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<span>Step aerobics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Step_aerobics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Step aerobics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Step_aerobics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moves_and_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moves_and_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Moves and techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moves_and_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choreography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choreography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Choreography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choreography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerobic_dances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerobic_dances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aerobic dances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerobic_dances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerobic_gymnastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerobic_gymnastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aerobic gymnastics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerobic_gymnastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aerobics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%ABrobiese_oefeninge" title="Aërobiese oefeninge – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aërobiese oefeninge" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رياضة أكسجينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رياضة أكسجينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobika" title="Aerobika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aerobika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аэробіка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аэробіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аеробика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аеробика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aer%C3%B2bic" title="Aeròbic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aeròbic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobik" title="Aerobik – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aerobik" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic" title="Aerobic – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aerobic" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic" title="Aerobic – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aerobic" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroobika" title="Aeroobika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aeroobika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aer%C3%B3bic" title="Aeróbic – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aeróbic" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobiko" title="Aerobiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aerobiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic" title="Aerobic – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aerobic" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="اروبیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اروبیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9robic" title="Aérobic – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aérobic" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aer%C3%B3bic" title="Aeróbic – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aeróbic" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%96%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%B9%85" title="에어로빅 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에어로빅" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Աերոբիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աերոբիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobik" title="Aerobik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aerobik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobikala_gimnastiko" title="Aerobikala gimnastiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aerobikala gimnastiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99" title="מחול אירובי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחול אירובי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аэробика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аэробика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobika" title="Aerobika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aerobika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobika" title="Aerobika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aerobika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Аеробик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аеробик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഏറോബിക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഏറോബിക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobics" title="Aerobics – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aerobics" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AD%E3%83%93%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="エアロビクスダンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エアロビクスダンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic" title="Aerobic – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aerobic" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobika" title="Aerobika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aerobika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobik" title="Aerobik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aerobik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic" title="Aerobic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aerobic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аэробика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аэробика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobiku" title="Aerobiku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aerobiku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇරෝබික්ස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇරෝබික්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobics" title="Aerobics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aerobics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobik" title="Aerobik – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aerobik" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Аеробик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аеробик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobik" title="Aerobik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aerobik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic" title="Aerobic – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aerobic" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobics" title="Aerobics – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aerobics" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="แอโรบิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอโรบิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аэробика – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аэробика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аеробіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аеробіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobics" title="Aerobics – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aerobics" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%A7%E5%81%A5%E8%BA%AB%E6%93%8D" title="有氧健身操 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="有氧健身操" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q215641#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aerobics" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of physical exercise</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aerobics" title="Special:EditPage/Aerobics">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Aerobics%22">"Aerobics"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Aerobics%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Aerobics%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Aerobics%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Aerobics%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Aerobics%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Step_Aerobics_Class_at_a_Gym.