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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Climate and geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_and_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Grapes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grapes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grapes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Whites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viticulture_and_winemaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viticulture_and_winemaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Viticulture and winemaking</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Viticulture_and_winemaking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Viticulture and winemaking subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Viticulture_and_winemaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Viticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Viticulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winemaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winemaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Winemaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winemaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Wine styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Wine classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_label" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_label"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Wine label</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine_label-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Claret"_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Claret"_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>"Claret" term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Claret"_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Commercial aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commercial_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commercial aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commercial_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syndicat_des_AOC_de_Bordeaux_et_Bordeaux_Supérieur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syndicat_des_AOC_de_Bordeaux_et_Bordeaux_Supérieur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Syndicat des AOC de Bordeaux et Bordeaux Supérieur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syndicat_des_AOC_de_Bordeaux_et_Bordeaux_Supérieur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plan_Bordeaux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plan_Bordeaux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Plan Bordeaux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plan_Bordeaux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bordeaux wine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="كروم بوردو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كروم بوردو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B1%C3%A9u_de_Burdeos" title="Viñéu de Burdeos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Viñéu de Burdeos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwiniegi_Bourdel" title="Gwiniegi Bourdel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwiniegi Bourdel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_(%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BD%C4%95)" title="Бордо (эрехтăвакан енĕ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бордо (эрехтăвакан енĕ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_(v%C3%ADno)" title="Bordeaux (víno) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bordeaux (víno)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_(vindistrikt)" title="Bordeaux (vindistrikt) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bordeaux (vindistrikt)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_(Weinbaugebiet)" title="Bordeaux (Weinbaugebiet) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bordeaux (Weinbaugebiet)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B1edo_de_Burdeos" title="Viñedo de Burdeos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Viñedo de Burdeos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordoza_vino" title="Bordoza vino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bordoza vino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeleko_ardoa" title="Bordeleko ardoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bordeleko ardoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="شراب بوردو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شراب بوردو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignoble_de_Bordeaux" title="Vignoble de Bordeaux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vignoble de Bordeaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexi%C3%B3n_vit%C3%ADcola_de_Bordeos" title="Rexión vitícola de Bordeos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rexión vitícola de Bordeos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%8F%84_%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EC%A3%BC" title="보르도 포도주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보르도 포도주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բորդոյի գինիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բորդոյի գինիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah_anggur_Bordeaux" title="Wilayah anggur Bordeaux – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wilayah anggur Bordeaux" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_(vino)" title="Bordeaux (vino) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bordeaux (vino)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95" title="יין בורדו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יין בורדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Бордо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бордо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinum_Burdigalense" title="Vinum Burdigalense – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vinum Burdigalense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_(W%C3%A4ibauregioun)" title="Bordeaux (Wäibauregioun) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bordeaux (Wäibauregioun)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordo_vynas" title="Bordo vynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bordo vynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux-i_borvid%C3%A9k" title="Bordeaux-i borvidék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bordeaux-i borvidék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D" title="ബോർഡോ വീഞ്ഞ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബോർഡോ വീഞ്ഞ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_(wijnstreek)" title="Bordeaux (wijnstreek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bordeaux (wijnstreek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="ボルドーワイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボルドーワイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_(vin)" title="Bordeaux (vin) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bordeaux (vin)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vins_de_Bordiaux" title="Vins de Bordiaux – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Vins de Bordiaux" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_(region_winiarski)" title="Bordeaux (region winiarski) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bordeaux (region winiarski)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinho_de_Bord%C3%A9us" title="Vinho de Bordéus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vinho de Bordéus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Bordeaux" title="Vin de Bordeaux – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vin de Bordeaux" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Бордо (винодельческий регион) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бордо (винодельческий регион)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claret" title="Claret – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Claret" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeauxviner" title="Bordeauxviner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bordeauxviner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_%C5%9Farab%C4%B1" title="Bordeaux şarabı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bordeaux şarabı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Бордо (виноробний регіон) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бордо (виноробний регіон)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wine produced in the Bordeaux region of France best vinyage year of last 100</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weinbaugebiete-frankreich-bordeaux.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Weinbaugebiete-frankreich-bordeaux.png/350px-Weinbaugebiete-frankreich-bordeaux.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Weinbaugebiete-frankreich-bordeaux.png/525px-Weinbaugebiete-frankreich-bordeaux.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Weinbaugebiete-frankreich-bordeaux.png/700px-Weinbaugebiete-frankreich-bordeaux.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Bordeaux regions with most of its appellations shown. The rivers Garonne and Dordogne, and the Gironde estuary are important in defining the various parts of the region.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bordeaux wine</b> (<a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>: <i lang="oc">vin de Bordèu</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">vin de Bordeaux</i>) is produced in the <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine_regions" title="Bordeaux wine regions">Bordeaux region</a> of southwest <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, around the city of <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne River</a>. To the north of the city, the <a href="/wiki/Dordogne_(river)" title="Dordogne (river)">Dordogne River</a> joins the <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> forming the broad estuary called the <a href="/wiki/Gironde_estuary" title="Gironde estuary">Gironde</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Gironde" title="Gironde">Gironde</a> department, with a total vineyard area of 110,800 hectares,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the second largest wine-growing area in France behind the Languedoc-Rousillon.