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<li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_use_and_fortification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_use_and_fortification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Military use and fortification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_use_and_fortification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temporary_fortification" 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Later use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_since_handover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_since_handover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>History since handover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_since_handover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tourism development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spike Island, County Cork</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inis_P%C3%ADc" title="Inis Píc – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Inis Píc" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_Spike" title="Illa Spike – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illa Spike" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Island_(pulo_sa_Irland)" title="Spike Island (pulo sa Irland) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Spike Island (pulo sa Irland)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Island_(Irland)" title="Spike Island (Irland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spike Island (Irland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Spike" title="Isla Spike – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isla Spike" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Island_(Cork_konderria)" title="Spike Island (Cork konderria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Spike Island (Cork konderria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inis_P%C3%ADc_(Cuan_Chorca%C3%AD)" title="Inis Píc (Cuan Chorcaí) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Inis Píc (Cuan Chorcaí)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Island_(County_Cork)" title="Spike Island (County Cork) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spike Island (County Cork)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Island_i_County_Cork" title="Spike Island i County Cork – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spike Island i County Cork" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Island_(%C3%B6_i_Irland)" title="Spike Island (ö i Irland) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spike Island (ö i Irland)" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spike_Island,_County_Cork&params=51_50_06_N_08_17_06_W_region:IE_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°50′06″N</span> <span class="longitude">08°17′06″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.83500°N 8.28500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.83500; -8.28500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Island in County Cork, Ireland</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Spike Island</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="ib-islands-native"><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Native name</a>: <div class="nickname">Inis Pic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entry_of_Fort_Mitchel_on_Spike_Island_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Entry_of_Fort_Mitchel_on_Spike_Island_1.jpg/240px-Entry_of_Fort_Mitchel_on_Spike_Island_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Entry_of_Fort_Mitchel_on_Spike_Island_1.jpg/360px-Entry_of_Fort_Mitchel_on_Spike_Island_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Entry_of_Fort_Mitchel_on_Spike_Island_1.jpg/480px-Entry_of_Fort_Mitchel_on_Spike_Island_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4494" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gates of Fort Mitchel on Spike Island</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Ireland_County_Cork.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Spike Island is located in County Cork"><img alt="Spike Island is located in County Cork" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Location_map_Ireland_County_Cork.png/260px-Location_map_Ireland_County_Cork.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Location_map_Ireland_County_Cork.png/390px-Location_map_Ireland_County_Cork.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Location_map_Ireland_County_Cork.png/520px-Location_map_Ireland_County_Cork.png 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="764" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.711%;left:77.995%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spike Island"><img alt="Spike Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Spike Island</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Spike Island in Ireland</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cork_Harbour" title="Cork Harbour">Cork Harbour</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spike_Island,_County_Cork&params=51_50_06_N_08_17_06_W_region:IE_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°50′06″N</span> <span class="longitude">08°17′06″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.83500°N 8.28500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.83500; -8.28500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">0.41 km<sup>2</sup> (0.16 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">0.8 km (0.5 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">0.5 km (0.31 mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">County</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">County Cork</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Spike Island</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Inis Píc</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a> of 103 acres (42 ha)<sup id="cite_ref-times_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Cork_Harbour" title="Cork Harbour">Cork Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>. Originally the site of a monastic settlement,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sanc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the island is dominated by an 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">bastion fort</a> now named <b>Fort Mitchel</b>. </p><p>The island's strategic location within the harbour meant it was used at times for defence and as a <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a>. Since the early 21st century the island has been developed as a heritage tourist attraction,<sup id="cite_ref-indo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with €5.5 million investment in exhibition and visitor spaces<sup id="cite_ref-open2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-open2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and accompanying tourism marketing.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were in excess of 81,000 visitors to the island during 2019, a 21% increase on 2018 numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spike Island was named top European tourist attraction at the 2017 World Travel Awards.<sup id="cite_ref-echoaward_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echoaward-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spike_Island,_County_Cork&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spike_Island,_County_Cork&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal evidence for a monastic foundation on Spike Island comes from Archdall's <i>Monasticon Hibernicum</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-sanc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-martin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which states that Saint <a href="/wiki/Mo_Chutu_of_Lismore" title="Mo Chutu of Lismore">Mochuda</a> founded a monastery there in the 7th century. A grant to Saint Thomas's Abbey in Dublin in 1178 of the Church of Saint Rusien on Spike Island<sup id="cite_ref-sanc_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may lend credence to a monastic settlement - as the name and date both indicate a Celtic foundation. The ruins of a church are reported to exist on Spike Island in 1774.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ownership">Ownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spike_Island,_County_Cork&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grant to St Thomas's abbey in 1178 coincides with the surrender of lands, including Spike Island, by Diarmid McCarthy <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond" title="Kingdom of Desmond">King of Desmond</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman invasion of Ireland">Normans</a>. In 1182, one Raymond Mangunel was granted or "<a href="/wiki/Enfeoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeoff">enfeoffed</a>" Spike Island.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no further recorded changes in ownership until 1427. In this year, records suggest that William, son of John Reych, granted to John Pyke, <i>amongst other lands and premises, the lands of Innyspyge, in the Comte Cork</i>. In 1490, Thomas Pyke granted to Maurice Ronan of Kinsale, his holdings in Spike Island. In the seventeenth century, the island was in the possession of the Roche and Galwey families - until the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">rebellion of 1641</a> when these families forfeited possession of the island. Although this forfeiture was reversed on the accession of <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles II of England">King Charles II of England</a> in 1660, they did not regain possession. </p><p>In 1698, the island was in the possession of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Joost_van_Keppel" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Joost van Keppel">Arnold Joost van Keppel</a> 1st Earl of Albemarle who had accompanied <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a> to England in 1688. In 1698, he conveyed the island to William Smith of Ballymore on the Great Island. In the 1770s, the island was in the hands of Nicholas Fitton.