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href="#Nazi_Persecution_and_Immigration_to_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nazi Persecution and Immigration to Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Persecution_and_Immigration_to_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Education and career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_and_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Books and publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gerhard Herzberg</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="غيرهارد هيرتسبيرغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غيرهارد هيرتسبيرغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Hersberq" title="Gerhard Hersberq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gerhard Hersberq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82" title="قرهارد هرتسبرق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قرهارد هرتسبرق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="গেরহার্ড হার্জবার্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গেরহার্ড হার্জবার্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Герхард Герцберг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Герхард Герцберг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Герхард Херцберг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Герхард Херцберг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="گرهارد هرتسبرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرهارد هرتسبرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="게르하르트 헤르츠베르크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게르하르트 헤르츠베르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Գերհարդ Հերցբերգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերհարդ Հերցբերգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92" title="גרהרד הרצברג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרהרד הרצברג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhardus_Herzberg" title="Gerhardus Herzberg – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gerhardus Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="गेर्हार्ड हर्झबर्ग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गेर्हार्ड हर्झबर्ग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="გერჰარდ ჰერცბერგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერჰარდ ჰერცბერგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="جيرهارد هيرتسبيرج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيرهارد هيرتسبيرج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="گرهارد هرتسبرگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گرهارد هرتسبرگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%84%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="ゲルハルト・ヘルツベルク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲルハルト・ヘルツベルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88_%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="گیرہارڈ ہرزبرگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گیرہارڈ ہرزبرگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Херцберг, Герхард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Херцберг, Герхард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Герхард Херцберг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Герхард Херцберг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D2%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Герһард Һерцберг – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Герһард Һерцберг" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%91" title="Ґергард Герцберґ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ґергард Герцберґ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%96%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="لویس ٖفیڈریکو لیلوئر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لویس ٖفیڈریکو لیلوئر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gerhard Herzberg" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E8%8C%A8%E8%B4%9D%E6%A0%BC" title="格哈德·赫茨贝格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格哈德·赫茨贝格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German-Canadian physicist and physical chemist (1904–1999)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a></div><div class="fn">Gerhard Herzberg</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada">FRSC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Herzberg,Gerhard_1952_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Herzberg%2CGerhard_1952_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="293" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gerhard Herzberg, London 1952</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Gerhard Heinrich Friedrich Otto Julius Herzberg</div><br />December 25, 1904<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Germany">Imperial Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 3, 1999<span style="display:none">(1999-03-03)</span> (aged 94)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Darmstadt" title="Technische Universität Darmstadt">Technische Universität Darmstadt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Marshall_Tory_Medal" title="Henry Marshall Tory Medal">Henry Marshall Tory Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centenary_Prize" title="Centenary Prize">Centenary Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1958)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_Bakerian_Medal" title="Royal Society Bakerian Medal">Bakerian Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Ives_Medal" title="Frederic Ives Medal">Frederic Ives Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Gibbs_Award" title="Willard Gibbs Award">Willard Gibbs Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday_Lectureship_Prize" title="Faraday Lectureship Prize">Faraday Lectureship Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling_Award" title="Linus Pauling Award">Linus Pauling Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Chemistry">Nobel Prize for Chemistry</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Institute_of_Canada_Medal" title="Chemical Institute of Canada Medal">Chemical Institute of Canada Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts_Lectures" title="Watts Lectures">Watts Lecture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_K._Plyler_Prize_for_Molecular_Spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Earle K. Plyler Prize for Molecular Spectroscopy">Earle K. Plyler Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1985)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical chemist">physical chemist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council of Canada">National Research Council of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Rau_(physicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Rau (physicist) (page does not exist)">Hans Rau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Rau_(Physiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Rau (Physiker)">de</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Takeshi_Oka" title="Takeshi Oka">Takeshi Oka</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gerhard Heinrich Friedrich Otto Julius Herzberg</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada">FRSC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɡeːɐ̯.haʁt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhɛʁt͡sˌbɛʁk]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/52\/De-Gerhard_Herzberg.ogg\/De-Gerhard_Herzberg.