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Average vintages produce over 700 million bottles of wine, ranging from large quantities of daily <a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">table wine</a> to some of the world's most expensive and prestigious wines. The vast majority of wine produced in Bordeaux is red (sometimes called "claret" in Britain), with sweet white wines (most notably <a href="/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)" title="Sauternes (wine)">Sauternes</a>), dry whites, and (in much smaller quantities) rosé and sparkling wines (<a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9mant_de_Bordeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Crémant de Bordeaux">Crémant de Bordeaux</a>) collectively making up the remainder. Bordeaux wine is made by more than 5,660 producers or <i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Château">châteaux</a></i>. There are 65 <a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">appellations</a> of Bordeaux wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordeaux_Figures_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordeaux_Figures-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_12thC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/France_12thC.jpg/220px-France_12thC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/France_12thC.jpg/330px-France_12thC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/France_12thC.jpg/440px-France_12thC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1541" /></a><figcaption>Map of the French provinces (including Bordeaux) assimilated by the Plantagenet-Aquitaine union</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a> was introduced into the Bordeaux region by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a>, probably in the mid-1st century CE,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to provide wine for local consumption, and wine production has been continuous in the region since then.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_atlas_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_atlas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the 12th century, the popularity of Bordeaux wines in England increased dramatically following the marriage in 1152 of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Plantagenet">Henry Plantagenet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bordeaux.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordeaux.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> lands included the Bordeaux region. Henry Plantagenet became King Henry II of England in 1154, and within his so-called <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a> Bordeaux developed a long-lived export market for its wine in England.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, <a href="/wiki/Graves_(wine_region)" title="Graves (wine region)">Graves</a> was the principal <a href="/wiki/Wine_regions_of_Bordeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine regions of Bordeaux">wine region</a> of Bordeaux, and the principal style was <a href="/wiki/Clairet" title="Clairet">clairet</a>. This accounts for the ubiquity of <i>claret</i> in England, though the anglicized term "claret" came to be used by <a href="/wiki/Anglophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophone">English-speakers</a> for a period to refer to all red wine rather than to the claret style specifically.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The export of Bordeaux was interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> outbreak between France and England in 1337.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordeaux.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordeaux.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the conflict in 1453 France had repossessed the province, thus taking control of wine production in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordeaux.com_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordeaux.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a>, the French granted Scottish merchants a privileged position in the trade of claret. This position continued largely unchanged after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Edinburgh" title="Treaty of Edinburgh">Treaty of Edinburgh</a> ended the military alliance between France and Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC.co.uk_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC.co.uk-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even when the by then Protestant kingdoms of England and Scotland, both ruled by the same <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a> king by this point, were trying to militarily aid the <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> rebels in their fight against Catholic France in <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a>, Scots trading vessels were not only permitted to enter the <a href="/wiki/Gironde" title="Gironde">Gironde</a>, but the French navy escorted them safely to the port of Bordeaux to protect them from Huguenot privateers. </p><p>In the seventeenth century, Dutch traders drained the swampy ground of the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9doc_AOC" title="Médoc AOC">Médoc</a> so it could be planted with vines, and this gradually surpassed Graves as the most prestigious region of Bordeaux. <a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a> was the dominant grape here, until the early 19th century, when it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_atlas_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_atlas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1855, the châteaux of Bordeaux were <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_Wine_Official_Classification_of_1855" title="Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855">classified</a>; this classification remains widely used today. From 1875 to 1892 almost all Bordeaux vineyards were ruined by <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a> infestations.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordeaux.com_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordeaux.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region's wine industry was rescued by <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">grafting</a> native vines onto pest-resistant American <a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">rootstock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordeaux.com_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordeaux.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_and_geography">Climate and geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate and geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cars,_Gironde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cars%2C_Gironde.jpg/220px-Cars%2C_Gironde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cars%2C_Gironde.jpg/330px-Cars%2C_Gironde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cars%2C_Gironde.jpg/440px-Cars%2C_Gironde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption>Vineyards of <a href="/wiki/Blaye" title="Blaye">Blaye</a> on the "right bank" of Bordeaux</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vignoble_de_Pauillac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vignoble_de_Pauillac.jpg/220px-Vignoble_de_Pauillac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vignoble_de_Pauillac.jpg/330px-Vignoble_de_Pauillac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vignoble_de_Pauillac.jpg/440px-Vignoble_de_Pauillac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4875" data-file-height="3249" /></a><figcaption>Vineyards of <a href="/wiki/Pauillac_AOC" title="Pauillac AOC">Pauillac</a> on the "left bank" of Bordeaux</figcaption></figure> <p>The major reason for the success of winemaking in the Bordeaux region is the excellent environment for growing vines. The geological foundation of the region is limestone, leading to a soil structure that is heavy in calcium. The <a href="/wiki/Gironde_estuary" title="Gironde estuary">Gironde estuary</a> dominates the regions along with its <a href="/wiki/Tributaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributaries">tributaries</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a> rivers, and together <a href="/wiki/Irrigate_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigate (wine)">irrigate</a> the land and provide an Atlantic Climate, also known as an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a>, for the region.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_118,120_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pp_118,120-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bordeaux lies at the center of the confluence of the Dordogne and Garonne Rivers, which flow into the Gironde.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Month_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Month-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These rivers define the main geographical subdivisions of the region: </p> <ul><li>"The right bank", situated on the right bank of Dordogne, in the northern parts of the region, around the city of <a href="/wiki/Libourne" title="Libourne">Libourne</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entre-Deux-Mers" title="Entre-Deux-Mers">Entre-Deux-Mers</a></i>, French for "between two seas", the area between the rivers Dordogne and Garonne, both of which are tidal, in the center of the region.</li> <li>"The left bank", situated on the left bank of Garonne, in the west and south of the region, around the city of <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> itself. The left bank is further subdivided into: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graves_(wine_region)" title="Graves (wine region)">Graves</a>, the area upstream of the city Bordeaux.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9doc" title="Médoc">Médoc</a>, the area downstream of the city Bordeaux, situated on a peninsula between Gironde and the Atlantic at the Left Bank of the Gironde.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>In Bordeaux the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroir</a></i> plays a pivotal role in wine production with the top estates aiming to make <i>terroir</i> driven wines that reflect the place they are from, often from grapes collected from a single vineyard.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_118,120_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pp_118,120-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soil of Bordeaux is composed of <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sandy</a> stone, and clay. The region's best vineyards are located on the well-drained gravel soils that are frequently found near the Gironde river. An old <a href="/wiki/Adage" class="mw-redirect" title="Adage">adage</a> in Bordeaux is the best estates can "see the river" from their vineyards. The majority of land facing riverward is occupied by <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_Wine_Official_Classification_of_1855" title="Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855">classified estates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_118,120_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pp_118,120-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grapes">Grapes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reds">Reds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabernet_Sauvignon_grapes_from_Ch%C3%A2teau_Cos_D%27Estournel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cabernet_Sauvignon_grapes_from_Ch%C3%A2teau_Cos_D%27Estournel.jpg/220px-Cabernet_Sauvignon_grapes_from_Ch%C3%A2teau_Cos_D%27Estournel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cabernet_Sauvignon_grapes_from_Ch%C3%A2teau_Cos_D%27Estournel.jpg/330px-Cabernet_Sauvignon_grapes_from_Ch%C3%A2teau_Cos_D%27Estournel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cabernet_Sauvignon_grapes_from_Ch%C3%A2teau_Cos_D%27Estournel.jpg/440px-Cabernet_Sauvignon_grapes_from_Ch%C3%A2teau_Cos_D%27Estournel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a> grapes in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9doc_AOC" title="Médoc