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Step_Aerobics_Class_at_a_Gym.JPG/220px-Step_Aerobics_Class_at_a_Gym.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Step_Aerobics_Class_at_a_Gym.JPG/330px-Step_Aerobics_Class_at_a_Gym.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Step_Aerobics_Class_at_a_Gym.JPG/440px-Step_Aerobics_Class_at_a_Gym.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Step_aerobics" title="Step aerobics">Step aerobics</a> in a gym</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:More_than_50_Warrior_Division_Soldiers,_military_spouses_and_children_gathered_at_Camp_Casey%27s_Carey_Fitness_Center_for_dancing,_aerobics_and_fun_110305-A-UQ765-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/More_than_50_Warrior_Division_Soldiers%2C_military_spouses_and_children_gathered_at_Camp_Casey%27s_Carey_Fitness_Center_for_dancing%2C_aerobics_and_fun_110305-A-UQ765-001.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/More_than_50_Warrior_Division_Soldiers%2C_military_spouses_and_children_gathered_at_Camp_Casey%27s_Carey_Fitness_Center_for_dancing%2C_aerobics_and_fun_110305-A-UQ765-001.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/More_than_50_Warrior_Division_Soldiers%2C_military_spouses_and_children_gathered_at_Camp_Casey%27s_Carey_Fitness_Center_for_dancing%2C_aerobics_and_fun_110305-A-UQ765-001.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A dance aerobics class</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aerobics</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">physical exercise</a> that combines rhythmic <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise" title="Aerobic exercise">aerobic exercise</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stretching" title="Stretching">stretching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">strength training</a> routines with the goal of improving all elements of fitness (<a href="/wiki/Flexibility_(anatomy)" title="Flexibility (anatomy)">flexibility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscular</a> strength, and <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardio-vascular</a> fitness). It is usually performed to music and may be practiced in a group setting led by an <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">instructor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fitness_professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitness professional">fitness professional</a>). With the goal of preventing illness and promoting <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physical fitness</a>, practitioners perform various routines. Formal aerobics classes are divided into different levels of intensity and complexity and will have five components: warm-up (5–10 minutes), cardiovascular conditioning (25–30 minutes), muscular strength and conditioning (10–15 minutes), cool-down (5–8 minutes) and stretching and flexibility (5–8 minutes). Aerobics classes may allow participants to select their level of participation according to their fitness level. Many gyms offer different types of aerobic classes. Each class is designed for a certain level of experience and taught by a certified instructor with a specialty area related to their particular class. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise#History" title="Aerobic exercise">Aerobic exercise § History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exercise#History" title="Exercise">Exercise § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fitness_culture" title="Fitness culture">Fitness culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aqua_Aerobics.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Aqua_Aerobics.JPG/220px-Aqua_Aerobics.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Aqua_Aerobics.JPG/330px-Aqua_Aerobics.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Aqua_Aerobics.JPG/440px-Aqua_Aerobics.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>A water aerobics class at an Aquatic Centre</figcaption></figure> <p>Both the term and the specific exercise method were developed by Dr <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_H._Cooper" title="Kenneth H. Cooper">Kenneth H. Cooper</a>, an exercise physiologist, and <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Potts" title="Pauline Potts">Col. Pauline Potts</a>, a physical therapist, both of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>. Cooper, an exercise enthusiast, was puzzled about why some people with good muscular strength were prone to perform poorly at activities such as long-distance running, swimming, and bicycling. He began using a <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_ergometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle ergometer">bicycle ergometer</a> to measure sustained performance in terms of a person's ability to use oxygen. In 1968, he published <i>Aerobics</i>, which included exercise programs using running, walking, swimming and bicycling. At the time the book was published there was increasing awareness of the need for increased exercise due to widespread weakness and inactivity. Cooper published a mass-market version <i>The New Aerobics</i> in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aerobic dancing was invented by <a href="/wiki/Jacki_Sorensen" title="Jacki Sorensen">Jacki Sorensen</a> in 1969, inspired by Cooper's book. Sorensen began teaching her method and spreading it throughout the U.S. in the hands of hundreds of instructors in the 1970s. At the same time, Judi Missett's <a href="/wiki/Jazzercise" title="Jazzercise">Jazzercise</a> was taking off in the form of dance studio franchises in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Black2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aerobics gained greater popularity, spreading worldwide after the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda%27s_Workout" title="Jane Fonda's Workout">Jane Fonda's Workout</a></i> video in 1982, sparking an industry boom.<sup id="cite_ref-Hendricks2018_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendricks2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Step_aerobics">Step aerobics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Step aerobics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aerobics" title="Special:EditPage/Aerobics">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Step_aerobics" title="Step aerobics">Step aerobics</a> is a form of aerobic exercise that uses a low elevated platform, the step, of height tailored to individual needs by inserting risers. Step aerobics classes are offered at many gyms. </p><p>Step aerobics was developed independently by a few American exercise instructors working separately in the mid-1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially Gin Miller and Connie Collins Williams in Atlanta, and <a href="/wiki/Cathe_Friedrich" title="Cathe Friedrich">Cathe Friedrich</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. Shoe manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Reebok" title="Reebok">Reebok</a> popularized the exercise method, selling a plastic step unit starting in 1990. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dumbell_aerobics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dumbell_aerobics.jpg/220px-Dumbell_aerobics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dumbell_aerobics.jpg/330px-Dumbell_aerobics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dumbell_aerobics.jpg/440px-Dumbell_aerobics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2380" /></a><figcaption>Aerobics using dumbbells</figcaption></figure> <p>Step aerobics can also be involved in dancing games, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution" title="Dance Dance Revolution">Dance Dance Revolution</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Groove_(video_game)" title="In the Groove (video game)">In the Groove</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wii_Fit" title="Wii Fit">Wii Fit</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moves_and_techniques">Moves and techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Moves and techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often moves are referred to as Reebok step moves.