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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1909 Creek Indian civil insurrection</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Crazy Snake Rebellion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crazy_Snake_Rebels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Crazy_Snake_Rebels.jpg/300px-Crazy_Snake_Rebels.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Crazy_Snake_Rebels.jpg/450px-Crazy_Snake_Rebels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Crazy_Snake_Rebels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="290" /></a></span><br />Crazy Snake rebels in 1909</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>March 1909</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> United States victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Creek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek people">Creek rebels</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_N._Haskell" title="Charles N. Haskell">Charles N. Haskell</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Chitto_Harjo" title="Chitto Harjo">Chitto Harjo</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 2 killed</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1 killed<br />1 wounded<br />42 captured</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Renegade period">Renegade period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannock_War_of_1895" title="Bannock War of 1895">Bannock Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Uprising" title="Yaqui Uprising">Yaqui Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Campaign_(1896)" title="Apache Campaign (1896)">Apache Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sugar_Point" title="Battle of Sugar Point">Battle of Sugar Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Canyon_incident" title="Padre Canyon incident">Padre Canyon Incident</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crazy Snake Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kelley_Creek#Last_Massacre" title="Battle of Kelley Creek">Last Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kelley_Creek" title="Battle of Kelley Creek">Battle of Kelley Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluff_War" title="Bluff War">Bluff War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Valley" title="Battle of Bear Valley">Battle of Bear Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Wars" title="Ute Wars">Bluff Skirmish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posey_War" title="Posey War">Posey War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Crazy Snake Rebellion</b>, also known as the <b>Smoked Meat Rebellion</b> or <b>Crazy Snake's War</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an incident in 1909 that at times was viewed as a war between the <a href="/wiki/Creek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek people">Creek people</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> settlers. It should not be confused with an earlier, bloodless, conflict in 1901 involving many of the same people.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict consisted of only two minor skirmishes, the first of which was actually a struggle between a group of marginalized <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Posse_comitatus_(common_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posse comitatus (common law)">posse</a> formed to punish the alleged robbery of a piece of smoked meat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebellion">Rebellion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crazy_Snake_Rebellion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chittoharjo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chittoharjo.jpg/200px-Chittoharjo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chittoharjo.jpg/300px-Chittoharjo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chittoharjo.jpg/400px-Chittoharjo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Chitto Harjo, circa 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>Crazy Snake was the very loose <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> translation of <a href="/wiki/Chitto_Harjo" title="Chitto Harjo">Chitto Harjo</a>'s name. Chitto Harjo was a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a> among the Creek and an outspoken opponent of allotment. In 1893 <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">Congress</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Commission" title="Dawes Commission">Dawes Commission</a> to seek to have the lands of the Creek, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> allotted. In 1895 Congress authorized surveying of the land, and in 1896 they passed a law creating tribal rolls and breaking up the land. The Creek government decided to negotiate the terms the best they could, but in 1898 the Creek held an election at which allotment was voted down. In response to this, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Act_of_1898" title="Curtis Act of 1898">Curtis Act</a> which dissolved the governments of the Creek and their neighboring tribes. </p><p>In 1900 there was a meeting where Chitto Harjo was declared the principal chief of the Creek by a meeting at his ceremonial grounds near <a href="/wiki/Henryetta,_Oklahoma" title="Henryetta, Oklahoma">Henryetta</a>, whose people view <a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Porter" title="Pleasant Porter">Pleasant Porter</a>'s methods of introducing the allotment system to be in violation of the 1867 Creek Constitution. The meeting that elected Harjo also elected a second chief, a bicameral legislature and established a court. Since the Creek Nation did not exist in the view of the American government the legality of Harjo's election was not relevant at the time in United States law. The followers of Harjo organized a group called the Lighthorse to serve as a police force to enforce their view of the law. It was alleged that this group whipped some men for accepting allotment, but this is disputed by other writers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anti-allotment activities of the Lighthorse caused the <a href="/wiki/8th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">8th Cavalry</a> to be called out and several of the followers of Harjo to be arrested. In 1907 Oklahoma had introduced <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow Laws">Jim Crow Laws</a> similar to those of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. As a result of these measures, many African Americans faced restrictions on their residence. A group of African Americans who may have been "<i><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Creek freedmen</a></i>", that is descendants of slaves who had been held by the Creek, gathered at Harjo's ceremonial grounds. By July 1908 a large number of African Americans, some of whom