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Gerhard Herzberg.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/De-Gerhard_Herzberg.ogg/De-Gerhard_Herzberg.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Gerhard_Herzberg.ogg" title="File:De-Gerhard Herzberg.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; December 25, 1904 – March 3, 1999) was a German-Canadian pioneering <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical chemist">physical chemist</a>, who won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Chemistry">Nobel Prize for Chemistry</a> in 1971, "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals".<sup id="cite_ref-nobelcite_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelcite-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herzberg's main work concerned atomic and molecular <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>. He is well known for using these techniques that determine the structures of <a href="/wiki/Diatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomic">diatomic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyatomic">polyatomic</a> molecules, including <a href="/wiki/Free_radicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Free radicals">free radicals</a> which are difficult to investigate in any other way, and for the chemical analysis of astronomical objects. Herzberg served as Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> from 1973 to 1980. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Herzberg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DrGerhardHerzberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/DrGerhardHerzberg.jpg/220px-DrGerhardHerzberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/DrGerhardHerzberg.jpg/330px-DrGerhardHerzberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/DrGerhardHerzberg.jpg/440px-DrGerhardHerzberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque at <a href="/wiki/College_Building_(Saskatchewan)" class="mw-redirect" title="College Building (Saskatchewan)">College Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Herzberg was born in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany on December 25, 1904 to Albin H. Herzberg and Ella Biber.<sup id="cite_ref-science_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had an older brother, Walter, who was born in January 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-herzbook_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herzbook-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herzberg started <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vorschule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vorschule (page does not exist)">Vorschule</a> (pre-school) late, after contracting measles.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerhard and his family were atheists and kept this fact hidden.<sup id="cite_ref-herzbook_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herzbook-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father died in 1914, at 43 years of age, after having suffered from <a href="/wiki/Dropsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropsy">dropsy</a> and complications due to an earlier heart condition. Herzberg graduated Vorschule shortly after his father's death.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married Luise Oettinger, a spectroscopist and fellow researcher in 1929. (Luise Herzberg, died in 1971.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nazi_Persecution_and_Immigration_to_Canada">Nazi Persecution and Immigration to Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Herzberg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nazi Persecution and Immigration to Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> introduced a law banning men with Jewish wives from teaching at universities. Herzberg was working as a lecturer at the university in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>. His wife and fellow researcher, Luise Herzberg, was Jewish so they began making plans to leave Germany near the end of 1933. Leaving Germany was a daunting task as many barriers faced the thousands of Germans trying to flee Nazi persecution. However Herzberg had earlier worked with a visiting physical chemist named John Spinks, from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a>. Spinks helped Herzberg get a job at the university in Saskatoon. When Herzberg and his wife left Germany in 1935, the Nazis let them take only the equivalent of $2.50 each and personal belongings.<sup id="cite_ref-science_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_career">Education and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Herzberg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Herzberg&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Initially, Herzberg considered a career in <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, but his application to the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Observatory" title="Hamburg Observatory">Hamburg Observatory</a> was returned advising him not to pursue a career in the field without private financial support.<sup id="cite_ref-nsercbio_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsercbio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After completing high school at the <a href="/wiki/Gelehrtenschule_des_Johanneums" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums">Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums</a>, Herzberg continued his education at <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Darmstadt University of Technology">Darmstadt University of Technology</a> with the help of a private scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-nsercbio_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsercbio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herzberg completed his Dr.-Ing. degree under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Rau_(physicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Rau (physicist) (page does not exist)">Hans Rau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Rau_(Physiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Rau (Physiker)">de</a>]</span> in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-nsercbio_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsercbio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1928–30 Post-doctoral work at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">Bristol University</a> under <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lennard-Jones" title="John Lennard-Jones">John Lennard-Jones</a></li> <li>1930 <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Darmstadt University of Technology">Darmstadt University of Technology</a>: Privatdozent (lecturer) and senior assistant in Physics</li> <li>1935 Guest professor, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a>, Canada)</li> <li>1936–45 Professor of Physics, University of Saskatchewan</li> <li>1939 Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Royal Society of Canada">Royal Society of Canada</a></li> <li>1945–8 Professor of spectroscopy, <a href="/wiki/Yerkes_Observatory" title="Yerkes Observatory">Yerkes Observatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, United States)</li> <li>1948 Director of the Division of Pure Physics, <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council