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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Aragonese and Spanish kingdom</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aragonese_and_Spanish_kingdom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aragonese and Spanish kingdom subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aragonese_and_Spanish_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Foundation of the Kingdom of Sardinia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aragonese_conquest_of_Sardinia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aragonese_conquest_of_Sardinia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Aragonese conquest of Sardinia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aragonese_conquest_of_Sardinia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Sardinia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Sardinia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Spanish Sardinia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Sardinia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Savoyard_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Savoyard_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Savoyard period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Savoyard_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Savoyard period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Savoyard_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exchange_of_Sardinia_for_Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exchange_of_Sardinia_for_Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Exchange of Sardinia for Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exchange_of_Sardinia_for_Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars_and_the_Congress_of_Vienna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_Wars_and_the_Congress_of_Vienna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars_and_the_Congress_of_Vienna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Savoyard_struggle_for_the_Italian_unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Savoyard_struggle_for_the_Italian_unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Savoyard struggle for the Italian unification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Savoyard_struggle_for_the_Italian_unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garibaldi_and_the_Thousand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garibaldi_and_the_Thousand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Garibaldi and the Thousand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garibaldi_and_the_Thousand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towards_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towards_the_Kingdom_of_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Towards the Kingdom of Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towards_the_Kingdom_of_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flags,_royal_standards_and_coats_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags,_royal_standards_and_coats_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flags, royal standards and coats of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags,_royal_standards_and_coats_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Maps</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Maps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Maps subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territorial_evolution_of_Sardinia_from_1324_to_1720" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_evolution_of_Sardinia_from_1324_to_1720"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Territorial evolution of Sardinia from 1324 to 1720</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_evolution_of_Sardinia_from_1324_to_1720-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_evolution_of_Italy_from_1796_to_1860" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_evolution_of_Italy_from_1796_to_1860"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Territorial evolution of Italy from 1796 to 1860</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_evolution_of_Italy_from_1796_to_1860-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>In Italian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Sardinia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مملكة سردينيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة سردينيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Cerdenya" title="Reino de Cerdenya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino de Cerdenya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey%C3%B4mo_de_Sard%C3%A8gne" title="Reyômo de Sardègne – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Reyômo de Sardègne" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_de_Cerde%C3%B1a" title="Reinu de Cerdeña – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu de Cerdeña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiniya_krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Sardiniya krallığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sardiniya krallığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardegna_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Sardegna Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sardegna Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сардзінскае каралеўства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сардзінскае каралеўства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сардинско кралство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сардинско кралство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Sardinija" title="Kraljevina Sardinija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kraljevina Sardinija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_Sardigna" title="Rouantelezh Sardigna – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh Sardigna" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Sardenya" title="Regne de Sardenya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Sardenya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Sardinské království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sardinské království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_Sardinien" title="Kongeriget Sardinien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget Sardinien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Sardinien" title="Königreich Sardinien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Sardinien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiinia_kuningriik" title="Sardiinia kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sardiinia kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βασίλειο της Σαρδηνίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο της Σαρδηνίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Cerde%C3%B1a" title="Reino de Cerdeña – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Cerdeña" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_Sardio" title="Reĝlando Sardio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando Sardio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiniako_Erresuma" title="Sardiniako Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sardiniako Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پادشاهی ساردنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی ساردنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Sardaigne" title="Royaume de Sardaigne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Sardaigne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADocht_na_Saird%C3%ADne" title="Ríocht na Sairdíne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríocht na Sairdíne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Sarde%C3%B1a" title="Reino de Sardeña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Sardeña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%B4%EB%8D%B0%EB%83%90_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="사르데냐 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사르데냐 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սարդինիայի թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սարդինիայի թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Sardinija" title="Kraljevina Sardinija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevina Sardinija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Sardinia" title="Kerajaan Sardinia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_Sardin%C3%ADa" title="Konungsríkið