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would seem that the government leased part of the island for fortifications in the 1770s while the owner remained in residence - the house only being demolished during the construction of the present fort. Eventually, the entire island was rented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_use_and_fortification">Military use and fortification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spike_Island,_County_Cork&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military use and fortification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spike_Island_Cork_Harbour_Rough_Plan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Spike_Island_Cork_Harbour_Rough_Plan.png/220px-Spike_Island_Cork_Harbour_Rough_Plan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Spike_Island_Cork_Harbour_Rough_Plan.png/330px-Spike_Island_Cork_Harbour_Rough_Plan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Spike_Island_Cork_Harbour_Rough_Plan.png/440px-Spike_Island_Cork_Harbour_Rough_Plan.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1341" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Spike Island</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_photograph,_Cork_Harbour_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Aerial_photograph%2C_Cork_Harbour_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Aerial_photograph%2C_Cork_Harbour_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Aerial_photograph%2C_Cork_Harbour_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Aerial_photograph%2C_Cork_Harbour_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Aerial_photograph%2C_Cork_Harbour_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Aerial_photograph%2C_Cork_Harbour_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Spike Island (right) is to the southeast of <a href="/wiki/Haulbowline" title="Haulbowline">Haulbowline island</a> (middle rearground) and south of <a href="/wiki/Great_Island" title="Great Island">Great Island</a> (rearground) within lower Cork Harbour</figcaption></figure> <p>It was possibly used by smugglers for a time, and a map of circa 1600 clearly shows some form of fortified tower on the island similar to a depiction of <a href="/wiki/Belvelly_Castle" title="Belvelly Castle">Belvelly Castle</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Island" title="Great Island">Great Island</a> also shown.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island's location at the entrance to Cork Harbour meant that the island held strategic importance - and it was a significant site in the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> intervention following the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> (1689). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temporary_fortification">Temporary fortification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spike_Island,_County_Cork&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Temporary fortification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first artillery fortification on the island was built in 1779. Its construction was prompted by the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> in 1775,<sup id="cite_ref-hartnett_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartnett-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in particular by the entry of France (1778) and Spain (1779) into the war on the American side. Cork Harbour was used as an assembly point for <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoys</a> to the Americas and at one point more than 400 vessels were assembled in the harbour. Additionally, Cork was a source of supplies for the British forces operating in the West Indies and North America. There was, therefore, a need to protect the harbour from potential attackers. The Spike Island Battery was a temporary work and armed with eighteen <a href="/wiki/24_pounder" title="24 pounder">24 pounder</a> cannon moved from <a href="/wiki/Cove_Fort,_County_Cork" title="Cove Fort, County Cork">Cobh Fort</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> ended the war in 1783, this temporary work was demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-hartnett_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartnett-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fort_Westmorland">Fort Westmorland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spike_Island,_County_Cork&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fort Westmorland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1789, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vallancey" title="Charles Vallancey">Charles Vallancey</a> of the Corps of Irish Engineers, who had been made responsible for the fortification of the harbour during the American war, persuaded the then Lord Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/John_Fane,_10th_Earl_of_Westmorland" title="John Fane, 10th Earl of Westmorland">John Fane, 10th Earl of Westmorland</a> to allow the construction of a permanent fortification on Spike Island. This work was undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Board_of_Ordnance" title="Irish Board of Ordnance">Irish Board of Ordnance</a>. In October 1790, the Earl visited the island and named the incomplete structure Fort Westmorland. In 1793, France declared war on Britain and a conflict began which, with <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">one interlude</a>, would occupy the next two decades. </p><p>In 1794, on the departure of Westmorland, his successor as Lord Lieutenant, likely <a href="/wiki/William_Fitzwilliam,_4th_Earl_Fitzwilliam" title="William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam">William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam</a>, halted construction of Fort Westmorland. Eventually, Vallancey was allowed to continue but the fort was still incomplete in 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-hartnett_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartnett-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was however completed by 1802 as a plan of that date shows.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1800, this fort was armed with three 13-inch, two 10-inch, two 8-inch and six 5.5-inch <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>, 29 <a href="/wiki/24-pounder_long_gun" title="24-pounder long gun">24-pounder guns</a>, two <a href="/wiki/12-pounder_long_gun" title="12-pounder long gun">12-pounder guns</a> and twelve <a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail" title="Naval artillery in the Age of Sail">6-pounder cannon</a>. Also included were two 6-pounder <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field guns</a> and two 5.5-inch <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hartnett_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartnett-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_fortress">New fortress</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spike_Island,_County_Cork&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New fortress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The defences of Cork Harbour faced two threats. Firstly an attack by warships forcing entry into the harbour - either in a raid to destroy shipping or to effect a landing of troops. Secondly they faced the threat of attack from the land by forces which had been landed at an undefended point along the coast. Just such a landing had been attempted by the French at <a href="/wiki/Bantry_Bay" title="Bantry Bay">Bantry Bay</a> in 1796 with a force of fifteen thousand men. While unsuccessful, the attempt greatly alarmed the military. Vallancey was of the belief that had the French actually landed, they would have taken the Cork Harbour forts, including Fort Westmoreland.<sup id="cite_ref-hartnett_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartnett-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LowerCorkHarbourBasicMap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/LowerCorkHarbourBasicMap.png/220px-LowerCorkHarbourBasicMap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/LowerCorkHarbourBasicMap.png/330px-LowerCorkHarbourBasicMap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/LowerCorkHarbourBasicMap.png/440px-LowerCorkHarbourBasicMap.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Plan of lower harbour showing location relative to other installations: (A) <a href="/wiki/Haulbowline" title="Haulbowline">Haulbowline Naval Base</a>, (B) Fort Mitchel/Westmoreland, (C) <a href="/wiki/Camden_Fort_Meagher" title="Camden Fort Meagher">Fort Meagher/Camden</a>, (D) <a href="/wiki/Fort_Davis,_County_Cork" title="Fort Davis, County Cork">Fort Davis/Carlisle</a>, (E) <a href="/wiki/Fort_Templebreedy" title="Fort Templebreedy">Fort Templebreedy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1802, General <a href="/wiki/John_Hope,_4th_Earl_of_Hopetoun" title="John Hope, 4th Earl of Hopetoun">John Hope, 4th Earl of Hopetoun</a> recommended that a major fortress be constructed on Spike Island, capable of holding 2,000-3,000 men. He considered Spike Island was 'the true point of defence' for Cork Harbour. Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/David_Dundas_(British_Army_officer)" title="David Dundas (British Army officer)">David Dundas</a> was consulted by the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York">Duke of York</a>, Commander in Chief, who also recommended that a fortress should be erected on Spike Island. <a href="/wiki/William_Twiss" title="William Twiss">William Twiss</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a> concurred.<sup id="cite_ref-hartnett_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartnett-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1801, the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union came into force</a> and responsibility for fortifications in Ireland passed from the Irish Board of Ordnance, which was abolished, to the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Ordnance" title="Board of Ordnance">Board of Ordnance</a> in London. It was the job of this board to implement the decision to erect the fortress and it fell to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Holloway_(engineer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Holloway (engineer)">Charles Holloway</a>, Commanding Engineer Cork District, to begin the works.