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "basic" step involves raising one foot onto the step, then the other so that they are both on the step, then stepping the first foot back, followed by the second. A "right basic" would involve stepping right foot up, then the left, then returning to the floor alternating right then left. </p><p>Some instructors switch immediately between different moves, for example between a right basic and a left basic without any intervening moves, effectively "tapping" the foot without shifting weight; tap-free or smooth stepping alternates the feet without "taps" </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_step.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_step.jpg/220px-The_step.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_step.jpg/330px-The_step.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_step.jpg/440px-The_step.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A step with two risers</figcaption></figure> <p>Common moves include: </p> <ul><li>Basic Step</li> <li>Corner knee (or corner kick)</li> <li>Repeater knee (aka Triple knee)</li> <li>T-Step</li> <li>Over-the-Top</li> <li>Lunges</li> <li>V-Step</li> <li>Straddle Down</li> <li>L-Step</li> <li>Split Step</li> <li>I-Step</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choreography">Choreography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Choreography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many instructors will prepare a set of moves that will be executed together to form the choreography of the class. Usually, the choreography will be timed to 32 beats in a set, ideally switching legs so that the set can be repeated in a mirrored fashion. A set may consist of many different moves and the different moves may have different durations. For example, a basic step as described above takes 4 beats (for the 4 steps the person takes). Similarly, the "knee up" move also takes 4 beats. Another common move, the repeater knee, is an 8-beat move. </p><p>Classes vary in the level of choreography. Basic level classes will tend to have a series of relatively basic moves strung together into a sequence. More advanced classes incorporate dance elements such as turns, mambos, and stomps. These elements are put together into 2–3 routines in each class. One learns the routines during the class and then all are performed at the end of the class. Regardless of the complexity of the choreography, most instructors offer various options for different levels of intensity/dance ability while teaching the routines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aerobic_dances">Aerobic dances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aerobic dances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exercices_d%27a%C3%A9robic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Exercices_d%27a%C3%A9robic.jpg/220px-Exercices_d%27a%C3%A9robic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Exercices_d%27a%C3%A9robic.jpg/330px-Exercices_d%27a%C3%A9robic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Exercices_d%27a%C3%A9robic.jpg/440px-Exercices_d%27a%C3%A9robic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>An aerobics class</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aerobic dances</b> are musical fitness routines in which an instructor <a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">choreographs</a> several short dance combinations and teaches them to a class. This is usually achieved by teaching the class one to two movements at a time and repeating the movements until the class is able to join the whole choreography together. Popular music is used throughout the class. This is sometimes followed by a strength section which uses body weight exercises to strengthen muscles and a stretch routine to cool down and improve <a href="/wiki/Flexibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexibility">flexibility</a>. Classes are usually 30–60 minutes in length and may include the use of equipment such as a barbell, aerobic step, or small weights.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In freestyle aerobics, the instructor choreographs the routine and adjusts it to the needs and wants of their class. There is often no difference between base movements in freestyle and pre-choreographed programs. </p><p>It is practiced to improve cardio and strength. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aerobic_gymnastics">Aerobic gymnastics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aerobic gymnastics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figuraaerobic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Figuraaerobic.jpg/220px-Figuraaerobic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Figuraaerobic.jpg/330px-Figuraaerobic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Figuraaerobic.jpg/440px-Figuraaerobic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="1841" /></a><figcaption>A sport aerobics team</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_gymnastics" title="Aerobic gymnastics">Aerobic gymnastics</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Sport_aerobics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport aerobics">sport aerobics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Competition#Sports" title="Competition">competitive</a> aerobics, may combine complicated <a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">choreography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics">rhythmic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acrobatic_gymnastics" title="Acrobatic gymnastics">acrobatic gymnastics</a> with elements of aerobics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performance is divided into categories by age, sex and groups (individual, mixed pairs and trios) and are judged on the following elements: dynamic and static strength, jumps and leaps, kicks, balance and flexibility. Ten exercises are mandatory: four consecutive high leg kicks, patterns. A maximum of ten elements from following families are allowed: <a href="/wiki/Push-ups" class="mw-redirect" title="Push-ups">push-ups</a>, supports and balances, kicks and splits, jumps and leaps. Elements of <a href="/wiki/Tumbling_(gymnastics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbling (gymnastics)">tumbling</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Handspring_(gymnastics)" title="Handspring (gymnastics)">handsprings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handstand" title="Handstand">handstands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flip_(acrobatic)" title="Flip (acrobatic)">back flips</a>, and aerial <a href="/wiki/Somersault" title="Somersault">somersaults</a> are prohibited. Scoring is by judging of artistic quality, creativity, execution, and difficulty of routines. Sport aerobics has state, national, and international competitions, but is not an Olympic sport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_century_women%27s_fitness_culture" title="20th century women's fitness culture">20th century women's fitness culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazzercise" title="Jazzercise">Jazzercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_aerobics" title="Water aerobics">Water aerobics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumba" title="Zumba">Zumba</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/aerobics-kenneth-cooper-to-receive-harvard-healthy-cup-award/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Father of Aerobics" Kenneth Cooper, MD, MPH to receive Healthy Cup Award from Harvard School of Public Health"</a>. <i>News</i>. 2008-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News&rft.atitle=%22Father+of+Aerobics%22+Kenneth+Cooper%2C+MD%2C+MPH+to+receive+Healthy+Cup+Award+from+Harvard+School+of+Public+Health&rft.date=2008-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Faerobics-kenneth-cooper-to-receive-harvard-healthy-cup-award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052640/https://www.clubindustry.com/forprofits/dr-kenneth-cooper-and-how-he-became-known-father-aerobics">"Dr. Kenneth Cooper and How He Became Known as the Father of Aerobics"</a>. <i>Club Industry</i>. 