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November 2012</span> </div> </div> <div class="content clear-block filter-text"> <div class="widget-links"><ul class="widget-list"><li class="service-links-twitter-widget first"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126222115/http://twitter.com/share?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fde%2Fnews%2F2012%2F11%2F19%2Fkillerroboter-rechtzeitig-verbieten&count=horizontal&via=&text=%E2%80%98Killerroboter%E2%80%99%20rechtzeitig%20verbieten&counturl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fde%2Fnews%2F2012%2F11%2F19%2Fkillerroboter-rechtzeitig-verbieten" class="twitter-share-button service-links-twitter-widget" title="Tweet This" rel="nofollow"><span style="display:none;">Tweet Widget</span></a></li> <li class="service-links-facebook-like"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126222115/http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fde%2Fnews%2F2012%2F11%2F19%2Fkillerroboter-rechtzeitig-verbieten&layout=button_count&show_faces=false&action=like&colorscheme=light&width=90&height=21&font=&locale=" title="I Like it" class="service-links-facebook-like" rel="nofollow"><span style="display:none;">Facebook Like</span></a></li> <li class="service-links-printmail last"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126222115/http://www.hrw.org/de/printmail/news/2012/11/19/killerroboter-rechtzeitig-verbieten" title="Send to a friend" class="service-links-printmail" rel="nofollow"><img src="/web/20130126222115im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/all/themes/hrw/images/icons/mail.png" width="21" height="22"/> Email</a></li> </ul></div><div class="field field-type-nodereference field-field-related-images"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="view view-nodereference-related-images view-id-nodereference_related_images view-display-id-block_2 view-dom-id-1"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-field-imagefile-fid"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126222115/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2012_Arms_taranis.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile][<p>Das im Jahr 2010 vorgestellte britische „Taranis“-Kampfflugzeug wurde für Luftangriffe auf weit entfernte Ziele, „sogar auf anderen Kontinenten“, entwickelt. Taranis ist beispielhaft für den Trend zu immer autonomer funktionierendem Kriegsgerät.</p>]" class="imagefield imagefield-lightbox2 imagefield-lightbox2-scale-300x imagefield-field_imagefile imagecache imagecache-field_imagefile imagecache-scale-300x imagecache-field_imagefile-scale-300x"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126222115im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-300x/media/images/photographs/2012_Arms_taranis.jpg"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-image-caption-value"> <div class="field-content"><div><a href="/web/20130126222115/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2012_Arms_taranis.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile]" class="image-enlarge">Enlarge</a></div> <p>Das im Jahr 2010 vorgestellte britische „Taranis“-Kampfflugzeug wurde für Luftangriffe auf weit entfernte Ziele, „sogar auf anderen Kontinenten“, entwickelt. Taranis ist beispielhaft für den Trend zu immer autonomer funktionierendem Kriegsgerät.</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field-field-copyright-value"> <span class="field-content">© 2010 AP Photo</span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="view view-nodereference-related-images view-id-nodereference_related_images view-display-id-block_2 view-dom-id-2"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-field-imagefile-fid"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126222115/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2012_Arms_koreandome.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile][<p>Der südkoreanische SGR-1-Wachroboter, Vorläufer eines vollautonomen Waffensystems, kann Personen in der demilitarisierten Zone aufspüren und - nachdem ein Mensch die Freigabe erteilt hat - unter Beschuss nehmen. Auf dem Foto ist der Roboter bei einem Testlauf mit einem sich ergebenden Soldaten zu sehen.</p>]" class="imagefield imagefield-lightbox2 imagefield-lightbox2-scale-300x imagefield-field_imagefile imagecache imagecache-field_imagefile imagecache-scale-300x imagecache-field_imagefile-scale-300x"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126222115im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-300x/media/images/photographs/2012_Arms_koreandome.jpg"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-image-caption-value"> <div class="field-content"><div><a href="/web/20130126222115/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2012_Arms_koreandome.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile]" class="image-enlarge">Enlarge</a></div> <p>Der südkoreanische SGR-1-Wachroboter, Vorläufer eines vollautonomen Waffensystems, kann Personen in der demilitarisierten Zone aufspüren und - nachdem ein Mensch die Freigabe erteilt hat - unter Beschuss nehmen. Auf dem Foto ist der Roboter bei einem Testlauf mit einem sich ergebenden Soldaten zu sehen.</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field-field-copyright-value"> <span class="field-content">© 2007 Getty Images</span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-pullquote"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> „Es geht eindeutig zu weit, Maschinen auf dem Schlachtfeld über Leben und Tod entscheiden zu lassen. Eine menschliche Kontrolle von Robotern als Kriegsgerät ist entscheidend, um den Tod von Zivilisten und Verletzte zu verhindern.