Sardinía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Konungsríkið Sardinía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Sardegna" title="Regno di Sardegna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Sardegna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="ממלכת סרדיניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת סרדיניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="სარდინიის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სარდინიის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Сардиния корольдігі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сардиния корольдігі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufalme_wa_Sardinia" title="Ufalme wa Sardinia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufalme wa Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ABni_de_Sardenia" title="Rëni de Sardenia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Rëni de Sardenia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Sardiniae" title="Regnum Sardiniae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Sardiniae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sard%C4%ABnijas_Karaliste" title="Sardīnijas Karaliste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sardīnijas Karaliste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinijos_karalyst%C4%97" title="Sardinijos karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sardinijos karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_de_Sardegna" title="Regno de Sardegna – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Regno de Sardegna" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn_de_Sardegna" title="Regn de Sardegna – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Regn de Sardegna" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1rd_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Szárd Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szárd Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кралство Сардинија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Сардинија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مملكة سردينيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملكة سردينيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Sardinia" title="Kerajaan Sardinia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Sardini%C3%AB" title="Koninkrijk Sardinië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Sardinië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="サルデーニャ王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サルデーニャ王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8mmet_Sardinia" title="Kongedømmet Sardinia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongedømmet Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8met_Sardinia" title="Kongedømet Sardinia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kongedømet Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiaume_de_Sardenha" title="Reiaume de Sardenha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reiaume de Sardenha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiniya_qirolligi" title="Sardiniya qirolligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sardiniya qirolligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AA" title="سارڈینیا بادشاہت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سارڈینیا بادشاہت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn_%C3%ABd_Sard%C3%ABgna" title="Regn ëd Sardëgna – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Regn ëd Sardëgna" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Sardynii" title="Królestwo Sardynii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Sardynii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_da_Sardenha" title="Reino da Sardenha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino da Sardenha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Sardiniei" title="Regatul Sardiniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Sardiniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сардинское королевство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сардинское королевство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennu_de_Sardigna" title="Rennu de Sardigna – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rennu de Sardigna" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_e_Sardenj%C3%ABs" title="Mbretëria e Sardenjës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria e Sardenjës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnu_di_Sardigna" title="Regnu di Sardigna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Regnu di Sardigna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom of Sardinia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sard%C3%ADnske_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo" title="Sardínske kráľovstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sardínske kráľovstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Sardinija" title="Kraljevina Sardinija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kraljevina Sardinija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Краљевина Пијемонт-Сардинија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевина Пијемонт-Сардинија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Sardinija" title="Kraljevina Sardinija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljevina Sardinija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_kuningaskunta" title="Sardinian kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sardinian kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Sardinien" title="Kungariket Sardinien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Sardinien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Cerde%C3%B1a" title="Kaharian ng Cerdeña – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaharian ng Cerdeña" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ราชอาณาจักรซาร์ดิเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรซาร์ดิเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinya_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Sardinya Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sardinya Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сардинське королівство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сардинське королівство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مملکت ساردینیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت ساردینیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_de_Sardegna" title="Regno de Sardegna – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Regno de Sardegna" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Sardegna" title="Vương quốc Sardegna – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Sardegna" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the kingdom as part of the Aragonese and Spanish crowns, see <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)</a>. For the Savoyard phase of the kingdom, also known as Sardinia-Piedmont or Piedmont Sardinia, see <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Sardinia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Regnum Sardiniæ</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Regne de Sardenya</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>)</span><br /><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Reino de Cerdeña</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span><br /><span title="Sardinian-language text"><i lang="sc">Rennu de Sardigna</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>)</span><br /> <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Regno di Sardegna</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1297—1861</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324-1720).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281324-1720%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281324-1720%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281324-1720%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281324-1720%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281324-1720%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281324-1720%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1816-1848).