NIST Research Library

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=7YQSqjSh" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library","20211128234948","https://web.archive.org/","web","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/", "1638143388"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=p7PEIJWi" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script>(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i["GoogleAnalyticsObject"]=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,"script","https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js","ga");ga("create", "UA-66610693-3", {"cookieDomain":"auto"});ga("require", "linkid", "linkid.js");ga("set", "anonymizeIp", true);ga("set", "dimension2", "NIST Research Library");ga("set", "dimension3", "412001");ga("set", "dimension7", "Laboratory\/Organizational Unit");ga("send", "pageview");ga('create', 'UA-33523145-1', 'auto', 'NISTGSA'); ga('NISTGSA.send', 'pageview');</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/node/412001"/> <meta name="description" content="Welcome to the NIST Research Library, part of the NIST Information Services Office (ISO)."/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="NIST Research Library"/> <meta name="dcterms.creator" content="makar"/> <meta name="dcterms.description" content="Welcome to the NIST Research Library, part of the NIST Information Services Office (ISO)."/> <meta name="dcterms.date" content="2009-07-22T14:56-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library"/> <meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2021-08-27T09:52-04:00"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="Article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library"/> <meta property="og:title" content="NIST Research Library"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Welcome to the NIST Research Library, part of the NIST Information Services Office (ISO)."/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2021-08-27T09:52:12-04:00"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <title>NIST Research Library | NIST</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20211128234948cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_GoWW7n3uRaUcun4S2-erRAYRkLmHlzlCTf9N7Gw3xRI.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20211128234948cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_-dpOhjcTezsOR8dH2bHBThYQ7LGXlB9VRPjMxIjpC9Y.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20211128234948cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_zbjDhj-AmeVwgu9y0DlPwEfp7l-a5BpoK3MpoGmRB6o.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20211128234948cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_PV0KmreUx3hVeYI6yGypf71UDz9BSQl1Z5DjiESDh-Y.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20211128234948cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_Sdgu2jLipWXWxjRKe-8-85omf1EpGGzxyUbFz54QSU0.css"/> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948js_/https://script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0039/8570.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20211128234948js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_-dbYZ4JxrJ1JstYSHl6hMbgz-yFcPPqDY0VSXVJZCIo.js"></script> </head> <body class="node-412001"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>  <section class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here’s how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br/> A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br/> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg> </span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>   <div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;"> <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library</p> <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </div> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo flex-fill"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </a> </div> <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto"> <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/fusion-search" id="search_form" method="get"> <div role="search"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required=""> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><span class="usa-sr-only">Search</span></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1"> <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-1"><span>Topics</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/climate" class="usa-nav__link">Climate</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav__link" href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/special-programs-office-spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services & Resources</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/standards-and-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/shop" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/http://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link usa-current">NIST Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/director/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/si-redefinition" class="usa-nav__link">SI Redefinition</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Learn About NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/our-organization" class="usa-nav__link">Our Organization</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/our-organization/mission-vision-values" class="usa-nav__link">Mission, Vision & Values</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Organization Structure</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/director" class="usa-nav__link">Office of the Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/our-organization/locations" class="usa-nav__link">Locations</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/our-organization/people" class="usa-nav__link">People</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/our-organization/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/industry-impacts" class="usa-nav__link">Industry Impacts</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/kids" class="usa-nav__link">Resources for Kids</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/policies-notices" class="usa-nav__link">Policies & Notices</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header>  <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="nist-section-header nist-section-header--menu"> <div class="nist-section-header__main grid-container"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="nist-section-header__title tablet-lg:grid-col-4"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">NIST Research Library</h1> </div> <div class="nist-section-header__desc tablet-lg:grid-col-8"> <div class="text-with-summary"> <p>Welcome to the NIST Research Library, part of the NIST Information Services Office (ISO). ISO is responsible for creating, maintaining, and disseminating a NIST knowledge base which supports the research and administrative needs required to fulfill the scientific, engineering, and technical mission of NIST.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6"> <aside class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--sidebar-first tablet-lg:grid-col-4 desktop-lg:grid-col-3"> <div> <div class="nist-block">  <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/images/2016/12/28/iso_logo_yellow-dark-blue_sm.png?itok=eWfHn3GN" width="220" height="203" alt="ISO Logo" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div>  </div>  <div class="nist-block"> <nav> <ul class="usa-sidenav usa-accordion "> <li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/associate-director-management-resources/staff-offices/information-services-office" data-drupal-link-system-path="">About ISO</a> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-nist-virtual-library-1"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul id="menu-nist-virtual-library-1" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/staff/management-resources/information-services-office" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Staff</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library/mission-vision-values" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Mission, Vision, Values</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs/org/7541" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Projects/Programs</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library/nist-publications" data-drupal-link-system-path="">NIST Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library/journal-research-nist" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Journal of Research of NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/http://nist.ent.sirsi.net/" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Library Catalog</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" data-drupal-link-system-path="">NIST Museum & History</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div>  </div> </aside> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content tablet-lg:grid-col-8 desktop-lg:grid-col-9"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--hero paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-hero grid-row