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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>The <b>early Kassite rulers</b> are the sequence of eight, or possibly nine, names which appear on the Babylonian and Assyrian King Lists purporting to represent the first or ancestral monarchs of the dynasty that was to become the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> or 3rd Dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> which governed for 576 years, 9 months, 36 kings, according to the <i>King List A</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-kla_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kla-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all probability the dynasty ruled Babylon for around 350 years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_King_list_tradition">The King list tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Kassite_rulers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The King list tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The era of the early Kassite rulers is characterized by a dearth of surviving historical records. The principal sources of evidence for the existence of these monarchs are the Babylonian <i>King List A</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-kla_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kla-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which shows just the first six, and the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <i>Synchronistic King List</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-sync_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sync-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which gives their names indistinctly, and are compared below, after Brinkman.<sup id="cite_ref-brinkman_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brinkman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Position</th> <th>King List A<sup id="cite_ref-kla_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kla-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Sync. King List<sup id="cite_ref-sync_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sync-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Proposed reading</th> <th>Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><sup>m</sup><i>gan-dáš</i></td> <td><sup>m</sup>˹<i>ga</i> (?)<i>-x-x</i>˺</td> <td>Gandaš</td> <td>26 years </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><sup>m</sup><i>a-gu-um</i> <small>IGI</small> <i>a-šú</i></td> <td><sup>m</sup><i>a-˹gu-um˺</i> <small>IGI</small> ˹(x)˺<i>-šu</i></td> <td>Agum I</td> <td>22 years </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><sup>m</sup>[<i>kaš-til</i>]<i>-iá-ši</i></td> <td><sup>m</sup><i>kaš-til-</i>˹x˺<i>-šu</i></td> <td>Kaštiliašu I</td> <td>22 years </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><sup>m</sup>˹x˺<i>-ši</i> A<i>-šú</i></td> <td><sup>m</sup><i>a-bi-</i>˹<i>ra</i>˺<i>-taš</i></td> <td>Abi-Rattaš<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><sup>m</sup>˹<i>a-bi</i>˺<i>-Rat-taš</i></td> <td><sup>m</sup><i>kaš-til-</i>˹<i>a</i>˺<i>-šu</i></td> <td>Kaštiliašu I (again) or II</td> <td>unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><sup>m</sup>˹<small>UR</small><i>-zi</i>˺-<small>U</small>(= guru<sub>12</sub>)<i>-maš</i></td> <td><small>UR</small><i>-zi-g</i>[<i>u-r</i>]<i>u-</i>˹<i>ma</i>˺<i>-áš</i></td> <td>Ur-zigurumaš<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td></td> <td>˹<sup>m</sup><i>ḫar</i>˺<i>-ba-</i>˹<i>(x)-x</i>˺</td> <td>Ḫarba-Šipak/Šihu, Ḫurbazum</td> <td>unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td></td> <td><sup>m</sup>˹<i>x-ib-x</i>˺-[<i>(x)</i>]-˹<i>x-x</i>˺</td> <td>Tiptakzi, Šipta’ulzi</td> <td>unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td></td> <td><sup>m</sup>˹<i>x-x-(x)</i>˺</td> <td>Agum-Kakrime (<a href="/wiki/Agum_II" title="Agum II">Agum II</a>)</td> <td>unknown </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The tenth position of the Synchronistic King List is occupied by <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burna-Buriyåš I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Kassite_rulers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possibly the earliest military action involving the Kassites is preserved in the date formula<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a>'s ninth year (1741 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is called "the year of the Kassite army",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which it seems that he was not wholly successful at repelling the raiders, a sign of weakness which triggered widespread revolts in cities all over Mesopotamia and a decisive response from Samsu-iluna.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth year-name<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Abi-Eshuh" title="Abi-Eshuh">Abi-Ešuh</a> (1707 BC), the son and successor of Samsu-iluna, records that Abi-Ešuh "subdued the Kassites". Around the same time a king of the middle Euphrates kingdom called Ḫana, successor state of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rakic2013_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rakic2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bore the name Kaštiliašu, but apart from this name there is no evidence that the region was occupied by Kassites during this time, and he was succeeded by Šunuhru-Ammu, whose name is Amorite.