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</button> <ul id="toc-In_the_ancient_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etruria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etruria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Etruria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etruria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mycenae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mycenae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Mycenae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mycenae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lydia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lydia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Lydia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lydia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_necropoleis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_necropoleis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern necropoleis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_necropoleis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Necropolis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مدينة جنائزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدينة جنائزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necr%C3%B3polis" title="Necrópolis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Necrópolis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropol" title="Nekropol – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nekropol" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Некропаль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Некропаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Некропол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Некропол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropola" title="Nekropola – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nekropola" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necr%C3%B2polis" title="Necròpolis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Necròpolis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropol" title="Nekropol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nekropol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropole" title="Nekropole – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nekropole" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropol" title="Nekropol – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nekropol" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Νεκρόπολη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεκρόπολη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necr%C3%B3polis" title="Necrópolis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Necrópolis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropolo" title="Nekropolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nekropolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropoli" title="Nekropoli – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nekropoli" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شهر مردگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهر مردگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9cropole" title="Nécropole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nécropole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necr%C3%B3pole" title="Necrópole – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Necrópole" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="네크로폴리스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네크로폴리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC" title="Նեկրոպոլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեկրոպոլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="क़ब्रिस्तान, प्राचीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क़ब्रिस्तान, प्राचीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropola" title="Nekropola – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nekropola" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropolo" title="Nekropolo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nekropolo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropolis" title="Nekropolis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nekropolis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropole" title="Necropole – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Necropole" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropoli" title="Necropoli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Necropoli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1" title="נקרופוליס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נקרופוליס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ნეკროპოლისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეკროპოლისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Некрополь – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Некрополь" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropol" title="Nekropol – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nekropol" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Некрополь – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Некрополь" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Necropolis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropole" title="Nekropole – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nekropole" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropolis" title="Nekropolis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nekropolis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropolisz" title="Nekropolisz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nekropolisz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Некропола – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Некропола" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Necropolis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="ネクロポリス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネクロポリス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropolis" title="Nekropolis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nekropolis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropolis" title="Nekropolis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nekropolis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrop%C3%B2li" title="Necropòli – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Necropòli" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropol" title="Nekropol – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nekropol" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3" title="نیکرو پولس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیکرو پولس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropolia" title="Nekropolia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nekropolia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necr%C3%B3pole" title="Necrópole – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Necrópole" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropol%C4%83" title="Necropolă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Necropolă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Некрополь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Некрополь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Necropolis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropoli" title="Nekropoli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nekropoli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="නෙක්‍රොපොලිසය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නෙක්‍රොපොලිසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Necropolis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropola" title="Nekropola – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nekropola" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropola" title="Nekropola – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nekropola" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Некропола – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Некропола" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropola" title="Nekropola – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nekropola" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropoli" title="Nekropoli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nekropoli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropol" title="Nekropol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nekropol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropolis" title="Nekropolis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nekropolis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="நெக்ரோபொலிசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெக்ரோபொலிசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekropol" title="Nekropol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nekropol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Некрополь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Некрополь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="شہر خموشاں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شہر خموشاں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0" title="大墓地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大墓地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Necropolis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Necropolis (disambiguation)">Necropolis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glasgow_-_Necropolis_-_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glasgow_-_Necropolis_-_Garden.jpg/220px-Glasgow_-_Necropolis_-_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glasgow_-_Necropolis_-_Garden.jpg/330px-Glasgow_-_Necropolis_-_Garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glasgow_-_Necropolis_-_Garden.jpg/440px-Glasgow_-_Necropolis_-_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Graves at the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Necropolis" title="Glasgow Necropolis">Glasgow Necropolis</a> in Scotland</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>necropolis</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: necropolises, necropoles, necropoleis, necropoli<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a large, designed <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemetery</a> with elaborate <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tomb</a> monuments. The name stems from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νεκρόπολις</span></span> <i>nekropolis</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">city of the dead</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). </p><p>The term usually implies a separate burial site at a distance from a city, as opposed to tombs within cities, which were common in various places and periods of history. They are different from <a href="/wiki/Grave_field" title="Grave field">grave fields</a>, which did not have structures or markers above the ground. While the word is most commonly used for ancient sites, the name was revived in the early 19th century and applied to planned city cemeteries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Necropolis" title="Glasgow Necropolis">Glasgow Necropolis</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_ancient_world">In the ancient world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Necropolis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In the ancient world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Necropolis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_mastaba_field_at_Giza,_4th_dynasty_(47).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Eastern_mastaba_field_at_Giza%2C_4th_dynasty_%2847%29.jpg/220px-Eastern_mastaba_field_at_Giza%2C_4th_dynasty_%2847%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Eastern_mastaba_field_at_Giza%2C_4th_dynasty_%2847%29.jpg/330px-Eastern_mastaba_field_at_Giza%2C_4th_dynasty_%2847%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Eastern_mastaba_field_at_Giza%2C_4th_dynasty_%2847%29.jpg/440px-Eastern_mastaba_field_at_Giza%2C_4th_dynasty_%2847%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">Mastabas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Giza_Necropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giza Necropolis">Giza Necropolis</a> with the pyramids of <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Khufu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khafre" title="Pyramid of Khafre">Khafre</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxor,_Tal_der_K%C3%B6nige_(1995,_860x605).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Luxor%2C_Tal_der_K%C3%B6nige_%281995%2C_860x605%29.jpg/250px-Luxor%2C_Tal_der_K%C3%B6nige_%281995%2C_860x605%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Luxor%2C_Tal_der_K%C3%B6nige_%281995%2C_860x605%29.jpg/330px-Luxor%2C_Tal_der_K%C3%B6nige_%281995%2C_860x605%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Luxor%2C_Tal_der_K%C3%B6nige_%281995%2C_860x605%29.jpg/500px-Luxor%2C_Tal_der_K%C3%B6nige_%281995%2C_860x605%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Entrances to rock-cut tombs in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings" title="Valley of the Kings">Valley of the Kings</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Theban_Necropolis" title="Theban Necropolis">Theban Necropolis</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> is noted for multiple necropoleis and they are major archaeological sites for <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a>.. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Ancient Egyptian funerary practices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs" title="Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs">beliefs about the afterlife</a> led to the construction of several extensive necropoleis to secure and provision the dead in the hereafter. </p><p>Probably the best-known one is the <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza Necropolis</a>. Made famous by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a>, which was included in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>, the necropolis includes three major pyramid tombs of <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> kings and several smaller pyramids related to the royal burials, as well as <a href="/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">mastabas</a> (a typical royal tomb of the early Dynastic period) and tombs and graveyards for lesser personages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>The pyramids at Giza, especially the Great Pyramid of Khufu, are awe-inspiring structures that have stood the test of time for thousands of years. </p><p>Almost as well known as Giza is the <a href="/wiki/Theban_Necropolis" title="Theban Necropolis">Theban Necropolis</a>, on the west bank of the Nile at <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>). This necropolis is known for the <a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture" title="Rock-cut architecture">rock-cut</a> tombs of the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings" title="Valley of the Kings">Valley of the Kings</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Queens" title="Valley of the Queens">Valley of the Queens</a>, and the various tombs of nobles and others from the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> onward. The Theban Necropolis is home to some of the few Ancient Egyptian tombs that remained essentially intact until discovery by modern archaeologists, including the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Tutankhamun" title="Tomb of Tutankhamun">Tomb of Tutankhamun</a> and the <a href="/wiki/TT8" class="mw-redirect" title="TT8">Tomb of Kha and Merit</a>. </p><p>Other ancient Egyptian necropoleis of note are the necropolis of <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>, home to the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">Step Pyramid of Djoser</a> and other royal burials; the necropolis of <a href="/wiki/Dahshur" title="Dahshur">Dahshur</a>, site of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Pyramid" title="Red Pyramid">Red Pyramid</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Sneferu</a>, the oldest "true" pyramid; and <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a>, site of a necropolis containing burials from the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Predynastic</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_Nobles_(Amarna)" title="Tombs of the Nobles (Amarna)">pair of small necropoleis</a> of Theban-style rock-cut tombs started to take shape in the <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadis</a> east of Akhetaten (modern <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_Period" title="Amarna Period">Amarna Period</a> of the New Kingdom; while it appears that the tombs were not ultimately used for burials due to the collapse of the Amarna regime about 20 years after the foundation of Akhetaten, the tomb decorations provide much information about that era of ancient Egyptian history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etruria">Etruria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Necropolis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etruria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banditaccia_(Cerveteri)DSCF6681.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Banditaccia_%28Cerveteri%29DSCF6681.jpg/250px-Banditaccia_%28Cerveteri%29DSCF6681.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Banditaccia_%28Cerveteri%29DSCF6681.jpg/330px-Banditaccia_%28Cerveteri%29DSCF6681.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Banditaccia_%28Cerveteri%29DSCF6681.jpg/500px-Banditaccia_%28Cerveteri%29DSCF6681.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">Tumuli</a> are placed along a street in the Banditaccia necropolis of <a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a>, Italy.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a> took the concept of a "city of the dead" quite literally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING"><span title="A statement that draws an independent conclusion. (March 2025)">editorializing</span></a></i>]</sup> The typical tomb at the Banditaccia necropolis at <a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a> consists of a <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> which covers one or more <a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture" title="Rock-cut architecture">rock-cut</a> subterranean tombs. These tombs had multiple chambers and were elaborately decorated like contemporary houses. The arrangement of the tumuli in a grid of streets gave it an appearance similar to the cities of the living.<sup id="cite_ref-gard_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gard-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The art historian <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Spivey" title="Nigel Spivey">Nigel Spivey</a> considers the name <i>cemetery</i> inadequate and argues that only the term <i>necropolis</i> can accurately represent these sophisticated burial sites.<sup id="cite_ref-worp_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spiv_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiv-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Etruscan necropoli were usually located on hills or slopes of hills.<sup id="cite_ref-eras2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eras2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mycenae">Mycenae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Necropolis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mycenae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenean Greek</a> period predating <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, burials could be performed inside the city. In <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>, for example, the royal tombs were located in a precinct within the city walls. This changed during the ancient Greek period when necropoleis usually lined the roads outside a city. There existed some degree of variation within the ancient Greek world however. <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> was notable for continuing the practice of burial within the city.<sup id="cite_ref-eras1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eras1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persia">Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Necropolis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Necropolis" title="Special:EditPage/Necropolis">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naghsh-e_rostam,_Ir%C3%A1n,_2016-09-24,_DD_20-24_PAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_20-24_PAN.jpg/220px-Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_20-24_PAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_20-24_PAN.jpg/330px-Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_20-24_PAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_20-24_PAN.jpg/440px-Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_20-24_PAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="18256" data-file-height="4844" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a>. The order of the tombs in Naqshe-e Rustam, from left to right, is: <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes I of Persia">Artaxerxes I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Not far from Persepolis, you can find Naqsh-e Rostam, where Persian kings like Darius I and II, Xerxes, and Artaxerxes are buried