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/125px-State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/188px-State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/250px-State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div>Top: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Piedmont#Kingdom_of_Savoy-Sardinia" title="Flag of Piedmont">Flag</a> during the Aragonese and Spanish periods, and again <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1324</span>–1720<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rbvex.it_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbvex.it-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crwflags.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crwflags.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (longest use)<br />Bottom: Flag 1816–1848 during the Union with Piedmont-Savoy</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_Alcoraz_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cross_of_Alcoraz_Arms.svg/85px-Cross_of_Alcoraz_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cross_of_Alcoraz_Arms.svg/128px-Cross_of_Alcoraz_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cross_of_Alcoraz_Arms.svg/170px-Cross_of_Alcoraz_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="#Flags,_royal_standards_and_coats_of_arms">Coat of arms</a><br />Aragonese-Spanish periods<div style="padding:3px 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1833-1848).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Papal States (sede vacante)"><img alt="Coat of arms of Papal States (sede vacante)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281833-1848%29.svg/95px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281833-1848%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281833-1848%29.svg/143px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281833-1848%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281833-1848%29.svg/190px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281833-1848%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="1383" /></a></span></div> Savoyard Periods</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><a href="/wiki/FERT" title="FERT">FERT</a><br />(Motto for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/S%27hymnu_sardu_nationale" title="S'hymnu sardu nationale">S'hymnu sardu nationale</a><br />"The Sardinian national anthem"<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Piedmont-Sardinia_1850s.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1859 including conquest of Lombardy; client state in light green"><img alt="Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1859 including conquest of Lombardy; client state in light green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Piedmont-Sardinia_1850s.png/250px-Piedmont-Sardinia_1850s.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Piedmont-Sardinia_1850s.png/375px-Piedmont-Sardinia_1850s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Piedmont-Sardinia_1850s.png/500px-Piedmont-Sardinia_1850s.png 2x" data-file-width="7420" data-file-height="7602" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1859 including conquest of Lombardy; <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">client state</a> in light green</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Associate state of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> (1324–1708, 1717–1720)</li> <li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Empire">Austria</a> (1708–1717)</li> <li>Sovereign State under <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy</a> (1720–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a><br />(1324–1720, 1798–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a><br />(1720–1798, 1814–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>During the Iberian period in Sardinia:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>During the Savoyard period as a composite State:</b><br />Also <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (already officially used in the mainland since the 16th century via the Rivoli Edict; introduced to Sardinia in 1760<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (officially used in the mainland since the 16th century via the Rivoli Edict), <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arpitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arpitan">Arpitan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a><br />(1324–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a><br />(1849–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sardinia">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1324–1327 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1849–1861 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia">Victor Emmanuel II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of the Kingdom of Sardinia">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1848 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Balbo" title="Cesare Balbo">Cesare Balbo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1860–1861 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia">Parliament</a> (from 1848)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Senate" title="Subalpine Senate">Subalpine Senate</a> (from 1848)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Kingdom_of_Sardinia)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Sardinia)">Chamber of Deputies</a> (from 1848)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">Early modern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Anagni" title="Treaty of Anagni">Papal investiture</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1297</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lucocisterna" title="Battle of Lucocisterna">Actual establishment</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1324</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Became Habsburg</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1708</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Sardinia" title="Spanish conquest of Sardinia">Spanish reconquest</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1717</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_(1720)" title="Treaty of The Hague (1720)">Became part of Savoy</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1720</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect fusion">Perfect fusion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1848</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1860)" title="Treaty of Turin (1860)">Loss</a> of <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">Nice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1860</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 1861</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1821 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,974,500<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cagliarese" title="Cagliarese">Cagliarese</a> (to 1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_scudo" title="Sardinian scudo">Sardinian scudo</a> (to 1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_scudo" title="Piedmontese scudo">Piedmontese scudo</a> (to 1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a> (1800–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_lira" title="Sardinian lira">Sardinian lira</a> (1816–61)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Giudicato_of_Arborea.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Giudicato_of_Arborea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Giudicato_of_Arborea.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Giudicato_of_Arborea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Giudicato_of_Arborea.