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two seal impressions<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found at Ḫana's capital <a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rakic2013_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rakic2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arnold2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> read, "[Gi]mil Ninkar[ak], son of Arši-a[ḫum], [se]rvant of Ila[ba], [and K]aštili[ašu]". Frayne speculates that Kaštiliašu may have been a Babylonian installed by <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> after his defeat of Iadiḫ-abu and not a native ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A first-millennium BC school text<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> purporting to be a copy of one of his inscriptions credits Gandaš with the conquest of <i>Bà-bà-lam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: H.3.1">: H.3.1 </span></sup> This reads: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The bright whirlwind, the bull of the gods, the Lord of Lords<br /> </p><p>Gaddaš, the king of the four quarters of the world, the king of the land of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a><br /> And Akkad, the king of Babylon, am I.<br /> At that time, the <a href="/wiki/Ekur" title="Ekur">Ekur</a> of <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>, which in the conquest <br /> Had been destroyed (<i>remainder gone</i>) <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Inscription of Gandaš, First Millennium school text copy<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Agum I may be the subject of a 7th-century BC historical inscription which also mentions <a href="/wiki/Damiq-ilishu" title="Damiq-ilishu">Damiq-ilῑšu</a>, the last king of the 1st Dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Agum_II#Agum-Kakrime_Inscription" title="Agum II">Agum-Kakrime Inscription</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> names Agum ra-bi-i,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaštiliašu, Abi-Rattaš, and Ur-šigurumaš as ancestors of Agum-Kakrime (<a href="/wiki/Agum_II" title="Agum II">Agum II</a>), each son of the preceding except Ur-šigurumaš, who is described as descendant of Abi-Rattaš. The traces in the ninth position of the <i>Synchronistic King List</i> do not allow for the name <i>Agum</i>, so <i>Kakrime</i> has been suggested as an alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Tell_Muḥammed_texts"><span id="The_Tell_Mu.E1.B8.A5ammed_texts"></span>The Tell Muḥammed texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Kassite_rulers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Tell Muḥammed texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Excavations in the southeastern suburb of Baghdad known as <a href="/wiki/Tell_Muhammad" title="Tell Muhammad">Tell Muhammad</a> yielded two archives of the first Sealand Dynasty period. Those from level 3, excavated in the 1990s, were dated with year names, for example: "Year water carried King Ḫurduzum up to the city". Those from level 2, excavated in the 1970s, possessed a slightly different date formula, for example: "Year 38 Babylon was resettled.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Year King Šipta'ulzi", and are mostly silver and cereal loans.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The layers are thought to be around a generation apart. The resettlement of Babylon has been linked to the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> sack of the city under <a href="/wiki/Mursili_I" title="Mursili I">Mursili I</a>. Boese proposed the two kings be identified with those in positions seven and eight, and that a slightly different reading of Ḫurbazum for Ḫurduzum be adopted,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a position disputed by Brinkman.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Kassite_rulers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kla-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kla_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kla_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kla_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>King List A</i>, BM 33332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sync-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sync_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sync_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Synchronistic King List</i> A.117, Assur 14616c.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bulla seals TQ5-T105 and TQ5-T99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BM 77438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. 3992 line 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agum-Kakrime Inscription K. 4149+.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Kassite_rulers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The reading of the King List A as Ušši or Uššiašu (Landsberger) have been suggested.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes read as Tazzigurumaš.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">erin Ka-aš-šu-ú in the date formula.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Year in which Samsu-iluna the king (defeated) the totality of the strength of the army / the troops of the Kassites".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Year Abi-eszuh the king by the exalted command of An, Enlil and the great power of Marduk (subdued) the armies and troops of the Kassites", (BM 16998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>a-na u</i><sub>4</sub><i>-mu nam-<a href="/wiki/Ri_(cuneiform)" title="Ri (cuneiform)">ri</a></i> <sup>d</sup>GU.DINGIR.DINGIR EN EN.EN<br /> <sup>m</sup><i>ga-ad-daš</i> LUGAL <i>kib-ra-a-tú ár-ba-a</i> LUGAL KUR <i>šu-me-<a href="/wiki/Ri_(cuneiform)" title="Ri (cuneiform)">ri</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%99_(cuneiform)" title="Ù (cuneiform)">ù</a></i> <a href="/wiki/URU_(city_Sumerogram)" class="mw-redirect" title="URU (city Sumerogram)">URU</a><sup>ki</sup>-I LUGAL <i>bà-bà-lam <a href="/wiki/A_(cuneiform)" title="A (cuneiform)">a</a>-na-ku-<a href="/wiki/Ma_(cuneiform)" title="Ma (cuneiform)">ma</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/I_(cuneiform)" title="I (cuneiform)">i</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nu_(cuneiform)" title="Nu (cuneiform)">nu</a>-šu-<a href="/wiki/Ma_(cuneiform)" title="Ma (cuneiform)">ma</a> É-kur</i> <sup>d</sup><i>en-líl šá <a href="/wiki/I_(cuneiform)" title="I (cuneiform)">i</a>-na <a href="/wiki/Ka_(cuneiform)" title="Ka (cuneiform)">ka</a>-šad bà-bà-lam</i><br /> [<i>uš</i>(?)