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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Slender structural unit</div> <p>A <b>tie rod</b> or <b>tie bar</b> (also known as a <b>hanger rod</b> if vertical) is a slender structural unit used as a tie and (in most applications) capable of carrying <a href="/wiki/Tension_(physics)" title="Tension (physics)">tensile</a> loads only. It is any rod or bar-shaped structural member designed to prevent the separation of two parts, as in a vehicle. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coventry_Cathedral_ruins_tie_rods.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coventry_Cathedral_ruins_tie_rods.JPG/170px-Coventry_Cathedral_ruins_tie_rods.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coventry_Cathedral_ruins_tie_rods.JPG/255px-Coventry_Cathedral_ruins_tie_rods.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coventry_Cathedral_ruins_tie_rods.JPG/340px-Coventry_Cathedral_ruins_tie_rods.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Tie rods and anchor plates in the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">Coventry Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subtypes_and_examples_of_applications">Subtypes and examples of applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_rod&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Subtypes and examples of applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a> structures, tie rods are sometimes used in the fuselage or wings.</li> <li>Tie rods are often used in <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> structures, such as <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a>, industrial buildings, <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">towers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">cranes</a>.</li> <li>Sometimes tie rods are retrofitted to bowing or subsiding masonry walls (brick, block, stone, etc.) to keep them from succumbing to lateral forces. The ends of the rods are secured by <a href="/wiki/Anchor_plate" title="Anchor plate">anchor plates</a> which may be visible from the outside.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rebar" title="Rebar">rebar</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> is not referred to as a "tie rod", but it essentially performs some of the same tension-force-counteracting purposes that tie rods perform.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>, the <i>tie rods</i> are part of the <a href="/wiki/Steering" title="Steering">steering</a> mechanism. They differ from the archetypal tie rod by both pushing and pulling (operating in both tension and compression). In the UK, these items are generally referred to as <i>track rods</i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a>, a <i>tie rod</i> is a rod that connects several <a href="/wiki/Driving_wheel" title="Driving wheel">driving wheels</a> to transmit the power from the <a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">connecting rod</a>.</li> <li>Tie rods known as <i>sag rods</i> are sometimes used in connection with <a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">purlins</a> to take the component of the loads which is parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">roof</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Spoke" title="Spoke">spokes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a> <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheels</a> are tie rods.</li> <li>In ships, tie rods are bolts which keep the whole engine structure under compression. They provide for fatigue strength. They also provide for proper running gear alignment which prevents <a href="/wiki/Fretting" title="Fretting">fretting</a>. They help to reduce the bending stress being transmitted to the transverse girder.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physics_and_engineering_principles">Physics and engineering principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_rod&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physics and engineering principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, because the ratio of the typical tie rod's length to its <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">cross section</a> is usually very large, it would buckle under the action of <a href="/wiki/Compression_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression (physical)">compressive</a> <a href="/wiki/Force_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Force (physics)">forces</a>. The working strength of a tie rod is the product of the allowable working stress and the rod's minimum cross-sectional area. </p><p>If <a href="/wiki/Screw_thread" title="Screw thread">threads</a> are cut into a <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder (geometry)">cylindrical</a> rod, that minimum area occurs at the root of the thread. Often rods are upset (made thicker at the ends) so that the tie rod does not become weaker when threads are cut into it. </p><p>Tie rods may be connected at the ends in various ways, but it is desirable that the strength of the connection should be at least equal to the strength of the rod. The ends may be threaded and passed through drilled holes or <a href="/wiki/Shackle" title="Shackle">shackles</a> and retained by <a href="/wiki/Nut_(hardware)" title="Nut (hardware)">nuts</a> screwed on the ends. If the ends are threaded right- and left-hand the length between points of loading may be altered. This furnishes a second method for <a href="/wiki/Tensile_structure" title="Tensile structure">pre-tensioning</a> the rod at will by turning it in the nuts so that the length will be changed. A <a href="/wiki/Turnbuckle" title="Turnbuckle">turnbuckle</a> will accomplish the same purpose. The ends may also be <a href="/wiki/Swage" class="mw-redirect" title="Swage">swaged</a> to receive a fitting which is connected to the supports. Another way of making end connections is to forge an eye or hook on the rod. </p><p>An infamous <a href="/wiki/Structural_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural failure">structural failure</a> involving tie rods is the <a href="/wiki/Hyatt_Regency_walkway_collapse" title="Hyatt Regency walkway collapse">Hyatt Regency walkway collapse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, on July 17, 1981. The hotel had a large atrium with three walkways crossing it suspended from tie rods. Construction errors led to several of the walkways collapsing, killing 114 people and injuring over 200. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geometry">Geometry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_rod&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osgood and Graustein used the <a href="/wiki/Rectangular_hyperbola" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectangular hyperbola">rectangular hyperbola</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_hyperbola" title="Conjugate hyperbola">conjugate hyperbola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_diameters" title="Conjugate diameters">conjugate diameters</a> to rationalize tie rods at 15 degree radial spacing, to a square of <a href="/wiki/Girder" title="Girder">girders</a>, from its center. The tie-rods to the corners (45°) correspond to the asymptotes, while the pair at 15° and 75° are conjugate, as are the pair at 30° and 60°. According to this model in <a href="/wiki/Linear_elasticity" title="Linear elasticity">linear elasticity</a>, the application of a load compressing the square results in a <a href="/wiki/Deformation_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deformation (mechanics)">deformation</a> where the tie rods maintain their conjugate relations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_rod&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guy-wire" title="Guy-wire">Guy-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_(engineering)" title="Tie (engineering)">Tie (engineering)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tie_rod&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOffice1903" class="citation book cs1">Office, United States Patent (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ltF8AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2019"><i>Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office</i></a>. U.S. Patent Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+United+States+Patent+Office&rft.pub=U.S.+Patent+Office.&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Office&rft.aufirst=United+States+Patent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DltF8AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATie+rod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Osgood" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Osgood">William F. Osgood</a> & William C. Graustein (1922) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/u/umhistmath/abn6056.0001.001/324?rgn=full+text;view=pdf">Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry</a>, page 307, link from University of Michigan Historical Math Collection</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tie_rod&oldid=1223395397">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tie_rod&oldid=1223395397</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Building_materials" title="Category:Building materials">Building materials</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 May 2024, at 21:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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