AOC">Médoc</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Red Bordeaux is generally made from a blend of grapes. Permitted grapes are <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petit_Verdot" title="Petit Verdot">Petit Verdot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carm%C3%A9n%C3%A8re" title="Carménère">Carménère</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brook_36-74_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brook_36-74-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today Carménère is rarely used, with <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clerc-Milon" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clerc-Milon">Château Clerc Milon</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_Wine_Official_Classification_of_1855" title="Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855">fifth growth</a> Bordeaux, being one of the few to still retain Carménère vines. As of July 2019, Bordeaux wineries authorized the use of four new red grapes to combat <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">effects of climate change on viticulture</a> in Bordeaux, though only for those wines designated as Bordeaux or Bordeaux Supérior. These newly approved grapes are <a href="/wiki/Marselan" title="Marselan">Marselan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touriga_Nacional" title="Touriga Nacional">Touriga Nacional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castets_(grape)" title="Castets (grape)">Castets</a>, and Arinarnoa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a broad generalisation, Cabernet Sauvignon (Bordeaux's second-most planted grape variety) dominates the blend in red wines produced in the Médoc and the rest of the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Gironde_estuary" title="Gironde estuary">Gironde estuary</a>. Typical top-quality Châteaux blends are 70% Cabernet Sauvignon, 15% Cabernet Franc and 15% Merlot. This is typically referred to as the "Bordeaux blend". Merlot tends to predominate in <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89milion_AOC" title="Saint-Émilion AOC">Saint-Émilion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomerol" title="Pomerol">Pomerol</a> and the other right bank appellations. These Right Bank blends from top -quality Châteaux are typically 70% Merlot, 15% Cabernet Franc and 15% Cabernet Sauvignon.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_129_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_129-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whites">Whites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Whites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semillon_grapes_at_Ch%C3%A2teau_Doisy-V%C3%A9drines,_Barsac,_Sauternes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Semillon_grapes_at_Ch%C3%A2teau_Doisy-V%C3%A9drines%2C_Barsac%2C_Sauternes.jpg/220px-Semillon_grapes_at_Ch%C3%A2teau_Doisy-V%C3%A9drines%2C_Barsac%2C_Sauternes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Semillon_grapes_at_Ch%C3%A2teau_Doisy-V%C3%A9drines%2C_Barsac%2C_Sauternes.jpg/330px-Semillon_grapes_at_Ch%C3%A2teau_Doisy-V%C3%A9drines%2C_Barsac%2C_Sauternes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Semillon_grapes_at_Ch%C3%A2teau_Doisy-V%C3%A9drines%2C_Barsac%2C_Sauternes.jpg/440px-Semillon_grapes_at_Ch%C3%A2teau_Doisy-V%C3%A9drines%2C_Barsac%2C_Sauternes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a> grapes in <a href="/wiki/Barsac_AOC" class="mw-redirect" title="Barsac AOC">Barsac</a></figcaption></figure> <p>White Bordeaux is predominantly, and exclusively in the case of the sweet <a href="/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)" title="Sauternes (wine)">Sauternes</a>, made from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscadelle" title="Muscadelle">Muscadelle</a>. Typical blends are 80% Sémillon and 20% Sauvignon blanc. As with the reds, white Bordeaux wines are usually blends, most commonly of Sémillon and a smaller proportion of Sauvignon blanc. Other permitted grape varieties are <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_gris" title="Sauvignon gris">Sauvignon gris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugni_blanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugni blanc">Ugni blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merlot_blanc" title="Merlot blanc">Merlot blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ondenc" title="Ondenc">Ondenc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauzac_(grape)" title="Mauzac (grape)">Mauzac</a>. Recently permitted by Bordeaux wineries, three new white grapes have been added: <a href="/wiki/Albari%C3%B1o" title="Albariño">Alvarinho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petit_Manseng" title="Petit Manseng">Petit Manseng</a>, and Liliorila.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1960s Sémillon was the most planted grape in Bordeaux. Since then it has been in constant decline although it still is the most common of Bordeaux's white grapes. Sauvignon blanc's popularity on the other hand has been rising, overtaking Ugni blanc as the second most planted white Bordeaux grape in the late 1980s and now being grown in an area more than half the size of that of the lower yielding Sémillon. </p><p>Wineries all over the world aspire to making wines in a Bordeaux style. In 1988, a group of American vintners formed The <a href="/wiki/Meritage" title="Meritage">Meritage</a> Association to identify wines made in this way. Although most Meritage wines come from California, there are members of the Meritage Association in 18 states and five other countries, including Argentina, Australia, Canada, Israel, and Mexico. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viticulture_and_winemaking">Viticulture and winemaking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Viticulture and winemaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viticulture">Viticulture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Viticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Winemaking_in_Bordeaux" title="Winemaking in Bordeaux">Winemaking in Bordeaux</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merlot_grapes_being_sorted_at_Chateau_Kirwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Merlot_grapes_being_sorted_at_Chateau_Kirwan.jpg/220px-Merlot_grapes_being_sorted_at_Chateau_Kirwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Merlot_grapes_being_sorted_at_Chateau_Kirwan.jpg/330px-Merlot_grapes_being_sorted_at_Chateau_Kirwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Merlot_grapes_being_sorted_at_Chateau_Kirwan.jpg/440px-Merlot_grapes_being_sorted_at_Chateau_Kirwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a> grapes being sorted at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Kirwan" title="Château Kirwan">Château Kirwan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The red grapes in the Bordeaux vineyard are Merlot (62% by area), Cabernet Sauvignon (25%), Cabernet Franc (12%) and a small amount of Petit Verdot, Malbec and Carménère (1% in total). The white grapes are Sémillon (54% by area), Sauvignon blanc (36%), Muscadelle (7%) and a small amount of Ugni blanc, Colombard and Folle blanche (3% in total).<sup id="cite_ref-Bordeaux_Figures_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordeaux_Figures-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the generally humid Bordeaux climate, a variety of pests can cause a problem for the <i><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">vigneron</a></i>. In the past, this was counteracted by the widespread use of pesticides, although the use of natural methods has recently been gaining in popularity. The vines are generally <a href="/wiki/Vine_training" title="Vine training">trained</a> in either single or double guyot. Hand-picking is preferred by most of the prestigious châteaux, but machine-harvesting is popular in other places.<sup id="cite_ref-Brook_36-74_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brook_36-74-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winemaking">Winemaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Winemaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following harvest, the grapes are usually sorted and destemmed before crushing. Crushing was traditionally done by foot, but mechanical crushing is now almost universally used. <a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a> is permitted, and is fairly common-place. <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">Fermentation</a> then takes place, usually in temperature controlled stainless steel vats. Next the <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a> is <a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">pressed</a> and transferred to barriques (in most cases) for a period of ageing (commonly a year). The traditional Bordeaux barrique is a 225-litre oak barrel. At some point between pressing and bottling the wine is blended. This is an integral part of the Bordeaux wine making process, as scarcely any Bordeaux wines are <a href="/wiki/Varietals" class="mw-redirect" title="Varietals">varietals</a>; wine from different grape varieties is mixed together, depending on the vintage conditions, so as to produce a wine in the château's preferred style. In addition to mixing wine from different grape varieties, wine from different parts of the vineyard is often aged separately, and then blended into either the main or the second wine (or sold off wholesale) according to the judgment of the winemaker. The wine is then bottled and usually undergoes a further period of ageing before it is released for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-Brook_36-74_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brook_36-74-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wine_styles">Wine styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wine styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pichon01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Pichon01.jpg/220px-Pichon01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Pichon01.jpg/330px-Pichon01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Pichon01.jpg/440px-Pichon01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Pichon-Longueville-Baron" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Pichon-Longueville-Baron">Château Pichon-Longueville-Baron</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pauillac" title="Pauillac">Pauillac</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquem.jpg/220px-Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquem.jpg/330px-Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquem.jpg/440px-Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3086" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquem" title="Château d'Yquem">Château d'Yquem</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)" title="Sauternes (wine)">Sauternes</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_Cheval-Blanc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ch%C3%A2teau_Cheval-Blanc.jpg/220px-Ch%C3%A2teau_Cheval-Blanc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ch%C3%A2teau_Cheval-Blanc.jpg/330px-Ch%C3%A2teau_Cheval-Blanc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ch%C3%A2teau_Cheval-Blanc.jpg/440px-Ch%C3%A2teau_Cheval-Blanc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="1956" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Cheval_Blanc" title="Château