<sup id="cite_ref-hartnett_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartnett-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1804, the Hampshire Chronicle reported that the overall height of Spike island had been reduced by 25 feet and the spoil used as infill to create a level foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same paper reported that, on 6 June 1804, General Sir <a href="/wiki/Eyre_Coote_(British_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyre Coote (British Army officer)">Eyre Coote</a> had laid the foundation stone of the new fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spike_Island_Cork_Fort_Mitchel_Prison_Block.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Spike_Island_Cork_Fort_Mitchel_Prison_Block.jpg/220px-Spike_Island_Cork_Fort_Mitchel_Prison_Block.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Spike_Island_Cork_Fort_Mitchel_Prison_Block.jpg/330px-Spike_Island_Cork_Fort_Mitchel_Prison_Block.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Spike_Island_Cork_Fort_Mitchel_Prison_Block.jpg/440px-Spike_Island_Cork_Fort_Mitchel_Prison_Block.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2955" data-file-height="2218" /></a><figcaption>North-western accommodation block - later used as a prison</figcaption></figure> <p>Two alternative proposals had been made for accommodation within the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One envisaged six barrack blocks, one of which was actually constructed in the fort, this being the officers mess block, The ground floor of these blocks consisted of a series of bombproof brick vaulted rooms. The first floor was slate-roofed and open to destruction in the event of a bombardment. The second proposal was for 6 sets of bombproof casemates set into the ramparts. Two such sets of casemates were actually constructed, these being the north-east and north-west casemates. The second accommodation block to be constructed, the A Block, shows a divergence from the original plan in that the bombproofing is incorporated into the roof. The ground floor of a third block, the B Block, was intended to follow the design of the A block, was erected before the first phase of construction ended (circa 1817). The four magazines were also constructed around this time. A large workforce was employed in the construction, and included both troops and civilian workmen.<sup id="cite_ref-hartnett_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartnett-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_use">Later use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spike_Island,_County_Cork&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later a <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a> and convict depot, the island was used to house convicts prior to <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">penal transportation</a>. Opened in 1847 to deal with growing number of convictions for theft during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a>, the prison grew into what "for a few years in the mid-19th century [..] was probably [..] the biggest prison in the British Empire".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It later gained a reputation as "Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Island" title="Alcatraz Island">Alcatraz</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-indo_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spike Island was home to <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Organ" title="Ellen Organ">Ellen (Nellie) Organ</a> who gained special permission to take <a href="/wiki/First_Communion" title="First Communion">First Communion</a> shortly before her death at the age of 4. On hearing her story, the pope lowered the age at which communion could be taken, from 12 to 7.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island remained in use as a garrison and prison through the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>, when IRA prisoners were held there. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Barrett_(Irish_Republican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Barrett (Irish Republican)">Richard Barrett</a> was among those detained there, but escaped during the truce of 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-indo_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 1400 men were held on the island at its peak <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a>. On 6 December 1921, the Anglo-Irish Treaty was concluded. It provided for the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> which happened on 6 December 1922. The Treaty included provisions by which the British would retain sovereignty over three strategically important ports known as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_port_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty port (Ireland)">Treaty ports</a>, one of which is described in the Treaty as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Queenstown</i> <i>(b) Harbour defences to remain in charge of British care and maintenance parties. Certain mooring buoys to be retained for use of His Majesty's ships.</i></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evacuation_of_Spike_Island_(6219735816).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Evacuation_of_Spike_Island_%286219735816%29.jpg/220px-Evacuation_of_Spike_Island_%286219735816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Evacuation_of_Spike_Island_%286219735816%29.jpg/330px-Evacuation_of_Spike_Island_%286219735816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Evacuation_of_Spike_Island_%286219735816%29.jpg/440px-Evacuation_of_Spike_Island_%286219735816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>A member of the British Army (with family) departing following the cession of Spike Island (July 1938)</figcaption></figure> <p>Accordingly, even after the establishment of the Irish Free State, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> continued to maintain its presence at Spike Island. Spike Island remained under British sovereignty until 11 July 1938 when pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Trade_Agreement" title="Anglo-Irish Trade Agreement">Anglo-Irish Trade Agreement</a> of 25 April 1938, the territory was ceded to Ireland. The handover ceremonies were attended by senior military and political figures, including <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Aiken" title="Frank Aiken">Frank Aiken</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_since_handover">History since handover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spike_Island,_County_Cork&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History since handover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spike_Island_cell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Spike_Island_cell.jpg/220px-Spike_Island_cell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Spike_Island_cell.jpg/330px-Spike_Island_cell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Spike_Island_cell.jpg/440px-Spike_Island_cell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Cell in the "young offenders" prison, closed in 2004.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following its handover to Ireland, the island's installations were renamed Fort Mitchel - after <a href="/wiki/John_Mitchel" title="John Mitchel">John Mitchel</a>, nationalist activist and political <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a> who was held on the island for a time.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Similar Treaty Port fortifications at <i><a href="/wiki/Camden_Fort_Meagher" title="Camden Fort Meagher">Fort Camden</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fort_Davis,_County_Cork" title="Fort Davis, County Cork">Fort Carlisle</a></i> were similarly renamed to <i>Fort Meagher</i> and <i>Fort Davis</i> respectively.)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island remained the site of a prison and military base (for the regular <a href="/wiki/Irish_Army" title="Irish Army">Irish Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/FC%C3%81" class="mw-redirect" title="FCÁ">FCÁ</a> and later the Navy) for some time. Late into the 20th century, it was used as a youth correctional facility. On 1 September 1985 inmates rioted and, as a subsequent <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il" class="mw-redirect" title="Dáil">Dáil</a> committee reported, "civilians, prison officers and the <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Gardaí</a> on the Island were virtual prisoners of the criminals".<sup id="cite_ref-riotreport_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riotreport-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the riot, one of the accommodation blocks, Block A, caught fire and is known as the Burnt Block. This prison facility closed in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-times_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island also had a small civilian population; a small school, church and ferry (launch) service to <a href="/wiki/Cobh" title="Cobh">Cobh</a> served the population. The civilian population has since left the island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spike_Island,_County_Cork&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:45em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1841</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">202</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1851</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,323</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1050.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,139</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−51.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,310</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,072</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−18.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">735</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−31.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">580</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−21.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">617</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.4%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">442</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−28.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1936</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">430</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−2.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1946</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">218</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−49.