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<li id="toc-Soviet_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Soviet era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Post-Soviet era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_launchpads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_launchpads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>List of launchpads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_launchpads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buran_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buran_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Buran facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buran_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intra-site_railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intra-site_railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Intra-site railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intra-site_railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On-site_airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On-site_airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>On-site airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On-site_airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICBM_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICBM_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>ICBM testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICBM_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Future projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baikonur_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baikonur_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Baikonur Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baikonur_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Baikonur Cosmodrome</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonoer" title="Baikonoer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Baikonoer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="ميناء بايكونور الفضائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميناء بايكونور الفضائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosm%C3%B3dromu_de_Baikonur" title="Cosmódromu de Baikonur – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cosmódromu de Baikonur" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baykonur_kosmodromu" title="Baykonur kosmodromu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Baykonur kosmodromu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="بایکونور اوزای سایتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بایکونور اوزای سایتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE" title="বাইকনুর কসমাদ্রোম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাইকনুর কসমাদ্রোম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80" title="Байконур – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Байконур" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80" title="Байканур – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Байканур" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC)" title="Байканур (касмадром) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Байканур (касмадром)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80" title="Байконур – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Байконур" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkonur" title="Bajkonur – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bajkonur" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosm%C3%B2drom_de_Baikonur" title="Cosmòdrom de Baikonur – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cosmòdrom de Baikonur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80" title="Байконур – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Байконур" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayqongyr_(abang_nga_dapit)" title="Bayqongyr (abang nga dapit) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bayqongyr (abang nga dapit)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodrom_Bajkonur" title="Kosmodrom Bajkonur – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kosmodrom Bajkonur" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkonur-kosmodromen" title="Bajkonur-kosmodromen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bajkonur-kosmodromen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodrom_Baikonur" title="Kosmodrom Baikonur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kosmodrom Baikonur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkong%C3%B5ri_kosmodroom" title="Bajkongõri kosmodroom – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bajkongõri kosmodroom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81" title="Κοσμοδρόμιο του Μπαϊκονούρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοσμοδρόμιο του Μπαϊκονούρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosm%C3%B3dromo_de_Baikonur" title="Cosmódromo de Baikonur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cosmódromo de Baikonur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodromo_Bajkonur" title="Kosmodromo Bajkonur – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosmodromo Bajkonur" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonurreko_kosmodromoa" title="Baikonurreko kosmodromoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baikonurreko kosmodromoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="پایگاه فضایی بایکونور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پایگاه فضایی بایکونور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmodrome_de_Ba%C3%AFkonour" title="Cosmodrome de Baïkonour – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cosmodrome de Baïkonour" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmadr%C3%B3m_Baikonur" title="Cosmadróm Baikonur – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cosmadróm Baikonur" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosm%C3%B3dromo_de_Baikonur" title="Cosmódromo de Baikonur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cosmódromo de Baikonur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%BD%94%EB%88%84%EB%A5%B4_%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC_%EA%B8%B0%EC%A7%80" title="바이코누르 우주 기지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이코누르 우주 기지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80_%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Բայկոնուր տիեզերակայան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բայկոնուր տիեզերակայան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="बायकोनूर कॉसमोड्रोम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बायकोनूर कॉसमोड्रोम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkonur" title="Bajkonur – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bajkonur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodromo_Baikonur" title="Kosmodromo Baikonur – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kosmodromo Baikonur" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodrom_Baikonur" title="Kosmodrom Baikonur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kosmodrom Baikonur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmodromo_di_Bajkonur" title="Cosmodromo di Bajkonur – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cosmodromo di Bajkonur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8" title="קוסמודרום בייקונור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוסמודרום בייקונור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ბაიკონურის კოსმოდრომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაიკონურის კოსმოდრომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%9B%D0%BE%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B)" title="Байқоңыр (ғарыш айлағы) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Байқоңыр (ғарыш айлағы)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D2%A3%D1%83%D1%80" title="Байкоңур – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Байкоңур" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodrom_de_Baikonur" title="Kosmodrom de Baikonur – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kosmodrom de Baikonur" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur" title="Baikonur – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Baikonur" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonuras_kosmodroms" title="Baikonuras kosmodroms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baikonuras kosmodroms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonuro_kosmodromas" title="Baikonuro kosmodromas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baikonuro kosmodromas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkonuri_%C5%B1rrep%C3%BCl%C5%91t%C3%A9r" title="Bajkonuri űrrepülőtér – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bajkonuri űrrepülőtér" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC)" title="Бајконур (космодром) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бајконур (космодром)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82" title="ബയ്ക്കനൂർ കോസ്മോഡ്രോം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബയ്ക്കനൂർ കോസ്മോഡ്രോം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodrom_Baikonur" title="Kosmodrom Baikonur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kosmodrom Baikonur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%B2" title="Байконур сансрын нислэгийн төв – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Байконур сансрын нислэгийн төв" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodroom_Bajkonoer" title="Kosmodroom Bajkonoer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kosmodroom Bajkonoer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0" title="バイコヌール宇宙基地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バイコヌール宇宙基地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkonur_kosmodrom" title="Bajkonur kosmodrom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bajkonur kosmodrom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodrom_Bajkonur" title="Kosmodrom Bajkonur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kosmodrom Bajkonur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmodr%C3%B2m_de_Baikonor" title="Cosmodròm de Baikonor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cosmodròm de Baikonor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyqo%CA%BBng%CA%BBir_(kosmodrom)" title="Boyqoʻngʻir (kosmodrom) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boyqoʻngʻir (kosmodrom)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DA%88%D8%A7" title="بیکانور خلائی اڈا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیکانور خلائی اڈا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%81%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="بایکانور الوتځای – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بایکانور الوتځای" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkonur" title="Bajkonur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bajkonur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosm%C3%B3dromo_de_Baikonur" title="Cosmódromo de Baikonur – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cosmódromo de Baikonur" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmodromul_Baikonur" title="Cosmodromul Baikonur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cosmodromul Baikonur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80" title="Байконур – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Байконур" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosm%C3%B2drumu_di_Baikonur" title="Cosmòdrumu di Baikonur – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cosmòdrumu di Baikonur" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="බයිකොනූර් කොස්මොඩ්‍රෝමය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බයිකොනූර් කොස්මොඩ්‍රෝමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Baikonur Cosmodrome" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkonur" title="Bajkonur – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bajkonur" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmodrom_Bajkonur" title="Kozmodrom Bajkonur – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kozmodrom Bajkonur" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ناوەندی بۆشاییی بایکۆنور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناوەندی بۆشاییی بایکۆنور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80" title="Космодром Бајконур – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Космодром Бајконур" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkonur" title="Bajkonur – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bajkonur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonurin_avaruuskeskus" title="Baikonurin avaruuskeskus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Baikonurin avaruuskeskus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodromen_i_Bajkonur" title="Kosmodromen i Bajkonur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kosmodromen i Bajkonur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பைக்கனூர் விண்வெளி ஏவுதளம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பைக்கனூர் விண்வெளி ஏவுதளம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayqo%C3%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1r_%C4%9F%C3%A4l%C3%A4m_alan%C4%B1" title="Bayqoñğır ğäläm alanı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Bayqoñğır ğäläm alanı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ท่าอวกาศยานบัยโกเงอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ท่าอวกาศยานบัยโกเงอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80" title="Байконур – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Байконур" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baykonur_Uzay_%C3%9Css%C3%BC" title="Baykonur Uzay Üssü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baykonur Uzay Üssü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Байконур космодрому – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Байконур космодрому" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80" title="Байконур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Байконур" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.965_N_63.305_E_type:airport"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°57′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°18′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.965°N 63.305°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.965; 63.305</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spaceport in Kazakhstan leased to Russia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #DDDDFF; color: black; font-size: 125%"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn org">Baikonur Cosmodrome</div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="nickname"><span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk" style="font-style: normal;">Baiqoñyr ğaryş ailağy</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>)</span><br /><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Космодром Байконур</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg/250px-Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg/375px-Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg/500px-Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Cosmodrome's "<a href="/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start" title="Gagarin's Start">Gagarin's Start</a>" launchpad on 10 October 2008, prior to the rollout of <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-13" title="Soyuz TMA-13">Soyuz TMA-13</a>.