2008-09-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clubindustry.com/forprofits/dr-kenneth-cooper-and-how-he-became-known-father-aerobics">the original</a> on 2018-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Club+Industry&rft.atitle=Dr.+Kenneth+Cooper+and+How+He+Became+Known+as+the+Father+of+Aerobics&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clubindustry.com%2Fforprofits%2Fdr-kenneth-cooper-and-how-he-became-known-father-aerobics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Black2020_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2020" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jonathan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VBbaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT111"><i>Making the American Body: The Remarkable Saga of the Men and Women Whose Feats, Feuds, and Passions Shaped Fitness History</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 111–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781496209504" title="Special:BookSources/9781496209504"><bdi>9781496209504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+the+American+Body%3A+The+Remarkable+Saga+of+the+Men+and+Women+Whose+Feats%2C+Feuds%2C+and+Passions+Shaped+Fitness+History&rft.pages=111-113&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781496209504&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVBbaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hendricks2018-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hendricks2018_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendricks2018" class="citation book cs1">Hendricks, Nancy (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAVnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA526"><i>Popular Fads and Crazes Through American History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 526. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440851834" title="Special:BookSources/9781440851834"><bdi>9781440851834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Fads+and+Crazes+Through+American+History&rft.pages=526&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781440851834&rft.aulast=Hendricks&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZAVnDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/aerobics">"Aerobics | exercise | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Aerobics+%7C+exercise+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Faerobics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://garagegymbuilder.com/aerobic-steppers/">"Best Butt Aerobic Steppers Reviewed - Garage Gym Builder"</a>. <i>Garage Gym Ideas - Ultimate Home Gym Design</i>. 2016-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Garage+Gym+Ideas+-+Ultimate+Home+Gym+Design&rft.atitle=Best+Butt+Aerobic+Steppers+Reviewed+-+Garage+Gym+Builder&rft.date=2016-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgaragegymbuilder.com%2Faerobic-steppers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safe-stretch.info/tag/freestyle-aerobics/">"Freestyle Aerobics | Safe Stretch"</a>. <i>www.safe-stretch.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.safe-stretch.info&rft.atitle=Freestyle+Aerobics+%7C+Safe+Stretch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safe-stretch.info%2Ftag%2Ffreestyle-aerobics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fig-gymnastics.com/site/page/view?id=277">"About Aerobic"</a>. <i>Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+Internationale+de+Gymnastique&rft.atitle=About+Aerobic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fig-gymnastics.com%2Fsite%2Fpage%2Fview%3Fid%3D277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2022" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Danielle (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/645493/lets-get-physical-by-danielle-friedman/"><i>Let's Get Physical: How Women Discovered Exercise and Reshaped the World</i></a>. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780593188422" title="Special:BookSources/9780593188422"><bdi>9780593188422</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408230750/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/645493/lets-get-physical-by-danielle-friedman/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Get+Physical%3A+How+Women+Discovered+Exercise+and+Reshaped+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780593188422&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F645493%2Flets-get-physical-by-danielle-friedman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aerobics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aerobics">Aerobics</a> at Wikimedia 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise" title="Aerobic exercise">Aerobic exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aerobics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_running" title="Long-distance running">Distance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_training" title="Endurance training">Endurance training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">Hiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogging" title="Jogging">Jogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming" title="Swimming">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise" title="Anaerobic exercise">Anaerobic exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_interval_training" title="High-intensity interval training">High-intensity interval training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">Sprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">Strength training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">Bodybuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodyweight_exercise" title="Bodyweight exercise">Bodyweight exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flywheel_training" title="Flywheel training">Flywheel training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_training" title="Suspension training">Suspension training</a></li> 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fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretching" title="Stretching">Stretching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness" title="History of physical training and fitness">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics_of_physical_exercise" title="Epigenetics of physical exercise">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_and_music" title="Exercise and music">Exercise and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_equipment" title="Exercise equipment">Exercise equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_physiology" title="Exercise physiology">Exercise physiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Neurobiological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_mimetic" title="Exercise mimetic">Exercise mimetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_trends" title="Exercise trends">Exercise trends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_app" title="Fitness app">Fitness app</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_culture" title="Fitness culture">Fitness culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_exercise" title="Outline of exercise">Outline of exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">Physical fitness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4141508-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Team aerobics"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90004442">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85001290">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="エアロビクス"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01189135">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="aerobik"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118272&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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