. <q>Either sex may be the object of sexist attitudes<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] however, it is commonly held that, in developed societies, women have been the usual victims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Macmillan+Dictionary+of+Political+Thought&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hants.&rft.pages=631&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-230-62509-9&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSears,_James_T.2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_T._Sears" title="James T. Sears">Sears, James T.</a>, ed. (2007). "Sexism". <i>The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Love, Courtship, and Sexuality through History, Volume 6: The Modern World</i>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-3646-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-3646-1"><bdi>978-0-3133-3646-1</bdi></a>. <q>Sexism is any act, attitude, or institutional configuration that systematically subordinates or devalues women. Built upon the belief that men and women are constitutionally different, sexism takes these differences as indications that men are inherently superior to women, which then is used to justify the nearly universal dominance of men in social and familial relationships, as well as politics, religion, language, law, and economics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sexism&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+Love%2C+Courtship%2C+and+Sexuality+through+History%2C+Volume+6%3A+The+Modern+World&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-3133-3646-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoster2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Foster, Carly Hayden (2011). "Sexism". In Kurian, George Thomas (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Political Science</i>. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9331-1644-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9331-1644-0"><bdi>978-1-9331-1644-0</bdi></a>. <q><span class="nowrap">[B]oth</span> men and women can experience sexism, but sexism against women is more pervasive<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sexism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Science&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-9331-1644-0&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Carly+Hayden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_G._Johnson" title="Allan G. Johnson">Johnson, Allan G.</a> (2000). <i>The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology: A User's Guide to Sociological Language</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21681-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21681-0"><bdi>978-0-631-21681-0</bdi></a>. <q><span class="nowrap">[T]he</span> key test of whether something is sexist<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] lies in its consequences: if it supports male privilege, then it is by definition sexist. I specify 'male privilege' because in every known society where gender inequality exists, males are privileged over females.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Sociology%3A+A+User%27s+Guide+to+Sociological+Language&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21681-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Allan+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLorber2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Lorber" title="Judith Lorber">Lorber, Judith</a> (2010). <i>Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics</i> (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1953-7522-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1953-7522-0"><bdi>978-0-1953-7522-0</bdi></a>. <q>Although we speak of <em>gender</em> inequality, it is usually women who are disadvantaged relative to similarly situated men.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+Inequality%3A+Feminist+Theories+and+Politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-1953-7522-0&rft.aulast=Lorber&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span> [Emphasis in original.]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWortmanLoftusWeaver1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Camille_B._Wortman" class="mw-redirect" title="Camille B. Wortman">Wortman, Camille B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_F._Loftus" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth F. Loftus">Loftus, Elizabeth F.</a>; Weaver, Charles A. (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychology5edwort/page/601/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Psychology</i></a></span> (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. p. 601. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0707-1931-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0707-1931-6"><bdi>978-0-0707-1931-6</bdi></a>. <q>Sexism, or prejudice toward one sex (almost always women), has existed throughout recorded history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=601&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-0707-1931-6&rft.aulast=Wortman&rft.aufirst=Camille+B.&rft.au=Loftus%2C+Elizabeth+F.&rft.au=Weaver%2C+Charles+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychology5edwort%2Fpage%2F601%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sexism_Matsumoto_2001-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sexism_Matsumoto_2001_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatsumoto2001" class="citation book cs1">Matsumoto, David (2001). <i>The Handbook of Culture and Psychology</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513181-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513181-9"><bdi>978-0-19-513181-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Culture+and+Psychology&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513181-9&rft.aulast=Matsumoto&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sexism_Nakdimen_1984-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sexism_Nakdimen_1984_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNakdimen1984" class="citation journal cs1">Nakdimen, K. A. (1984). "The Physiognomic Basis of Sexual Stereotyping". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Psychiatry">American Journal of Psychiatry</a></i>. <b>141</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">499–</span>503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.141.4.499">10.1176/ajp.141.4.499</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6703126">6703126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+Physiognomic+Basis+of+Sexual+Stereotyping&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E499-%3C%2Fspan%3E503&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fajp.141.4.499&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6703126&rft.aulast=Nakdimen&rft.aufirst=K.