</div></td></tr><tr style="font-weight:bold;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="width:22.5em"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IATA_airport_code" title="IATA airport code">IATA</a>: <i>none</i></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO</a>: <i>none</i></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Location_identifier" title="Location identifier">LID</a>: <span class="nickname">GC0015</span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #DDDDFF; color: black">Summary</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Airport type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner/Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos_State_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscosmos State Corporation">Roscosmos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">Russian Aerospace Forces</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Baikonur" title="Baikonur">Baikonur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (leased to <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">1955<span class="noprint">; 69 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1955</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Kazakhstan" title="Time in Kazakhstan">AQTT</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:00" title="UTC+05:00">UTC+05:00</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation <a href="/wiki/Height_above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Height above sea level">AMSL</a></th><td class="infobox-data">90 m / 295 ft</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.965_N_63.305_E_type:airport"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°57′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°18′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.965°N 63.305°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.965; 63.305</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data plainlinksneverexpand"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baikonurtour.com">baikonurtour<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #DDDDFF; color: black">Map</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:220px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:220px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Kazakhstan"><img alt="Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg/220px-Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg/330px-Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg/440px-Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.719%;left:41.202%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Baikonur Cosmodrome"><img alt="Baikonur Cosmodrome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/10px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/15px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/20px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="160" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div>Baikonur Cosmodrome</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Kazakhstan</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Kazakhstan</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:220px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:220px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_administrative_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Russia"><img alt="Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/220px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/330px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/440px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.254%;left:21.993%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Baikonur Cosmodrome"><img alt="Baikonur Cosmodrome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/10px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/15px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/20px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="160" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div>Baikonur Cosmodrome</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location relative to Russia (leased until 2050)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Russia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:220px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:220px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in the Soviet Union"><img alt="Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in the Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Soviet_Union_location_map.svg/220px-Soviet_Union_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Soviet_Union_location_map.svg/330px-Soviet_Union_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Soviet_Union_location_map.svg/440px-Soviet_Union_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="371" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.478%;left:25.305%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Baikonur Cosmodrome"><img alt="Baikonur Cosmodrome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/10px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/15px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/20px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="160" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div>Baikonur Cosmodrome</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the Soviet Union</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_1c5e76d544d2c450546132ccc410941a9019cba6"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&revid=1256413479&groups=_1c5e76d544d2c450546132ccc410941a9019cba6" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&revid=1256413479&groups=_1c5e76d544d2c450546132ccc410941a9019cba6 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>Map all coordinates using</b> <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Baikonur_Cosmodrome">OpenStreetMap</a> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="show links" data-collapsetext="Hide"> <p><b>Download coordinates as:</b> </p> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Baikonur_Cosmodrome">KML</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Baikonur_Cosmodrome">GPX (all coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Baikonur_Cosmodrome">GPX (primary coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Baikonur_Cosmodrome">GPX (secondary coordinates)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <p>The <b>Baikonur Cosmodrome</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">spaceport</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> within <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. Located in the Kazakh city of <a href="/wiki/Baikonur" title="Baikonur">Baikonur</a>, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Russian <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">crewed spaceflights</a> are launched from Baikonur.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Situated in the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a>, some 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level, it is 200 kilometres (120 mi) to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> and north of the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a>. It is close to <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6retam" title="Töretam">Töretam</a>, a station on the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Aral_Railway" title="Trans-Aral Railway">Trans-Aral Railway</a>. Russia, as the official successor state to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, has retained control over the facility since 1991; it originally assumed this role through the post-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS), but ratified an agreement with Kazakhstan in 2005 that allowed it to lease the spaceport until 2050. It is jointly managed by <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">Russian Aerospace Forces</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1955, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)">Soviet Ministry of Defence</a> issued a decree and founded the Baikonur Cosmodrome.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally built as the chief base of operations for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>. The Cosmodrome served as the launching point for <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">Vostok 1</a>. The launchpad used for both missions was renamed "<a href="/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start" title="Gagarin's Start">Gagarin's Start</a>" in honour of Soviet cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>, who piloted Vostok 1 and became the first human in outer space.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the current Russian management, Baikonur remains a busy spaceport, with numerous commercial, military, and scientific missions being launched annually.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-popmech_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popmech-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_era">Soviet era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Soviet era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif/250px-Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif/375px-Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif/500px-Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2</a> spy plane photograph of R-7 launch pad in Tyuratam, taken on 5 August 1957.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Soviet government issued <b>Scientific Research Test Range No. 5</b> (<b>NIIP-5</b>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">5-й Научно-Исследовательский Испытательный Полигон, Pyatyy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Ispytatel'nyy Poligon</span>) on 12 February 1955. It was actually founded on 2 June 1955, originally a test center for the world's first <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/R-7_Semyorka" title="R-7 Semyorka">R-7 Semyorka</a>. NIIP-5 was soon expanded to include launch facilities for space flights. The site was selected by a commission led by General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasily_Voznyuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasily Voznyuk (page does not exist)">Vasily Voznyuk</a>, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Korolyov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Korolyov">Sergey Korolyov</a>, the Chief Designer of the R-7 ICBM, and soon the man behind the Soviet space program. It had to be surrounded by plains, as the radio control system of the rocket required (at the time) receiving uninterrupted signals from ground stations hundreds of kilometres away.<sup id="cite_ref-vs_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vs-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the missile trajectory had to be away from populated areas. Also, it is advantageous to place space launch sites closer to the equator, as the surface of the Earth has higher rotational speed in such areas. Taking these constraints into consideration, the commission chose Tyuratam, a village in the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a>. The expense of constructing the launch facilities and the several hundred kilometres of new road and train lines made the Cosmodrome one of the most costly infrastructure projects undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A supporting town was built around the facility to provide housing, schools, and infrastructure for workers. It was raised to city status in 1966 and named <a href="/wiki/Baikonur" title="Baikonur">Leninsk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Ленинск</span>). </p><p>The American <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance plane</a> found and photographed the Tyuratam missile test range for the first time on 5 August 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April of 1975, in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo-Soyuz Test Project</a>, the first NASA astronauts were allowed to tour the cosmodrome. Upon their return to the United States, the crews commented that on their evening flight to Moscow they had seen lights on launch pads and related complexes for more than 15 minutes, and according to astronaut <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas Stafford</a>, "that makes Cape Kennedy look very small." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Name">Name</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to most sources, the name <i>Baikonur</i> was deliberately chosen in 1961 (around the time of Gagarin's flight) to misdirect<sup id="cite_ref-vs_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vs-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apollo_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apollo-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> to a place about 320 kilometres (200 mi) northeast of the launch center, the small mining town and railway station of <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_(Karagandy_Region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikonur (Karagandy Region)">Baikonur</a> near <a href="/wiki/Jezkazgan" title="Jezkazgan">Jezkazgan</a>. Leninsk, the <a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">closed city</a> built to support the cosmodrome, was renamed <a href="/wiki/Baikonur" title="Baikonur">Baikonur</a> on 20 December 1995 by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>. </p><p>According to NASA's history of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo-Soyuz Test Project</a>, the name <i>Baikonur</i> was not chosen to misdirect, but was the name of the <a href="/wiki/Tyuratam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyuratam">Tyuratam</a> region before the establishment of the cosmodrome.<sup id="cite_ref-apollo_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apollo-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BaikonurFrontGate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BaikonurFrontGate.jpg/220px-BaikonurFrontGate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BaikonurFrontGate.jpg/330px-BaikonurFrontGate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BaikonurFrontGate.jpg/440px-BaikonurFrontGate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>One of the main gates at Baikonur Cosmodrome spaceport in Kazakhstan. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russian scientist <a href="/wiki/Afanasiy_Ilich_Tobonov" title="Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov">Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov</a> researched mass animal deaths in the 1990s and concluded that the mass deaths of birds and wildlife in the <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a> were noted only along the flight paths of space rockets launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dead wildlife and livestock were usually incinerated, and the participants in these incinerations, including Tobonov himself, his brothers and inhabitants of his native village of Eliptyan, commonly died from stroke or cancer. In 1997, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation changed the flight path and removed the ejected rocket stages near <a href="/wiki/Nyurbinsky_District" title="Nyurbinsky District">Nyurbinsky District</a>, Russia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Scientific literature collected data that indicated adverse effects of rockets on the environment and the health of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-ijbch.kaznu.kz_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ijbch.kaznu.kz-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/UDMH" class="mw-redirect" title="UDMH">UDMH</a>, a fuel used in some Russian rocket engines, is highly toxic. It is one of the reasons for acid rains and cancers in the local population, near the cosmodrome. Valery Yakovlev, a head of the laboratory of ecosystem research of the State scientific-production union of applied ecology "Kazmechanobr", notes: "Scientists have established the extreme character of the destructive influence of the "Baikonur" space center on environment and population of the region: 11 000 tons of space scrap metal, polluted by especially toxic UDMH is still laying on the falling grounds".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scrap recovery is part of the local economy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Importance">Importance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many historic flights lifted off from Baikonur: the first operational <a href="/wiki/ICBM" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBM">ICBM</a>; the first man-made satellite, <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, on 4 October 1957; the first spacecraft to travel close to the Moon, <a href="/wiki/Luna_1" title="Luna 1">Luna 1</a>, on 2 January 1959; the first crewed and orbital flight by <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> on 12 April 1961; and the flight of the first woman in space, <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova" title="Valentina Tereshkova">Valentina Tereshkova</a>, in 1963. 14 cosmonauts of 13 other nations, including <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> have launched from Baikonur under the <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> program as well. In 1960, a prototype <a href="/wiki/R-16_(missile)" title="R-16 (missile)">R-16</a> ICBM <a href="/wiki/Nedelin_catastrophe" title="Nedelin catastrophe">exploded before launch</a>, killing over 100 people. Baikonur is also the site from which <a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a> were launched. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Soviet_era">Post-Soviet era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg/250px-Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg/375px-Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg/500px-Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1965" /></a><figcaption>A Soyuz rocket is erected into position at the Baikonur Cosmodrome's <a href="/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start" title="Gagarin's Start">Pad 1/5 (Gagarin's Start)</a> on 24 March 2009. The rocket launched the crew of <a href="/wiki/Expedition_19" title="Expedition 19">Expedition 19</a> and a spaceflight participant on 26 March 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, the Russian space program continued to operate from Baikonur under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>. Russia wanted to sign a <a href="/wiki/99-year_lease" title="99-year lease">99-year lease</a> for Baikonur, but agreed to a US$115 million annual lease of the site for 20 years with an option for a 10-year extension.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 June 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation Council of Russia">Russian Federation Council</a> ratified an agreement between <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> extending Russia's rent term of the spaceport until 2050. The rent price – which remained fixed at <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$115,000,000</span> per year – is the source of a long-running dispute between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to reduce its dependency on Baikonur, Russia built the <a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur Oblast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baikonur has been a major part of Russia's contribution to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS), as it is the only spaceport from which Russian missions to the ISS are launched. It is primarily the border's position (but to a lesser extent Baikonur's position at about the <a href="/wiki/46th_parallel_north" title="46th parallel north">46th parallel north</a>) that led to the 51.6° orbital inclination of the ISS; the lowest inclination that can be reached by Soyuz boosters launched from Baikonur without flying over <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the conclusion of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA's</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a> in 2011, Baikonur became the sole launch site used for crewed missions to the ISS<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the launch of <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">Crew Dragon Demo-2</a> in 2020. </p><p>In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start" title="Gagarin's Start">Gagarin's Start</a> hosted three crewed launches, in March, July and September, before being shut down for modernisation for the new <a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2" title="Soyuz-2">Soyuz-2</a> rocket with a planned first launch in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final launch from Gagarin's Start took place 25 September 2019. Gagarin's Start failed to receive funding (in part due to <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>) to modernize it for the slightly larger Soyuz-2 rocket. In 2023, it was announced that the Russian and Kazakhstan authorities plan to deactivate the site as a space launch pad and turn it into a museum (in part for tourism purposes).<sup id="cite_ref-gagarinsstartintoamuseum_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gagarinsstartintoamuseum-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 March 2023, the Kazakh government seized control of the Baiterek launch complex, one of the launch sites at Baikonur Cosmodrome, banning numerous Russian officials from leaving the country and preventing the liquidation of assets by Roscosmos. One of the reasons for the seizure was due to Russia failing to pay a $29.7 million debt to the Kazakh government. The seizure comes after Russia's relations with Kazakhstan became tense due to its ongoing <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfek_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfek-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-utk_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utk-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baikonur is fully equipped with facilities for launching both <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">crewed</a> and uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>. It has supported several generations of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> spacecraft: <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">Tsyklon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnepr_(rocket)" title="Dnepr (rocket)">Dnepr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenit_(rocket_family)" title="Zenit (rocket family)">Zenit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a>. </p><p>Downrange from the launchpad, <a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Expendable launch vehicle">spent launch equipment</a> is dropped directly on the ground in the Russian far east where it is salvaged by the workers and the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_launchpads">List of launchpads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List of launchpads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px"><div style="position:relative;width:240px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baikonur_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of launchpads at Baikonur"><img alt="Map of launchpads at Baikonur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Baikonur_location_map.svg/240px-Baikonur_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Baikonur_location_map.svg/360px-Baikonur_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Baikonur_location_map.svg/480px-Baikonur_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="1058" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.534%;left:54.111%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1/5"><img alt="1/5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start" title="Gagarin's Start">1/5</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.221%;left:78.778%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="31/6"><img alt="31/6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31">31/6</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.663%;left:89.444%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="41/3"><img alt="41/3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41">41/3</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.479%;left:88.667%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="45/1"><img alt="45/1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_45" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45">45/1</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.73%;left:50%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="110/37"><img alt="110/37" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110">110/37</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:4.294%;left:13.667%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="81/23"><img alt="81/23" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81">81/23</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.025%;left:71.333%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="109/95"><img alt="109/95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_109" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109">109/95</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.724%;left:19.667%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="200/39"><img alt="200/39" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200">200/39</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:2.454%;left:8.889%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="90/20"><img alt="90/20" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90">90/20</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.54%;left:50%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="250"><img alt="250" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250">250</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Baikonur_location_map.svg" title="File:Baikonur location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Major launchpads at Baikonur Cosmodrome</div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start" title="Gagarin's Start">Pad 1/5 (Gagarin's Start)</a> (1957–2019): <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a>-<a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a>, Soyuz-<a href="/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress (spacecraft)">Progress</a>, Soyuz-<a href="/wiki/Ikar_(rocket_stage)" title="Ikar (rocket stage)">Ikar</a> – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.920_N_63.342_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°55′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°20′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.920°N 63.342°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.920; 63.342</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31">Pad 31/6</a>: Soyuz-<a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(satellite)" title="Kosmos (satellite)">Kosmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soyuz-Fregat" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-Fregat">Soyuz-Fregat</a> – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.996_N_63.564_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°59′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°33′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.996°N 63.564°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.996; 63.564</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41">Pad 41/3</a>: <a href="/wiki/R-16_(missile)" title="R-16 (missile)">R-16</a> (Destroyed in 1960 explosion) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.975_N_63.660_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°58′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°39′36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.975°N 63.660°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.975; 63.660</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41">Pad 41/4</a> : R-16 (1961–67) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.976_N_63.665_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°58′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°39′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.976°N 63.665°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.976; 63.665</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41">Pad 41/15</a>: R-16, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3M" title="Kosmos-3M">Kosmos 3</a> (1963–68) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.976_N_63.669_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°58′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°40′08″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.976°N 63.669°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.976; 63.669</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_45" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45">Pad 45/1</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zenit-2" title="Zenit-2">Zenit-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenit-2M" title="Zenit-2M">Zenit-2M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenit-3SLB" title="Zenit-3SLB">Zenit-3M</a> – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.943_N_63.653_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°56′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°39′11″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.943°N 63.653°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.943; 63.653</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_45" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45">Pad 45/2</a> (Destroyed in 1990 explosion): Zenit 2 – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.940_N_63.655_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°56′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°39′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.940°N 63.655°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.940; 63.655</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 51: <a href="/wiki/R-9_Desna" title="R-9 Desna">R-9</a> (1961–62) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.924_N_63.341_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°55′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°20′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.924°N 63.341°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.924; 63.341</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 60/6: R-16 (1963–66) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.019_N_64.016_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°01′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">64°00′58″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.019°N 64.016°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.019; 64.016</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 60/7: R-16 (1963–67) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.018_N_64.018_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°01′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">64°01′05″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.018°N 64.018°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.018; 64.018</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 60/8: R-16 (1962–66) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.017_N_64.018_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°01′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">64°01′05″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.017°N 64.018°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.017; 64.018</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 67/21: <a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">Tsyklon</a>, <a href="/wiki/R-36_(missile)" title="R-36 (missile)">R-36M</a>, R-36O, <a href="/wiki/MR-UR-100_Sotka" title="MR-UR-100 Sotka">MR-UR-100 Sotka</a> (1963–72) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.989_N_63.705_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°59′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°42′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.989°N 63.705°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.989; 63.705</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 67/22: Tsyklon, R-36, R-36O (1964–66) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.990_N_63.707_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°59′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°42′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.990°N 63.707°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.990; 63.707</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 69: <a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-2" title="Tsyklon-2">Tsyklon-2</a></li> <li>Pad 70 (Destroyed in 1963 explosion): R-9 – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.033_N_63.096_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°01′59″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°05′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.033°N 63.096°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.033; 63.096</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 75: R-9 – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.963_N_63.202_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°57′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°12′07″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.963°N 63.202°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.963; 63.202</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 80/17: Tsyklon (1965) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.007_N_64.020_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°00′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">64°01′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.007°N 64.020°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.007; 64.020</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81">Pad 81/23 (81L)</a> (inactive >2004): <a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a> – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.074_N_62.978_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°04′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">62°58′41″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.074°N 