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">299</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+37.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1956</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">259</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−13.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">194</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−25.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1966</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">199</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">185</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−7.0%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">103</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−44.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">130</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1986</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">60</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−53.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">113</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+88.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1996</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">103</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−8.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">61</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−40.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2006</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">0</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−100.0%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Statistics_Office" class="citation web cs1">Central Statistics Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?Maintable=CNA17&Planguage=0">"CNA17: Population by Off Shore Island, Sex and Year"</a>. <i>CSO.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CSO.ie&rft.atitle=CNA17%3A+Population+by+Off+Shore+Island%2C+Sex+and+Year&rft.au=Central+Statistics+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fpx%2Fpxeirestat%2FStatire%2FSelectVarVal%2FDefine.asp%3FMaintable%3DCNA17%26Planguage%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism_development">Tourism development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spike_Island,_County_Cork&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tourism development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spike_Island_Cork_Fort_Mitchel_6_Inch_Gun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Spike_Island_Cork_Fort_Mitchel_6_Inch_Gun.jpg/220px-Spike_Island_Cork_Fort_Mitchel_6_Inch_Gun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Spike_Island_Cork_Fort_Mitchel_6_Inch_Gun.jpg/330px-Spike_Island_Cork_Fort_Mitchel_6_Inch_Gun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Spike_Island_Cork_Fort_Mitchel_6_Inch_Gun.jpg/440px-Spike_Island_Cork_Fort_Mitchel_6_Inch_Gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Six inch <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal defence gun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemate</a> in the fort</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 2006 the then Minister for Justice <a href="/wiki/Michael_McDowell_(politician)" title="Michael McDowell (politician)">Michael McDowell</a> announced plans to build a new prison on the island. However, in January 2007, it was decided to explore an alternative site for the new prison, and a local task group was set up to re-open Spike as a historical tourist site. In 2009 it was announced that ownership of the island would be transferred (free of charge) to <a href="/wiki/Cork_County_Council" title="Cork County Council">Cork County Council</a> to enable its development as a tourist attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council formed a steering group to explore how Spike Island might be developed as a tourist site,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Council subsequently licensed operators to give guided tours of the island. </p><p>Since 2015, tours depart from Cobh during the summer,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taking in the fort, prison cells, gun emplacements, and key points of interest. </p><p>Following additional €5.5m investment by Cork County Council<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Fáilte Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> additional attractions and facilities were opened for the Summer 2016 season.<sup id="cite_ref-open2016_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-open2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as the previously opened buildings and <a href="/wiki/BL_6_inch_gun_Mk_II_%E2%80%93_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="BL 6 inch gun Mk II – VI">6-inch gun emplacements</a>, as of Summer 2016, visitors to the "Fortress Spike Island" cultural heritage attraction can also tour the "punishment block", the 1980s cells (which include an exhibition on the 1985 Spike Island riot),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the recreation of the hull of a "transportation ship",<sup id="cite_ref-crowds2016_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowds2016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an interpretative installation on John Mitchel - for whom the fort is named.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2017, at the World Travel Awards, Spike Island was named 'Europe's Leading Tourist Attraction'.<sup id="cite_ref-echoaward_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echoaward-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spike_Island,_County_Cork&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-times-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-times_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-times_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0729/1224251575160.html">"Hopes for Alcatraz-style tourism after handover of Cork's Spike Island"</a>. Irish Times. 29 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hopes+for+Alcatraz-style+tourism+after+handover+of+Cork%27s+Spike+Island&rft.date=2009-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fireland%2F2009%2F0729%2F1224251575160.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220212155/http://spikeislandcork.ie/history/island-sanctuary">"History - Island sanctuary"</a>. Spikeislandcork.ie. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+-+Island+sanctuary&rft.pub=Spikeislandcork.ie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spikeislandcork.ie%2Fhistory%2Fisland-sanctuary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanc-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sanc_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanc_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanc_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman1893" class="citation journal cs1">Coleman, James (1893). "The story of Spike Island (with note by G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton)". <i>Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society</i>. 1. <b>II</b>. Cork Historical and Archaeological Society: 1–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Cork+Historical+and+Archaeological+Society&rft.atitle=The+story+of+Spike+Island+%28with+note+by+G.+E.+H.+Barrett-Hamilton%29&rft.volume=II&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indo_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indo_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indo_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/national-news/plan-to-unlock-potential-of-irelands-alcatraz-1844692.html">"Plan to unlock potential of 'Ireland's Alcatraz'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Irish Independent. 29 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Plan+to+unlock+potential+of+%27Ireland%27s+Alcatraz%27&rft.date=2009-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fnational-news%2Fplan-to-unlock-potential-of-irelands-alcatraz-1844692.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-open2016-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-open2016_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-open2016_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/spike-island-opens-to-the-publictoday-and-welook-back-at-its-darkest-history-403278.html">"Spike Island opens to the public today and we look back at its darkest history"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spike+Island+opens+to+the+public+today+and+we+look+back+at+its+darkest+history&rft.pub=Irish+Examiner&rft.date=2016-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Flifestyle%2Ffeatures%2Fspike-island-opens-to-the-publictoday-and-welook-back-at-its-darkest-history-403278.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsther_Hayden2016" class="citation web cs1">Esther Hayden (2 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/ancient-east-tv-ad-showcases-beauty-of-hook-head-34837729.html">"Ancient East TV ad showcases beauty of Hook Head"</a>. Independent.ie<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+East+TV+ad+showcases+beauty+of+Hook+Head&rft.pub=Independent.ie&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft.au=Esther+Hayden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fregionals%2Fgoreyguardian%2Fnews%2Fancient-east-tv-ad-showcases-beauty-of-hook-head-34837729.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/business/spike-island-visitor-numbers-increased-by-10000-in-2019-978480.html">"Spike Island visitor numbers increased by 10,000 in 2019"</a>. <i>irishexaminer.com</i>. Irish Examiner. 29 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=irishexaminer.com&rft.atitle=Spike+Island+visitor+numbers+increased+by+10%2C000+in+2019&rft.date=2020-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fbreakingnews%2Fbusiness%2Fspike-island-visitor-numbers-increased-by-10000-in-2019-978480.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/spike-island-looks-to-reach-next-level-with-a-number-of-projects-planned-for-2019-878658.html">"Spike Island looks to reach next level with a number of projects planned for 2019"</a>. <i>irishexaminer.com</i>. Irish Examiner. 24 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=irishexaminer.com&rft.atitle=Spike+Island+looks+to+reach+next+level+with+a+number+of+projects+planned+for+2019&rft.date=2018-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fbreakingnews%2Fireland%2Fspike-island-looks-to-reach-next-level-with-a-number-of-projects-planned-for-2019-878658.