of Canada">National Research Council of Canada</a></li> <li>1951 Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> of London<sup id="cite_ref-RS_record_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS_record-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1957–63 Vice President of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics</li> <li>1956–7 President of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Physicists" title="Canadian Association of Physicists">Canadian Association of Physicists</a></li> <li>1960 gives Bakerian Lecturer of the Royal Society of London<sup id="cite_ref-RS_record_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS_record-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1965 Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1966–7 President of the Royal Society of Canada</li> <li>1968 Member of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1968 Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-RS_record_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS_record-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1968 <a href="/wiki/George_Fisher_Baker" title="George Fisher Baker">George Fisher Baker</a> Non-Resident Lecturer in Chemistry at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca</a>, United States)</li> <li>1969 <a href="/wiki/Willard_Gibbs_Award" title="Willard Gibbs Award">Willard Gibbs Award</a></li> <li>1969 Distinguished Research Scientist in the recombined Division of Physics, at the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council of Canada">National Research Council of Canada</a></li> <li>1970 Lecturer of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Society" title="Chemical Society">Chemical Society</a> of London, receives Faraday Medal</li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RS_record_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS_record-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1971 Royal Medal from Royal Society of London<sup id="cite_ref-RS_record_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS_record-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1972 Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1973-1980 Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa, Ontario</a>, Canada)</li> <li>1981 Founding member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Cultural_Council" title="World Cultural Council">World Cultural Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1992 Sworn into the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Privy Council for Canada">Queen's Privy Council for Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-RS_record_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS_record-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1999 Died aged 94</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Herzberg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Herzberg's most significant award was the 1971 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>, which he was awarded "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals".<sup id="cite_ref-nobelcite_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelcite-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the presentation speech, it was noted that at the time of the award, Herzberg was "generally considered to be the world's foremost molecular spectroscopist."<sup id="cite_ref-nobelpresentation_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelpresentation-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herzberg was honoured with memberships or fellowships by a very large number of scientific societies, received many awards and honorary degrees in different countries. The <a href="/wiki/NSERC" class="mw-redirect" title="NSERC">NSERC</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg_Canada_Gold_Medal_for_Science_and_Engineering" title="Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering">Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering</a>, Canada's highest research award, was named in his honour in 2000. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Physicists" title="Canadian Association of Physicists">Canadian Association of Physicists</a> also has an annual award named in his honour. The <a href="/wiki/Herzberg_Institute_of_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics">Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics</a> is named for him. He was made a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Academy_of_Quantum_Molecular_Science" title="International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science">International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science</a>. Asteroid <a href="/wiki/3316_Herzberg" class="mw-redirect" title="3316 Herzberg">3316 Herzberg</a> is named after him. In 1964 he was awarded the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.optica.org/get_involved/awards_and_honors/awards/award_descriptions/ivesquinn/">Frederic Ives Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Society of America">OSA</a>. He was later named an Honorary Member of the Society.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Carleton University, there is a building named after him that belongs to the Physics and Mathematics/Statistics Departments, Herzberg Laboratories. Herzberg was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1951" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1951">Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1951</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main building of <a href="/wiki/John_Abbott_College" title="John Abbott College">John Abbott College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> is named after him. Carleton University named the Herzberg Laboratories building after him. A public park in the <a href="/wiki/College_Park,_Saskatoon" title="College Park, Saskatoon">College Park</a> neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a> also bears his name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books_and_publications">Books and publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Herzberg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Books and publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Herzberg authored some classic works in the field of spectroscopy, including <i>Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure</i> and the encyclopaedic four volume work: <i>Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure</i>, which is often called the spectroscopist's bible.<sup id="cite_ref-herzbook_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herzbook-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three volumes of Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure were re-issued by Krieger in 1989, including extensive new footnotes by Herzberg. Volume IV of the series, "Constants of diatomic molecules" is purely a reference work, a compendium of known spectroscopic constants (and therefore a bibliography of molecular spectroscopy) of diatomic molecules up until 1978. </p> <ul><li>Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure. (Dover Books, New York, 2010, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-60115-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-60115-3">0-486-60115-3</a>)</li> <li>The spectra and structures of simple free radicals: An introduction to molecular spectroscopy. (Dover Books, New York, 1971, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-65821-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-65821-X">0-486-65821-X</a>).