62.978°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.074; 62.978</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81">Pad 81/24 (81P)</a>: Proton-K, <a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a> – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.071_N_62.985_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°04′16″N</span> <span class="longitude">62°59′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.071°N 62.985°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.071; 62.985</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90">Pad 90/19 (90L)</a> (inactive >1997): <a href="/wiki/UR-200" title="UR-200">UR-200</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-2" title="Tsyklon-2">Tsyklon-2</a> – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.081_N_62.932_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°04′52″N</span> <span class="longitude">62°55′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.081°N 62.932°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.081; 62.932</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90">Pad 90/20 (90R)</a> (inactive >2006): UR-200, Tsyklon-2 – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.080_N_62.935_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°04′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">62°56′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.080°N 62.935°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.080; 62.935</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 101: R-36M (1973–76) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.951_N_63.427_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°57′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°25′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.951°N 63.427°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.951; 63.427</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 102: R-36M (1978) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.933_N_63.435_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°55′59″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°26′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.933°N 63.435°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.933; 63.435</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 103: R-36M (1973–77) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.952_N_63.445_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°57′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°26′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.952°N 63.445°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.952; 63.445</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 104: R-36M (1972–74) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.988_N_63.420_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°59′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°25′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.988°N 63.420°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.988; 63.420</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 105: R-36M (1974–77) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.950_N_63.496_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°57′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°29′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.950°N 63.496°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.950; 63.496</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 106: R-36M (1974–83) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.951_N_63.497_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°57′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°29′49″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.951°N 63.497°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.951; 63.497</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 107: R-36 – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.237_N_63.892_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°14′13″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°53′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.237°N 63.892°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.237; 63.892</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 108: R-36 – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.239_N_63.895_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°14′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°53′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.239°N 63.895°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.239; 63.895</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_109" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109">Pad 109/95</a>: <a href="/wiki/R-36_(missile)" title="R-36 (missile)">R-36M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnepr_(rocket)" title="Dnepr (rocket)">Dnepr</a> – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.951_N_63.497_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°57′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°29′49″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.951°N 63.497°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.951; 63.497</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110">Pad 110/37 (110L)</a> (inactive >1988): <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a>-<a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a> – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.965_N_63.305_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°57′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°18′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.965°N 63.305°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.965; 63.305</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110">Pad 110/38 (110R)</a> (inactive >1969): N-1 – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.962_N_63.310_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°57′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°18′36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.962°N 63.310°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.962; 63.310</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 130: <a href="/wiki/UR-100" title="UR-100">UR-100</a> (1965) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.086_N_62.916_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°05′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">62°54′58″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.086°N 62.916°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.086; 62.916</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 131: UR-100N, UR-100, Rokot (1965–90) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.072_N_62.956_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°04′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">62°57′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.072°N 62.956°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.072; 62.956</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 132: UR-100NU (2001–02) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.037_N_63.048_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°02′13″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°02′53″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.037°N 63.048°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.037; 63.048</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 140/18: R-36 (1965–78) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.997_N_63.553_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°59′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°33′11″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.997°N 63.553°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.997; 63.553</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 141: R-36 – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.910_N_63.349_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°54′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°20′56″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.910°N 63.349°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.910; 63.349</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 142/34: R-36 (three silo complex) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.941_N_63.462_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°56′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°27′43″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.941°N 63.462°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.941; 63.462</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 160: R-36O – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.078_N_62.942_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°04′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">62°56′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.078°N 62.942°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.078; 62.942</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 161/35: Tsyklon (1967–73) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.034_N_63.063_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°02′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°03′47″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.034°N 63.063°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.034; 63.063</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 162/36: Tsyklon (1966–75) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.032_N_63.067_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°01′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°04′01″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.032°N 63.067°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.032; 63.067</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 163: R-36O – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.014_N_63.169_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°00′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°10′08″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.014°N 63.169°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.014; 63.169</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 164: R-36O – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.944_N_63.064_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°56′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°03′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.944°N 63.064°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.944; 63.064</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 165: R-36O – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.991_N_62.919_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°59′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">62°55′08″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.991°N 62.919°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.991; 62.919</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 170: UR-MR-100 (1976–79) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.948_N_63.026_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°56′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°01′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.948°N 63.026°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.948; 63.026</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 171: UR-100, UR-100N – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.104_N_63.008_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°06′14″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°00′29″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.104°N 63.008°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.104; 63.008</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 172: UR-MR-100 (1978–81) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.065_N_63.092_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°03′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°05′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.065°N 63.092°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.065; 63.092</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 173: UR-MR-100 (1972–78) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.029_N_63.131_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°01′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°07′52″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.029°N 63.131°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.029; 63.131</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 174: UR-100, UR-100K – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.082_N_62.918_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°04′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">62°55′05″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.082°N 62.918°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.082; 62.918</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 175/2: UR-100NU, <a href="/wiki/Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strela_(rocket)" title="Strela (rocket)">Strela</a> – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.051_N_62.987_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°03′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">62°59′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.051°N 62.987°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.051; 62.987</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 175/59: Rokot, Strela – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.052_N_62.986_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°03′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">62°59′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.052°N 62.986°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.052; 62.986</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 176: UR-100 – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.023_N_63.046_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°01′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°02′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.023°N 63.046°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.023; 63.046</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 177: UR-MR-100, UR-MR-100U (1973–78) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.980_N_63.100_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°58′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°06′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.980°N 63.100°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.980; 63.100</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 178: UR-100 – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.025_N_62.891_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°01′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">62°53′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.025°N 62.891°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.025; 62.891</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 179: UR-100 – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.989_N_62.964_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°59′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">62°57′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.989°N 62.964°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.989; 62.964</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 181: UR-MR-100U (1978–79) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.057_N_63.032_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°03′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°01′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.057°N 63.032°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.057; 63.032</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 191/66: R-36O (1969–71) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.970_N_63.197_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°58′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°11′49″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.970°N 63.197°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.970; 63.197</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 192: R-36O – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.024_N_63.300_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°01′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°18′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.024°N 63.300°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.024; 63.300</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 193: R-36O – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.953_N_63.389_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°57′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°23′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.953°N 