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Giudicato_of_Arborea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1250" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Judicate of Arborea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Sassari_%281259%E2%80%931323%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sassari_%281259%E2%80%931323%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Sassari_%281259%E2%80%931323%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sassari_%281259%E2%80%931323%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Sassari_%281259%E2%80%931323%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sassari_%281259%E2%80%931323%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="255" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sassari" title="Republic of Sassari">Republic of Sassari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/20px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/40px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/20px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/30px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/40px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/20px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/30px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/40px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/20px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/30px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/40px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/20px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/30px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/40px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="906" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sardinia,_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sardinia"><img alt="Flag of Sardinia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg/120px-Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg/180px-Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg/240px-Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background:#ccccff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sardinia" title="History of Sardinia">History of Sardinia</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Nuragic_Sardinia" title="Pre-Nuragic Sardinia">Pre-Nuragic Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Phoenician–Punic Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia_and_Corsica" title="Sardinia and Corsica">Sardinia and Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Sardinia" title="Vandal Sardinia">Vandal Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Byzantine Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Sardinia" title="Template:History of Sardinia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Sardinia" title="Template talk:History of Sardinia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Sardinia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Sardinia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Sardinia</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also referred to as the <b>Kingdom of</b> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)"><b>Sardinia</b>-<b>Piedmont</b></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Sardegna and Corsica</b> or <b>Piedmont–Sardinia</b> as a <a href="/wiki/Composite_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite state">composite state</a> during the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoyard</a> period, was a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> from the late 13th until the mid-19th century; officially 1297 to 1768 for the Corsican part of this kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kingdom was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Aragon" title="Council of Aragon">Council of Aragon</a> and initially consisted of the islands of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, sovereignty over both of which was claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a>, which granted them as a fief, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae</i></span> ("kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), to King <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II of Aragon</a> in 1297.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1324, James and his successors <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_conquest_of_Sardinia" title="Aragonese conquest of Sardinia">conquered the island of Sardinia</a> and established <i>de facto</i> their <i>de jure</i> authority. In 1420, after the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian%E2%80%93Aragonese_war" title="Sardinian–Aragonese war">Sardinian–Aragonese war</a>, the last competing claim to the island was bought out. After the union of the crowns of Aragon and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>, Sardinia became a part of the burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>. </p><p>In 1720, the island and its kingdom were ceded by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> claimants to the Spanish throne to the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Amadeus II of Savoy">Victor Amadeus II</a>. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoyards</a> united it with their historical possessions on the Italian mainland, and the kingdom came to be progressively identified with the mainland states, which included, besides <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Aosta</a>, dynastic possessions like the Principality of <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a>, over both of which the Savoyards had been exercising their control since the 13th century and 1388, respectively. The formal name of this <a href="/wiki/Composite_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite state">composite state</a> was the "<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">States of His Majesty the King of Sardinia</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it <a href="/wiki/Pars_pro_toto#Geography" title="Pars pro toto">was and is referred to</a> as either <b>Sardinia</b>–<b>Piedmont</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:03_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Piedmont–Sardinia</b>, or erroneously the <b>Kingdom of Piedmont</b>, since the island of Sardinia had always been of secondary importance to the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Savoyard rule, the kingdom's government, ruling class, cultural models and center of population were entirely situated in the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, while the capital of the island of Sardinia and the seat of <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Sardinia">its viceroys</a> had always been <i>de jure</i> <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, it was the Piedmontese city of <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a> since the mid 16th century, which was the <i>de facto</i> seat of power. This situation would be conferred official status with the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Fusion" title="Perfect Fusion">Perfect Fusion</a> of 1847, when all the kingdom's governmental institutions would be centralized in Turin. </p><p>When the mainland domains of the House of Savoy were occupied and eventually annexed by <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic France</a>, the king of Sardinia temporarily resided on the island for the first time in Sardinia's history under Savoyard rule. The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> (1814–15), which restructured Europe after Napoleon's defeat, returned to Savoy its mainland possessions and augmented them with <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Liguria</a>, taken from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>'s accession to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1816)" title="Treaty of Turin (1816)">Treaty of Turin (1816)</a> transferred <a href="/wiki/Carouge" title="Carouge">Carouge</a> and adjacent areas to the newly created Swiss <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Canton of Geneva</a>. In 1847–48, through an <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Fusion" title="Perfect Fusion">act of Union</a> analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">one between Great Britain and Ireland</a>, the various Savoyard states were unified under one legal system with their capital in Turin, and granted a constitution, the <i><a href="/wiki/Statuto_Albertino" title="Statuto Albertino">Statuto Albertino</a></i>. </p><p>By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> in 1853, the Savoyards had built the kingdom into a strong power. There followed the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> (1859), the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">central Italian states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a> (1860), <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Venetia</a> (1866), and the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (1870). On 17 March 1861, to more accurately reflect its new geographic, cultural and political extent, the Kingdom of Sardinia <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">changed its name to the Kingdom of Italy</a>, and its capital was eventually moved first to <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. The Savoy-led Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was