</li> <li>Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure: I. Spectra of Diatomic Molecules. (Krieger, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89464-268-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89464-268-5">0-89464-268-5</a>)</li> <li>Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure: II. Infrared and Raman Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules. (Krieger, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89464-269-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89464-269-3">0-89464-269-3</a>)</li> <li>Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure: III. Electronic Spectra and Electronic Structure of Polyatomic Molecules. (Krieger, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89464-270-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89464-270-7">0-89464-270-7</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Spectra_and_Molecular_Structure_IV._Constants_of_Diatomic_Molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules">Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules</a>, K. P. Huber and G. Herzberg, (Van nostrand Reinhold company, New York, 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-23394-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-23394-9">0-442-23394-9</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archives">Archives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Herzberg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are Gerhard Herzberg <a href="/wiki/Fonds" title="Fonds">fonds</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a> and at <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada" title="National Research Council Canada">National Research Council Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Herzberg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/List_of_German_Canadians" title="List of German Canadians">List of German Canadians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Herzberg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoicheff2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Boris_P._Stoicheff" title="Boris P. Stoicheff">Stoicheff, B. P.</a> (2003). "Gerhard Herzberg PC CC. 25 December 1904 - 3 March 1999". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>49</b>: 179–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2003.0011">10.1098/rsbm.2003.0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:72703418">72703418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Gerhard+Herzberg+PC+CC.+25+December+1904+-+3+March+1999&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=179-195&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.2003.0011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A72703418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stoicheff&rft.aufirst=B.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerhard+Herzberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelcite-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobelcite_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobelcite_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1971/">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971"</a>. Nobel Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1971&rft.pub=Nobel+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1971%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerhard+Herzberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-science-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-science_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-science_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=8&pg=3">"Gerhard Herzberg: The Person"</a>. GCS Research Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gerhard+Herzberg%3A+The+Person&rft.pub=GCS+Research+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.ca%2Fscientists%2Fscientistprofile.php%3FpID%3D8%26pg%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerhard+Herzberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herzbook-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-herzbook_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-herzbook_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-herzbook_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoicheff2002">Stoicheff 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoicheff2002">Stoicheff 2002</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoicheff2002">Stoicheff 2002</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsercbio-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nsercbio_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nsercbio_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nsercbio_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=8&pg=3">"GERHARD HERZBERG"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/aug25/articles38.htm">the original</a> on 2020-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gerhard+Herzberg+%E2%80%93+An+obituary&rft.pub=Indian+Institute+of+Science&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Naransinham&rft.aufirst=N.A.+and+Ahmad%2C+S.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iisc.ernet.in%2Fcurrsci%2Faug25%2Farticles38.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerhard+Herzberg" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johanneum-hamburg.de/index.php/schola-nostra/schule-mit-geschichte/beruehmte-alumni/59-gerhard-herzberg">"Gerhard Herzberg"</a>. <i>Schola nostra</i>. Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Schola+nostra&rft.atitle=Gerhard+Herzberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johanneum-hamburg.de%2Findex.php%2Fschola-nostra%2Fschule-mit-geschichte%2Fberuehmte-alumni%2F59-gerhard-herzberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerhard+Herzberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RS_record-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RS_record_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RS_record_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RS_record_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RS_record_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RS_record_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RS_record_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27Herzberg,%20Gerhard%27%29">Record</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412163031/https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27Herzberg%2C%20Gerhard%27%29">Archived</a> 2021-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the Royal Society's archive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/gerhard-herzberg">"Gerhard Herzberg"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Gerhard+Herzberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fgerhard-herzberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerhard+Herzberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/46137.html">"Gerhard Herzberg"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Gerhard+Herzberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F46137.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerhard+Herzberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1971/index.html"><i>Laureates 1971</i></a> at nobelprize.