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The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus | bioRxiv
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article# book: http://ogp.me/ns/book#" > <!--[if IE]><![endif]--> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//d33xdlntwy0kbs.cloudfront.net" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.google.com" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//scholar.google.com" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.googletagmanager.com" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/sites/default/files/images/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="Full Text (PDF)" href="/content/10.1101/322347v1.full.pdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/plain" title="Full Text (Plain)" href="/content/10.1101/322347v1.full.txt" /> <meta name="type" content="article" /> <meta name="category" content="article" /> <meta name="HW.identifier" content="/biorxiv/early/2018/05/16/322347.atom" /> <meta name="HW.pisa" content="biorxiv;322347v1" /> <meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="DC.Language" content="en" /> <meta name="DC.Title" content="The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus" /> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.1101/322347" /> <meta name="DC.Date" content="2018-05-16" /> <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory" /> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2018, Posted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This pre-print is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International), CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" /> <meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="restricted" /> <meta name="DC.Description" content="Archaeogenetic studies have described the formation of Eurasian ‘steppe ancestry’ as a mixture of Eastern and Caucasus hunter-gatherers. However, it remains unclear when and where this ancestry arose and whether it was related to a horizon of cultural innovations in the 4th millennium BCE that subsequently facilitated the advance of pastoral societies likely linked to the dispersal of Indo-European languages. To address this, we generated genome-wide SNP data from 45 prehistoric individuals along a 3000-year temporal transect in the North Caucasus. We observe a genetic separation between the groups of the Caucasus and those of the adjacent steppe. The Caucasus groups are genetically similar to contemporaneous populations south of it, suggesting that – unlike today – the Caucasus acted as a bridge rather than an insurmountable barrier to human movement. The steppe groups from Yamnaya and subsequent pastoralist cultures show evidence for previously undetected farmer-related ancestry from different contact zones, while Steppe Maykop individuals harbour additional Upper Palaeolithic Siberian and Native American related ancestry." /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Chuan-Chao Wang" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Sabine Reinhold" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Alexey Kalmykov" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Antje Wissgott" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Guido Brandt" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Choongwon Jeong" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Olivia Cheronet" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Matthew Ferry" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Eadaoin Harney" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Denise Keating" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Swapan Mallick" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Nadin Rohland" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kristin Stewardson" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Anatoly R. Kantorovich" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Vladimir E. Maslov" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Vladimira G. Petrenko" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Vladimir R. Erlikh" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Biaslan Ch. Atabiev" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Rabadan G. Magomedov" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Philipp L. Kohl" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kurt W. Alt" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Sandra L. Pichler" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Claudia Gerling" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Harald Meller" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Benik Vardanyan" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Larisa Yeganyan" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Alexey D. Rezepkin" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Dirk Mariaschk" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Natalia Berezina" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Julia Gresky" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Katharina Fuchs" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Corina Knipper" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Stephan Schiffels" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Elena Balanovska" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Oleg Balanovsky" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Iain Mathieson" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Thomas Higham" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Yakov B. Berezin" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Alexandra Buzhilova" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Viktor Trifonov" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Ron Pinhasi" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Andrej B. Belinskiy" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="David Reich" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Svend Hansen" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Johannes Krause" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Wolfgang Haak" /> <meta name="article:published_time" content="2018-05-16" /> <meta name="article:section" content="New Results" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus" /> <meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Archaeogenetic studies have described the formation of Eurasian ‘steppe ancestry’ as a mixture of Eastern and Caucasus hunter-gatherers. However, it remains unclear when and where this ancestry arose and whether it was related to a horizon of cultural innovations in the 4<sup>th</sup> millennium BCE that subsequently facilitated the advance of pastoral societies likely linked to the dispersal of Indo-European languages. To address this, we generated genome-wide SNP data from 45 prehistoric individuals along a 3000-year temporal transect in the North Caucasus. We observe a genetic separation between the groups of the Caucasus and those of the adjacent steppe. The Caucasus groups are genetically similar to contemporaneous populations south of it, suggesting that – unlike today – the Caucasus acted as a bridge rather than an insurmountable barrier to human movement. The steppe groups from Yamnaya and subsequent pastoralist cultures show evidence for previously undetected farmer-related ancestry from different contact zones, while Steppe Maykop individuals harbour additional Upper Palaeolithic Siberian and Native American related ancestry.