were Creek Freedmen, had gathered at Old Hickory, the site where Harjo and his associates ran the Creek government. </p><p>In March 1909 during the annual meeting of the Creek traditionalists, there was an allegation that one of them or their African American allies had stolen some meat from a local white farmer. A sheriff's deputy was sent to arrest someone, but the African Americans drove him away both because as auxiliaries to the Creek nation they did not recognize the local county to have authority there and because they had good reason to believe neither an African American nor a Muscogee Creek had chance of a fair trial, but instead had a high likelihood of being lynched. The sheriff's deputy organized a posse to enforce the arrest for the stolen smoked meat. In the following battle, one African-American man was killed and forty-two other African Americans were arrested. </p><p>A second confrontation happened on March 27 when a posse from <a href="/wiki/McIntosh_County,_Oklahoma" title="McIntosh County, Oklahoma">McIntosh County</a> attempted to arrest Chitto Harjo who was holed up in his cabin near Hickory Ground with a few other men. At sundown, the posse was approaching the cabin when one of Harjo's bodyguards opened fire from a window, killing two members of the posse. The fire was returned and a lucky shot hit Harjo in one of his legs above the knee. Eventually, the Creeks fled under the cover of darkness and the death of the two Americans created a "furor" in <a href="/wiki/Checotah,_Oklahoma" title="Checotah, Oklahoma">Checotah</a> and Henryetta. A larger posse returned to the cabin only to find a woman. The posse fired into the cabin and burned it down, and the woman fled into the woods. After the second skirmish, <a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">vigilante</a> groups roamed the vicinity pillaging Snake farms in search of Harjo. <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Oklahoma" title="Governor of Oklahoma">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_N._Haskell" title="Charles N. Haskell">Charles N. Haskell</a> called out the state <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>. The First Regiment of the Oklahoma National Guard occupied Hickory Ground with 200 men and quickly restored order. Harjo was never captured, though he likely died in April 1911, either in Choctaw territory or in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crazy_Snake_Rebellion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/03/30/101873635.pdf">"Crazy Snake's War"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 1909-03-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Crazy+Snake%27s+War&rft.date=1909-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1909%2F03%2F30%2F101873635.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrazy+Snake+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1930" class="citation journal cs1">Morton, Ohland (June 1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128005636/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v008/v008p189.html">"Government of the Creek Indians: The Snake Revolution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Oklahoma" title="The Chronicles of Oklahoma">The Chronicles of Oklahoma</a></i>. <b>8</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Historical_Society" title="Oklahoma Historical Society">Oklahoma Historical Society</a>: 189–225. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6024">0009-6024</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v008/v008p189.html">the original</a> on 2011-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicles+of+Oklahoma&rft.atitle=Government+of+the+Creek+Indians%3A+The+Snake+Revolution&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-225&rft.date=1930-06&rft.issn=0009-6024&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Ohland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2FChronicles%2Fv008%2Fv008p189.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrazy+Snake+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">compare Holm. <i>The Great Confusion</i> p. 27 and Warde. <i>George Washington Grayson</i> p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104104115/http://www.okhistory.org/okjourneys/crazysnake.html">"Oklahoma Journeys"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.okhistory.org/okjourneys/crazysnake.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oklahoma+Journeys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.okhistory.org%2Fokjourneys%2Fcrazysnake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrazy+Snake+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.okgenweb.org/~okmcinto/Pics/harjo_chitto.htm">"Harjo, Chitto aka Crazy Snake aka Wilson Jones"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harjo%2C+Chitto+aka+Crazy+Snake+aka+Wilson+Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.okgenweb.org%2F~okmcinto%2FPics%2Fharjo_chitto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrazy+Snake+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crazy_Snake_Rebellion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tom Holm. <i>The Great Confusion in Indian Affairs: Native Americans and Whites in the Progressive Era</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005.</li> <li>Mary Jane Warde. <i>George Washington Grayson and the Creek Nation, 1843-1920</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999.</li> <li>Daniel F. Littlefield, Jr. and Lonnie E. Underhill. "The "Crazy Snake Uprising" of 1909: A Red, Black, or White Affair?" in <i>Arizona and the West</i> Vol. 20, no. 4, winter 1978.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Oklahoma&#124;link=Oklahoma_History_of_Oklahoma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/36px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/48px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">History of Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prior to 19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Bison_Kill_Site" title="Cooper Bison Kill Site">Cooper Bison Kill</a> (11th millennium BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a> (9th–15th century CE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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(1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washita_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Washita Massacre">Washita Massacre</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a> (1890–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_run#In_Oklahoma" title="Land run">Land runs</a> (1890s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">State of Sequoyah</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">State of Oklahoma</a> (1907)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crazy Snake Rebellion</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a> 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