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Gerhard+Herzberg&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DGerhard%2BHerzberg%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerhard+Herzberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Cultural_Council" title="World Cultural Council">World Cultural Council</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=World+Cultural+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consejoculturalmundial.org%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerhard+Herzberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelpresentation-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nobelpresentation_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1971/press.html">"Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971 Award Ceremony Speech"</a>. Nobel Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1971+Award+Ceremony+Speech&rft.pub=Nobel+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1971%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerhard+Herzberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.optica.org/History/Biographies/bios/Gerhard-Herzberg">"Gerhard Herzberg | Optica"</a>. <i>www.optica.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.optica.org&rft.atitle=Gerhard+Herzberg+%7C+Optica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.optica.org%2FHistory%2FBiographies%2Fbios%2FGerhard-Herzberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerhard+Herzberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=103898&lang=eng">"Gerhard Herzberg fonds, Library and Archives Canada"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gerhard+Herzberg+fonds%2C+Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcentral.bac-lac.gc.ca%2F.redirect%3Fapp%3Dfonandcol%26id%3D103898%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerhard+Herzberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nrc-digital-repository.canada.ca/eng/home/collection/dr-gerhard-herzberg/">"Gerhard Herzberg fonds, National Research Council Canada"</a>. 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gerhard+Herzberg+fonds%2C+National+Research+Council+Canada&rft.date=2023-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnrc-digital-repository.canada.ca%2Feng%2Fhome%2Fcollection%2Fdr-gerhard-herzberg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerhard+Herzberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Herzberg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevorkin2000" class="citation journal cs1">Devorkin, David H. (2000). "Obituary: Gerhard Herzberg, 1904-1999". <i>Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 1669–1670. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000BAAS...32.1669D">2000BAAS...32.1669D</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Gerhard+Herzberg%2C+1904-1999&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1669-1670&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000BAAS...32.1669D&rft.aulast=Devorkin&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerhard+Herzberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerschbach1999" class="citation journal cs1">Herschbach, Dudley (22 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F19436">"Obituary: Gerhard Herzberg (1904-99)"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>398</b> (6729): 670. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Natur.398..670H">1999Natur.398..670H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F19436">10.1038/19436</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4302781">4302781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Gerhard+Herzberg+%281904-99%29&rft.volume=398&rft.issue=6729&rft.pages=670&rft.date=1999-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4302781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F19436&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Natur.398..670H&rft.aulast=Herschbach&rft.aufirst=Dudley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F19436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerhard+Herzberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoicheff2002" class="citation book cs1">Stoicheff, Boris (2002). <i>Gerhard Herzberg : an illustrious life in science</i>. Ottawa: NRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780660187570" title="Special:BookSources/9780660187570"><bdi>9780660187570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerhard+Herzberg+%3A+an+illustrious+life+in+science&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=NRC+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780660187570&rft.aulast=Stoicheff&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerhard+Herzberg" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Herzberg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/5029-1">Interview of Gerhard Herzberg by Brenda P. Winnewisser on 1989 February 28</a>, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/5029-2">Interview of Gerhard Herzberg by Brenda P. Winnewisser on 1989 March 2</a>, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/240">Gerhard Herzberg</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76602#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1971 <i>Spectroscopic Studies of Molecular Structure</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060823082420/http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/about/hallfame/u_i13_e.cfm">Canadian Science and Technology Museum Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9342323">Encyclopædia Britannica entry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=761">Order of Canada citation</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Professional and academic associations </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Kaye_Lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="William Kaye Lamb">William Kaye Lamb</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Royal Society of Canada">President of the Royal Society of Canada</a> </b><br />1966–1967 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Harrison" title="James M. Harrison">James M. Harrison</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_1951" title="Template:FRS 1951"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_1951" title="Template talk:FRS 1951"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_1951" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 1951"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1951" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1951" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1951">in 1951</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlyle_Smith_Beals" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlyle Smith Beals">Carlyle Smith Beals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_(bacteriologist)" title="John Boyd (bacteriologist)">John Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Catcheside" title="David Catcheside">David Catcheside</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165296" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165296">Arthur Herbert Cook</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18878452" class="extiw" title="d:Q18878452">Sydney John Folley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Fr%C3%B6hlich" title="Herbert Fröhlich">Herbert Fröhlich</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166447" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166447">Geoffrey Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Heilbronn" title="Hans