</p>" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="bioRxiv" /> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2018/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_mjid" content="biorxiv;322347v1" /> <meta name="citation_id" content="322347v1" /> <meta name="citation_public_url" content="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322347v1" /> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322347v1.abstract" /> <meta name="citation_full_html_url" content="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322347v1.full" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" 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Estimating genetic kin relationships in prehistoric populations. bioRxiv, (2017)." /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@biorxivpreprint" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.biorxiv.org/sites/default/files/images/biorxiv_logo_homepage7-5-small.png" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Archaeogenetic studies have described the formation of Eurasian ‘steppe ancestry’ as a mixture of Eastern and Caucasus hunter-gatherers. However, it remains unclear when and where this ancestry arose and whether it was related to a horizon of cultural innovations in the 4th millennium BCE that subsequently facilitated the advance of pastoral societies likely linked to the dispersal of Indo-European languages. To address this, we generated genome-wide SNP data from 45 prehistoric individuals along a 3000-year temporal transect in the North Caucasus. We observe a genetic separation between the groups of the Caucasus and those of the adjacent steppe. The Caucasus groups are genetically similar to contemporaneous populations south of it, suggesting that – unlike today – the Caucasus acted as a bridge rather than an insurmountable barrier to human movement. The steppe groups from Yamnaya and subsequent pastoralist cultures show evidence for previously undetected farmer-related ancestry from different contact zones, while Steppe Maykop individuals harbour additional Upper Palaeolithic Siberian and Native American related ancestry." /> <meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus" /> <meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322347v1" /> <meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="bioRxiv" /> <meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="Archaeogenetic studies have described the formation of Eurasian ‘steppe ancestry’ as a mixture of Eastern and Caucasus hunter-gatherers. However, it remains unclear when and where this ancestry arose and whether it was related to a horizon of cultural innovations in the 4th millennium BCE that subsequently facilitated the advance of pastoral societies likely linked to the dispersal of Indo-European languages. To address this, we generated genome-wide SNP data from 45 prehistoric individuals along a 3000-year temporal transect in the North Caucasus. We observe a genetic separation between the groups of the Caucasus and those of the adjacent steppe. The Caucasus groups are genetically similar to contemporaneous populations south of it, suggesting that – unlike today – the Caucasus acted as a bridge rather than an insurmountable barrier to human movement. The steppe groups from Yamnaya and subsequent pastoralist cultures show evidence for previously undetected farmer-related ancestry from different contact zones, while Steppe Maykop individuals harbour additional Upper Palaeolithic Siberian and Native American related ancestry." /> <meta name="og-type" property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta name="og-image" property="og:image" content="https://www.biorxiv.org/sites/default/files/images/biorxiv_logo_homepage7-5-small.png" /> <meta name="citation_date" content="2018-05-16" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/vnd.ms-powerpoint" title="Powerpoint" href="/content/10.1101/322347v1.ppt" /> <meta name="description" content="bioRxiv - the preprint server for biology, operated by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, a research and educational institution" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322347v1" /> <link rel="shortlink" 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id="zone-content" class="zone zone-content clearfix container-30"> <div class="grid-28 suffix-1 prefix-1 region region-content" id="region-content"> <div class="region-inner region-content-inner"> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="block block-system block-main block-system-main odd block-without-title" id="block-system-main"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <div class="panel-display panels-960-layout jcore-2col-layout" > <div class="panel-row-wrapper clearfix"> <div class="main-content-wrapper grid-17 suffix-1 alpha"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-content"> <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-article-citation" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node98922" data-node-nid="98922" id="node-98922--21510241855" data-pisa="biorxiv;322347v1" data-pisa-master="biorxiv;322347" data-apath="/biorxiv/early/2018/05/16/322347.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-biorxiv-article-top clearfix has-author-tooltip" > <span class="biorxiv-article-type"> New Results </span> <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus</h1> <div class="highwire-cite-authors" ><span class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Chuan-Chao</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Sabine</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Reinhold</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Alexey</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kalmykov</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">Antje</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wissgott</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">Guido</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Brandt</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">Choongwon</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Jeong</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">Olivia</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cheronet</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">Matthew</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ferry</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">Eadaoin</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Harney</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">Denise</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Keating</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">Swapan</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mallick</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11"><span class="nlm-given-names">Nadin</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Rohland</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12"><span class="nlm-given-names">Kristin</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Stewardson</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13"><span class="nlm-given-names">Anatoly R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kantorovich</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="14"><span class="nlm-given-names">Vladimir E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Maslov</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="15"><span class="nlm-given-names">Vladimira G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Petrenko</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="16"><span class="nlm-given-names">Vladimir R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Erlikh</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="17"><span class="nlm-given-names">Biaslan Ch.