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sexism_Schaefer_2011-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sexism_Schaefer_2011_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2011" class="citation book cs1">Schaefer, Richard T. (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sociologyinmodul0000scha_m7y8/page/315/mode/1up?view=theater">"Women: The Oppressed Majority"</a></span>. <i>Sociology in Modules</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-802677-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-802677-5"><bdi>978-0-07-802677-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women%3A+The+Oppressed+Majority&rft.btitle=Sociology+in+Modules&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-07-802677-5&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsociologyinmodul0000scha_m7y8%2Fpage%2F315%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forcible Rape Institutionalized Sexism in the Criminal Justice System| Gerald D. Robin Division of Criminal Justice, <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Haven" title="University of New Haven">University of New Haven</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sexism_Masequesmay_2014-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sexism_Masequesmay_2014_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasequesmay2024" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Masequesmay, Gina (5 Jan 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/sexism">"Sexism"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 Feb</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sexism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01-05&rft.aulast=Masequesmay&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fsexism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sexism_Macklem_2003-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sexism_Macklem_2003_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacklem2003" class="citation book cs1">Macklem, Tony (2003). <i>Beyond Comparison: Sex and Discrimination</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82682-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82682-2"><bdi>978-0-521-82682-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Comparison%3A+Sex+and+Discrimination&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82682-2&rft.aulast=Macklem&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sexism_Lenhart_2004-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sexism_Lenhart_2004_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sexism_Lenhart_2004_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharyn_Ann_Lenhart2004" class="citation book cs1">Sharyn Ann Lenhart (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rt2SAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6"><i>Clinical Aspects of Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination: Psychological Consequences and Treatment Interventions</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94131-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94131-4"><bdi>978-1-135-94131-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Gender or Sex Discrimination: This term refers to the types of gender bias that have a negative impact. The term has legal, as well as theoretical and psychological, definitions. Psychological consequences can be more readily inferred from the latter, but both definitions are of significance. Theoretically, gender discrimination has been described as (1) the unequal rewards that men and women receive in the workplace or academic environment because of their gender or sex difference (DiThomaso, 1989); (2) a process occurring in work or educational settings in which an individual is overtly or covertly limited access to an opportunity or a resource because of a sex or is given the opportunity or the resource reluctantly and may face harassment for picking it (Roeske & Pleck, 1983); or (3) both.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Aspects+of+Sexual+Harassment+and+Gender+Discrimination%3A+Psychological+Consequences+and+Treatment+Interventions&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94131-4&rft.au=Sharyn+Ann+Lenhart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRt2SAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sexism_EU-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sexism_EU_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229120927947">De Vos, M. (2020). The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law. 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"Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes". <i>Psychological Review</i>. <b>102</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.411.2919">10.1.1.411.2919</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295x.102.1.4">10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7878162">7878162</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8194189">8194189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.atitle=Implicit+social+cognition%3A+Attitudes%2C+self-esteem%2C+and+stereotypes&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.411.2919%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8194189%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7878162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-295x.102.1.4&rft.aulast=Greenwald&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft.au=Banaji%2C+M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Bias</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bias" class="extiw" title="wikt:bias">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Personal_bias" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Personal bias">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bias" class="extiw" title="q:Bias">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q742736" class="extiw" title="d:Q742736">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biases273" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biases" title="Template:Biases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biases" title="Template talk:Biases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biases273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive biases</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquiescence_bias" title="Acquiescence bias">Acquiescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity_effect" title="Ambiguity effect">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_bias" title="Affinity bias">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchoring_(cognitive_bias)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchoring (cognitive bias)">Anchoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attentional_bias" title="Attentional bias">Attentional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attribution_bias" title="Attribution bias">Attribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor%E2%80%93observer_asymmetry" title="Actor–observer asymmetry">Actor–observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_attribution_error" title="Fundamental attribution error">Fundamental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_attribution_error" title="Group attribution error">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_attribution_error" title="Ultimate attribution error">Ultimate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority_bias" title="Authority bias">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automation_bias" title="Automation bias">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Availability_heuristic" title="Availability heuristic">Availability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief_bias" title="Belief