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-echoaward-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-echoaward_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-echoaward_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eveningecho.ie/corknews/Spike-Island-named-Europes-top-tourist-attraction-05799b31-eb84-4a19-a0fc-b03cb75c91d2-ds">"Spike Island named Europe's top tourist attraction"</a>. Evening Echo. 30 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spike+Island+named+Europe%27s+top+tourist+attraction&rft.pub=Evening+Echo&rft.date=2017-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eveningecho.ie%2Fcorknews%2FSpike-Island-named-Europes-top-tourist-attraction-05799b31-eb84-4a19-a0fc-b03cb75c91d2-ds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-martin_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2007" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Michael (2007). <i>Spike Island: Saints, Felons and Famine</i>. Dublin: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845889104" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845889104"><bdi>978-1845889104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spike+Island%3A+Saints%2C+Felons+and+Famine&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1845889104&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQ1936" class="citation journal cs1">Q, J.C. (1936). "The Early Monastic Associations of Spike Island". <i>Journal of the Cork Historical and Archeological Society</i>. 2. <b>XLI</b>: 47–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Cork+Historical+and+Archeological+Society&rft.atitle=The+Early+Monastic+Associations+of+Spike+Island&rft.volume=XLI&rft.pages=47-48&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Q&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferies1986" class="citation journal cs1">Jefferies, Hennery A (1986). 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"The Story of Spike Island". <i>Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Cork+Historical+and+Archaeological+Society&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Spike+Island&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes_McCoy1964" class="citation book cs1">Hayes McCoy, Gerard Anthony (1964). <i>Ulster and Other Maps</i>. National Library of Ireland: Stationery Office Dublin. pp. 25 Kinsale and Cork Harbours.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ulster+and+Other+Maps&rft.place=National+Library+of+Ireland&rft.pages=25+Kinsale+and+Cork+Harbours&rft.pub=Stationery+Office+Dublin&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Hayes+McCoy&rft.aufirst=Gerard+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hartnett-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hartnett_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hartnett_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hartnett_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hartnett_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hartnett_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hartnett_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hartnett_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hartnett_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartnett_McEnery2006" class="citation book cs1">Hartnett McEnery, Julian (2006). <i>Fortress Ireland : the story of the Irish coastal forts and the River Shannon defence line</i>. Wicklow: Wordwell Ltd. pp. 42-46–55-60–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781869857950" title="Special:BookSources/9781869857950"><bdi>9781869857950</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortress+Ireland+%3A+the+story+of+the+Irish+coastal+forts+and+the+River+Shannon+defence+line&rft.place=Wicklow&rft.pages=42-46-55-60-92&rft.pub=Wordwell+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781869857950&rft.aulast=Hartnett+McEnery&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Archives London MPH 1/158/1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Hampshire Journal (Newspaper)". 21 May 1804.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hampshire+Journal+%28Newspaper%29&rft.date=1804-05-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Hampshire Chronicle". 24 June 1804.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hampshire+Chronicle&rft.date=1804-06-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Public Record Office Kew London MPH 1/203/3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthyO'Donnabhain2016" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Cal; O'Donnabhain, Barra (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cora.ucc.ie/bitstream/handle/10468/2539/TooBeautiful2016_CM_DOB_finalelectronicversion.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y"><i>Too Beautiful for Theieves and Pickpockets</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cork County Library and Arts Service. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780992997014" title="Special:BookSources/9780992997014"><bdi>9780992997014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Too+Beautiful+for+Theieves+and+Pickpockets&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Cork+County+Library+and+Arts+Service&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780992997014&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Cal&rft.au=O%27Donnabhain%2C+Barra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcora.ucc.ie%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10468%2F2539%2FTooBeautiful2016_CM_DOB_finalelectronicversion.pdf%3Fsequence%3D4%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2018/mar/19/ireland-spike-island-cork-harbour-alcatraz-prison-and-fort">"Ireland's Alcatraz: Spike Island in Cork"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 19 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ireland%27s+Alcatraz%3A+Spike+Island+in+Cork&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2018%2Fmar%2F19%2Fireland-spike-island-cork-harbour-alcatraz-prison-and-fort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejournal.ie/readme/little-girl-first-communion-magdalene-2300770-Aug2015/">"The story of the Cork 4-year-old who is the reason First Communion age is now 7"</a>. <i>TheJournal.ie</i>. Journal Media. 30 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&rft.atitle=The+story+of+the+Cork+4-year-old+who+is+the+reason+First+Communion+age+is+now+7&rft.date=2015-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Freadme%2Flittle-girl-first-communion-magdalene-2300770-Aug2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/specialreports/intelligence-and-breakouts-further-open-up-history-of-spike-island-919868.html">"Intelligence and breakouts further open up history of Spike Island"</a>. Irish Examiner. 25 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intelligence+and+breakouts+further+open+up+history+of+Spike+Island&rft.pub=Irish+Examiner&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fbreakingnews%2Fspecialreports%2Fintelligence-and-breakouts-further-open-up-history-of-spike-island-919868.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Cork Forts Handed Over". <i>The Times</i>. 12 July 1938.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Cork+Forts+Handed+Over&rft.date=1938-07-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hist-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hist_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071118190026/http://www.passagewestmonkstown.ie/spike-island.asp">"Cork Harbour: Spike Island"</a>. Passage West Town Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passagewestmonkstown.ie/spike-island.asp">the original</a> on 18 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cork+Harbour%3A+Spike+Island&rft.pub=Passage+West+Town+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.passagewestmonkstown.ie%2Fspike-island.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irishamericancivilwar.com/2013/06/19/a-yankee-and-rebel-side-by-side-in-cork-harbour/">"A Yankee and Rebel Side by Side in Cork Harbour"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Yankee+and+Rebel+Side+by+Side+in+Cork+Harbour&rft.pub=Irish+in+the+American+Civil+War&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firishamericancivilwar.com%2F2013%2F06%2F19%2Fa-yankee-and-rebel-side-by-side-in-cork-harbour%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-riotreport-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-riotreport_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDáil_Select_Committee_on_Criminal_Lawlessness_and_Vandalism1986" class="citation web cs1">Dáil Select Committee on Criminal Lawlessness and Vandalism (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.oireachtas.ie/1986/REPORT_13081986_1.html">"Report No. 11 - Disturbance at Fort Mitchel prison, Spike Island on the 1st September 1985"</a>. Oireachtas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+No.+11+-+Disturbance+at+Fort+Mitchel+prison%2C+Spike+Island+on+the+1st+September+1985&rft.pub=Oireachtas&rft.date=1986&rft.au=D%C3%A1il+Select+Committee+on+Criminal+Lawlessness+and+Vandalism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.oireachtas.ie%2F1986%2FREPORT_13081986_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100712020700/http://breaking.tcm.ie/ireland/spike-island-to-become-tourist-attraction-420369.html">"BreakingNews.ie - Spike Island to become tourist attraction"</a>. Thomas Crosbie Media. 28 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://breaking.tcm.ie/ireland/spike-island-to-become-tourist-attraction-420369.html">the original</a> on 12 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BreakingNews.ie+-+Spike+Island+to+become+tourist+attraction&rft.date=2009-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbreaking.tcm.ie%2Fireland%2Fspike-island-to-become-tourist-attraction-420369.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005252/http://www.corkcoco.ie/co/web//Cork%20County%20Council/Departments/Corporate%20Affairs/Media%20Releases?did=130983565">"Press Release - "Spike Island, Cork Harbour - Unlocking the Potential"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Cork County Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corkcoco.ie/co/web//Cork%2520County%2520Council/Departments/Corporate%2520Affairs/Media%2520Releases?did=130983565">the original</a> on 3 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Release+-+%22Spike+Island%2C+Cork+Harbour+-+Unlocking+the+Potential%22&rft.pub=Cork+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corkcoco.ie%2Fco%2Fweb%2F%2FCork%252520County%252520Council%2FDepartments%2FCorporate%252520Affairs%2FMedia%252520Releases%3Fdid%3D130983565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329010810/http://www.spikeislandcork.com/getting-there">"Where is Spike Island?"