63.389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.953; 63.389</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 194: R-36O – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.865_N_63.286_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°51′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°17′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.865°N 63.286°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.865; 63.286</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 195: R-36O – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.793_N_63.275_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°47′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°16′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.793°N 63.275°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.793; 63.275</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 196: R-36O – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.828_N_63.147_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°49′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°08′49″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.828°N 63.147°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.828; 63.147</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200">Pad 200/39</a> (200L): Proton-M/Proton-K – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.040_N_63.032_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°02′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°01′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.040°N 63.032°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.040; 63.032</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200">Pad 200/40</a> (200R): Proton-K (inactive >1991) – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.036_N_63.038_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°02′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°02′17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.036°N 63.038°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.036; 63.038</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 241: R-36O – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.858_N_63.456_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°51′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°27′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.858°N 63.456°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.858; 63.456</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 242: R-36O – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.945_N_63.481_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°56′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°28′52″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.945°N 63.481°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.945; 63.481</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 243: R-36O – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.855_N_63.737_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°51′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°44′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.855°N 63.737°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.855; 63.737</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 244: R-36O – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.840_N_63.634_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°50′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°38′02″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.840°N 63.634°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.840; 63.634</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 245: R-36O – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.818_N_63.527_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°49′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°31′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.818°N 63.527°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.818; 63.527</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li>Pad 246: R-36O – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.766_N_63.423_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°45′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°25′23″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.766°N 63.423°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.766; 63.423</span></span></span></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250">Pad 250</a> (inactive >1987): <a href="/wiki/Energia_(corporation)" title="Energia (corporation)">Energia</a> – <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.008_N_63.305_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°00′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">63°18′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.008°N 63.305°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.008; 63.305</span></span></span></a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buran_facilities">Buran facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Buran facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran programme</a></div> <p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran programme</a>, several facilities were adapted or newly built for the Buran-class space shuttle orbiters: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110">Site 110</a> – Used for the launch of the Buran-class orbiters. Like the assembly and processing hall at Site 112, the launch complex was originally constructed for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet lunar landing program</a> and later converted for the Energia-Buran program.</li> <li>Site 112 – Used for orbiter maintenance and to mate the orbiters to their <a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> launchers (thus fulfilling a role similar to the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">VAB</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">KSC</a>). The main hangar at the site, called MIK RN or MIK 112, was originally built for the assembly of the <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1 Moon rocket</a>. After cancellation of the N-1 program in 1974, the facilities at Site 112 were converted for the Energia-Buran program. It was here that <a href="/wiki/1.01_(Buran-class_spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="1.01 (Buran-class spacecraft)">orbiter 1K</a> was stored after the end of the Buran program and was destroyed when the hangar roof collapsed in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Site 251 – Used as Buran orbiter landing facility, also known as Yubileyniy Airfield (and fulfilling a role similar to the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Landing_Facility" title="Shuttle Landing Facility">SLF</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">KSC</a>). It features one runway, called 06/24, which is 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) long and 84 metres (276 ft) wide, paved with "Grade 600" high quality reinforced concrete. At the edge of the runway were two special <a href="/wiki/Mate-Demate_Device" title="Mate-Demate Device">mate–demate devices</a>; PUA-100 was designed to lift Buran orbiters and complete Energia stages onto the <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya" title="Antonov An-225 Mriya">Antonov An-225 Mriya</a> carrier aircraft and the smaller PKU-50 was used with the <a href="/wiki/Myasishchev_VM-T" title="Myasishchev VM-T">Myasishchev VM-T Atlant</a> and incomplete orbiters or segments of the Energia core stage. After arrival on one of the transport aircraft, an orbiter was loaded onto a transporter, which would carry the orbiter to the processing building at Site 254.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A purpose-built orbiter landing control facility, housed in a large multi-store office building, was located near the runway. Yubileyniy Airfield was also used to receive heavy transport planes carrying elements of the Energia-Buran system. After the end of the Buran program, Site 251 was abandoned but later reopened as a commercial cargo airport. Besides serving Baikonur, Kazakh authorities also use it for passenger and charter flights from Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Site 254 – Built to service the Buran-class orbiters between flights (thus fulfilling a role similar to the <a href="/wiki/Orbiter_Processing_Facility" title="Orbiter Processing Facility">OPF</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">KSC</a>). Constructed in the 1980s as a special four-bay building, it also featured a large processing area flanked by several floors of test rooms. After cancellation of the Buran program it was adapted for pre-launch operations of the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress (spacecraft)">Progress</a> spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intra-site_railway">Intra-site railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Intra-site railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg/220px-Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg/330px-Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg/440px-Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>A Soyuz TMA-16 launch vehicle being transported to launchpad at Baikonur in 2009.</figcaption></figure> <p>All Baikonur's <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> are based on its own intra-site <a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">1,520 mm</span></a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">27</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>) <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">gauge</a> <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railway</a> network, which is the largest <a href="/wiki/Industrial_railway" title="Industrial railway">industrial railway</a> on the planet. The railway is used for all stages of launch preparation, and all spacecraft are transported to the launchpads by the special <a href="/wiki/Schnabel_car" title="Schnabel car">Schnabel cars</a>. Once part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Railway_Troops" title="Russian Railway Troops">Soviet Railroad Troops</a>, the Baikonur Railway is now served by a dedicated civilian state company. There are several rail links connecting the Baikonur Railway to <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Temir_Joly" title="Kazakhstan Temir Joly">the public railway of Kazakhstan</a> and the rest of the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On-site_airports">On-site airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: On-site airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Baikonur Cosmodrome has two on-site multi-purpose <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a>, serving both the personnel transportation needs and the logistics of space launches (including the delivery of the spacecraft by planes). There are scheduled passenger services from <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> to the smaller <a href="/wiki/Krayniy_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Krayniy Airport">Krayniy Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/IATA_airport_code" title="IATA airport code">IATA</a>: <b>BXY</b>, <a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO</a>: <b>UAOL</b>), which however are not accessible to the public. The larger <a href="/wiki/Yubileyniy_Airport" title="Yubileyniy Airport">Yubileyniy Airport</a> (Юбилейный аэропорт) (<a href="/wiki/IATA_airport_code" title="IATA airport code">IATA</a>: <b>UAON</b>) was where the <a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran orbiter</a> was transported to Baikonur on the back of the <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya" title="Antonov An-225 Mriya">Antonov An-225 <i>Mriya</i></a> cargo aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ICBM_testing">ICBM testing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: ICBM testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Baikonur has always been known around the world as the launch site of Soviet and Russian space missions, from its outset in 1955 and until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 the primary purpose of this center was to test liquid-fueled <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a>. The official (and secret) name of the center was <b>State Test Range No. 5</b> or <b>5 GIK</b>. It remained under the control of the Soviet and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Russian Ministry of Defense</a> until the second half of the 1990s, when the Russian civilian space agency and its industrial contractors started taking over individual facilities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2006, the head of Roscosmos, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Perminov" title="Anatoly Perminov">Anatoly Perminov</a>, said that the last Russian military personnel would be removed from the Baikonur facility by 2007. However, on 22 October 2008, an <a href="/wiki/UR-100N" title="UR-100N">SS-19 Stiletto</a> missile was test-fired from Baikonur, indicating this may not be the case.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_projects">Future projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Future projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg/220px-%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg/330px-%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg/440px-%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4656" data-file-height="3496" /></a><figcaption>OK-MT (foreground) and <a href="/wiki/Ptichka" title="Ptichka">OK-1.02</a> (background) in storage at Baikonur Cosmodrome in 2020.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 22 December 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia signed a contract establishing the "Russia–Kazakhstan Baiterek JV" joint venture, in which each country holds a 50% stake. The goal of the project was the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250">Bayterek</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a> tree") space launch complex, to facilitate operations of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angara (rocket)">Angara</a> rocket launcher.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was anticipated to allow launches with a payload of 26 tons to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>, compared to 20 tons using the <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton</a> system. An additional benefit would be that the Angara uses kerosene as fuel and oxygen as the oxidiser, which is less hazardous to the environment than the toxic fuels used by older boosters. The total expenditure on the Kazakh side was expected to be US$223 million over 19 years.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2010, the project was stalling due to insufficient funding, but it was thought that the project still had good chances to succeed because it would allow both parties – Russia and Kazakhstan – to continue the joint use of Baikonur even after the construction of <a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-observer_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017, the first launch of the Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex was expected to occur in 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-BRSC25_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRSC25-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (September 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baikonur_Museum">Baikonur Museum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Baikonur Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buran_baikonur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Buran_baikonur.jpg/220px-Buran_baikonur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Buran_baikonur.jpg/330px-Buran_baikonur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Buran_baikonur.jpg/440px-Buran_baikonur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a> test article OK-ML-1 at Baikonur Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>The Baikonur Cosmodrome has a small museum, next to two small cottages, once residences of the rocket engineer <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Korolev" title="Sergei Korolev">Sergei Korolev</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Cosmonaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonaut">cosmonaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>. Both cottages are part of the museum complex and have been preserved. The museum is home to a collection of space artefacts. A restored test article from the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran programme</a> sits next to the museum entrance. The only <a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">completed orbiter</a>, which flew a single orbital test mission in 1988, was destroyed in a hangar collapse in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a complete list of surviving Buran vehicles and artefacts, see <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme#List_of_vehicles" title="Buran programme">Buran programme § List of vehicles</a>. </p><p> The museum also houses photographs related to the cosmodrome's history, including images of all cosmonauts. Every crew of every expedition launched from Baikonur leaves behind a signed crew photograph that is displayed behind the glass.