Cheval Blanc">Château Cheval Blanc</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89milion" title="Saint-Émilion">Saint-Émilion</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrus01-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Petrus01-2.jpg/220px-Petrus01-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Petrus01-2.jpg/330px-Petrus01-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Petrus01-2.jpg/440px-Petrus01-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A9trus" title="Château Pétrus">Château Pétrus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pomerol" title="Pomerol">Pomerol</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Bordeaux <a href="/wiki/Wine_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine region">wine region</a> is divided into subregions including <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89milion_AOC" title="Saint-Émilion AOC">Saint-Émilion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomerol_AOC" title="Pomerol AOC">Pomerol</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9doc_AOC" title="Médoc AOC">Médoc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Graves_(wine_region)" title="Graves (wine region)">Graves</a>. The 60 Bordeaux appellations and the wine styles they represent are usually categorized into six main families, four red based on the subregions and two white based on sweetness:<sup id="cite_ref-CIVB_prod_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIVB_prod-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Red Bordeaux and Red Bordeaux Supérieur</i>. Bordeaux winemakers may use the two regional appellations throughout the entire wine region; however, approximately half of the Bordeaux vineyard is specifically designated under Bordeaux and Bordeaux Supérieur <a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">AOCs</a>. With the majority of châteaux located on the Right Bank in the Entre-Deux-Mers area, wines are typically Merlot-dominant, often blended with the other classic Bordeaux varieties. There are many small, family-run châteaux, as well as wines blended and sold by wine merchants under commercial brand names. The Bordeaux AOC wines tend to be fruity, with minimal influence of <a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">oak</a>, and are produced in a style meant to be drunk young. Bordeaux Superieur AOC wines are produced in the same area, but must follow stricter controls, such as lower yields, and are often aged in <a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">oak</a>. For the past 10 years, there has been strong, ongoing investment by the winemakers in both the vineyards and in the cellar, resulting in ever increasing quality. New reforms for the regional appellations were instituted in 2008 by the Bordeaux and Bordeaux Supérieur Winemakers' Association. In 2010, 55% of all Bordeaux wines sold in the world were from Bordeaux and Bordeaux Supérieur AOCs, with 67% sold in France and 33% exported (+9%), representing 14 bottles consumed per second.<sup id="cite_ref-CIVB_prod_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIVB_prod-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Red Côtes de Bordeaux</i>. Eight appellations are in the hilly outskirts of the region, and produce wines where the blend usually is dominated by Merlot. These wines tend to be intermediate between basic red Bordeaux and the more famous appellations of the left and right bank in both style and quality. However, since none of Bordeaux's stellar names are situated in Côtes de Bordeaux, prices tend to be moderate. There is no official classification in Côtes de Bordeaux.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, 14.7% of the region's vineyard surface was used for wines in this family.<sup id="cite_ref-CIVB_prod_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIVB_prod-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Red Libourne, or "Right Bank" wines</i>. Around the city of <a href="/wiki/Libourne" title="Libourne">Libourne</a>, 10 appellations produce wines dominated by Merlot with very little Cabernet Sauvignon, the two most famous being <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89milion_AOC" title="Saint-Émilion AOC">Saint-Émilion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pomerol" title="Pomerol">Pomerol</a>. These wines often have great fruit concentration, softer tannins and are <a href="/wiki/Long-lived_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-lived (wine)">long-lived</a>. Saint-Émilion has an official classification.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, 10.5% of the region's vineyard surface was used for wines in this family.<sup id="cite_ref-CIVB_prod_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIVB_prod-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Red Graves and Médoc or "Left Bank" wines</i>. North and south of the city of Bordeaux, which are the classic areas, produce wines dominated by Cabernet Sauvignon, but often with a significant portion of Merlot. These wines are concentrated, tannic, long-lived and most of them meant to be cellared before drinking. The five First Growths are situated here. There are official classifications for both Médoc and Graves.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, 17.1% of the region's vineyard surface was used for wines in this family.<sup id="cite_ref-CIVB_prod_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIVB_prod-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Dry white wines</i>. Dry white wines are made throughout the region, using the regional appellation Bordeaux Blanc, often from 100% Sauvignon blanc or a blend dominated by Sauvignon blanc and Sémillon. The Bordeaux Blanc AOC is used for wines made in appellations that only allow red wines. Dry whites from Graves are the most well-known and it is the only subregion with a classification for dry white wines. The better versions tend to have a significant oak influence.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, 7.8% of the region's vineyard surface was used for wines in this family.<sup id="cite_ref-CIVB_prod_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIVB_prod-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Sweet white wines</i>. In several locations and appellations throughout the region, sweet white wine is made from Sémillon, Sauvignon blanc and Muscadelle grapes affected by noble rot. The best-known of these appellations is <a href="/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)" title="Sauternes (wine)">Sauternes</a>, which also has an official classification, and where some of the world's most famous sweet wines are produced. There are also appellations neighbouring Sauternes, on both sides of the Garonne river, where similar wines are made. These include Loupiac, Cadillac, and Sainte Croix du Mont. The regional appellation for sweet white wines is Bordeaux Supérieur Blanc.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, 3.2% of the region's vineyard surface was used for wines in this family.<sup id="cite_ref-CIVB_prod_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIVB_prod-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The vast majority of Bordeaux wine is red, with red wine production outnumbering white wine production six to one.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_atlas_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_atlas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wine_classification">Wine classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wine classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine_regions" title="Bordeaux wine regions">Bordeaux wine regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_Wine_Official_Classification_of_1855" title="Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855">Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855</a></div> <p>There are four different classifications of Bordeaux, covering different parts of the region:<sup id="cite_ref-OCW_Classification_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW_Classification-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_Wine_Official_Classification_of_1855" title="Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855">Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855</a>, covering (with one exception) red wines of Médoc, and sweet wines of Sauternes-Barsac.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Saint-%C3%89milion_wine" title="Classification of Saint-Émilion wine">1955 Official Classification of St.-Émilion</a>, which is updated approximately once every ten years.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Graves_wine" title="Classification of Graves wine">1959 Official Classification of Graves</a>, initially classified in 1953 and revised in 1959.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cru_Bourgeois" title="Cru Bourgeois">Cru Bourgeois</a> Classification, which began as an unofficial classification, but came to enjoy official status and was last updated in 2003. However, after various legal turns, the classification was annulled in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-deca2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deca2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2007, plans exist to revive it as an unofficial classification.<sup id="cite_ref-deca3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deca3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 78 producers took legal action against the 2003 classification. In September 2010 a new list of Crus Bourgeois was unveiled as a recognition of quality, with a yearly reappraisal. It is no longer a recognized classification.</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cru_artisan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cru artisan (page does not exist)">Cru artisan</a> Classification was recognized by the European Union in June 1994 and published on January 11, 2006. The classification is to be revised every 10 years. The initial list of 44 Cru Artisans was extended to 50 in 2012; see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cru_artisan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cru artisan (page does not exist)">Cru artisan</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cru_artisan" class="extiw" title="fr:Cru artisan">fr</a>]</sup>.</li></ul> <p>The 1855 classification system was made at the request of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1855)" title="Exposition Universelle (1855)">Exposition Universelle de Paris</a>. This came to be known as the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855, which ranked the wines into five categories according to price. The <a href="/wiki/First_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="First growth">first growth</a> red wines (four from Médoc and one, Château Haut-Brion, from Graves), are among the most expensive wines in the world. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaux_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Margaux_exterior.jpg/220px-Margaux_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Margaux_exterior.jpg/330px-Margaux_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Margaux_exterior.jpg/440px-Margaux_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margaux" title="Château Margaux">Château Margaux</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first growths are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Lafite_Rothschild" title="Château Lafite Rothschild">Château Lafite Rothschild</a>, in the appellation <a href="/wiki/Pauillac_AOC" title="Pauillac AOC">Pauillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margaux" title="Château Margaux">Château Margaux</a>, in the appellation <a href="/wiki/Margaux_AOC" title="Margaux AOC">Margaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Latour" title="Château Latour">Château Latour</a>, in the appellation Pauillac</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Haut-Brion" title="Château Haut-Brion">Château Haut-Brion</a>, in the appellation <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9ssac-Leognan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Péssac-Leognan (page does not exist)">Péssac-Leognan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton_Rothschild" title="Château Mouton Rothschild">Château Mouton Rothschild</a>, in the appellation Pauillac, promoted from second to first growth in 1973.</li></ul> <p>At the same time, the sweet white wines of Sauternes and Barsac were classified into three categories, with only <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquem" title="Château d'Yquem">Château d'Yquem</a> being classified as a superior first growth. </p><p>In 1955, St. Émilion AOC were classified into three categories, the highest being <i>Premier Grand Cru Classé A</i> with two members:<sup id="cite_ref-OCW_Classification_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW_Classification-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ausone" title="Château Ausone">Château Ausone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Cheval_Blanc" title="Château Cheval Blanc">Château Cheval Blanc</a></li></ul> <p>In the 2012 classification, two more Châteaux became members: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ang%C3%A9lus" title="Château Angélus">Château Angélus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Pavie" title="Château Pavie">Château Pavie</a></li></ul> <p>There is no official classification applied to <a href="/wiki/Pomerol" title="Pomerol">Pomerol</a>. However some Pomerol wines, notably <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A9trus" title="Château Pétrus">Château Pétrus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Le_Pin" title="Château Le Pin">Château Le Pin</a>, are often considered as being equivalent to the first growths of the 1855 classification, and often sell for even higher prices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wine_label">Wine label</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wine label"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Emilion_Chateau_l%27angelus_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Saint-Emilion_Chateau_l%27angelus_1978.jpg/170px-Saint-Emilion_Chateau_l%27angelus_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Saint-Emilion_Chateau_l%27angelus_1978.jpg/255px-Saint-Emilion_Chateau_l%27angelus_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Saint-Emilion_Chateau_l%27angelus_1978.jpg/340px-Saint-Emilion_Chateau_l%27angelus_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Saint-Émilion <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ang%C3%A9lus" title="Château Angélus">Château l'Angélus</a> 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>Bordeaux <a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">wine labels</a> generally include:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The name of the estate <i>(Image example: Château L'Angelus)</i></li> <li>The estate's classification <i>(Image example: Grand Cru Classé)</i> This can be in reference to the 1855 Bordeaux classification or one of the <a href="/wiki/Cru_Bourgeois" title="Cru Bourgeois">Cru Bourgeois</a>.</li> <li>The appellation <i>(Image example: Saint-Émilion)</i> <a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">Appellation d'origine contrôlée</a> laws dictate that all grapes must be harvested from a particular <a href="/wiki/Appellation" title="Appellation">appellation</a> for that appellation to appear on the label. The appellation is a key indicator of the type of wine in the bottle. With the image example, Pauillac wines are always red, and usually Cabernet Sauvignon is the dominant grape variety.</li> <li>Whether or not the wine is bottled at the château <i>(Image example: Mis en Bouteille au Château)</i> or assembled by a <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gociant" class="mw-redirect" title="Négociant">Négociant</a>.</li> <li>The vintage <i>(Image example: 1978)</i></li> <li>Alcohol content <i>(not shown on image)</i></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Claret"_term"><span id=".22Claret.22_term"></span>"Claret" term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: "Claret" term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Claret" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Claret_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Claret (disambiguation)">Claret (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claret,_English_silver_bottle_ticket,_by_Sandylands_Drinkwater,_circa_1740_or_1750.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Claret%2C_English_silver_bottle_ticket%2C_by_Sandylands_Drinkwater%2C_circa_1740_or_1750.jpg/220px-Claret%2C_English_silver_bottle_ticket%2C_by_Sandylands_Drinkwater%2C_circa_1740_or_1750.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Claret%2C_English_silver_bottle_ticket%2C_by_Sandylands_Drinkwater%2C_circa_1740_or_1750.jpg/330px-Claret%2C_English_silver_bottle_ticket%2C_by_Sandylands_Drinkwater%2C_circa_1740_or_1750.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Claret%2C_English_silver_bottle_ticket%2C_by_Sandylands_Drinkwater%2C_circa_1740_or_1750.jpg/440px-Claret%2C_English_silver_bottle_ticket%2C_by_Sandylands_Drinkwater%2C_circa_1740_or_1750.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Claret, English silver bottle ticket, by Sandylands Drinkwater</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Claret</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ær/: 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KLARR</span>-it</i></a>) is a name primarily used in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> for red Bordeaux wine. <i>Claret</i> derives from the French <i><a href="/wiki/Clairet" title="Clairet">clairet</a></i>, now a rare dark <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a>, which was the most common wine exported from <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> until the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-OCW-Claret_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW-Claret-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicised</a> to "claret" as a result of its widespread consumption in England during the period in the 12th–15th centuries that <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> was part of the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a> and continued to be controlled by Kings of England for some time <a href="#History">after the Angevins</a>. It is a protected name within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, describing a red Bordeaux wine, accepted after the British wine trade demonstrated over 300 years' usage of the term.<sup id="cite_ref-OCW-Claret_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW-Claret-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_Bottle_Cream_of_California_Claret,_Delacroix_Louisiana_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wine_Bottle_Cream_of_California_Claret%2C_Delacroix_Louisiana_1941.jpg/220px-Wine_Bottle_Cream_of_California_Claret%2C_Delacroix_Louisiana_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wine_Bottle_Cream_of_California_Claret%2C_Delacroix_Louisiana_1941.jpg/330px-Wine_Bottle_Cream_of_California_Claret%2C_Delacroix_Louisiana_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wine_Bottle_Cream_of_California_Claret%2C_Delacroix_Louisiana_1941.jpg/440px-Wine_Bottle_Cream_of_California_Claret%2C_Delacroix_Louisiana_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2343" data-file-height="2255" /></a><figcaption>One gallon jug of <a href="/wiki/E_%26_J_Gallo_Winery" title="E & J Gallo Winery">Gallo</a> "California Claret", <a href="/wiki/Delacroix,_Louisiana" title="Delacroix, Louisiana">Delacroix, Louisiana</a>, 1941</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Claret</i> is occasionally used in the United States as a <a href="/wiki/Semi-generic" title="Semi-generic">semi-generic</a> label for red wine in the style of the Bordeaux, ideally from the same <a href="#Grapes">grapes</a> as are permitted in Bordeaux. The French themselves do not use the term, except for export purposes. The meaning of "claret" has changed and now refers to a dry, dark-red Bordeaux.<sup id="cite_ref-OCW-Claret_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW-Claret-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has remained a term associated with the <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">English upper class</a> and consequently appears on bottles of generic red Bordeaux to raise their status in the market. In November 2011 the president of the Union des Maisons de Négoce de Bordeaux announced an intention to use the term <i>claret de Bordeaux</i> for wines that are "light and fruity, easy to drink, in the same style as the original claret when it was prized by the English in former centuries".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Claret" is also sometimes used as a <a href="/wiki/Colour_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour name">colour name</a> to refer to the dark, purplish-red <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordeaux (color)">colour of Bordeaux wine</a>. In Britain and Australia, "claret" has also been a slang term for blood.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_aspects">Commercial aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Commercial aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lynch_Bages_1970;_Leoville-Las-Cases_1970_in_decanters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lynch_Bages_1970%3B_Leoville-Las-Cases_1970_in_decanters.jpg/220px-Lynch_Bages_1970%3B_Leoville-Las-Cases_1970_in_decanters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lynch_Bages_1970%3B_Leoville-Las-Cases_1970_in_decanters.jpg/330px-Lynch_Bages_1970%3B_Leoville-Las-Cases_1970_in_decanters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lynch_Bages_1970%3B_Leoville-Las-Cases_1970_in_decanters.jpg/440px-Lynch_Bages_1970%3B_Leoville-Las-Cases_1970_in_decanters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Bordeaux red wine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothschild_white_Bordeaux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Rothschild_white_Bordeaux.jpg/170px-Rothschild_white_Bordeaux.