</a>. Spike Island Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spikeislandcork.com/getting-there">the original</a> on 29 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+is+Spike+Island%3F&rft.pub=Spike+Island+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spikeislandcork.com%2Fgetting-there&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2015" class="citation web cs1">O'Neill, Kevin (25 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916171207/http://www.eveningecho.ie/cork-news/e5m-spike-renovation-begins/669047/">"€5m Spike renovation begins"</a>. Eveningecho.ie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eveningecho.ie/cork-news/e5m-spike-renovation-begins/669047/">the original</a> on 16 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E2%82%AC5m+Spike+renovation+begins&rft.pub=Eveningecho.ie&rft.date=2015-08-25&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eveningecho.ie%2Fcork-news%2Fe5m-spike-renovation-begins%2F669047%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_O'Riordan2015" class="citation web cs1">Sean O'Riordan (16 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/spike-island-project-could-be-ready-for-2016-tourism-318639.html">"Spike Island project could be ready for 2016 tourism"</a>. Irish Examiner<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spike+Island+project+could+be+ready+for+2016+tourism&rft.pub=Irish+Examiner&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft.au=Sean+O%27Riordan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fireland%2Fspike-island-project-could-be-ready-for-2016-tourism-318639.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011015403/http://www.spikeislandcork.ie/news/spike-island-reopens">"Spike Island Reopens | Spike Island"</a>. Spikeislandcork.ie. 4 June 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spikeislandcork.ie/news/spike-island-reopens">the original</a> on 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spike+Island+Reopens+%26%23124%3B+Spike+Island&rft.pub=Spikeislandcork.ie&rft.date=2016-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spikeislandcork.ie%2Fnews%2Fspike-island-reopens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/spike-island-prison-riot-exhibition-opens-30-years-after-mob-rule-just-took-over-351455.html">"Spike Island prison riot exhibition opens 30 years after 'mob rule just took over'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Irish Examiner. 2 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spike+Island+prison+riot+exhibition+opens+30+years+after+%27mob+rule+just+took+over%27&rft.date=2015-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fireland%2Fspike-island-prison-riot-exhibition-opens-30-years-after-mob-rule-just-took-over-351455.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crowds2016-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crowds2016_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/crowds-flock-to-visit-irish-alcatraz-417012.html">"Crowds flock to visit 'Irish Alcatraz'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Irish Examiner. 22 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crowds+flock+to+visit+%27Irish+Alcatraz%27&rft.pub=Irish+Examiner&rft.date=2016-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fireland%2Fcrowds-flock-to-visit-irish-alcatraz-417012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spikeislandcork.ie/node/84">"John Mitchel's Jail Journal"</a>. Spikeislandcork.ie<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>. <q><i>John Mitchels diary [is] on display in the John Mitchel room on Spike Island</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Mitchel%27s+Jail+Journal&rft.pub=Spikeislandcork.ie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspikeislandcork.ie%2Fnode%2F84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldtravelawards.com/award-europes-leading-tourist-attraction-2017">"Europe's Leading Tourist Attraction 2017 - And the winner is..."</a> World Travel Awards. September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Leading+Tourist+Attraction+2017+-+And+the+winner+is...&rft.pub=World+Travel+Awards&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtravelawards.com%2Faward-europes-leading-tourist-attraction-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpike+Island%2C+County+Cork" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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Cork</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spike_Island,_County_Cork&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?county=CO&name=&town=&townland=5400&type=quick&page=1">Irish National Inventory of Architectural Heritage - Architectural detail on structures on the island</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090345/http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?county=CO&name=&town=&townland=5400&type=quick&page=1">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541629405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cork_Harbour" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cork_Harbour" title="Template:Cork Harbour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cork_Harbour" title="Template talk:Cork Harbour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cork_Harbour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cork Harbour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cork_Harbour" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cork_Harbour" title="Cork Harbour">Cork Harbour</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghada" title="Aghada">Aghada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobh" title="Cobh">Cobh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrigaline" title="Carrigaline">Carrigaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosshaven" title="Crosshaven">Crosshaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glounthaune" title="Glounthaune">Glounthaune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midleton" title="Midleton">Midleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkstown,_County_Cork" title="Monkstown, County Cork">Monkstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_West" title="Passage West">Passage West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushbrooke,_County_Cork" title="Rushbrooke, County Cork">Rushbrooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitegate,_County_Cork" title="Whitegate, County Cork">Whitegate</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cork_Harbour_(ca._1702).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cork Harbour map c. 1702"><img alt="Cork Harbour map c. 1702" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cork_Harbour_%28ca._1702%29.jpg/200px-Cork_Harbour_%28ca._1702%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cork_Harbour_%28ca._1702%29.jpg/300px-Cork_Harbour_%28ca._1702%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cork_Harbour_%28ca._1702%29.jpg/400px-Cork_Harbour_%28ca._1702%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2117" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harbour islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fota_Island" title="Fota Island">Fota Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Island" title="Great Island">Great Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haulbowline" title="Haulbowline">Haulbowline Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Island,_Cork" title="Little Island, Cork">Little Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Island_(Cork)" title="Rocky Island (Cork)">Rocky Island</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spike Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry and economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cork" title="Port of Cork">Port of Cork</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ringaskiddy" title="Ringaskiddy">Ringaskiddy Terminal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Cork" title="Tivoli, Cork">Tivoli Docks</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitegate,_County_Cork" title="Whitegate, County Cork">Whitegate Refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_College_of_Ireland" title="National Maritime College of Ireland">National Maritime College of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Water bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Lee" title="River Lee">River Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Owenabue" title="River Owenabue">River Owenabue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Ballynacorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="River Ballynacorra (page does not exist)">River Ballynacorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lough_Mahon" title="Lough Mahon">Lough Mahon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche%27s_Point_Lighthouse" title="Roche's Point Lighthouse">Roche's Point Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cork_Yacht_Club" title="Royal Cork Yacht Club">Royal Cork Yacht Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_Bank_Lighthouse" title="Spit Bank Lighthouse">Spit Bank Lighthouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval and military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Naval bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haulbowline" title="Haulbowline">Haulbowline Naval Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Air_Station_Queenstown" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Air Station Queenstown">UNAS Queenstown (Aghada)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Coastal artillery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cove_Fort,_County_Cork" title="Cove Fort, County Cork">Cove Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Davis,_County_Cork" title="Fort Davis, County Cork">Fort Davis (Carlisle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Fort_Meagher" title="Camden Fort Meagher">Fort Meagher (Camden)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fort