in tombs carved into the cliffs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a> is an ancient necropolis located about 12 km (7.5 mi) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a> Province, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. The oldest relief at Naqsh-i Rustam dates to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BC</span>. Though it is severely damaged, it depicts a faint image of a man with unusual <a href="/wiki/Headgear" title="Headgear">headgear</a> and is thought to be <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> in origin. The depiction is part of a larger image, most of which was removed at the command of <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a>. Four tombs belonging to Achaemenid kings are carved out of the rock face at a considerable height above the ground. The tombs are known locally as the "<a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_cross" title="Saint Thomas Christian cross">Persian crosses</a>", after the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Facade" class="mw-redirect" title="Facade">facades</a> of the tombs. Later, <a href="/wiki/Sassanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian">Sassanian</a> kings added a series of <a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">rock reliefs</a> below the tombs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lydia">Lydia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Necropolis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lydia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bintepe_19_04_1984_lydische_K%C3%B6nigsgr%C3%A4ber_Blick_auf_den_Karn%C4%B1yar%C4%B1k_Tepe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bintepe_19_04_1984_lydische_K%C3%B6nigsgr%C3%A4ber_Blick_auf_den_Karn%C4%B1yar%C4%B1k_Tepe.jpg/220px-Bintepe_19_04_1984_lydische_K%C3%B6nigsgr%C3%A4ber_Blick_auf_den_Karn%C4%B1yar%C4%B1k_Tepe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bintepe_19_04_1984_lydische_K%C3%B6nigsgr%C3%A4ber_Blick_auf_den_Karn%C4%B1yar%C4%B1k_Tepe.jpg/330px-Bintepe_19_04_1984_lydische_K%C3%B6nigsgr%C3%A4ber_Blick_auf_den_Karn%C4%B1yar%C4%B1k_Tepe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bintepe_19_04_1984_lydische_K%C3%B6nigsgr%C3%A4ber_Blick_auf_den_Karn%C4%B1yar%C4%B1k_Tepe.jpg/440px-Bintepe_19_04_1984_lydische_K%C3%B6nigsgr%C3%A4ber_Blick_auf_den_Karn%C4%B1yar%C4%B1k_Tepe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2696" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption>Lydian tumuli at <a href="/wiki/Bin_Tepe" title="Bin Tepe">Bin Tepe</a>, the necropolis of <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The site of <a href="/wiki/Bin_Tepe" title="Bin Tepe">Bin Tepe</a> served as a necropolis for <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Lydian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydian Empire">Lydian Empire</a>. It consists of over 100 <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a> including the monumental <i>Tumulus of <a href="/wiki/Alyattes" title="Alyattes">Alyattes</a></i> which was commented on by ancient writers including <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and still marks the landscape today. Though Lydian elites also used other burial styles, tumuli are so numerous throughout Lydia that they are used to track settlement patterns. The style was adopted around 600 BC, likely inspired by similar <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygian</a> tombs at <a href="/wiki/Gordion" title="Gordion">Gordion</a>. It continued after the Persian conquest of Lydia, into the Hellenistic and Roman eras.<sup id="cite_ref-G11_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1121">(pp1121)</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LydianBurial_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LydianBurial-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aboutbt_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutbt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Myra</b> </p><p>Myra is an ancient city in Lycia that has two areas filled with rock-cut tombs. These tombs are carved into the cliffs and look like the fronts of temples. The two burial sites are called the river necropolis and the ocean necropolis. The ocean necropolis is located just northwest of the ancient theater.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Rome</b> </p><p>The 'Vila de Madrid' necropolis is located in Barcelona, Catalonia. The first archaeological digs happened in the 1950s and uncovered many graves along a side road that was part of the Roman city of Barcino's western cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_necropoleis">Modern necropoleis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Necropolis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern necropoleis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Necropolis" title="Special:EditPage/Necropolis">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Necropolis" title="Talk:Necropolis">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Necropolis&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Necropolis" title="Special:EditPage/Necropolis">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In more recent times, some cemeteries are also called necropolises because they look like cities made of above-ground tombs, especially in areas like New Orleans, where the ground is too wet for traditional burials.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's largest remaining operating necropolis from the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, for example, is <a href="/wiki/Rookwood_Cemetery" title="Rookwood Cemetery">Rookwood Necropolis</a>, in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia. </p><p>A modern era example is <a href="/wiki/Colma,_California" title="Colma, California">Colma, California</a>, United States. Known as the "City of Souls," Colma is a small town with about 1,600 living people but nearly 1.5 million buried in its cemeteries. Covering two square miles, the town is more about graves than homes. Funerals often cause the most traffic, and residents get automated alerts when big funeral processions are on the way.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Necropolis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_necropoleis" title="List of necropoleis">List of necropoleis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">Funerary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">Catacombs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Necropolis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Necropolis</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/necropolis" class="extiw" title="wikt:necropolis">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Necropolis" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Necropolis">Media</a> from Commons</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/necropolis">"Definition of NECROPOLIS"</a>. Merriam-Webster. 