“ </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote-author"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> Steve Goose, Leiter der Abteilung Waffen bei Human Rights Watch </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node-body"><p>(Washington, DC) – Regierungen weltweit sollen vollständig autonome Waffensysteme aufgrund ihres Gefährdungspotentials für Zivilisten in bewaffneten Konflikten schon heute verbieten, so Human Rights Watch. Künftige Waffensysteme („Killerroboter“) können ohne menschlichen Eingriff Ziele auswählen und angreifen. </p><p> Der 50-seitige Bericht „<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126222115/http://hrw.org/reports/2012/11/19/losing-humanity-0">Losing Humanity: The Case Against Killer Robots</a>“ untersucht die Problematik autonomer Waffensysteme, denen die menschlichen Eigenschaften fehlen, anhand derer rechtliche und andere Schutzmaßnahmen gegen die Tötung von Zivilisten getroffen werden können. Zudem untergraben sie die abschreckende Wirkung von Gesetzen, da es schwierig ist, die Verantwortlichen für Schäden durch solche Waffen zur Rechenschaft zu ziehen. </p><p> „Es geht eindeutig zu weit, Maschinen auf dem Schlachtfeld über Leben und Tod entscheiden zu lassen“, so <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126222115/http://www.hrw.org/bios/stephen-goose">Steve Goose</a>, Leiter der Abteilung Waffen bei Human Rights Watch. „Eine menschliche Kontrolle von Robotern als Kriegsgerät ist entscheidend, um den Tod von Zivilisten und Verletzte zu verhindern.“ </p><p> Der Bericht ist die erste umfangreiche Studie einer Nichtregierungsorganisation über autonome Waffen und stützt sich auf umfangreiche Recherchen über die Rechtslage, Technologie und Ethik im Zusammenhang mit den neuartigen Waffen. Es handelt sich dabei um eine gemeinsame Veröffentlichung von Human Rights Watch und der Harvard Law School International Human Rights Clinic. </p> <p> Human Rights Watch und die International Human Rights Clinic fordern einen internationalen Vertrag, der Entwicklung, Produktion und Einsatz von vollautonomen Waffen unter allen Umständen verbietet. Einzelne Staaten wurden aufgerufen, entsprechende Richtlinien und Gesetze auch auf nationler Ebene zu verabschieden. </p><p> Vollautonome Waffen existieren zwar noch nicht und Länder wie die USA haben noch nicht über ihre Einführung entschieden. Doch viele hochtechnologisierte Armeen entwickeln oder besitzen bereits Vorläufersysteme, die den Trend zu größerer Autonomie von Maschinen auf dem Schlachtfeld verdeutlichen. Die USA sind bei dieser technologischen Entwicklung führend. Einige andere Länder wie China, Deutschland, Israel, Südkorea und Großbritannien sind ebenfalls beteiligt. Viele Experten rechnen mit der Einführung vollständig autonomer Waffen in 20 bis 30 Jahren; manche erwarten dies sogar schon früher. </p> <iframe width="638" height="360" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126222115if_/http://www.youtube.com/embed/Hg8g5htnHa4?cc_load_policy=1;" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <p> „Es ist wichtig, die Entwicklung von Killerrobotern aufzuhalten, bevor sie Einzug in die nationalen Arsenale halten“, so Goose. „Je mehr Staaten in diese Technologien investiert haben, desto schwere wird es, dass sie diese wieder aufgeben.“ </p><p> Vollautonome Waffen entsprechen nicht den Anforderungen des humanitären Völkerrechts, so Human Rights Watch und die Harvard Clinic. Sie sind nicht in der Lage, im Gefecht angemessen zwischen Soldaten und Zivilisten zu unterscheiden. Ferner fehlt ihnen das notwendige menschliche Urteilsvermögen, um die Verhältnismäßigkeit eines Angriffs zu bewerten – also ob wegen ziviler Schäden ein militärischer Angriff ausgeschlossen wird. </p><p> Kampfroboter untergraben auch informelle Schutzmechanismen gegen die Tötung von Zivilisten. Vollautonome Waffen können kein Mitgefühl für ihre Opfer entwickeln und etwa von Autokraten problemlos gegen das eigene Volk eingesetzt werden. Wenn Soldaten durch Maschinen ersetzt werden, können zwar Menschenleben in den Reihen des Militärs gerettet werden. Doch sie machen es auch einfacher, Kriege zu beginnen, bei denen Zivilisten die Hauptleidtragenden sind. </p><p> Der Einsatz vollautonomer Waffen schafft zudem eine Lücke darin, wer zur Verantwortung gezogen werden kann. Den Kommandeur, Programmierer oder Hersteller für die Taten eines Roboters strafrechtlich zu belangen, wäre mit erheblichen Schwierigkeiten verbunden. Dieser Mangel an Rechenschaftspflicht würde sowohl die Abschreckung vor Völkerrechtsverletzungen als auch eine wirksame Rechtshilfe für Opfer erschweren. </p><p> Die meisten Armeen behaupten, bewaffnete Roboter würden auch in Zukunft einem Mindestmaß an menschlicher Kontrolle unterstehen. Doch bleibt die Wirksamkeit einer solchen Kontrolle fragwürdig, insbesondere da sich die Militärs weiter die Möglichkeit vollständig autonomer Systeme für die Zukunft offen halten. </p><p> „Es muss jetzt gehandelt werden, bevor Kampfroboter die Grenze zwischen Science-Fiction und Realität überschreiten“, so Goose.</p></div><div class="translation-links"><div class="label">Also available in:</div> <ul class="translation-list"><li class="node_translation_ar first"><a href="/web/20130126222115/http://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2012/11/19-0" title="يجب حظر "الروبوتات القاتلة" قبل فوات الأوان" class="translation-link">العربية</a></li> <li class="node_translation_zh-hans"><a href="/web/20130126222115/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2012/11/19" title="趁早禁止“杀手机器人”" class="translation-link">中文</a></li> <li class="node_translation_en"><a href="/web/20130126222115/http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/11/19/ban-killer-robots-it-s-too-late" title="Ban ‘Killer Robots’ Before It’s Too Late" 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