thus the <a href="/wiki/Predecessor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Predecessor state">legal predecessor</a> of the Kingdom of Italy, which in turn is the predecessor of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A.Sandulli,_G.Vesperini_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.Sandulli,_G.Vesperini-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sardinia" title="History of Sardinia">History of Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sardinia">List of monarchs of Sardinia</a></div> <p>In 238 BC Sardinia became, along with Corsica, a <a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The Romans ruled the island until the middle of the 5th century when it was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, who had also settled in north Africa. In 534 AD it was reconquered by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire</a>. It remained a Byzantine province until the Arab conquest of Sicily in the 9th century. After that, communications with Constantinople became very difficult, and powerful families of the island assumed control of the land. </p><p>Facing Arab attempts to sack and conquer, while having almost no outside help, Sardinia used the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">translatio imperii</a></i> ("transfer of rule") and continued to organize itself along the ancient Roman and Byzantine model. The island was not the personal property of the ruler and of his family, as was then the dominant practice in western Europe, but rather a separate entity and during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">monarchical republic</a>, as it had been since Roman times. </p><p>Starting from 705 to 706, <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Saracens</a> from north Africa (recently conquered by Arab armies) harassed the population of the coastal cities. Information about the Sardinian political situation in the following centuries is scarce. Due to Saracen attacks, in the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a> was abandoned in favor of <a href="/wiki/Oristano" title="Oristano">Oristano</a>, after more than 1800 years of occupation; <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Caralis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porto_Torres" title="Porto Torres">Porto Torres</a> and numerous other coastal centres suffered the same fate. There is a record of another massive Saracen sea attack in 1015–16 from the <a href="/wiki/Balearics" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearics">Balearics</a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Muj%C4%81hid_al-%CA%BF%C4%80mir%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī">Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī</a> (Latinized as <i>Museto</i>). The Saracen attempt to invade the island was stopped by the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a> with the support of the fleets of the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">maritime republics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>. Pope <a href="/wiki/Benedict_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a> also requested aid from the two maritime republics in the struggle against the Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a>, Rome made many efforts to restore Latinity to the Sardinian church, politics and society, and to finally reunify the island under one Catholic ruler, as it had been for all of southern Italy, when the Byzantines had been driven away by Catholic <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>. Even the title of "Judge" was a Byzantine reminder of the Greek church and state,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in times of harsh relations between eastern and western churches (<a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Latins" title="Massacre of the Latins">Massacre of the Latins</a>, 1182, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople (1204)">Siege of Constantinople (1204)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Constantinople">Recapture of Constantinople</a>, 1261). </p><p>Before the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica, the <a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">Archons</a> (ἄρχοντες) or, in Latin, <i>judices</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who reigned in the island from the 9th or 10th century until the beginning of the 11th century, can be considered real kings of all Sardinia (Κύριε βοήθε ιοῦ δού λού σου Tουρκοτουρίου ἅρχωντοσ Σαρδινίας καί τής δού ληςσου Γετιτ<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though nominal vassals of the Byzantine emperors. Of these sovereigns, only two names are known: Turcoturiu and Salusiu (Tουρκοτουριου βασιλικου προτοσπαθαριου <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> και Σαλουσιου των ευγενεστατων άρχωντων),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who probably ruled in the 10th century. The Archons still wrote in Greek or Latin, but one of the oldest documents left of the <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Judicate of Cagliari</a> (the so-called <i>Carta Volgare</i>), issued by <a href="/wiki/Torchitorio_I_of_Cagliari" title="Torchitorio I of Cagliari">Torchitorio I de Lacon-Gunale</a> in 1070, was already written in the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian language</a>, albeit with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The realm was divided into four small kingdoms, the Judicates of <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Arborea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Gallura" title="Judicate of Gallura">Gallura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro" title="Judicate of Logudoro">Logudoro</a>, perfectly organized as was the previous realm, but was now under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a>, which claimed sovereignty over the entire island, and in particular of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian states</a> of Genoa and Pisa, that through alliances with the "judges" (the local rulers), secured their political and economic zones of influence. While Genoa was mostly, but not always, in the north and west regions of Sardinia, that is, in the Judicates of Gallura and Logudoro; Pisa was mostly, but not always, in the south and east, in the Judicates of Cagliari and Arborea.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was the cause of conflicts leading to a long war between the Judges, who regarded themselves as kings fighting against rebellious nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_met%C3%A0_del_XVI_secolo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_met%C3%A0_del_XVI_secolo.JPG/220px-Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_met%C3%A0_del_XVI_secolo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_met%C3%A0_del_XVI_secolo.JPG/330px-Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_met%C3%A0_del_XVI_secolo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_met%C3%A0_del_XVI_secolo.JPG/440px-Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_met%C3%A0_del_XVI_secolo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>The flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia at the funeral ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Later, the title of King of Sardinia was granted by the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire to <a href="/wiki/Barisone_II_of_Arborea" title="Barisone II of Arborea">Barisone II of Arborea</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Enzio_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzio of Sardinia">Enzio of Sardinia</a>. The first could not reunify the island under his rule, despite years of war against the other Sardinian judges, and he finally concluded a peace treaty with them in 1172.