Mitchel (Westmoreland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Templebreedy" title="Fort Templebreedy">Fort Templebreedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackrock_Castle" title="Blackrock Castle">Blackrock Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belvelly_Castle" title="Belvelly Castle">Belvelly Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_coastal_fortifications_of_County_Cork" title="List of coastal fortifications of County Cork">Coastal fortifications of County Cork</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_in_County_Cork" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:County_Cork" title="Template:County Cork"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:County_Cork" title="Template talk:County Cork"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:County_Cork" title="Special:EditPage/Template:County Cork"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_in_County_Cork" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places in <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">County Cork</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">County town</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballincollig" title="Ballincollig">Ballincollig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon,_County_Cork" title="Bandon, County Cork">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantry" title="Bantry">Bantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttevant" title="Buttevant">Buttevant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrigaline" title="Carrigaline">Carrigaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleville,_County_Cork" title="Charleville, County Cork">Charleville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonakilty" title="Clonakilty">Clonakilty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobh" title="Cobh">Cobh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermoy" title="Fermoy">Fermoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanturk" title="Kanturk">Kanturk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsale" title="Kinsale">Kinsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroom" title="Macroom">Macroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallow,_County_Cork" title="Mallow, County Cork">Mallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midleton" title="Midleton">Midleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millstreet" title="Millstreet">Millstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_West" title="Passage West">Passage West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skibbereen" title="Skibbereen">Skibbereen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youghal" title="Youghal">Youghal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Cork.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Cork.svg/100px-Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Cork.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Cork.svg/150px-Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Cork.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Cork.svg/200px-Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Cork.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1807" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villages and <br /><a href="/wiki/Townland" title="Townland">Townlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrigole" title="Adrigole">Adrigole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghabullogue" title="Aghabullogue">Aghabullogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghada" title="Aghada">Aghada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahakista" title="Ahakista">Ahakista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aherla" title="Aherla">Aherla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahiohill" title="Ahiohill">Ahiohill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allihies" title="Allihies">Allihies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardfield" title="Ardfield">Ardfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardgroom" title="Ardgroom">Ardgroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballinacurra,_County_Cork" title="Ballinacurra, County Cork">Ballinacurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballinadee" title="Ballinadee">Ballinadee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballinagree" title="Ballinagree">Ballinagree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballinascarty" title="Ballinascarty">Ballinascarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballineen_and_Enniskean" title="Ballineen and Enniskean">Ballineen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballingeary" title="Ballingeary">Ballingeary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballinhassig" title="Ballinhassig">Ballinhassig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballinora" title="Ballinora">Ballinora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballinspittle" title="Ballinspittle">Ballinspittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballintemple" title="Ballintemple">Ballintemple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballycotton" title="Ballycotton">Ballycotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballydehob" title="Ballydehob">Ballydehob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballydesmond" title="Ballydesmond">Ballydesmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygarvan,_County_Cork" title="Ballygarvan, County Cork">Ballygarvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballylickey" title="Ballylickey">Ballylickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballymakeera" title="Ballymakeera">Ballymakeera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballymore,_County_Cork" title="Ballymore, County Cork">Ballymore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballyvourney" title="Ballyvourney">Ballyvourney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_County_Cork" title="Baltimore, County Cork">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteer" title="Banteer">Banteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9al_na_Bl%C3%A1th" title="Béal na Bláth">Béal na Bláth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgooly" title="Belgooly">Belgooly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belvelly" title="Belvelly">Belvelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blarney" title="Blarney">Blarney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boherbue" title="Boherbue">Boherbue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridebridge" title="Bridebridge">Bridebridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bweeng" title="Bweeng">Bweeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canovee" title="Canovee">Canovee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrigadrohid" title="Carrigadrohid">Carrigadrohid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriganimmy" title="Carriganimmy">Carriganimmy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrigtwohill" title="Carrigtwohill">Carrigtwohill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlehaven" title="Castlehaven">Castlehaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlelyons" title="Castlelyons">Castlelyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlemagner" title="Castlemagner">Castlemagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlemartyr" title="Castlemartyr">Castlemartyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castletown-Kinneigh" title="Castletown-Kinneigh">Castletown-Kinneigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castletownbere" title="Castletownbere">Castletownbere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castletownroche" title="Castletownroche">Castletownroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castletownshend" title="Castletownshend">Castletownshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchtown,_County_Cork" title="Churchtown, County Cork">Churchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloghroe" title="Cloghroe">Cloghroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clondulane" title="Clondulane">Clondulane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloughduv" title="Cloughduv">Cloughduv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloyne" title="Cloyne">Cloyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coachford" title="Coachford">Coachford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conna" title="Conna">Conna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAil_Aodha" title="Cúil Aodha">Coolea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtmacsherry" title="Courtmacsherry">Courtmacsherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crookhaven" title="Crookhaven">Crookhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crookstown,_County_Cork" title="Crookstown, County Cork">Crookstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbarry" title="Crossbarry">Crossbarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosshaven" title="Crosshaven">Crosshaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullen,_County_Cork" title="Cullen, County Cork">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doneraile" title="Doneraile">Doneraile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Cork" title="Douglas, Cork">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drimoleague" title="Drimoleague">Drimoleague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dripsey" title="Dripsey">Dripsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromahane" title="Dromahane">Dromahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungourney" title="Dungourney">Dungourney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunmanway" title="Dunmanway">Dunmanway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrus" title="Durrus">Durrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballineen_and_Enniskean" title="Ballineen and Enniskean">Enniskean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyeries" title="Eyeries">Eyeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farran" title="Farran">Farran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermoy" title="Fermoy">Fermoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountainstown" title="Fountainstown">Fountainstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemount,_County_Cork" title="Freemount, County