bias">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_blind_spot" title="Bias blind spot">Blind spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice-supportive_bias" title="Choice-supportive bias">Choice-supportive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalation_of_commitment" title="Escalation of commitment">Commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_perception" title="Selective perception">Selective perception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_fade" title="Compassion fade">Compassion fade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congruence_bias" title="Congruence bias">Congruence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declinism" title="Declinism">Declinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinction_bias" title="Distinction bias">Distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect" title="Dunning–Kruger effect">Dunning–Kruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egocentric_bias" title="Egocentric bias">Egocentric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_knowledge" title="Curse of knowledge">Curse of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrinsic_incentives_bias" title="Extrinsic incentives bias">Extrinsic incentives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fading_affect_bias" title="Fading affect bias">Fading affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_effect_(psychology)" title="Framing effect (psychology)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_illusion" title="Frequency illusion">Frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_pond_effect" title="Frog pond effect">Frog pond effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_effect" title="Halo effect">Halo effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindsight_bias" title="Hindsight bias">Hindsight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_effect" title="Horn effect">Horn effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_attribution_bias" title="Hostile attribution bias">Hostile attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_bias" title="Impact bias">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_stereotype" title="Implicit stereotype">Implicit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionality_bias" title="Intentionality bias">Intentionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion_of_transparency" title="Illusion of transparency">Illusion of transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere-exposure_effect" title="Mere-exposure effect">Mere-exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_bias" title="Narrative bias">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">Negativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalcy_bias" title="Normalcy bias">Normalcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omission_bias" title="Omission bias">Omission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism_bias" title="Optimism bias">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-group_homogeneity" title="Out-group homogeneity">Out-group homogeneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcome_bias" title="Outcome bias">Outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_bias" title="Precision bias">Precision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_bias" title="Present bias">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-innovation_bias" title="Pro-innovation bias">Pro-innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximity_bias" title="Proximity bias">Proximity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Response_bias" title="Response bias">Response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_bias" title="Restraint bias">Restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-serving_bias" title="Self-serving bias">Self-serving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_comparison_bias" title="Social comparison bias">Social comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence_bias" title="Social influence bias">Social influence bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_effect" title="Spotlight effect">Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_bias" title="Status quo bias">Status quo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attribute_substitution" title="Attribute substitution">Substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-saving_bias" title="Time-saving bias">Time-saving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_ascription_bias" title="Trait ascription bias">Trait ascription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_illusion" title="Turkey illusion">Turkey illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Restorff_effect" title="Von Restorff effect">von Restorff effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-risk_bias" title="Zero-risk bias">Zero-risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias_in_animals" title="Cognitive bias in animals">In animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bias_(statistics)" title="Bias (statistics)">Statistical biases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias_of_an_estimator" title="Bias of an estimator">Estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecast_bias" title="Forecast bias">Forecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_user_bias" title="Healthy user bias">Healthy user</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_bias_(epidemiology)" title="Information bias (epidemiology)">Information</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_bias_(psychology)" title="Information bias (psychology)">Psychological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_time_bias" title="Lead time bias">Lead time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_time_bias" title="Length time bias">Length time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_bias" title="Participation bias">Non-response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observer_bias" title="Observer bias">Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omitted-variable_bias" title="Omitted-variable bias">Omitted-variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_bias" title="Participation bias">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_bias" title="Recall bias">Recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_bias" title="Selection bias">Selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-selection_bias" title="Self-selection bias">Self-selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-desirability_bias" title="Social-desirability bias">Social desirability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_bias" title="Spectrum bias">Spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivorship_bias" title="Survivorship bias">Survivorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic error">Systematic error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_bias" title="Verification bias">Verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bias" title="Wet bias">Wet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other biases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basking_in_reflected_glory" title="Basking in reflected glory">Basking in