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Atabiev</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="18"><span class="nlm-given-names">Rabadan G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Magomedov</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="19"><span class="nlm-given-names">Philipp L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kohl</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="20"><span class="nlm-given-names">Kurt W.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Alt</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="21"><span class="nlm-given-names">Sandra L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pichler</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="22"><span class="nlm-given-names">Claudia</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gerling</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="23"><span class="nlm-given-names">Harald</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Meller</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="24"><span class="nlm-given-names">Benik</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Vardanyan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="25"><span class="nlm-given-names">Larisa</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Yeganyan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="26"><span class="nlm-given-names">Alexey D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Rezepkin</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="27"><span class="nlm-given-names">Dirk</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mariaschk</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="28"><span class="nlm-given-names">Natalia</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Berezina</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="29"><span class="nlm-given-names">Julia</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gresky</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="30"><span class="nlm-given-names">Katharina</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Fuchs</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="31"><span class="nlm-given-names">Corina</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Knipper</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="32"><span class="nlm-given-names">Stephan</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Schiffels</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="33"><span class="nlm-given-names">Elena</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Balanovska</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="34"><span class="nlm-given-names">Oleg</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Balanovsky</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="35"><span class="nlm-given-names">Iain</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mathieson</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="36"><span class="nlm-given-names">Thomas</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Higham</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="37"><span class="nlm-given-names">Yakov B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Berezin</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="38"><span class="nlm-given-names">Alexandra</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Buzhilova</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="39"><span class="nlm-given-names">Viktor</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Trifonov</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="40"><span class="nlm-given-names">Ron</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pinhasi</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="41"><span class="nlm-given-names">Andrej B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Belinskiy</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="42"><span class="nlm-given-names">David</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Reich</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="43"><span class="nlm-given-names">Svend</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hansen</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="44"><span class="nlm-given-names">Johannes</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Krause</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="45"><span class="nlm-given-names">Wolfgang</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Haak</span></span></span></div> <div class="highwire-cite-metadata" ><span class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">doi:</span> https://doi.org/10.1101/322347 </span></div> </div> <div id="hw-article-author-popups-node-98922--21510241855" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Chuan-Chao Wang </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>1</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Department of Archaeogenetics, Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</span>, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745 Jena, <span class='nlm-country'>Germany</span></div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>2</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen</span>, <span class='nlm-country'>China</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Chuan-Chao%2BWang%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Wang%20C&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AChuan-Chao%2BWang%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-corresp-email-link last"><span>For correspondence: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#e68e87878da6958e8ec88b9681c88283" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="9bf3fafaf0dbe8f3f3b5f6ebfcb5fffe">[email protected]</span></a> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#5d362f3c282e381d2e353573302d3a733938" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="fe958c9f8b8d9bbe8d9696d0938e99d09a9b">[email protected]</span></a> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#2552444b42655d48500b4041500b464b" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="0176606f6641796c742f6465742f626f">[email protected]</span></a> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#deada8bbb0baf0b6bfb0adbbb09ebabfb7b0adaaf0babb" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="6e1d180b000a40060f001d0b002e0a0f07001d1a400a0b">[email