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Rothschild_white_Bordeaux.jpg/255px-Rothschild_white_Bordeaux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Rothschild_white_Bordeaux.jpg/340px-Rothschild_white_Bordeaux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bordeaux dry white</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the top Bordeaux wines are primarily sold by receiving the related payment in advance, the so-called selling <i><a href="/wiki/En_primeur" title="En primeur">en primeur</a></i>. Because of the combination of longevity, fairly large production, and an established reputation, Bordeaux wines tend to be the most common wines at wine auctions. </p><p>Market reports released in February 2009 showed that the market had increased in buying power by 128% while the prices had been lowered for the very best Bordeaux wines.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syndicat_des_AOC_de_Bordeaux_et_Bordeaux_Supérieur"><span id="Syndicat_des_AOC_de_Bordeaux_et_Bordeaux_Sup.C3.A9rieur"></span>Syndicat des AOC de Bordeaux et Bordeaux Supérieur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Syndicat des AOC de Bordeaux et Bordeaux Supérieur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syndicate des Vins de Bordeaux et Bordeaux Supérieur is an organization representing the economic interests of 6,700 wine producers in Bordeaux, France. The <a href="/wiki/Wine_lake" title="Wine lake">wine lake</a> and other economic problems have increased the salience of the winemakers' association, whose members are facing increasing costs and decreasing demand for their product. </p><p>As the largest appellation producing fine wines, and the strong foundation of the pyramid of Bordeaux wines, Bordeaux AOC & Bordeaux Supérieur AOC today account for 55% of all Bordeaux wines consumed in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plan_Bordeaux">Plan Bordeaux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Plan Bordeaux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plan Bordeaux was an initiative introduced in 2005 by <a href="/wiki/ONIVINS" class="mw-redirect" title="ONIVINS">ONIVINS</a>, the French <a href="/wiki/Vintner" class="mw-redirect" title="Vintner">vintners</a> association, designed to reduce France's wine production in order to improve profitability for the remaining producers. Part of the plan was to uproot 17,000 hectares of the 124,000 hectares of <a href="/wiki/Vineyards" class="mw-redirect" title="Vineyards">vineyards</a> in Bordeaux.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wine industry in Bordeaux has been experiencing economic problems in the face of strong international competition from <a href="/wiki/New_World_wines" class="mw-redirect" title="New World wines">New World wines</a> and declining wine consumption in France.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, exports to the U.S. plummeted 59% in value over the previous year. Sales in Britain dropped 33% in value during the same period. The UK, a major market, now imports more wine from Australia than from France. Amongst the possible causes for this economic crisis are that many consumers tend to prefer wine labels that state the variety of grape used, and often find the required French AOC labels difficult to understand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_Delpeuch" title="Christian Delpeuch">Christian Delpeuch</a>, president emeritus of Plan Bordeaux hoped to reduce production, improve quality, and sell more wine in the United States. However, two years after the beginning of the program, Mr Delpeuch<sup id="cite_ref-wineint_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wineint-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resigned, "citing the failure of the French government to address properly the wine crisis in Bordeaux." Delpeuch told journalists assembled at the Bordeaux Press Club "I refuse to countenance this continual putting off of decisions which can only end in failure."<sup id="cite_ref-wineint_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wineint-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Delpeuch said he was shocked and disappointed by the failure of his efforts—and by the lack of co-operation from winemakers and <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gociant" class="mw-redirect" title="Négociant">négociants</a> themselves—to achieve anything concrete in terms of reforms to the Bordeaux wine industry over the last 24 months."<sup id="cite_ref-wineint_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wineint-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The future of Plan Bordeaux is uncertain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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href="/wiki/Claret_cup_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Claret cup (beverage)">Claret cup (beverage)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bordeaux.com/media/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/DP2020_CIVB_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_BD.pdf">press release</a></i> Conseil interprofessional du vin de Bordeaux (CIVB), (French) Retrieved 4 March 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grape-to-glass.com/index.php/wine-regions-france/">"Wine Regions of FRANCE – Grape to Glass"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wine+Regions+of+FRANCE+%E2%80%93+Grape+to+Glass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrape-to-glass.com%2Findex.php%2Fwine-regions-france%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bordeaux_Figures-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bordeaux_Figures_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordeaux_Figures_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724111000/http://www.bordeaux.com/Data/media/DPCIVBBordeaux2010UK_1EssentialGuide.pdf">"Synopsis of Bordeaux wines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)</i>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bordeaux.com/Data/media/DPCIVBBordeaux2010UK_1EssentialGuide.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vins+de+Bordeaux+%28CIVB%29&rft.atitle=Synopsis+of+Bordeaux+wines&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bordeaux.com%2FData%2Fmedia%2FDPCIVBBordeaux2010UK_1EssentialGuide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120418063824/http://www.newbordeaux.com/documents/bordeaux_figures.html">"Bordeaux In Figures"</a>. <i>New Bordeaux</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newbordeaux.com/documents/bordeaux_figures.html">the original</a> on 18 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Bordeaux&rft.atitle=Bordeaux+In+Figures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newbordeaux.com%2Fdocuments%2Fbordeaux_figures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2020" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Rod (7 April 2020) [2016]. "From the beginnings to 1000 CE". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KwUaEAAAQBAJ"><i>French Wine: A History</i></a>. Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520355439" title="Special:BookSources/9780520355439"><bdi>9780520355439</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2022</span>. <q>[...] The Romans first intensively sponsored viticulture in Gaul in their province of Narbonensis, and it is unlikely to have extended beyond this Mediterranean-Rhône region until the first-century CE. [...] Vines were first recorded in Bordeaux in the first century CE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+beginnings+to+1000+CE&rft.btitle=French+Wine%3A+A+History&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2020-04-07&rft.isbn=9780520355439&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Rod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKwUaEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_atlas-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_atlas_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_atlas_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_atlas_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_HughRobinson,_Jancis2013" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Hugh; Robinson, Jancis (8 October 2013). <i>The World Atlas of Wine</i> (7th ed.). Mitchell Beazley. pp. 13, 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845336899" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845336899"><bdi>978-1845336899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Wine&rft.pages=13%2C+81&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Mitchell+Beazley&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft.isbn=978-1845336899&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Hugh&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Jancis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bordeaux.com-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bordeaux.com_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordeaux.com_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordeaux.com_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordeaux.com_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordeaux.com_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bordeaux.com/us/Our-know-how/History">"Vins de Bordeaux (US)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Official site)</span>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170614124154/http://www.bordeaux.com/us/Our-know-how/History">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vins+de+Bordeaux+%28US%29&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bordeaux.com%2Fus%2FOur-know-how%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bordeaux.com/us/Our-know-how/History">"Vins de Bordeaux (US)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Official site)</span>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170614124154/http://www.bordeaux.com/us/Our-know-how/History">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2017. <q>Bordeaux established a monopoly in the production, sale and distribution of wine to Great Britain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vins+de+Bordeaux+%28US%29&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bordeaux.com%2Fus%2FOur-know-how%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2019" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Jeffrey (28 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mMabDwAAQBAJ"><i>Angevin Dynasties of Europe 900-1500: Lords of the Greater Part of the World</i></a>. Ramsbury, Wiltshire: The Crowood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719829260" title="Special:BookSources/9780719829260"><bdi>9780719829260</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2022</span>. <q>[...] In the 13th century, Bordeaux became the main port for exporting wine to England, and its position has never faltered in the subsequent 800 years [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angevin+Dynasties+of+Europe+900-1500%3A+Lords+of+the+Greater+Part+of+the+World&rft.place=Ramsbury%2C+Wiltshire&rft.pub=The+Crowood+Press&rft.date=2019-06-28&rft.isbn=9780719829260&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmMabDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_claret" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=claret">"claret"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <q>A name originally given (like French <i>vin clairet</i>) to wines of yellowish or light red color, as distinguished alike from 'red wine' and 'white wine'; the contrast with the former ceased about 1600, and it was then used for red wines generally [...]