CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91362543acd84804',cH: 'JU7ISW.4j1aLLlEkz6lDWalX6jYL8lvqeQzHHCuI54k-1739799168-1.2.1.1-r2Cd4RiwL.Xj1nZZysdFMwHbWcEmFxKMXXQYapaiqLsI_KqPqfBIr.NYujvfDgsc',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=field-effect%20transistors&__cf_chl_tk=5cr20Eh7ppvXzd1sQZ05qesnipNVrKF4fYt5RbyUm.E-1739799168-1.0.1.1-JnOstGs7KR30UWTFZWb2KAOIApMU5Ls7M_KRrjvE6JI",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739799168',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=field-effect%20transistors&__cf_chl_f_tk=5cr20Eh7ppvXzd1sQZ05qesnipNVrKF4fYt5RbyUm.E-1739799168-1.0.1.1-JnOstGs7KR30UWTFZWb2KAOIApMU5Ls7M_KRrjvE6JI",md: "0dCCCXVHe1dTMkiRWAPCzHDiVEJT5PzpAc0Yb54WZjc-1739799168-1.2.1.1-wEFSq0BPNWfRnKv62KsEFCRTAf37muWDxLKAkhYc9KkzEBgubK7Dva50hcr.hL0ck.qn2kT2qDbLQhWg8ykOeaehtpAvUhaNAaX1EL4lOn1wroYeuhIYWALIja95uPFWF_NobZdoRcBFs5nAJu15Ev9v3iQyEoyCvlxu7nYctRB.quKeGGm6hFQPNt.BM4B4N_h.og5NWCGPCctevx3nIcApXrkn2pihpNfcvA_a1Kr8n9P6uW.oSBXnIa4rNg8JvHRps4jTbYLRhtNmgSzz.AnmQ4C9x0Xzw1jT8t18FzzVe4hZE_.C1_e59mc34KVThil4uiFdiUm9Oa0XGjbVbKwdlRzgTeRqT_DXG5ukxu3NJ9UPZfQAae8hZGgC9T88ryL_4C2vutOHz8zJBAi5DvHzTHX2W00naJlHTFOWkLMLdLhf7teoOKZH5wiJF9j_hRWTe1t604.9raLQwcoexNU1xx5yLTf7JQnH3cT1_UcQpD8I0swiF8V79OoAT7pn3Nfy.yLR.Bq34g8w7OEIx5oO3SguKwOYZGPyX1boXsSPAoYS5ADTT7R5qIGczK5T3zpGC5FScUjRv2CSGkuOMPbwPj.sJb24BgFgAebiClfLtwYTG.8H8iOtGgxBKfu_zyWgk8gMewF_Uz2VTR.9bnOdtmfqqcWFD_H9Xj0KghBL5qVHsf0xAMZaR56gtScLoxVZzkf0o3uGAGkdDxzs18Jj4PxmPhHdAQl0fGedWBQUGO.Y_d1vQLWPiOt18Ktir3cFHJEe0t1Q8mj73CBdAIEPgTvnkKRkOgzDAVE6mREpmI0xk1IpwcdnajTZGXKV3zQ.nQOhQNm23BMjw9e78Z3iGMgqU5LVu4tR9b61Nu1_RdZlBXqDOAU.UHfgPBILwwvUpslyheSwhGbiW5V4QvjtMdWivVWa.9IQ_lNVnVKp13RnSj2WDV6p4wAx_UhV5OBjW3G3o2y8Y8WAI7umbSrkllP794IapwDsYLS9vW.xhH2OBQpVIv5Nekl3NUlmyFookiCDC9z6XpVE8WRDgI01ZPAaDSnEjPtdXml_qDJaoPe4d_QP9hn8xNlKG8KGAz1_PP3vVgK5hL80UQ6AkGk2cJFfmmIRrzOSd5Mrtl0Oi5w719alw6rFpWuRxVdp511FjytWmWmc1N5hPFCy1pKJMpPsrU_XackpdWFC_b0mbkTzmz_InKOdcwaRrvQvtvqY8vdmX8c5XZBhRBcrHbEAmkLY_mcMFx7vOyuJHbaNLl2ScFMb.Inw6s6Kpbdwe4hbk_lEddAjxsiBFAii6eoUgJxnVfjsjoN82gK3f4c6FNDCx8.sF7NqGfIKGyTt3x.elibBRYqOaduDy2QvZquQTl2nDOmyxq_TkCCOIeLJcbj7qSoRtmH7t.NHiTqlcM.JNhr5cBkKS27wlR1kliBLyhB9afF9uPRJKoAyWPol.V2REs_wUiM_oqcQ3G0xI0eXGsCcscXb1MNXWM_9VUKBjYpFEnXDDF.vw.MBdQfHNijZ0eVzN9ox_wLa8kfkGJ.SBKZXmLy_ZLiB3k2oHUYUT7_IqG4yaPtRKXhcQijeaSPcYc9pgFRtpmDej3EjvTlpJ920g.Fi7JdRECH64I7.Gs9eQXxn2bv3SGcyC_lbN0TOE8EJQlNh2T3yY_gD_fpsLfxb.tFMWWunOXt0MSyn.cO_9P06TygFmx4GpNcDBjgqlAG3zS21cXreBgvp2Dq3qbsY8Y5.jtpxj.F4mHrO.pFV6q5NY_teRck_mkdr61wUC16Sgo43ga7Hqn13K2GVUBGK6PQX5k.9hbkneAbxNIGpvvisC_dUqUnaxq6j7syJ0AZErAo5wp2xs64frQswaTolRGSsM7Ih57Z5q62KPOxJl1jVny4l3LupveB0FvJbvp_4rbJaxBG9xDIg45Q2xmCWdEAF4lMzWTjyqZNfcxM0DTnT12g8loa1vImPiEhiU6c1hKD2djXUuUIh",mdrd: "iQ260ttMu_jP21HSsuJGSve2rUMZAxLV0cKv2x9BI2Y-1739799168-1.2.1.1-710uEoNIpccc5zUQe1_Qt2_CO2D1qq.C2oFFTkp10cJH9oojUaJW5DMLXQ9xfTMGIg2ghly.Nrn_8ijDJ8chLcdDq0YSsIn_D2WjF._eNZmZwuEbYEjenwALoJZjQhqOmrBmKaLuVdB5hKB95EvnZlhmGGE.gWV738ylebIfPipCDPQ3_brvKd8qLO8rhLAybeqQWJKADoqV8QBqBEX23SoHUvvJ159OzJ9vxfxqGi9CUG.UvShzoBpNIMeUpQ_KIW2eyKLSTE8YQDf1vdYMa4b4Hs7D5IGblZHnLIKfB0t2W69YpO1kq84p7fFsIC7Ng_y_RfwdQxHWBvaaAhgbRqz1KZT_8AoFU5_CBiL9yaKoghdUYAshrQeMMPj81YQt_uJDq5gN32hpQ8GsHgKvmtRy0YHTf_VhD4YvwSg2hp1b9EFUXNzv2RpVL91WoVlHBawsle_wGl87DOJbWjx2YEtxRqBN3M.ZPT.lA1pi5xz01saxYKG.Xi_dlLen3a3FBzYjvymZ1hg35FsgSV2dG_Q7arKT.Wm2rLaKqfuhSI3r1ujsc66vygNamibYfjJy_1GAW2NkuMzlIkm_3NwhSI7C9xrWI98VNGobLIVhkT2BXJgRBXqgUqbBj8NgaT_ebzAR_rqUEAtrdxDHgOtRgZj8nTm5WMyqJgWryN6AuhxyvFm1vvbO6kDjLniaHy_S219Htor1x5Zd9wCPALfILhpuk_8MS2cPVrkrlOBw6R7inW0FfLDRygMnCX3iOCQNwcE1OsUSbgTzcTwOAiN4IeympmSV3laY3P_B2_cSuQDSubbYEeTC6dsdOp2YFNPRpjswX9dWogyCHAPuknBkDSDltt0xmFwwvXbWPJP.8eovq9C.AQruiSXUsLX0kYfnUjmFAIvrVxkXMx0BCMtTGByIoyy87U8yx0X_uUOFYsnvRpWuBjP8Jltz2nyWyUZDTIpGat8F_FrMFAbRYMz9HU4gjQG92SomNwWaUOgrWiJnHdJpHscF6EvSLxDvXir5BuKUBMXJyd5aF2.e2JAAl9UV71Rjg.9jxnfg.53pRfNKPiQ08GGBRQqzVHGgwz5qe9.JwbbE26P5T3yj.c7WneL1RMH6A59ClEimdFc5ZKcHvm3R.Cs0p4sFD0iTtL_leN28EmKeGVzKsDYTABrHj.g4pbc1yBVVcoQ2wS9nQ8sx4g3.KslpBkg653MprJERGm1H_qZS9SdrHMXH0ywJVg7tVHEBCZTDbuR8xnb95qSgZQDewW1z1UtkP_xPOWQ38BwhRh3qUr9JfIF6tTQbfc2Go.8LwR1ayINh.1HbTUyKRK2pA2I.7Vyi5GiqrFY8ge1DvtgsSE3w13HGb3.Nub5sIw2e4wVv4c8ZFWxKcyeVjj9ZSAmaLxXQS0H2MgoF.qbAgp6ZK2tezIrGR.w9Pazre22RgCzDT1GPRP.qZMCqTOy1zWAR4zrGwuAbRQIFQI3ytR4qSJalr5ryA65oPFLdNO5H1Yqx5r3dO_NLqB6JmOnXA8yREX4VLEGqC6j7GV6JpcXFdyP3o7MZgYuIX7dJGS02eAwQcbuax3rPq.A2kMWJMUZZDX0K2bCtfJ0zPqJXl7lc4d_Yec9DIg7duM.ZxsImTdCvgwyxm2dnnf6xwhp6Qhy3.pzW4Saon0AkVeVwrzgix8ctn.1uvIdMsJfcQhy_eXbfbmGimswmhc7huAZ8kg0zPfR_cAmjjXVfV8RB.MshDuGrhlqIVBmfj9aaH_flTEIZVahepXkeZJIvmCx4IHXQBXt7q_bXSy62i745wcWh77lCXDqKzq7lP8ZCVjuZjb.u39z22bgu4AwIsAJb2FqQVuNw..dw3phWRkvtSV1fvAfrrj8aeSMjlPUn_J0czE9M5qIpKCS0_r9IEMXwe3kwiWrn.balRyYLbDNIzTHPTH.M.1Xn9ZQJ9YLq4F.Y5b2xFGGNLSeYTNZXQGeeQMSMJphIr3C57xoJKxQCp1klpiJcywb3687E2g"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91362543acd84804';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=field-effect%20transistors&__cf_chl_rt_tk=5cr20Eh7ppvXzd1sQZ05qesnipNVrKF4fYt5RbyUm.E-1739799168-1.0.1.1-JnOstGs7KR30UWTFZWb2KAOIApMU5Ls7M_KRrjvE6JI" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>