protected]</span></a></span></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Sabine Reinhold </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>3</span><span class='nlm-institution'>German Archaeological Institute, Eurasia Department</span>, Im Dol 2-6, D-14195 Berlin, <span class='nlm-country'>Germany</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Sabine%2BReinhold%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Reinhold%20S&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" 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Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745 Jena, <span class='nlm-country'>Germany</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Guido%2BBrandt%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Brandt%20G&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AGuido%2BBrandt%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Choongwon Jeong </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>1</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Department of Archaeogenetics, Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</span>, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745 Jena, <span class='nlm-country'>Germany</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Choongwon%2BJeong%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Jeong%20C&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AChoongwon%2BJeong%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this 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class='nlm-institution'>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School</span>, Boston 02115 MA, <span class='nlm-country'>USA</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Matthew%2BFerry%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ferry%20M&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AMatthew%2BFerry%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Eadaoin Harney </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>8</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School</span>, Boston 02115 MA, <span class='nlm-country'>USA</span></div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>9</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School</span>, Boston 02115 MA, <span class='nlm-country'>USA</span></div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>10</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge</span>, MA02138, <span class='nlm-country'>USA</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Eadaoin%2BHarney%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find 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class='nlm-sup'>8</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School</span>, Boston 02115 MA, <span class='nlm-country'>USA</span></div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>9</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School</span>, Boston 02115 MA, <span class='nlm-country'>USA</span></div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>11</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge 02142 MA</span>,<span class='nlm-country'>USA</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Swapan%2BMallick%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a 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class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Nadin%2BRohland%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Rohland%20N&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ANadin%2BRohland%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-12"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Kristin Stewardson </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>8</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School</span>, Boston 02115 MA, <span class='nlm-country'>USA</span></div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>9</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School</span>, Boston 02115 MA, <span class='nlm-country'>USA</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Kristin%2BStewardson%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Stewardson%20K&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AKristin%2BStewardson%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" 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theArchaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge</span>, MA 02138, <span class='nlm-country'>USA</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=David%2BReich%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Reich%20D&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ADavid%2BReich%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-43"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Svend Hansen </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>3</span><span class='nlm-institution'>German Archaeological Institute, Eurasia Department</span>, Im Dol 2-6, D-14195 Berlin, <span class='nlm-country'>Germany</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Svend%2BHansen%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hansen%20S&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ASvend%2BHansen%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-corresp-email-link last"><span>For correspondence: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#85ede4e4eec5f6ededabe8f5e2abe1e0" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="8ce4edede7ccffe4e4a2e1fceba2e8e9">[email protected]</span></a> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#5e352c3f2b2d3b1e2d363670332e39703a3b" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="a6cdd4c7d3d5c3e6d5cece88cbd6c188c2c3">[email protected]</span></a> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#6215030c05221a0f174c0706174c010c" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="3b4c5a555c7b43564e155e5f4e155855">[email protected]</span></a> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#cbb8bdaea5afe5a3aaa5b8aea58bafaaa2a5b8bfe5afae" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="2f5c594a414b01474e415c4a416f4b4e46415c5b014b4a">[email protected]</span></a></span></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-44"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Johannes Krause </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>1</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Department of Archaeogenetics, Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</span>, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745 Jena, <span class='nlm-country'>Germany</span></div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>35</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for theArchaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge</span>, MA 02138, <span class='nlm-country'>USA</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Johannes%2BKrause%2B" 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data-cfemail="1d766f7c686e785d6e757533706d7a337978">[email protected]</span></a> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#bfc8ded1d8ffc7d2ca91dadbca91dcd1" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="93e4f2fdf4d3ebfee6bdf6f7e6bdf0fd">[email