<i>-t</i>]<i>am</i>-[<i>si</i>]-<i>k</i>[<i>u</i>] <i><a href="/wiki/I_(cuneiform)" title="I (cuneiform)">i</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nu_(cuneiform)" title="Nu (cuneiform)">nu</a></i> [x-x]<i>-zu ú-pi-ši-</i>[x]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>rabû</i> = "the great"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MU.38.KAM.MA <i>ša</i> KA<sub>2</sub>.DINGIR.RA<sup>ki</sup> <i>uš.bu</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Kassite_rulers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brinkman-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brinkman_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ._A._Brinkman1976" class="citation book cs1">J. A. Brinkman (1976). "A Chronology of the Kassite Dynasty". <i>Materials for the Study of Kassite History, Vol. I (MSKH I)</i>. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 9–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Chronology+of+the+Kassite+Dynasty&rft.btitle=Materials+for+the+Study+of+Kassite+History%2C+Vol.+I+%28MSKH+I%29&rft.pages=9-11&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute+of+the+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1976&rft.au=J.+A.+Brinkman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Kassite+rulers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbrecht_Goetze1964" class="citation journal cs1">Albrecht Goetze (1964). "The Kassites and near Eastern Chronology". <i>Journal of Cuneiform Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 97–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1359248">10.2307/1359248</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1359248">1359248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cuneiform+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Kassites+and+near+Eastern+Chronology&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=97-101&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1359248&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1359248%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Albrecht+Goetze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Kassite+rulers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_James_Hamblin2007" class="citation book cs1">William James Hamblin (2007). <i>Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+to+1600+BC&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.au=William+James+Hamblin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Kassite+rulers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rakic2013-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rakic2013_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rakic2013_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz,_Glenn_M.2013" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Glenn M. (2013). Joan Aruz; Sarah B. Graff; Yelena Rakic (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0H0EpSm8aioC&pg=PA8"><i>An Amorite Global Village</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-475-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-475-0"><bdi>978-1-58839-475-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Amorite+Global+Village&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-475-0&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Glenn+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0H0EpSm8aioC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Kassite+rulers" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Podany, Amanda H. “Hana and the Low Chronology.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 73, no. 1, 2014, pp. 49–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold2005-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold2005_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold,_Bill_T.2005" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Bill T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nAemO6HmOgYC&pg=PA46"><i>Who Were The Babylonians?</i></a>. BRILL. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13071-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13071-3"><bdi>90-04-13071-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Were+The+Babylonians%3F&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-04-13071-3&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Bill+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnAemO6HmOgYC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Kassite+rulers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Frayne1990" class="citation book cs1">Douglas Frayne (1990). <i>Old Babylonian period (2003-1595 BC): Early Periods, Volume 4 (RIM The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia)</i>. 