. Now applied to the red wines imported from Bordeaux, generally mixed with Benicarlo or some full-bodied French wine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=claret&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dclaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC.co.uk-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC.co.uk_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/europe/features_europe_auldalliance.shtml">"BBC"</a>. 9 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fscottishhistory%2Feurope%2Ffeatures_europe_auldalliance.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacNeil_pp_118,120-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_118,120_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_118,120_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_118,120_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacNeil,_Karen2001" class="citation book cs1">MacNeil, Karen (20 October 2001). <i>The Wine Bible</i>. Workman Publishing. pp. 118, 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761185727" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761185727"><bdi>978-0761185727</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wine+Bible&rft.pages=118%2C+120&rft.pub=Workman+Publishing&rft.date=2001-10-20&rft.isbn=978-0761185727&rft.au=MacNeil%2C+Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wine_Month-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Month_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.winemonthclub.com/france-wine-region-guide">"French Wine Regions"</a>. <i>International Wine of the Month Club</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Wine+of+the+Month+Club&rft.atitle=French+Wine+Regions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.winemonthclub.com%2Ffrance-wine-region-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brook_36-74-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brook_36-74_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brook_36-74_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brook_36-74_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrook2012" class="citation book cs1">Brook, Stephen (7 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Complete-Bordeaux-Wines-Ch%C3%A2teaux-People/dp/B00E8V3G76"><i>The Complete Bordeaux: The Wines The Châteaux The People</i></a> (revised ed.). London: Mitchell Beazley. pp. 36–74. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00E8V3G76">B00E8V3G76</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Bordeaux%3A+The+Wines+The+Ch%C3%A2teaux+The+People&rft.place=London&rft.pages=36-74&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Mitchell+Beazley&rft.date=2012-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00E8V3G76%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Brook&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FComplete-Bordeaux-Wines-Ch%25C3%25A2teaux-People%2Fdp%2FB00E8V3G76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray,_W._Blake2019" class="citation web cs1">Gray, W. Blake (2 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2019/07/new-grapes-approved-for-bordeaux">"New Grapes Approved for Bordeaux"</a>. <i>Wine-Searcher</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807031649/https://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2019/07/new-grapes-approved-for-bordeaux">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wine-Searcher&rft.atitle=New+Grapes+Approved+for+Bordeaux&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft.au=Gray%2C+W.+Blake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wine-searcher.com%2Fm%2F2019%2F07%2Fnew-grapes-approved-for-bordeaux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2019/07/new-grapes-approved-for-bordeaux">"New Grapes Approved for Bordeaux | Wine-Searcher News & Features"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Grapes+Approved+for+Bordeaux+%7C+Wine-Searcher+News+%26+Features&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wine-searcher.com%2Fm%2F2019%2F07%2Fnew-grapes-approved-for-bordeaux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke_pg_129-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_129_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke,_OzRand,_Margaret2001" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Oz; Rand, Margaret (30 September 2001). <i>Grapes and Wines:Encyclopedia of Grapes</i>. United Kingdom: Time Warner Books. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316857260" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316857260"><bdi>978-0316857260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grapes+and+Wines%3AEncyclopedia+of+Grapes&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Time+Warner+Books&rft.date=2001-09-30&rft.isbn=978-0316857260&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Oz&rft.au=Rand%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIVB_prod-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIVB_prod_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIVB_prod_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIVB_prod_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIVB_prod_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIVB_prod_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIVB_prod_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIVB_prod_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430144559/http://www.bordeaux.com/Tout-Vins/Les-Appellations.aspx?culture=en-US&country=OTHERS">"The 60 Appellations"</a>. <i>Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bordeaux.com/Tout-Vins/Les-Appellations.aspx?culture=en-US&country=OTHERS">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(read on May 28, 2010)</span> on 30 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vins+de+Bordeaux+%28CIVB%29&rft.atitle=The+60+Appellations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bordeaux.com%2FTout-Vins%2FLes-Appellations.aspx%3Fculture%3Den-US%26country%3DOTHERS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bordeaux & Bordeaux Supérieur Press Kit, 2011, CIVB Economie et Etudes Nov 16, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430151059/http://www.bordeaux.com/Tout-Vins/Les-Appellations.aspx?SelectedTabMenu=tabCotesBordeaux&culture=en-US&country=OTHERS">"The 60 Appellations – Côtes de Bordeaux"</a>. <i>Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bordeaux.com/Tout-Vins/Les-Appellations.aspx?SelectedTabMenu=tabCotesBordeaux&culture=en-US&country=OTHERS#TabMenu">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(read on May 28, 2010)</span> on 30 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vins+de+Bordeaux+%28CIVB%29&rft.atitle=The+60+Appellations+%E2%80%93+C%C3%B4tes+de+Bordeaux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bordeaux.com%2FTout-Vins%2FLes-Appellations.aspx%3FSelectedTabMenu%3DtabCotesBordeaux%26culture%3Den-US%26country%3DOTHERS%23TabMenu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430144940/http://www.bordeaux.com/Tout-Vins/Les-Appellations.aspx?SelectedTabMenu=tabLibournais&culture=en-US&country=OTHERS">"The 60 Appellations – Saint-Emilion, Pomerol, Fronsac"</a>. <i>Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bordeaux.com/Tout-Vins/Les-Appellations.aspx?SelectedTabMenu=tabLibournais&culture=en-US&country=OTHERS#TabMenu">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(read on May 28, 2010)</span> on 30 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vins+de+Bordeaux+%28CIVB%29&rft.atitle=The+60+Appellations+%E2%80%93+Saint-Emilion%2C+Pomerol%2C+Fronsac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bordeaux.com%2FTout-Vins%2FLes-Appellations.aspx%3FSelectedTabMenu%3DtabLibournais%26culture%3Den-US%26country%3DOTHERS%23TabMenu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430144016/http://www.bordeaux.com/Tout-Vins/Les-Appellations.aspx?SelectedTabMenu=tabMedocsGraves&culture=en-US&country=OTHERS">"The 60 Appellations – Médoc and Graves"</a>. <i>Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bordeaux.com/Tout-Vins/Les-Appellations.aspx?SelectedTabMenu=tabMedocsGraves&culture=en-US&country=OTHERS#TabMenu">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(read on May 28, 2010)</span> on 30 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vins+de+Bordeaux+%28CIVB%29&rft.atitle=The+60+Appellations+%E2%80%93+M%C3%A9doc+and+Graves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bordeaux.com%2FTout-Vins%2FLes-Appellations.aspx%3FSelectedTabMenu%3DtabMedocsGraves%26culture%3Den-US%26country%3DOTHERS%23TabMenu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430145241/http://www.bordeaux.com/Tout-Vins/Les-Appellations.aspx?SelectedTabMenu=tabVinsBlancSec&culture=en-US&country=OTHERS">"The 60 Appellations – Dry white wines"</a>. <i>Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bordeaux.com/Tout-Vins/Les-Appellations.aspx?SelectedTabMenu=tabVinsBlancSec&culture=en-US&country=OTHERS#TabMenu">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(read on May 28, 2010)</span> on 30 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vins+de+Bordeaux+%28CIVB%29&rft.atitle=The+60+Appellations+%E2%80%93+Dry+white+wines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bordeaux.com%2FTout-Vins%2FLes-Appellations.aspx%3FSelectedTabMenu%3DtabVinsBlancSec%26culture%3Den-US%26country%3DOTHERS%23TabMenu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430145219/http://www.bordeaux.com/Tout-Vins/Les-Appellations.aspx?SelectedTabMenu=tabVinsBlancOr&culture=en-US&country=OTHERS">"The 60 Appellations – Dry white wines"</a>. <i>Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bordeaux.com/Tout-Vins/Les-Appellations.aspx?SelectedTabMenu=tabVinsBlancOr&culture=en-US&country=OTHERS#TabMenu">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(read on May 28, 2010)</span> on 30 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vins+de+Bordeaux+%28CIVB%29&rft.atitle=The+60+Appellations+%E2%80%93+Dry+white+wines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bordeaux.com%2FTout-Vins%2FLes-Appellations.aspx%3FSelectedTabMenu%3DtabVinsBlancOr%26culture%3Den-US%26country%3DOTHERS%23TabMenu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCW_Classification-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCW_Classification_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCW_Classification_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_Jancis2006" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Jancis, ed. (1 October 2006). <i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 175–177, 212–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6"><bdi>0-19-860990-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.pages=175-177%2C+212-216&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006-10-01&rft.isbn=0-19-860990-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deca2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deca2_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnson2007" class="citation web cs1">Anson, Jane (10 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decanter.com/wine-news/cru-bourgeois-classification-officially-over-88629/">"Cru Bourgeois classification officially over"</a>. <i>Decanter</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Decanter&rft.atitle=Cru+Bourgeois+classification+officially+over&rft.date=2007-07-10&rft.aulast=Anson&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.decanter.com%2Fwine-news%2Fcru-bourgeois-classification-officially-over-88629%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deca3-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deca3_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnson2007" class="citation web cs1">Anson, Jane (27 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611095144/http://www.decanter.com/news/132485.html">"Cru Bourgeois to rise again with new name"</a>. <i>Decanter</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decanter.com/news/132485.html">the original</a> on 11 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Decanter&rft.atitle=Cru+Bourgeois+to+rise+again+with+new+name&rft.date=2007-07-27&rft.aulast=Anson&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.decanter.com%2Fnews%2F132485.