protected]</span></a> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#d5a6a3b0bbb1fbbdb4bba6b0bb95b1b4bcbba6a1fbb1b0" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="097a7f6c676d276168677a6c67496d6860677a7d276d6c">[email protected]</span></a></span></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-45"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Wolfgang Haak </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>1</span><span class='nlm-institution'>Department of Archaeogenetics, Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</span>, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745 Jena, <span class='nlm-country'>Germany</span></div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>36</span><span class='nlm-institution'>School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide</span>, Adelaide 5005, <span class='nlm-country'>Australia</span></div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Wolfgang%2BHaak%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Haak%20W&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AWolfgang%2BHaak%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-corresp-email-link last"><span>For correspondence: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#f890999993b88b9090d695889fd69c9d" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="355d54545e75465d5d1b5845521b5150">[email protected]</span></a> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#076c756672746247746f6f296a7760296362" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="ed869f8c989e88ad9e8585c3809d8ac38988">[email protected]</span></a> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#0e796f60694e76637b206b6a7b206d60" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="a8dfc9c6cfe8d0c5dd86cdccdd86cbc6">[email protected]</span></a> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#98ebeefdf6fcb6f0f9f6ebfdf6d8fcf9f1f6ebecb6fcfd" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="__cf_email__" 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However, it remains unclear when and where this ancestry arose and whether it was related to a horizon of cultural innovations in the 4<sup>th</sup> millennium BCE that subsequently facilitated the advance of pastoral societies likely linked to the dispersal of Indo-European languages. To address this, we generated genome-wide SNP data from 45 prehistoric individuals along a 3000-year temporal transect in the North Caucasus. We observe a genetic separation between the groups of the Caucasus and those of the adjacent steppe. The Caucasus groups are genetically similar to contemporaneous populations south of it, suggesting that – unlike today – the Caucasus acted as a bridge rather than an insurmountable barrier to human movement. The steppe groups from Yamnaya and subsequent pastoralist cultures show evidence for previously undetected farmer-related ancestry from different contact zones, while Steppe Maykop individuals harbour additional Upper Palaeolithic Siberian and Native American related ancestry.</p></div><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-biorxiv-copyright" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="field field-name-field-highwire-copyright field-type-text field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Copyright </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.<span class="license-type"> It is made available under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" class="" data-icon-position="" 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data-apath="/biorxiv/early/2018/05/16/322347.atom"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-biorxiv-article-pap-list clearfix" > <div class="highwire-cite-title" > <div class="highwire-cite-title">The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus</div> </div> <div class="highwire-cite-authors" ><span class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Chuan-Chao</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Sabine</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Reinhold</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Alexey</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kalmykov</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">Antje</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wissgott</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">Guido</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Brandt</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">Choongwon</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Jeong</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">Olivia</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cheronet</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">Matthew</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ferry</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">Eadaoin</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Harney</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">Denise</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Keating</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">Swapan</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mallick</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11"><span class="nlm-given-names">Nadin</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Rohland</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12"><span class="nlm-given-names">Kristin</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Stewardson</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13"><span class="nlm-given-names">Anatoly R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kantorovich</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="14"><span class="nlm-given-names">Vladimir E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Maslov</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="15"><span class="nlm-given-names">Vladimira G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Petrenko</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="16"><span class="nlm-given-names">Vladimir R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Erlikh</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="17"><span class="nlm-given-names">Biaslan Ch.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Atabiev</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="18"><span class="nlm-given-names">Rabadan G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Magomedov</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="19"><span class="nlm-given-names">Philipp L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kohl</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="20"><span class="nlm-given-names">Kurt W.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Alt</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="21"><span class="nlm-given-names">Sandra L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pichler</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="22"><span class="nlm-given-names">Claudia</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gerling</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="23"><span class="nlm-given-names">Harald</span> <span 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