9 November 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+NECROPOLIS&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2024-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fnecropolis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANecropolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gard-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gard_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGardnerKleiner2010" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Helen; Kleiner, Fred S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJrN8rDirxkC&pg=PA148"><i>Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective</i></a>. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780495573555" title="Special:BookSources/9780495573555"><bdi>9780495573555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+Through+the+Ages%3A+The+Western+Perspective&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780495573555&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Kleiner%2C+Fred+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIJrN8rDirxkC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANecropolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worp-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-worp_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorpole2003" class="citation book cs1">Worpole, Ken (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozSdJr7H6sYC&pg=PA79"><i>Last Landscapes: The Architecture of the Cemetery in the West</i></a>. London: Reaktion Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861891617" title="Special:BookSources/9781861891617"><bdi>9781861891617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Landscapes%3A+The+Architecture+of+the+Cemetery+in+the+West&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781861891617&rft.aulast=Worpole&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DozSdJr7H6sYC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANecropolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiv-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spiv_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpiveySquire2004" class="citation book cs1">Spivey, Nigel; Squire, Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uNKEFjcYc-0C&pg=PA17"><i>Panorama of the Classical World</i></a>. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606060568" title="Special:BookSources/9781606060568"><bdi>9781606060568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panorama+of+the+Classical+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781606060568&rft.aulast=Spivey&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Squire%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuNKEFjcYc-0C%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANecropolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eras2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eras2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErasmo2012" class="citation book cs1">Erasmo, Mario (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cE2FMOJqkoYC&pg=PA76"><i>Death: Antiquity and Its Legacy</i></a>. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. <span class="nowrap">76–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848855571" title="Special:BookSources/9781848855571"><bdi>9781848855571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death%3A+Antiquity+and+Its+Legacy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781848855571&rft.aulast=Erasmo&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcE2FMOJqkoYC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANecropolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eras1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eras1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErasmo2012" class="citation book cs1">Erasmo, Mario (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cE2FMOJqkoYC&pg=PA74"><i>Death: Antiquity and Its Legacy</i></a>. 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CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Time+for+travelers+to+return%3F&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Firan-time-for-travelers-to-return&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANecropolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G11-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-G11_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenewalt2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Greenewalt, Crawford (2011). "Sardis: A First Millenium B.C.E. Capital in Western Anatolia". In Steadman, Sharon; McMahon, Gregory (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Myra+%E2%80%93+Ocean+Necropolis&rft.aulast=Fanizza&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fimage%2F800%2Fmyra----ocean-necropolis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANecropolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalazar-GarcíaColominasJordana2022" class="citation journal cs1">Salazar-García, Domingo C.; Colominas, Lídia; Jordana, Xabier (24 August 2022). Bondioli, Luca (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9401112">"Food for the soul and food for the body. Studying dietary patterns and funerary meals in the Western Roman Empire: An anthropological and archaeozoological approach"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>17</b> (8): e0271296. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PLoSO..1771296S">2022PLoSO..1771296S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0271296">10.1371/journal.pone.0271296</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9401112">9401112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36001535">36001535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Food+for+the+soul+and+food+for+the+body.+Studying+dietary+patterns+and+funerary+meals+in+the+Western+Roman+Empire%3A+An+anthropological+and+archaeozoological+approach&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e0271296&rft.date=2022-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9401112%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PLoSO..1771296S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36001535&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0271296&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Salazar-Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Domingo+C.&rft.au=Colominas%2C+L%C3%ADdia&rft.au=Jordana%2C+Xabier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9401112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANecropolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBranch2024" class="citation web cs1">Branch, John (17 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/06/sports/football/the-town-of-colma-where-san-franciscos-dead-live.html#">"The town of Colma, where San Francisco's dead live"</a>. <i>The New York Times (Online) New York Company</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+%28Online%29+New+York+Company&rft.atitle=The+town+of+Colma%2C+where+San+Francisco%27s+dead+live&rft.date=2024-11-17&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F02%2F06%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2Fthe-town-of-colma-where-san-franciscos-dead-live.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANecropolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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