Heilbronn">Hans Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerhard Herzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hutchinson" title="Joseph Hutchinson">Joseph Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18821830" class="extiw" title="d:Q18821830">Raymond Ing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lack" title="David Lack">David Lack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Mann" title="Thaddeus Mann">Thaddeus Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Mendelssohn" title="Kurt Mendelssohn">Kurt Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Neuberger" title="Albert Neuberger">Albert Neuberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bessemer_Pfeil" title="Leonard Bessemer Pfeil">Leonard Bessemer Pfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Arthur_Prescott" title="James Arthur Prescott">James Arthur Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pryce" title="Maurice Pryce">Maurice Pryce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pugh_(geologist)" title="William Pugh (geologist)">William John Pugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._A._Ratcliffe" title="J. A. Ratcliffe">John Ashworth Ratcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alan_Stephenson" title="Thomas Alan Stephenson">Thomas Alan Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Homan_Thorpe" title="William Homan Thorpe">William Homan Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Johann_du_Toit" title="Petrus Johann du Toit">Petrus Johann du Toit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ubbelohde" title="Alfred Ubbelohde">Alfred Ubbelohde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statute 12</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_McLean_Evans" title="Herbert McLean Evans">Herbert McLean Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lashley" title="Karl Lashley">Karl Lashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_St%C3%B8rmer" title="Carl Størmer">Carl Størmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Walter_Graystone_Wyckoff" title="Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff">Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Otto Wallach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Victor Grignard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist)">Paul Sabatier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1919</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis Aston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Fritz Pregl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Richard Zsigmondy</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Wieland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Adolf Windaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Arthur Harden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans von Euler-Chelpin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer" title="Hans Fischer">Hans Fischer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Friedrich Bergius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1933</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Haworth" title="Norman Haworth">Norman Haworth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Paul Karrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Leopold Ružička">Leopold Ružička</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Artturi Virtanen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Sumner" title="James B. Sumner">James B. Sumner</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">John Northrop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/William_Giauque" title="William Giauque">William Giauque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Otto Diels</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Kurt Alder</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Archer_Martin" title="Archer Martin">Archer Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge" title="Richard Laurence Millington Synge">Richard Synge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Hinshelwood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov" title="Nikolay Semyonov">Nikolay Semyonov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander Todd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Jaroslav Heyrovský</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Karl Ziegler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Robert S. Mulliken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Ronald Norrish</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Odd Hassel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Luis Federico Leloir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerhard Herzberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen" title="Christian B. Anfinsen">Christian B. Anfinsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Stanford Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Stein" title="William Howard Stein">William Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">Ernst Otto Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Geoffrey Wilkinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Vladimir Prelog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">William Lipscomb</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Georg Wittig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Robert Merrifield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Herbert A. Hauptman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Jerome Karle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John Polanyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Jean-Marie Lehn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Hartmut Michel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Sidney Altman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias Corey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Richard R. Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary Mullis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">George Olah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina">Mario Molina</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._Sherwood_Rowland" title="F. Sherwood Rowland">F. Sherwood Rowland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert Curl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harold Kroto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard Smalley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Paul D. Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Jens Christian Skou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John Pople</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Alan J. Heeger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan MacDiarmid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Hideki Shirakawa</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">William Knowles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryoji Noyori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">K. Barry Sharpless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Fenn" title="John B. Fenn">John B. Fenn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Koichi Tanaka</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Kurt Wüthrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Aaron Ciechanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Avram Hershko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Irwin Rose</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Grubbs" title="Robert H. Grubbs">Robert H. Grubbs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Richard R. Schrock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Yves Chauvin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg" title="Roger D. Kornberg">Roger D. Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Osamu Shimomura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada E. Yonath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Richard F. Heck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Akira Suzuki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Ei-ichi Negishi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert Lefkowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Brian Kobilka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Martin Karplus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt_(biophysicist)" title="Michael Levitt (biophysicist)">Michael Levitt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Arieh Warshel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Eric Betzig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Stefan Hell</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_E._Moerner" title="William E. Moerner">William E. Moerner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Modrich" title="Paul L. Modrich">Paul L. Modrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Aziz Sancar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Jean-Pierre Sauvage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Jacques Dubochet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Joachim Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(chemist)" title="George Smith (chemist)">George Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">M. Stanley Whittingham</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/David_MacMillan" title="David MacMillan">David MacMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">Benjamin List</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn R. Bertozzi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Morten_P._Meldal" title="Morten P. Meldal">Morten P. Meldal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Moungi G. Bawendi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Ekimov" title="Alexey Ekimov">Alexei I. Ekimov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)" title="David Baker (biochemist)">David Baker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_M._Jumper" title="John M. Jumper">John M. Jumper</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1971_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1971_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1971 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1971_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1971 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1971_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1971 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1971_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1971 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerhard Herzberg</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1971 Nobel Prize in Literature">1971</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a> (Chile)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1966_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1966 Nobel Prize winners">1966</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1967_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1967 Nobel Prize winners">1967</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1968_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1968 Nobel Prize winners">1968</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1969_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1969 Nobel Prize winners">1969</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1970_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1970 Nobel Prize winners">1970</a></dd> <dd><b>1971 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1972_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1972 Nobel Prize winners">1972</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1973_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1973 Nobel Prize winners">1973</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1974_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1974 Nobel Prize winners">1974</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1975_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1975 Nobel Prize winners">1975</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1976_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1976 Nobel Prize winners">1976</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Founding_members_of_the_World_Cultural_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Founding_members_of_the_World_Cultural_Council" title="Template:Founding members of the World Cultural Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Founding_members_of_the_World_Cultural_Council" title="Template talk:Founding members of the World Cultural Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Founding_members_of_the_World_Cultural_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Founding members of the World Cultural Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Founding_members_of_the_World_Cultural_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Founding members of the <a href="/wiki/World_Cultural_Council" title="World Cultural Council">World Cultural Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen" title="Christian B. Anfinsen">Christian B. Anfinsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baddiley" title="James Baddiley">James Baddiley</a></li> <li>M. Balasegaram</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barnaby" title="Frank Barnaby">Frank Barnaby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard">Christiaan Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Blakemore" title="Colin Blakemore">Colin Blakemore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage N. Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Callan" title="H. G. Callan">Harold G. Callan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Frédéric Cournand</a></li> <li>William J. Darby</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_de_Robertis" title="Eduardo de Robertis">Eduardo de Robertis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Jager" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelis de Jager">Cornelis de Jager</a></li> <li>Guy Blaudin de Thé</li> <li>Jean-François Denisse</li> <li>Venancio Deulofeu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Dixon" title="Frank J. Dixon">Frank J. Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Doll" title="Richard Doll">Richard S. Doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audouin_Dollfus" title="Audouin Dollfus">Audouin Dollfus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-%C3%89mile_Dubois" title="Jacques-Émile Dubois">Jacques-Émile Dubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Durrell" title="Gerald Durrell">Gerald Durrell</a></li> <li>Francisco J. Dy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John C. Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Paul_Ehrlich_Jr." title="S. Paul Ehrlich Jr.">Paul Ehrlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a></li> <li>Mohammed El Fasi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Eliel" title="Ernest L. Eliel">Ernest L. Eliel</a></li> <li>Kenneth O. Emergy</li> <li>José Rafael Estrada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_J._Eysenck" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans J. Eysenck">Hans J. Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_W._Fawcett" title="Don W. Fawcett">Don W. Fawcett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._J._Finney" title="D. J. Finney">David J. Finney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val L. Fitch</a></li> <li>Carl G. Gahmberg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred D. Hershey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerhard Herzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a></li> <li>Osmo H. Järvi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Victor_Jones" title="Reginald Victor Jones">Reginald V. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Kantrowitz" title="Adrian Kantrowitz">Adrian Kantrowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_O._Kaplan" title="Nathan O. Kaplan">Nathan O. Kaplan</a></li> <li>Leo A. Kaprio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassos_Karageorghis" title="Vassos Karageorghis">Vassos Karageorghis</a></li> <li>Peter E. Kent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_William_Kerst" title="Donald William Kerst">Donald W. Kerst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_S._Kety" title="Seymour S. Kety">Seymour S. Kety</a></li> <li>Prem N. Kirpal</li> <li>Georges B. Koelle</li> <li>Walther Manshard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Math%C3%A9" title="Georges Mathé">Georges Mathé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._McElroy" title="William D. McElroy">William D. McElroy</a></li> <li>Henry McIlwain</li> <li>John McMichael</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Meinwald" title="Jerrold Meinwald">Jerrold Meinwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Melville_(chemist)" title="Harry Melville (chemist)">Harry Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morris" title="Desmond Morris">Desmond J. Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Moruzzi" title="Giuseppe Moruzzi">Giuseppe Moruzzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill F. Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Benjamin_Mountcastle" title="Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle">Vernon B. Mountcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Robert S. Mulliken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Munk" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter H. Munk">Walter H. Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilie_G._Murgulescu" title="Ilie G. Murgulescu">Ilie G. Murgulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Jayant V. Narlikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Louis E. F. Néel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Ne%27eman" title="Yuval Ne'eman">Yuval Ne'eman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Neumann" title="Bernhard Neumann">Bernhard H. Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nierenberg" title="William Nierenberg">William A. Nierenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall W. Nirenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George E. Palade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pardee" title="Arthur Pardee">Arthur B. Pardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Phillips_(chemist)" title="David Phillips (chemist)">David Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Piccard" title="Jacques Piccard">Jacques Piccard</a></li> <li>Jens J. Pindborg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comlan_A._A._Quenum" title="Comlan A. A. Quenum">Comlan A. A. Quenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rahn" title="Hermann Rahn">Hermann Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._N._Ramachandran" title="G. N. Ramachandran">G. N. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Randers" title="Gunnar Randers">Gunnar Randers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._R._Rao" title="C. N. R. Rao">Chintamani N. R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Richards_(chemist)" title="Rex Richards (chemist)">Rex Richards</a></li> <li>Jean Rösch</li> <li>Abraham J. A. Roux</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Runcorn" title="Keith Runcorn">Stanley K. Runcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Sadler" title="Donald Sadler">Donald H. Sadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakim Said">Hakim Muhammad Saeed</a></li> <li>Nobufusa Saito</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a></li> <li>Stuart J. Saunders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Max_Schiffer" title="Menahem Max Schiffer">Menahem Max Schiffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Schneider" title="William G. Schneider">William G. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Robert_Sears" title="Ernest Robert Sears">Ernest R. Sears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a></li> <li>Leonard T. Skeggs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_%C5%9Alopek" title="Stefan Ślopek">Stefan Ślopek</a></li> <li>George J. Smets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George D. Snell</a></li> <li>Leonard Sosnowky</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger W. Sperry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stewart_(geologist)" title="Frederick Stewart (geologist)">Frederick Stewart</a></li> <li>Heikki Suomalainen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Swings" title="Pol Swings">Pol Swings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tanford" title="Charles Tanford">Charles Tanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tedder,_2nd_Baron_Tedder" title="John Tedder, 2nd Baron Tedder">John M. Tedder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Warris_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Warris Thompson">Harold Thompson</a></li> <li>Peter C. Thonemann</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_V._Tobias" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip V. Tobias">Phillip V. Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander R. Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Peter_Toennies" title="Jan Peter Toennies">Jan Peter Toennies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Trautman" title="Andrzej Trautman">Andrzej Trautman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Tricart" title="Jean Tricart">Jean L. F. Tricart</a></li> <li>Ioan Ursu</li> <li>Constantin Vago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_van_Tamelen" title="Eugene van Tamelen">Eugene van Tamelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf S. von Euler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Walsh_(physicist)" title="Alan Walsh (physicist)">Alan Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Whelan" title="William Joseph Whelan">William J. Whelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Wiesner" title="Karel Wiesner">Karel F. Wiesner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zachary_Young" title="John Zachary Young">John Z. Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76602#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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