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Babylonian_kings" title="Template talk:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Babylon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kings of Babylon</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">List of kings of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Kings  <span class="nobold">(<i>foreign ruler</i></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><u>vassal king</u></span></li><li><span class="nobold">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian Empire</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1894–1595 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Amorite_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite dynasty">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-Muballit" title="Sin-Muballit">Sin-Muballit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Eshuh" title="Abi-Eshuh">Abi-Eshuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Ditana" title="Ammi-Ditana">Ammi-Ditana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Saduqa" title="Ammi-Saduqa">Ammi-Saduqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty" title="First Sealand dynasty">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a></li> <li>Unknown king (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a></li> <li><sup>m</sup>DIŠ+U-EN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1729–1157 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="III" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandash" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandash">Gandash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum I">Agum I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash I">Kashtiliash I</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Rattash" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-Rattash">Abi-Rattash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash II">Kashtiliash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urzigurumash" class="mw-redirect" title="Urzigurumash">Urzigurumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_II" title="Agum II">Agum II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harba-Shipak" class="mw-redirect" title="Harba-Shipak">Harba-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipta%27ulzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipta'ulzi">Shipta'ulzi</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a></li> <li>Kadashman-Sah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_I" title="Kadashman-Harbe I">Kadashman-Harbe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kashtiliash IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1157–732 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sealand_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sealand dynasty">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bazi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazi dynasty">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_dynasty" title="Elamite dynasty">VII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasty of E">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-suma-ukin_II" title="Nabu-suma-ukin II">Nabu-suma-ukin II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(732–626 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="IX" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_dynasty_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian dynasty of Babylon">IX</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a></u></li> <li><u><i><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-n%C4%81din-%C5%A1umi" title="Aššur-nādin-šumi">Aššur-nādin-šumi</a></i></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></i></li> <li><u><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin" title="Šamaš-šuma-ukin">Šamaš-šuma-ukin</a></i></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></i></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kandalanu" title="Kandalanu">Kandalanu</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-%C5%A1umu-l%C4%AB%C5%A1ir" title="Sîn-šumu-līšir">Sîn-šumu-līšir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(626–539 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="X" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty" title="Chaldean dynasty">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:1.0em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Babylon_under_foreign_rule_(539_BC_–_AD_224)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small>Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(539–331 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XI" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_III" title="Nebuchadnezzar III">Nebuchadnezzar III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_IV" title="Nebuchadnezzar IV">Nebuchadnezzar IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-eriba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-eriba">Shamash-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel-shimanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel-shimanni">Bel-shimanni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_II" title="Xerxes II">Xerxes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdianus" title="Sogdianus">Sogdianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidin-Bel" title="Nidin-Bel">Nidin-Bel</a> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(331–141 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i>Seleucus</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III Megas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Antiochus_III_the_Great)" title="Antiochus (son of Antiochus III the Great)">Antiochus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Seleucus_IV)" title="Antiochus (son of Seleucus IV)">Antiochus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timarchus" title="Timarchus">Timarchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(141 BC – AD 224)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rinnu" title="Rinnu">Rinnu</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></i></li> <li><i>Ubulna</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a></i></li> <li><i>Asi'abatar</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a></i></li> <li><i>Ispubarza</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a></i></li> <li><i>Piriustana</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i>Teleuniqe</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a></i></li></ul> 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