reflected glory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9formation_professionnelle" title="Déformation professionnelle">Déformation professionnelle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FUTON_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="FUTON bias">FUTON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_bias" title="Inductive bias">Inductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_bias" title="Infrastructure bias">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_bias" title="Inherent bias">Inherent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_in_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Bias in education">In education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liking_gap" title="Liking gap">Liking gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_news_media_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States news media and the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_South_Asia" title="Media bias in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_the_Ukrainian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publication_bias" title="Publication bias">Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_justification" title="System justification">System justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reporting_bias" title="Reporting bias">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hat_bias" title="White hat bias">White hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Ideological bias on Wikipedia">Ideological bias on Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bias reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias_mitigation" title="Cognitive bias mitigation">Cognitive bias mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debiasing" title="Debiasing">Debiasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuristic_(psychology)" title="Heuristic (psychology)">Heuristics in judgment and decision-making</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Lists: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases#Memory_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">Memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conflict_of_interest373" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conflict_of_interest" title="Template:Conflict of interest"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conflict_of_interest" title="Template talk:Conflict of interest"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conflict_of_interest" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conflict of interest"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conflict_of_interest373" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_wall" title="Chinese wall">Chinese wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest_in_the_healthcare_industry" title="Conflict of interest in the healthcare industry">Conflict of interest in the healthcare industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflicts of interest on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_disqualification" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial disqualification">Judicial disqualification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">Pork barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-dealing" title="Self-dealing">Self-dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_self-regulation" title="Industry self-regulation">Self-regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">State capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shill" title="Shill">Shill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AllTrials" title="AllTrials">AllTrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm%27s_length_principle" title="Arm's length principle">Arm's length principle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cui_bono" class="mw-redirect" title="Cui bono">Cui bono</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follow_the_money" title="Follow the money">Follow the money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_ethics_cases" title="List of medical ethics cases">cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ghostwriter" title="Medical ghostwriter">Medical ghostwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hazard" title="Moral hazard">Moral hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_marketing" title="Pharmaceutical marketing">Pharmaceutical marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_sales_representative" title="Pharmaceutical sales representative">Pharmaceutical sales representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolving_door_(politics)" title="Revolving door (politics)">Revolving door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_medical_education#sponsorship" title="Continuing medical education">Sponsorship of continuing medical education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nemo_iudex_in_causa_sua" title="Nemo iudex in causa sua">Nemo iudex in causa sua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Bow_Street_Metropolitan_Stipendiary_Magistrate,_ex_parte_Pinochet" title="R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet">R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet (No 2)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Neil" title="R v Neil">R v Neil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Sussex_Justices,_ex_parte_McCarthy" title="R v Sussex Justices, ex parte McCarthy">R v Sussex Justices, ex parte McCarthy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_Pharma" title="Bad Pharma">Bad Pharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_(book)" title="Big Pharma (book)">Big Pharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inside_Job_(2010_film)" title="Inside Job (2010 film)">Inside Job</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Side_Effects_(Bass_book)" title="Side Effects (Bass book)">Side Effects</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taken_for_a_Ride" title="Taken for a Ride">Taken for a Ride</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Conflict_of_interest" title="Category:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest (category)</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Category:Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflicts of interest on Wikipedia (category)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination427" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination427" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_supremacism" title="Autistic supremacism">Autistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacy" title="Jewish supremacy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Campaigns in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Australian_sentiment" title="Anti-Australian sentiment">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br />policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_Women%27s_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">Blind audition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonperson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nonperson (disambiguation)">Nonperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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