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanderson,_B2007" class="citation news cs1">Sanderson, B (15 May 2007). "A Master Class in Cabernet". <i>Wine Spectator</i>. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wine+Spectator&rft.atitle=A+Master+Class+in+Cabernet&rft.pages=62&rft.date=2007-05-15&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCW-Claret-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCW-Claret_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCW-Claret_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCW-Claret_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Clairet". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198609902.001.0001/acref-9780198609902-e-0746?rskey=LVKPKc&result=746"><i>Oxford Companion to Wine</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Clairet)</span> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198609902" title="Special:BookSources/9780198609902"><bdi>9780198609902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clairet&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780198609902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198609902.001.0001%2Facref-9780198609902-e-0746%3Frskey%3DLVKPKc%26result%3D746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnson2011" class="citation web cs1">Anson, Jane (3 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decanter.com/news/wine-news/529481/bordeaux-reclaims-claret-name">"Bordeaux reclaims 'claret' name"</a>. Decanter<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bordeaux+reclaims+%27claret%27+name&rft.pub=Decanter&rft.date=2011-11-03&rft.aulast=Anson&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.decanter.com%2Fnews%2Fwine-news%2F529481%2Fbordeaux-reclaims-claret-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728023148/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/claret">"Definition of claret in English"</a>. <i>Lexico (Oxford Dictionaries)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/claret">the original</a> on 28 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+%28Oxford+Dictionaries%29&rft.atitle=Definition+of+claret+in+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fen%2Fdefinition%2Fclaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghatineh, Aarash, WineInvestment.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060326064728/http://www.vitisphere.com/dossier--49575-51254.htm">"Lettre ouverte aux régions viticoles françaises"</a> [Open letter to French wine regions]. <i>Vitisphere</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitisphere.com/dossier--49575-51254.htm">the original</a> on 26 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vitisphere&rft.atitle=Lettre+ouverte+aux+r%C3%A9gions+viticoles+fran%C3%A7aises&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitisphere.com%2Fdossier--49575-51254.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell,_Susan2006" class="citation news cs1">Bell, Susan (6 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060527193142/https://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=21642006">"Wine-makers destroy vines in lip service to glut crisis"</a>. <i>The Scotsman</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=21642006">the original</a> on 27 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Wine-makers+destroy+vines+in+lip+service+to+glut+crisis&rft.date=2006-06-06&rft.au=Bell%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthescotsman.scotsman.com%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D21642006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wineint-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wineint_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wineint_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wineint_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevany,_Sophie2006" class="citation web cs1">Kevany, Sophie (30 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060618130127/http://www.wineint.com/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storyCode=2089">"President of Bordeaux Wine Board resigns in frustration"</a>. <i>Wine & Spirit</i>. William Reed Publishing Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wineint.com/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storyCode=2089">the original</a> on 18 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wine+%26+Spirit&rft.atitle=President+of+Bordeaux+Wine+Board+resigns+in+frustration&rft.date=2006-05-30&rft.au=Kevany%2C+Sophie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wineint.com%2Fstory.asp%3Fsectioncode%3D1%26storyCode%3D2089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABordeaux+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Echikson, William. <i>Noble Rot: A Bordeaux Wine Revolution</i>. NY: Norton, 2004.</li> <li>Teichgraeber, Tim (June 8, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/wine/article/Bordeaux-for-less-dough-Region-s-expensive-2495362.php">"Bordeaux for less dough"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_wine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bordeaux.com/">Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB) official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070608011947/http://www.bordeaux.com/Tout-Vins/Les-Classifications.aspx">Vins de Bordeaux Classifications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130308140719/http://www.france.fr/en/wines-spirits/wines-bordeaux">The wines of Bordeaux</a> – The official website of France (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terroir-france.com/wine/bordeaux.htm">Bordeaux Wine Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011115031639/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/01_36/b3747001.htm">Wine war: Savvy New World marketers are devastating the French wine industry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070412144702/http://www.erobertparker.com/info/VintageChart.pdf">Robert Parker's Bordeaux vintage chart</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enobytes.com/enobytes-vintage-chart.pdf">Enobytes Bordeaux vintage chart</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_wine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wine_regions_in_France" title="Template:Wine regions in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wine_regions_in_France" title="Template talk:Wine regions in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wine_regions_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wine regions in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_wine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">French wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_wine" title="Alsace wine">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaujolais" title="Beaujolais">Beaujolais</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundy_wine" title="Burgundy wine">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica wine">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_wine" title="Jura wine">Jura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon_wine" title="Languedoc-Roussillon wine">Languedoc-Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley_(wine)" title="Loire Valley (wine)">Loire Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provence_wine" title="Provence wine">Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_wine" title="Rhône wine">Rhône</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_wine" title="Savoy wine">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_France_(wine_region)" title="South West France (wine region)">South West France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wine_by_country" title="Template talk:Wine by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">Wine by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_wine" title="Algerian wine">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wine" title="Ethiopian wine">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_wine" title="Moroccan wine">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_wine" title="Namibian wine">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_wine" title="Tanzanian wine">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_wine" title="Tunisian wine">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_wine" title="Abkhazian wine">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan wine">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_wine" title="Israeli wine">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_wine" title="Jordanian wine">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_wine" title="Palestinian wine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_wine" title="Philippine wine">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wine" title="Taiwanese wine">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_wine" title="Vietnamese wine">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_wine" title="Austrian wine">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_wine" title="Belgian wine">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_wine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina wine">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_wine" title="Cypriot wine">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_wine" title="Danish wine">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_wine" title="Irish wine">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_wine" title="Liechtenstein wine">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg wine">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_wine" title="Maltese wine">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Macedonian wine">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_wine" title="Polish wine">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_wine" title="Sammarinese wine">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_wine" title="Slovak wine">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_wine" title="Swedish wine">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_wine" title="Swiss wine">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_wine" title="Canadian wine">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_wine" title="Argentine wine">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_wine" title="Bolivian wine">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_wine" title="Brazilian wine">Brazil</a></li> <li><a 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