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SputnikTestModel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SputnikTestModel.jpg/220px-SputnikTestModel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SputnikTestModel.jpg/330px-SputnikTestModel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SputnikTestModel.jpg/440px-SputnikTestModel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2447" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a> satellite test model is shown at the Baikonur Cosmodrome Museum of Space History in Kazakhstan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Baikonur's museum holds many objects related to Gagarin, including the ground control panel from his flight, his uniforms, and soil from his landing site, preserved in a silver container. One of the museum rooms also holds an older version of the Soyuz descent capsule. </p><p>In 2021, the Baikonur space complex was named as one of the top 10 tourist destinations in Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, a plan was announced to add the <a href="/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start" title="Gagarin's Start">Gagarin's Start</a> launch complex to the museum complex at Baikonur.<sup id="cite_ref-gagarinsstartintoamuseum_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gagarinsstartintoamuseum-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Baikonur Cosmodrome was heavily featured in the 2003 computer game <a href="/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Generals" title="Command & Conquer: Generals">Command & Conquer: Generals</a> and in the expansion <a href="/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer:_Generals_%E2%80%93_Zero_Hour" title="Command & Conquer: Generals – Zero Hour">Zero Hour</a>. The GLA captured the launch pad to launch an <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">ICBM</a> filled with bio-chemicals at an unspecified US naval base in Europe. The Americans retook it in Zero Hour. </p><p>The Baikonur Cosmodrome was featured prominently in the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops" title="Call of Duty: Black Ops">Call of Duty: Black Ops</a></i>. In one mission in the campaign, the main character is tasked by <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> with destroying a <a href="/wiki/Soyuz" title="Soyuz">Soyuz</a> spacecraft and eliminating several high-value targets at the launch complex. It was also featured in its Multiplayer Map "Launch", as well as the Zombies map "Ascension" </p><p>The Baikonur Cosmodrome also serves as the inspiration for a location in the 2014 videogame <i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(video_game)" title="Destiny (video game)">Destiny</a></i>. </p><p>The Baikonur Cosmodrome and its surroundings serve as the setting of the 2022 French TV miniseries <i>Infiniti</i>. </p><p>The Baikonur Cosmodrome, the city of Baikonur, and the surrounding areas (including the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>) are featured heavily in <a href="/wiki/Terry_Hayes" title="Terry Hayes">Terry Hayes</a>' <a href="/wiki/2023_in_literature" title="2023 in literature">2023</a> <a href="/wiki/Spy_fiction" title="Spy fiction">spy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">thriller</a> <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Year_of_the_Locust" title="The Year of the Locust">The Year Of The Locust</a></i>. </p><p>The Baikonur Cosmodrome appears as Russia's primary space facility in <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_EndWar" title="Tom Clancy's EndWar">Tom Clancy's EndWar</a>'</i>s Veterans Map Pack.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/spp/guide/russia/facility/baikonur.htm">"Baikonur Cosmodrome 45.9 N 63.3 E"</a>. <i>FAS.org</i>. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160814001504/https://fas.org/spp/guide/russia/facility/baikonur.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan+Finally+Ratifies+Baikonur+Rental+Deal+With+Russia&rft.pub=spacedaily.com&rft.date=2010-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacedaily.com%2Freports%2FKazakhstan_Finally_Ratifies_Baikonur_Rental_Deal_With_Russia_999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax.kz/?lang=eng&int_id=13&category=exclusive&news_id=28">"Kazcosmos chief Talgat Musabaev: Baikonur is Still the Core of Kazakh-Russian Cooperation in Space"</a>. interfax.kz. 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National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/feedback/expert/answer/mcc/sts-112/09_04_12_54_17.html">the original</a> on 4 December 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Radio Free Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328162550/http://www.rferl.org/content/russian_craft_docks_at_iss/24431746.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiofreeeurope%2FRadioliberty&rft.atitle=Russian+Craft+Docks+at+International+Space+Station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2Frussian_craft_docks_at_iss%2F24431746.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2019" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Eric (23 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/04/gagarins-start-nears-the-end-historic-launch-pad-to-be-decommissioned/">"Russia may soon decommission the world's most historic launch pad"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423223521/https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/04/gagarins-start-nears-the-end-historic-launch-pad-to-be-decommissioned/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Russia+may+soon+decommission+the+world%27s+most+historic+launch+pad&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2019%2F04%2Fgagarins-start-nears-the-end-historic-launch-pad-to-be-decommissioned%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gagarinsstartintoamuseum-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gagarinsstartintoamuseum_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gagarinsstartintoamuseum_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2023" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Eric (16 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/10/lacking-funds-russia-will-turn-gagarins-start-launch-pad-into-a-museum/">"After six decades, 'Gagarin's Start' will meet its end as a launch pad"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week+Network&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+Seizes+Russian+Assets+At+Baikonur+Spaceport&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviationweek.com%2Fdefense-space%2Fspace%2Fkazakhstan-seizes-russian-assets-baikonur-spaceport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfek-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfek_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakhstan-impounds-russian-baikonur-cosmodrom-operator/32317248.html">"Kazakhstan Impounds Property of Russian Cosmodrome Operator in Baikonur"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+Seizes+Russia%27s+Launch+Facility+at+Baikonur&rft.date=2023-03-27&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F160720%2Fkazakhstan-seizes-russias-launch-facility-at-baikonur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_downrange.html">Baikonur Downrange</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113233627/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_downrange.html">Archived</a> 13 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Russianspaceweb.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706112853/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_112.html">"Energia-Buran processing complex at Site 112 and 112A"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_112.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buran+The+end&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buran-energia.com%2Fbourane-buran%2Fbourane-fin.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrickxVis2007" class="citation book cs1">Hendrickx, Bart; Vis, Bert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/153582339"><i>Energiya-Buran: the Soviet space shuttle</i></a>. Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_254.html">the original</a> on 9 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buran+processing+facility+at+Site+254+in+Baikonur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Fbaikonur_energia_254.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE49L2L320081022">"Russia test-fires old missile to extend lifespan"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 22 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019133013/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE49L2L320081022">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia+test-fires+old+missile+to+extend+lifespan&rft.date=2008-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FworldNews%2FidUSTRE49L2L320081022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630022023/http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_proect.asp?id=13499">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Baiterek' Space Launch Complex"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Khrunichev" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrunichev">Khrunichev</a> State Research and Production Space Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_proect.asp?id=13499">the original</a> on 30 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Baiterek%27+Space+Launch+Complex&rft.pub=Khrunichev+State+Research+and+Production+Space+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khrunichev.ru%2Fkhrunichev_eng%2Flive%2Ffull_proect.asp%3Fid%3D13499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Kazakh_President_Signs_Law_Re_Baiterek_Rocket_Center.html">"Kazakh President Signs Law Re Baiterek Rocket Center"</a>. <i>www.spacedaily.com</i>. 24 October 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913042620/http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Kazakh_President_Signs_Law_Re_Baiterek_Rocket_Center.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spacedaily.com&rft.atitle=Kazakh+President+Signs+Law+Re+Baiterek+Rocket+Center&rft.date=2005-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacedaily.com%2Freports%2FKazakh_President_Signs_Law_Re_Baiterek_Rocket_Center.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-observer-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-observer_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVorontsovIgor_Afanasyev2009" class="citation journal cs1">Vorontsov, Dmitri; Igor Afanasyev (10 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ato.ru/content/angara-getting-ready-launch">"Angara getting ready for launch"</a>. <i>Russia CIS Observer</i>. <b>3</b> (26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100101014026/http://www.ato.ru/content/angara-getting-ready-launch">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russia+CIS+Observer&rft.atitle=Angara+getting+ready+for+launch&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=26&rft.date=2009-11-10&rft.aulast=Vorontsov&rft.aufirst=Dmitri&rft.au=Igor+Afanasyev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ato.ru%2Fcontent%2Fangara-getting-ready-launch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRSC25-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BRSC25_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astanatimes.com/2017/03/baiterek-rocket-and-space-complex-set-to-launch-in-2025/">"Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex set to launch in 2025"</a>. The Astana Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080824/http://astanatimes.com/2017/03/baiterek-rocket-and-space-complex-set-to-launch-in-2025/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Baiterek+Rocket+and+Space+Complex+set+to+launch+in+2025&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2Fbaiterek-rocket-and-space-complex-set-to-launch-in-2025%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehouse2002" class="citation news cs1">Whitehouse, David (13 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1985631.stm">"Russia's space dreams abandoned"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bbc.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbc.co.uk">bbc.co.uk</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070320062353/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1985631.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+space+dreams+abandoned&rft.date=2002-05-13&rft.aulast=Whitehouse&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F1985631.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur89.jpg">"Buran.ru: <i>Photo of collapsed hangar</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170725051823/http://buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur89.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buran.ru%3A+Photo+of+collapsed+hangar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buran.ru%2Fimages%2Fjpg%2Fbbur89.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur90.jpg">"Buran.ru: <i>Remains of Buran photo with right front windscreen still visible under the debris</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061220094227/http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur90.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buran.ru%3A+Remains+of+Buran+photo+with+right+front+windscreen+still+visible+under+the+debris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buran.ru%2Fimages%2Fjpg%2Fbbur90.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJune_20212021" class="citation web cs1">June 2021, Adelya Dauletkyzy in Tourism on 16 (16 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astanatimes.com/2021/06/kazakhstan-selects-top-10-tourist-destinations/">"Kazakhstan Selects Top 10 Tourist Destinations"</a>. <i>The Astana Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Astana+Times&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+Selects+Top+10+Tourist+Destinations&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft.aulast=June+2021&rft.aufirst=Adelya+Dauletkyzy+in+Tourism+on+16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2021%2F06%2Fkazakhstan-selects-top-10-tourist-destinations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUbisoft2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ubisoft" title="Ubisoft">Ubisoft</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017181704/http://endwargame.us.ubi.com/locations.php">"Tom Clancy's EndWar: Game Info // Locations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ubisoft" title="Ubisoft">Ubisoft</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://endwargame.us.ubi.com/locations.php">the original</a> on 17 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tom+Clancy%27s+EndWar%3A+Game+Info+%2F%2F+Locations&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Ubisoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fendwargame.us.ubi.com%2Flocations.