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second did not have the opportunity. Invested with the title from his father, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Frederick II</a> in 1239, he was soon recalled by his parent and appointed Imperial Vicar for Italy. He died in 1272 without direct recognized heirs after a detention of 23 years in a prison in Bologna. </p><p>The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica (later, just the "Kingdom of Sardinia" from 1460<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a state whose king was the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Aragon">King of Aragon</a>, who started to conquer it in 1324, gained full control in 1410, and directly ruled it until 1460. In that year it was incorporated into a sort of confederation of states, each with its own institutions, called the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, and united only in the person of the king. The Crown of Aragon was made by a council of representatives of the various states and grew in importance for the main purpose of separating the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> from that of <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a> when they married in 1469. </p><p>The idea of the kingdom was created in 1297 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a>, as a hypothetical entity created for <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II of Aragon</a> under a secret clause in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Anagni" title="Treaty of Anagni">Treaty of Anagni</a>. This was an inducement to join in the effort to restore <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, then under the rule of James's brother <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick III of Sicily</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevin dynasty</a> over the oppositions of the Sicilians. The two islands proposed for this new kingdom were occupied by other states and fiefs at the time. In Sardinia, three of the four states that had succeeded <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine imperial</a> rule in the 9th century had passed through marriage and partition under the direct or indirect control of <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> in the 40 years preceding the <a href="/wiki/Anagni" title="Anagni">Anagni</a> treaty. Genoa had also ruled <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> since conquering the island nearly two centuries before (<i>c</i>. 1133). </p><p>There were other reasons beside this papal decision: it was the final successful result of the long fight against the <a href="/wiki/Ghibelline" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghibelline">Ghibelline</a> (pro-imperial) city of Pisa and the Holy Roman Empire itself. Furthermore, Sardinia was then under the control of the very Catholic kings of Aragon, and the last result of rapprochement of the island to Rome. The Sardinian church had never been under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>; it was an autonomous province loyal to Rome and belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, but during the Byzantine period became influenced by Byzantine liturgy and culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aragonese_and_Spanish_kingdom">Aragonese and Spanish kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aragonese and Spanish kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia">Foundation of the Kingdom of Sardinia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation of the Kingdom of Sardinia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Sardinia_16th_century_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_16th_century_map.jpg/170px-Kingdom_of_Sardinia_16th_century_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_16th_century_map.jpg/255px-Kingdom_of_Sardinia_16th_century_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_16th_century_map.jpg/340px-Kingdom_of_Sardinia_16th_century_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1676" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Sardinia in a 16th-century map</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1297, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a>, intervening between the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Houses of Anjou</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Barcelona" title="House of Barcelona">Aragon</a>, established on paper a <i>Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae</i> that would be a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> of the papacy. Then, ignoring the indigenous states which already existed, the Pope offered his newly created fief to <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II of Aragon</a>, promising him papal support should he wish to conquer Pisan Sardinia in exchange for Sicily. In 1323 James II formed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Hugh_II_of_Arborea" title="Hugh II of Arborea">Hugh II of Arborea</a> and, following a military campaign which lasted a year or so, occupied the Pisan territories of <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallura" title="Gallura">Gallura</a> along with the city of <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a>, claiming the territory as the <i>Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica</i>. </p><p>In 1353, <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Arborea</a> waged war on Aragon. The Crown of Aragon did not reduce the last of the judicates (indigenous kingdoms of Sardinia) until 1420. The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica retained its separate character as part of the Crown of Aragon and was not merely incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon. At the time of his struggles with Arborea, <a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon" title="Peter IV of Aragon">Peter IV of Aragon</a> granted an autonomous legislature to the kingdom and its legal traditions. The kingdom was governed in the king's name by a <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a>. </p><p>In 1420, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V of Aragon</a>, king of Sicily and heir to Aragon, bought the remaining territories for 100,000 gold florins of the Judicate of Arborea in the 1420 from the last judge, <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_Narbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="William III of Narbonne">William III of Narbonne</a>, and the "Kingdom of Sardinia" extended throughout the island, except for the city of <a href="/wiki/Castelsardo" title="Castelsardo">Castelsardo</a> (at that time called <i>Casteldoria</i> or <i>Castelgenovese</i>) that was stolen from the <a href="/wiki/Doria_(family)" title="Doria (family)">Doria</a> in 1448, and renamed <i>Castillo Aragonés</i> (<i>Aragonese Castle</i>). </p><p>Corsica, which had never been conquered, was dropped from the formal title and Sardinia passed with the Crown of Aragon to a united Spain. The defeat of the local kingdoms, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">communes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">signorie</a>, the firm Aragonese (later Spanish) rule, the introduction of a sterile <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, as well as the discovery of the Americas, provoked an unstoppable decline of the Kingdom of Sardinia. A short period of uprisings occurred under the local noble <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Alagon" title="Leonardo Alagon">Leonardo Alagon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Oristano" title="Marquisate of Oristano">marquess of Oristano</a>, who defended his territories against Viceroy Nicolò Carroz and managed to defeat the viceroy's army in the 1470s, but was later crushed at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Macomer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Macomer (page does not exist)">Battle of Macomer</a> in 1478, ending any further revolts in the island. The unceasing attacks from <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">north African pirates</a> and a series of plagues (in 1582, 1652 and 1655) further worsened the situation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aragonese_conquest_of_Sardinia">Aragonese conquest of Sardinia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aragonese conquest of Sardinia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_conquest_of_Sardinia" title="Aragonese conquest of Sardinia">Aragonese conquest of Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian%E2%80%93Aragonese_war" title="Sardinian–Aragonese war">Sardinian–Aragonese war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)</a></div> <p>Although the "<i>Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica</i>" could be said to have started as a questionable and extraordinary <i>de jure</i> state in 1297, its <i>de facto</i> existence began in 1324 when, called by their allies of the <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Judicate of Arborea</a> in the course of war with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a>, James II seized the Pisan territories in the former states of <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallura" title="Gallura">Gallura</a> and asserted his papally-approved title. In 1347, Aragon made war on landlords of the Doria House and the Malaspina House, who were citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, which controlled most of the lands of the former <a href="/wiki/Logudoro" title="Logudoro">Logudoro</a> state in north-western Sardinia, including the city of <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a> and the semiautonomous <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sassari" title="Republic of Sassari">Republic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a>, and added them to its direct domains. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Judicate of Arborea</a>, the only Sardinian state that remained independent of foreign domination, proved far more difficult to subdue. Threatened by the Aragonese claims of suzerainty and consolidation of the rest of the island, in 1353 Arborea, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Marianus_IV_of_Arborea" title="Marianus IV of Arborea">Marianus IV</a>, started the conquest of the remaining Sardinian territories, which formed the Kingdom of Sardinia. In 1368 an Arborean offensive succeeded in nearly driving the Aragonese from the island, reducing the "Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica" to just the port cities of <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a> and incorporating everything else into their own kingdom. </p><p>A peace treaty returned the Aragonese their previous possessions in 1388, but tensions continued and, in 1382, the Arborean army led by <a href="/wiki/Brancaleone_Doria" title="Brancaleone Doria">Brancaleone Doria</a> again swept most of the island into Arborean rule. This situation lasted until 1409 when the army of the Judicate of Arborea suffered a heavy defeat by the Aragonese army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sanluri" title="Battle of Sanluri">Battle of Sanluri</a>. After the sale of the remaining territories for 100,000 gold florins to the Judicate of Arborea in 1420, the "Kingdom of Sardinia" extended throughout the island, except for the city of <a href="/wiki/Castelsardo" title="Castelsardo">Castelsardo</a> (at that time called <i>Casteldoria</i> or <i>Castelgenovese</i>), which had been stolen from the <a href="/wiki/Doria_(family)" title="Doria (family)">Doria</a> in 1448. The subduing of Sardinia having taken a century, Corsica, which had never been wrested from the Genoese, was dropped from the formal title of the kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Sardinia">Spanish Sardinia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spanish Sardinia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> Sardinia continued to be governed as a semi-independent kingdom, retaining its own parliament and a <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Sardinia" title="List of viceroys of Sardinia">Viceroy</a> governing the island on the king's behalf. This arrangement continued after the personal union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon to form <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg dynasty</a>. During this time the island became a target for <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a>, due to the frequent wars between Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. From the 1570s onward a series of towers, known today as the Spanish Towers, were built around the island's coast to guard against pirate raids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Savoyard_period">Savoyard period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Savoyard period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exchange_of_Sardinia_for_Sicily">Exchange of Sardinia for Sicily</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exchange of Sardinia for Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1700%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily_under_Savoy" title="Kingdom of Sicily under Savoy">Kingdom of Sicily under Savoy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QUATTRO_MORI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/QUATTRO_MORI.jpg/220px-QUATTRO_MORI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/QUATTRO_MORI.jpg/330px-QUATTRO_MORI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/QUATTRO_MORI.jpg/440px-QUATTRO_MORI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>19th-century coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sardinia under the Savoy dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish domination of Sardinia ended at the beginning of the 18th century, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> of 1713, Spain's European empire was divided: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy</a> received <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a>), received the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">War of the Quadruple Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II" title="Victor Amadeus II">Victor Amadeus II</a>, Duke of Savoy and King of Sicily, had to agree to yield Sicily to the Austrian Habsburgs and receive Sardinia in exchange. The exchange was formally ratified in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_(1720)" title="Treaty of The Hague (1720)">Treaty of The Hague</a> of 17 February 1720. Because the Kingdom of Sardinia had existed since the 14th century, the exchange allowed Victor Amadeus to retain the title of king in spite of the loss of Sicily. </p><p>Victor Amadeus initially resisted the exchange, and until 1723 continued to style himself King of Sicily rather than King of Sardinia. The state took the official title of <i>Kingdom of Sardinia, Cyprus and Jerusalem</i>, as the House of <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> still claimed the thrones of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, although both had long been under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule. </p><p>In 1767–1769, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_III_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia">Charles Emmanuel III</a> annexed the <a href="/wiki/Maddalena_archipelago" title="Maddalena archipelago">Maddalena archipelago</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Bonifacio" title="Strait of Bonifacio">Strait of Bonifacio</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> and claimed it as part of Sardinia. Since then the archipelago has been a part of the Sardinian region. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SardiniePiemont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SardiniePiemont.jpg/290px-SardiniePiemont.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SardiniePiemont.jpg/435px-SardiniePiemont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SardiniePiemont.jpg/580px-SardiniePiemont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1856, after the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Fusion" title="Perfect Fusion">fusion of all its provinces into a single jurisdiction</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleonic_Wars_and_the_Congress_of_Vienna">Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1792, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the other states of the Savoy Crown joined the <a href="/wiki/First_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="First Coalition">First Coalition</a> against the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a>, but was beaten in 1796 by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and forced to conclude the disadvantageous <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1796)" title="Treaty of Paris (1796)">Treaty of Paris (1796)</a>, giving the French army free passage through Piedmont. On 6 December 1798 <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Catherine_Joubert" title="Barthélemy Catherine Joubert">Joubert</a> occupied Turin and forced <a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_IV_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia">Charles Emmanuel IV</a> to abdicate and leave for the island of Sardinia. The provisionary government voted to unite Piedmont with France. In 1799 