Cork">Freemount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glandore" title="Glandore">Glandore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glanmire" title="Glanmire">Glanmire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glantane" title="Glantane">Glantane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glanworth" title="Glanworth">Glanworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasheen" title="Glasheen">Glasheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenbrook,_County_Cork" title="Glenbrook, County Cork">Glenbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glengarriff" title="Glengarriff">Glengarriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenville,_County_Cork" title="Glenville, County Cork">Glenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glounthaune" title="Glounthaune">Glounthaune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goleen" title="Goleen">Goleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gougane_Barra" title="Gougane Barra">Gougane Barra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfway,_County_Cork" title="Halfway, County Cork">Halfway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innishannon" title="Innishannon">Innishannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilbrin" title="Kilbrin">Kilbrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilbrittain" title="Kilbrittain">Kilbrittain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilmichael,_County_Cork" title="Kilmichael, County Cork">Kilmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilnamartyra" title="Kilnamartyra">Kilnamartyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killumney" title="Killumney">Killumney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilworth" title="Kilworth">Kilworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiskeam" title="Kiskeam">Kiskeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knockavilla,_County_Cork" title="Knockavilla, County Cork">Knockavilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knocknagree" title="Knocknagree">Knocknagree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knockraha" title="Knockraha">Knockraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladysbridge" title="Ladysbridge">Ladysbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap,_County_Cork" title="Leap, County Cork">Leap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liscarroll" title="Liscarroll">Liscarroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisgoold" title="Lisgoold">Lisgoold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lismire" title="Lismire">Lismire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardstown" title="Lombardstown">Lombardstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyre,_County_Cork" title="Lyre, County Cork">Lyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfield,_Cork" title="Mayfield, Cork">Mayfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meelin" title="Meelin">Meelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milford,_County_Cork" title="Milford, County Cork">Milford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minane_Bridge" title="Minane Bridge">Minane Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchelstown" title="Mitchelstown">Mitchelstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monard,_County_Cork" title="Monard, County Cork">Monard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkstown,_County_Cork" title="Monkstown, County Cork">Monkstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenotte,_Cork" title="Montenotte, Cork">Montenotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourne_Abbey" title="Mourne Abbey">Mourneabbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nad,_County_Cork" title="Nad, County Cork">Nad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcestown" title="Newcestown">Newcestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newmarket,_County_Cork" title="Newmarket, County Cork">Newmarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Twopothouse" title="New Twopothouse">Newtwopothouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nohoval" title="Nohoval">Nohoval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovens,_County_Cork" title="Ovens, County Cork">Ovens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlefreke" title="Castlefreke">Rathbarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathcormac" title="Rathcormac">Rathcormac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverstick" title="Riverstick">Riverstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Cove,_County_Cork" title="Roberts Cove, County Cork">Roberts Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockchapel" title="Rockchapel">Rockchapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosscarbery" title="Rosscarbery">Rosscarbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rylane" title="Rylane">Rylane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallybrook" title="Sallybrook">Sallybrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schull" title="Schull">Schull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanagarry" title="Shanagarry">Shanagarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanbally" title="Shanbally">Shanbally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanballymore" title="Shanballymore">Shanballymore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoleague" title="Timoleague">Timoleague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togher,_Cork" title="Togher, Cork">Togher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower,_County_Cork" title="Tower, County Cork">Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Hall,_County_Cork" title="Union Hall, County Cork">Union Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upton,_County_Cork" title="Upton, County Cork">Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall,_County_Cork" title="Waterfall, County Cork">Waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergrasshill" title="Watergrasshill">Watergrasshill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitegate,_County_Cork" title="Whitegate, County Cork">Whitegate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Mountains</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ballyhoura_Mountains" title="Ballyhoura Mountains">Ballyhoura Mountains</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boggeragh_Mountains" title="Boggeragh Mountains">Boggeragh Mountains</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caha_Mountains" title="Caha Mountains">Caha Mountains</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Derrynasaggart_Mountains" title="Derrynasaggart Mountains">Derrynasaggart Mountains</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galtee_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Galtee Mountains">Galtee Mountains</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mullaghareirk_Mountains" title="Mullaghareirk Mountains">Mullaghareirk Mountains</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shehy_Mountains" title="Shehy Mountains">Shehy Mountains</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Slieve_Miskish_Mountains" title="Slieve Miskish Mountains">Slieve Miskish Mountains</a></dd> <dt>Rivers</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/River_Bandon" title="River Bandon">River Bandon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Munster_Blackwater" title="Munster Blackwater">River Blackwater</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/River_Lee" title="River Lee">River Lee</a></dd> <dt>Heads</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brow_Head" title="Brow Head">Brow Head</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mizen_Head" title="Mizen Head">Mizen Head</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sheep%27s_Head" title="Sheep's Head">Sheep's Head</a></dd> <dt>Islands</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballycotton_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballycotton Island (page does not exist)">Ballycotton Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bere_Island" title="Bere Island">Bere Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cape_Clear_Island" title="Cape Clear Island">Cape Clear Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capel_Island" title="Capel Island">Capel Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carbery%27s_Hundred_Isles" title="Carbery's Hundred Isles">Carbery's Hundred Isles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fastnet_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Fastnet Rock">Fastnet Rock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dursey_Island" title="Dursey Island">Dursey Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Garinish" class="mw-redirect" title="Garinish">Garinish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_Island" title="Great Island">Great Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heir_Island" title="Heir Island">Heir Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Haulbowline" title="Haulbowline">Haulbowline Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Inishfarnard" title="Inishfarnard">Inishfarnard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Long_Island,_County_Cork" title="Long Island, County Cork">Long Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sherkin_Island" title="Sherkin Island">Sherkin Island</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spike Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Whiddy_Island" title="Whiddy Island">Whiddy Island</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_townlands_of_County_Cork" title="Lists of townlands of County Cork">Lists of townlands of County Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_and_hills_of_County_Cork" title="Category:Mountains and hills of County Cork">Mountains and hills of County Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_County_Cork" title="Category:Rivers of County Cork">Rivers of County Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_County_Cork" title="Category:Geography of County Cork">Geography of County Cork</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spike_Island,_County_Cork&oldid=1255693865">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spike_Island,_County_Cork&oldid=1255693865</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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