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: <span lang="kk">Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kazakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Kazakh">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Kazakh-language romanization"><i lang="kk-Latn">Baiqoñyr ğaryş ailağy</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[bɑjqoˈŋɤr<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁɑˈrəʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑjɫɑˈʁə]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Космодром Байконур</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Kosmodrom Baykonur</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[kəsmɐˈdrom<span class="wrap"> </span>bəjkɐˈnur]</a></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J. K. Golovanov, M., "Korolev: Facts and myths", <a href="/wiki/Nauka_(publisher)" title="Nauka (publisher)">Nauka</a>, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-000822-2" title="Special:BookSources/5-02-000822-2">5-02-000822-2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/chertok/kniga-1/01.html">"Rockets and people"</a> – <a href="/wiki/Boris_Chertok" title="Boris Chertok">B. E. Chertok</a>, M: "mechanical engineering", 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-217-02942-0" title="Special:BookSources/5-217-02942-0">5-217-02942-0</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li>"A breakthrough in space" – Konstantin Vasilyevich Gerchik, M: LLC "Veles", 1994, – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-87955-001-X" title="Special:BookSources/5-87955-001-X">5-87955-001-X</a></li> <li>"At risk," – A. A. Toul, <a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a>, "the Golden path", 2001, – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7111-0333-1" title="Special:BookSources/5-7111-0333-1">5-7111-0333-1</a></li> <li>"Testing of rocket and space technology – the business of my life" Events and facts – <a href="/wiki/Arkady_Ostashev" title="Arkady Ostashev">A.I. Ostashev</a>, Korolev, 2001.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cosmosravelin.narod.ru/r-space/bibliografia.html">Bibliography 1996–2004</a></li> <li>"Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel." – M. I. Kuznetsk, <a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a>: IPF "Voronezh", 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89981-117-X" title="Special:BookSources/5-89981-117-X">5-89981-117-X</a></li> <li>"Look back and look ahead. Notes of a military engineer" – Rjazhsky A. A., 2004, SC. first, the publishing house of the "Heroes of the Fatherland" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-91017-018-X" title="Special:BookSources/5-91017-018-X">5-91017-018-X</a>.</li> <li>"Rocket and space feat Baikonur" – Vladimir Порошков, the "Patriot" publishers 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7030-0969-3" title="Special:BookSources/5-7030-0969-3">5-7030-0969-3</a></li> <li>"Unknown Baikonur" – edited by B. I. Posysaeva, M.: "globe", 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8155-0051-8" title="Special:BookSources/5-8155-0051-8">5-8155-0051-8</a></li> <li>"Bank of the Universe" – edited by Boltenko A. C., <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, 2014., publishing house "Phoenix", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-136-169-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-136-169-9">978-966-136-169-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Gruntman2019" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gruntman" title="Mike Gruntman">Mike Gruntman</a> (2019), "From Tyuratam Missile Range to Baikonur Cosmodrome", <i>Acta Astronautica</i>, <b>155</b>, Elsevier Ltd: 350–366, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AcAau.155..350G">2019AcAau.155..350G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2018.12.021">10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.12.021</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:116406451">116406451</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Astronautica&rft.atitle=From+Tyuratam+Missile+Range+to+Baikonur+Cosmodrome&rft.volume=155&rft.pages=350-366&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A116406451%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2018.12.021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019AcAau.155..350G&rft.au=Mike+Gruntman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaikonur+Cosmodrome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"I look back and have no regrets. " – Author: Abramov, Anatoly Petrovich: publisher "New format" Barnaul, 2022. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-00202-034-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-00202-034-8">978-5-00202-034-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baikonur_Cosmodrome" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Baikonur Cosmodrome <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buran.ru/htm/baykonur.htm">historical note (in Russian) and historical pictures (2002)</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buran.ru">buran.ru</a> – <a href="/wiki/NPO_Molniya" title="NPO Molniya">NPO Molniya</a>, maker of Russian space shuttle <a href="/wiki/Buran_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Buran program">Buran</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur.html">RussianSpaceWeb.com on Baikonur</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.360pano.eu/baikonur/">360° interactive panoramas</a> of Baikonur Cosmodrome</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stefane.carlier.free.fr/Baikonur/wiki_EN/">Baikonur: the town, the cosmodrome, the MetOp-A launch campaign</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sometimes-interesting.com/2014/05/26/scientific-test-range-no-5-the-baikonur-cosmodrome/">"World's Oldest Space Launch Facility: The Baikonur Cosmodrome."</a> <i>Sometimes Interesting</i>. 26 May 2014</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r16_disaster.html">Nedelin Disaster</a> // RussianSpaceWeb.com <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baikonuradm.ru/index.php?mod=all/news&ID=4004">The official website of the city administration Baikonur</a> // Baikonur commemorated a test rocket and space technology <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soyuzveteranov.ru/content/delegaciya-rossiyskogo-soyuza-veteranov-pochtila-pamyat-ispytateley-pogibshih-pri-ispolnenii">The Russian Union of Veterans</a> // Day of memory and grief <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> at <a href="/wiki/Memory_Alpha" title="Memory Alpha">Memory Alpha</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baikonur_Cosmodrome_launch_sites" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baikonur_Cosmodrome_launch_sites" title="Template:Baikonur Cosmodrome launch sites"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baikonur_Cosmodrome_launch_sites" title="Template talk:Baikonur Cosmodrome launch sites"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baikonur_Cosmodrome_launch_sites" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baikonur Cosmodrome launch sites"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baikonur_Cosmodrome_launch_sites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#List_of_launchpads">launch sites</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start" title="Gagarin's Start">LC-1</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31">LC-31</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41">LC-41</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_45" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45">LC-45</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 51 (page does not exist)">LC-51</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_60&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 60 (page does not exist)">LC-60</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_67&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 67 (page does not exist)">LC-67</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_69&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 69 (page does not exist)">LC-69</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_70&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 70 (page does not exist)">LC-70</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_75&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 75 (page does not exist)">LC-75</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 80 (page does not exist)">LC-80</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81">LC-81</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90">LC-90</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 101 (page does not exist)">LC-101</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_102&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 102 (page does not exist)">LC-102</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_103&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 103 (page does not exist)">LC-103</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_104&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 104 (page does not exist)">LC-104</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 105 (page does not exist)">LC-105</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_106&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 106 (page does not exist)">LC-106</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_107&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 107 (page does not exist)">LC-107</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_108&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 108 (page does not exist)">LC-108</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_109" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109">LC-109</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110">LC-110</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_130&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 130 (page does not exist)">LC-130</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_131&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 131 (page does not exist)">LC-131</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_132&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 132 (page does not exist)">LC-132</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_133&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 133 (page does not exist)">LC-133</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_140&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 140 (page does not exist)">LC-140</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_141&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 141 (page does not exist)">LC-141</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_142&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 142 (page does not exist)">LC-142</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_160&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 160 (page does not exist)">LC-160</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_161&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 161 (page does not exist)">LC-161</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_162&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 162 (page does not exist)">LC-162</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_163&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 163 (page does not exist)">LC-163</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_164&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 164 (page does not exist)">LC-164</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_165&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 165 (page does not exist)">LC-165</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_170&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 170 (page does not exist)">LC-170</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_171&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 171 (page does not exist)">LC-171</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_172&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 172 (page does not exist)">LC-172</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_173&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 173 (page does not exist)">LC-173</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_174&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 174 (page does not exist)">LC-174</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_175" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 175">LC-175</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_176&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 176 (page does not exist)">LC-176</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_177&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 177 (page does not exist)">LC-177</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_179&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 179 (page does not exist)">LC-179</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_181&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 181 (page does not exist)">LC-181</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_191&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 191 (page does not exist)">LC-191</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_192&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 192 (page does not exist)">LC-192</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_193&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 193 (page does not exist)">LC-193</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_194&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 194 (page does not exist)">LC-194</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_195&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 195 (page does not exist)">LC-195</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_196&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 196 (page does not exist)">LC-196</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200">LC-200</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_241&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 241 (page does not exist)">LC-241</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_242&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 242 (page does not exist)">LC-242</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 243 (page does not exist)">LC-243</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_244&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 244 (page does not exist)">LC-244</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_245&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 245 (page does not exist)">LC-245</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_246&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 246 (page does not exist)">LC-246</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250">LC-250</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_space_program" title="Template talk:Russian space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian space program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> <small>(in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombarovsky_(air_base)" title="Dombarovsky (air base)">Dombarovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapustin_Yar" title="Kapustin Yar">Kapustin Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svobodny_Cosmodrome" title="Svobodny Cosmodrome">Svobodny Cosmodrome</a> <small>(defunct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/80px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/120px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/160px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">Salyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> <small>(incorporated into Salyut program)</small> / <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Soyuz-Apollo</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle–Mir Program">Shuttle–Mir</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond (7K-L1)</a> <small>(Moon flyby)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a> <small>(Moon landing)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda</a> <small>(moonbase)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a> <small>(Mars/Venus flyby)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda" title="Military Soyuz">Zvezda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarya (spacecraft)">Zarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> <small>(joint)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk_Sputnik" title="Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik">Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik</a> (1961–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_programme" title="Prognoz programme">Prognoz</a> (1972–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a> (1958–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> (1961–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a> (1983-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega</a> (1984-1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos</a> <small>(failed)</small> (1988-1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> (1989-1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a> (1990-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a> <small>(failed)</small> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-DK_No.1" title="Resurs-DK