grid-gap-2"> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/http://www.nist.gov/digitalarchives"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2018/01/24/nvl-hero-nda.png?itok=jJm91pcc 1x, /web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1200w_x_720h/public/images/2018/01/24/nvl-hero-nda.png?itok=-cetJPMf 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/png"/> <source srcset="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/300w_x_180h/public/images/2018/01/24/nvl-hero-nda.png?itok=8SeB2IJL 1x, /web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2018/01/24/nvl-hero-nda.png?itok=jJm91pcc 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/png"/> <img src="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2018/01/24/nvl-hero-nda.png?itok=jJm91pcc" alt="NIST digital archives" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/http://www.nist.gov/digitalarchives"> <div class="text">NIST Digital Archives</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library/journal-research-nist#vol"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2018/01/24/nvl-hero-jres.jpg?itok=9y2Jxl3k 1x, /web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1200w_x_720h/public/images/2018/01/24/nvl-hero-jres.jpg?itok=fGm9bldq 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/300w_x_180h/public/images/2018/01/24/nvl-hero-jres.jpg?itok=s0GdOk9_ 1x, /web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2018/01/24/nvl-hero-jres.jpg?itok=9y2Jxl3k 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2018/01/24/nvl-hero-jres.jpg?itok=9y2Jxl3k" alt="Jres volume 123, article 123001, figure 3" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library/journal-research-nist#vol"> <div class="text">Journal of Research of NIST: Volume 126</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/associate-director-management-resources/staff-offices/information-services-office"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/hero/nistlibrary.jpg?itok=ZsRTsK0- 1x, /web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1200w_x_720h/public/hero/nistlibrary.jpg?itok=oXNDpKXY 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/300w_x_180h/public/hero/nistlibrary.jpg?itok=ckAALv5O 1x, /web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/hero/nistlibrary.jpg?itok=ZsRTsK0- 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/hero/nistlibrary.jpg?itok=ZsRTsK0-" alt="NIST Research Library" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/associate-director-management-resources/staff-offices/information-services-office"> <div class="text">Learn More about ISO</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--content-list paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Projects and Programs</div> </h2> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-hidden entity-reference"> <div class="nist-field__items"> <div class="nist-field__item"> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/impact-metrics" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/impact-metrics" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2018/01/25/castleman_coauthor_network_with_legend.png?itok=bBLRIyh0" width="100" height="88" alt="A network of 629 papers co-authored by chemist A.W. Castleman. " loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/impact-metrics"><span>Impact Metrics</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> The NIST Research Library documents the impact of NIST’s scientific research with a comprehensive suite of measurement tools and analyses. These include </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="nist-field__item"> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/publishing-services-0" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/publishing-services-0" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2016/12/28/iso_logo_yellow-dark-blue_sm.png?itok=Fh7Tg0Df" width="100" height="92" alt="ISO Logo" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/publishing-services-0"><span>Publishing Services</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> The Information Services Office is the publisher of the NIST Technical Series reports and the Journal of Research of NIST. Librarians ensure the discoverability </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="link-list"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs/org/7541">View All Projects/Programs</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="nist-resource-block nist-resource-block--first tablet:grid-col"> <div class="nist-resource-block__title-bar"> <div class="nist-resource-block__title"> <div class="nist-resource-block__icon"> <img aria-hidden="true" role="img" alt="decorative icon" src="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/resource-icons/contacts-icon-2x.png"/> </div> <h2> <div class="string">Internal Resources</div> </h2> </div> </div> <div class="nist-resource-block__content"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="text-long"><p>NIST Staff can find resources on our <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://inet.nist.gov/nvl">internal site</a> (restricted access)</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-resource-block nist-resource-block--second nist-resource-block--green tablet:grid-col"> <div class="nist-resource-block__title-bar"> <div class="nist-resource-block__title"> <div class="nist-resource-block__icon"> <img aria-hidden="true" role="img" alt="decorative icon" src="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/resource-icons/megaphone-icon-2x.png"/> </div> <h2> <div class="string">FAQs</div> </h2> </div> </div> <div class="nist-resource-block__content"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="text-long"><p>Contact the Library: <span class="spamspan"><span class="u">library</span> [at] <span class="d">nist.gov</span></span> ● (301) 975-3052<br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library/faqs#research">Is the NIST Research Library open to the public?<br> Can I borrow or obtain copies of materials from the NIST Research Library?</a><br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library/faqs#reprint">Do I need reprint permission to use material from a NIST publication?</a><br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library/faqs#NISTpubs">How can I identify and find NIST Publications?</a></p> <p>and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library/faqs">more</a>...</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content-bottom"> <div class="nist-block nist-block--contact"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Contacts</h2> <div class="nist-contact"> <ul class="nist-contact__items"> <li class="nist-contact__item"> <div class="nist-contact__name"> Information Desk </div> <div> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/mailto:library@nist.gov">library@nist.gov</a> </div> <div> (301) 975-3052 </div> <div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div>  <footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4"> <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__logo"> <a href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home"> <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/web/20211128234948im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack_rev.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo"> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__contact"> <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3> <address> 100 Bureau Drive<br> Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a> </address> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/our-organization">Our Other Offices</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__social-links"> <a class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://twitter.com/NIST"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.facebook.com/NIST"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist"> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.instagram.com/nist/"> <span>Instagram</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.youtube.com/NIST"> <span>YouTube</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://service.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new"> <span>Mailing List</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__feedback"> How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" href="/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/nist-research-library" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234948/https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer>  </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/412001","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":"100","back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":0,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":1,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip","trackDomainMode":1},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|doi\\.org\\\/|\\.mil\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"mailto","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"520687c07b4be4858e6c6ce3a624b46210584185ff52f288415ad535b343bd9c"}}</script> <script src="/web/20211128234948js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_nipzWlFoeVbSBEmD9RrkyrACxhudJyi_0mv9c6sR3cM.js"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

NIST Research Library | NIST