No.1">Resurs-DK No.1</a> (2006-2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONAS_programme" title="CORONAS programme">CORONAS</a> (1994-2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> <small>(failed)</small> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> (2011–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(failed)</span> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektro%E2%80%93L" title="Elektro–L">Elektro–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-P" title="Resurs-P">Resurs-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">Luna 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-UV" title="Spektr-UV">Spektr-UV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik programme">Sputnik</a> (begun 1957) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_3" title="Sputnik 3">Sputnik 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_41" title="Sputnik 41">Sputnik 41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_99" title="Sputnik 99">Sputnik 99</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luch_(satellite)" title="Luch (satellite)">Luch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Deep_Space_Network" title="Soviet Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_(rocket_booster)" title="Baikal (rocket booster)">Baikal-Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-P" title="Mercury-P">Mercury-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-M" title="Spektr-M">Spektr-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfera_(satellite_constellation)" title="Sfera (satellite constellation)">Sfera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Images and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts" title="List of cosmonauts">List of cosmonauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot-Cosmonaut_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation">Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Soviet space dogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belka_and_Strelka" title="Belka and Strelka">Belka and Strelka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs#Veterok_and_Ugolyok" title="Soviet space dogs">Veterok and Ugolyok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ivanovich_(Vostok_programme)" title="Ivan Ivanovich (Vostok programme)">Ivan Ivanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_exploration_history_on_Soviet_stamps" title="Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps">Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Alley" title="Cosmonauts Alley">Cosmonauts Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Conquerors_of_Space" title="Monument to the Conquerors of Space">Monument to the Conquerors of Space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Museum_of_Cosmonautics" title="Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics">Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Present" title="Out of the Present">Out of the Present</a></i> (1995 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mir" title="Mission to Mir">Mission to Mir</a></i> (1997 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">Russian Aerospace Defence Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceport" title="Template:Spaceport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceport" title="Template talk:Spaceport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chinese<span class="nowrap"> </span>government: <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center">Jiuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyuan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center">Taiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_Space_Launch_Site" title="Wenchang Space Launch Site">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Xichang Satellite Launch Center">Xichang</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chinese private launches: <a href="/wiki/HICAL" title="HICAL">HICAL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wenchang_Commercial_Space_Launch_Site" title="Wenchang Commercial Space Launch Site">Wenchang Commercial</a>)</li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thumba</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/LAPAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LAPAN">LAPAN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stasiun_Peluncuran_Roket" title="Stasiun Peluncuran Roket">Pameungpeuk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semnan_Space_Center" title="Semnan Space Center">Semnan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRGC" class="mw-redirect" title="IRGC">IRGC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahroud_Space_Center" title="Shahroud Space Center">Shahroud Space Center</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmachim_Airbase" title="Palmachim Airbase">Palmachim</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese<span class="nowrap"> </span>government: <a href="/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency">JAXA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanegashima_Space_Center" title="Tanegashima Space Center">Tanegashima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchinoura_Space_Center" title="Uchinoura Space Center">Uchinoura</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese private launches: <a href="/wiki/Space_One" title="Space One">Space One</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport_Kii" title="Spaceport Kii">Kii</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kazakhstan<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Russia: <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">VKS</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baikonur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">VKS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sary_Shagan" title="Sary Shagan">Sary Shagan</a></li></ul></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Development_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aerospace Development Administration">NADA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohae_Satellite_Launching_Station" title="Sohae Satellite Launching Station">Sohae</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">KARI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naro_Space_Center" title="Naro Space Center">Naro</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Space_%26_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">SUPARCO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonmiani_(space_facility)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonmiani (space facility)">Sonmiani</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">VKS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dombarovsky_(air_base)#Commercial_launches" title="Dombarovsky (air base)">Dombarovsky / Yasny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Space_Agency" title="Norwegian Space Agency">NOSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/And%C3%B8ya_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Andøya Space Center">Andøya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Rocket_Range" title="Svalbard Rocket Range">SvalRak</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">VKS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapustin_Yar" title="Kapustin Yar">Kapustin Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_T%C3%A9cnica_Aeroespacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial">INTA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Arenosillo" title="El Arenosillo">El Arenosillo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Space_Corporation" title="Swedish Space Corporation">SSC</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange">Esrange</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newquay_Airport#Spaceport_Cornwall" title="Newquay Airport">Spaceport Cornwall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Government: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">USSF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral SFS</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Range" title="Eastern Range">ER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg SFB</a> / <a href="/wiki/Western_Range_(USSF)" title="Western Range (USSF)">WR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops</a></li></ul></li> <li>Academic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poker_Flat_Research_Range" title="Poker Flat Research Range">Poker Flat</a></li></ul></li> <li>Private: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Ranch" title="Corn Ranch">Corn Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Spaceport_Complex_%E2%80%93_Alaska" title="Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport" title="Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport">MARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Air_and_Space_Port" title="Mojave Air and Space Port">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport_America" title="Spaceport America">Spaceport America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">SpaceX Starbase</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">RAAF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Woomera_Range_Complex" title="RAAF Woomera Range Complex">Woomera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Launch" title="Southern Launch">Southern Launch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koonibba_Test_Range" title="Koonibba Test Range">Koonibba</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Launch_Complex_1" title="Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1">Mahia Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li>Marshall<span class="nowrap"> </span>Islands<span class="nowrap"> </span>/<span class="nowrap"> </span>United<span class="nowrap"> </span>States:<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">DoD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site" title="Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site">Reagan Test Site</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">FAB</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">AEB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A2ntara_Launch_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcântara Launch Center">Alcântara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barreira_do_Inferno_Launch_Center" title="Barreira do Inferno Launch Center">Barreira do Inferno</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe: <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> / France: <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana / Kourou</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">International waters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Launch" title="Sea Launch">Sea Launch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Launch_Services" title="Maritime Launch Services">Canso</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Kulasekharapatnam_Spaceport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport">Kulasekharapatnam</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/LAPAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LAPAN">LAPAN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biak_Spaceport" class="mw-redirect" title="Biak Spaceport">Biak</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oita_Airport" title="Oita Airport">Oita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiki_Multi-Purpose_Aerospace_Park" title="Taiki Multi-Purpose Aerospace Park">Hokkaido</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Spaceport_Sweden" title="Spaceport Sweden">Spaceport Sweden</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UKSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SaxaVord_Spaceport" title="SaxaVord Spaceport">SaxaVord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_spaceport" title="Sutherland spaceport">Sutherland</a></li></ul></li> <li>United<span class="nowrap"> </span>States: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Airport" title="Cecil Airport">Cecil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton-Sherman_Industrial_Airpark" title="Clinton-Sherman Industrial Airpark">Clinton-Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Air_and_Space_Port" title="Colorado Air and Space Port">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellington_Airport_(Texas)" title="Ellington Airport (Texas)">Ellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Spaceport_Complex" title="Maine Spaceport Complex">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_International_Air_and_Space_Port" title="Midland International Air and Space Port">Midland</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain:<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/El_Hierro_Launch_Centre" title="El Hierro Launch Centre">El Hierro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Algeria / France: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_interarm%C3%A9es_d%27essais_d%27engins_sp%C3%A9ciaux" title="Centre interarmées d'essais d'engins spéciaux">CIEES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammaguir#Role_in_French_rocketry_and_spaceflight" title="Hammaguir">Hammaguir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggane" title="Reggane">Reggane</a></li></ul></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Carnarvon,_Western_Australia#Aerospace" title="Carnarvon, Western Australia">Carnarvon</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Rocket_Research_Range" title="Churchill Rocket Research Range">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall Beach">Hall Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolute_Bay" title="Resolute Bay">Resolute Bay</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Base_603" title="Base 603">Guangde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanhui_District#Suborbital_rocket_launch_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanhui District">Nanhui</a></li> <li>Nazi<span class="nowrap"> </span>Germany: <a href="/wiki/V-2_missile_launch_site,_Blizna" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2 missile launch site, Blizna">Blizna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswalder_Oie" title="Greifswalder Oie">Greifswalder Oie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde_Army_Research_Center" title="Peenemünde Army Research Center">Peenemünde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuchola_Forest" title="Tuchola Forest">Tuchola Forest</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/Koroni#Rocket_launch_site" title="Koroni">Koroni</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Balasore" title="Balasore">Balasore</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Salto_di_Quirra" title="Salto di Quirra">Salto di Quirra</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Japan%27s_space_development#Early_days" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan's space development">Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nii-jima" title="Nii-jima">Nii-jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obachi" title="Obachi">Obachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryori" title="Ryori">Ryori</a></li> <li>Kenya / Italy: <a href="/wiki/Broglio_Space_Center" title="Broglio Space Center">Broglio, Malindi</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Tonghae_Satellite_Launching_Ground" title="Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground">Tonghae</a></li> <li>Soviet Union / Russia: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel_Observatory" title="Ernst Krenkel Observatory">Kheysa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhotsk" title="Okhotsk">Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svobodny_Cosmodrome" title="Svobodny Cosmodrome">Svobodny</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/El_Arenosillo" title="El Arenosillo">El Arenosillo</a></li> <li>Sweden:<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Kronog%C3%A5rd" title="Kronogård">Kronogård</a></li> <li>USA: <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base#Space_Shuttle_support" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Space_Harbor" title="White Sands Space Harbor">WSSH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177477#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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