the Austro-Russians briefly occupied the city, but with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> (1800), the French regained control. The island of Sardinia stayed out of the reach of the French for the rest of the war and was, for the first time in centuries governed directly by its king instead of a viceroy. </p><p>In 1814, the Crown of Savoy enlarged its territories with the addition of the former <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, now a duchy, and it served as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> against France. This was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, which returned the region of <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> to its borders after it had been annexed by France in 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stupinigi" title="Treaty of Stupinigi">Treaty of Stupinigi</a>, the Kingdom of Sardinia extended its protectorate over the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Monaco">Principality of Monaco</a>. </p><p>In the reaction after Napoleon, the country was ruled by conservative monarchs: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia">Victor Emmanuel I</a> (1802–21), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Felix_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Felix of Sardinia">Charles Felix</a> (1821–31) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Albert">Charles Albert</a> (1831–49), who fought at the head of a contingent of his own troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trocadero" title="Battle of Trocadero">Battle of Trocadero</a>, which set the reactionary <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a> on the Spanish throne. Victor Emmanuel I disbanded the entire <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Code Napoléon</a> and returned the lands and power to the nobility and the Church. This reactionary policy went as far as discouraging the use of roads built by the French. These changes typified Sardinia. </p><p>The Kingdom of Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. A constitution, the <i><a href="/wiki/Statuto_Albertino" title="Statuto Albertino">Statuto Albertino</a></i>, was enacted in <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">the year of revolutions, 1848</a> under liberal pressure. In the same year the island of Sardinia, a Piedmontese dependency for more than a century, lost its own residual autonomy to the mainland through the so-called <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect fusion">Perfect fusion</a> issued by Charles Albert; as a result, the kingdom's fundamental institutions were deeply transformed, assuming the shape of a constitutional and centralized monarchy on the French model; under the same pressure, Charles Albert declared war on Austria. After initial success, the war took a turn for the worse and Charles Albert was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Marshal_Radetzky" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal Radetzky">Marshal Radetzky</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Custozza_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Custozza (1848)">Battle of Custozza (1848)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Savoyard_struggle_for_the_Italian_unification">Savoyard struggle for the Italian unification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Savoyard struggle for the Italian unification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour_1864_by_Francesco_Hayez_041.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour_1864_by_Francesco_Hayez_041.jpg/170px-Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour_1864_by_Francesco_Hayez_041.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour_1864_by_Francesco_Hayez_041.jpg/255px-Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour_1864_by_Francesco_Hayez_041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour_1864_by_Francesco_Hayez_041.jpg/340px-Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour_1864_by_Francesco_Hayez_041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3117" data-file-height="3833" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg/220px-With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg/330px-With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg/440px-With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">King Victor Emmanuel II</a> meets <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a> in Teano (26 October 1860).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a></div> <p>Like all the various <a href="/wiki/Duchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchies">duchies</a> and <a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennine peninsula">Apennine peninsula</a> and associated islands, the Kingdom of Sardinia was troubled with political instability under alternating governments. After a short and disastrous renewal of the war with Austria in 1849, Charles Albert abdicated on 23 March 1849 in favour of his son <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a>. </p><p>In 1852, a liberal ministry under <a href="/wiki/Count_Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Camillo Benso di Cavour">Count Camillo Benso di Cavour</a> was installed and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the engine driving <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>. The Kingdom of Sardinia took part in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, allied with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, and France, and fighting against Russia. </p><p>In 1859, France sided with the Kingdom of Sardinia in a war against <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Sardinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Sardinian War">Austro-Sardinian War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> did not keep his promises to Cavour to fight until all of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> had been conquered. Following the bloody battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magenta" title="Battle of Magenta">Magenta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Solferino</a>, both French victories, Napoleon thought the war too costly to continue and made a separate peace behind Cavour's back in which only Lombardy would be ceded. </p><p>Due to the Austrian government's refusal to cede any lands to the Kingdom of Sardinia, they agreed to cede <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> to Napoleon, who in turn then ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Sardinia to avoid "embarrassing" the defeated Austrians. Cavour angrily resigned from office when it became clear that Victor Emmanuel would accept this arrangement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garibaldi_and_the_Thousand">Garibaldi and the Thousand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Garibaldi and the Thousand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 5 March 1860, <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, Tuscany, <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a> voted in referendums to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. This alarmed Napoleon III, who feared a strong Savoyard state on his south-eastern border and he insisted that if the Kingdom of Sardinia were to keep the new acquisitions they would have to cede Savoy and Nice to France. This was done through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1860)" title="Treaty of Turin (1860)">Treaty of Turin</a>, which also called for referendums to confirm the annexation. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Savoy" title="Italian irredentism in Savoy">somewhat controversial referendums</a> showed over 99.5% majorities in both areas in favour of joining France.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1860, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> started his campaign to conquer the southern Apennines in the name of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He quickly <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">toppled</a> the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>, which was the largest of the states in the region, stretching from <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> on the mainland to <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> on Sicily. He then marched to <a href="/wiki/Gaeta" title="Gaeta">Gaeta</a> in the central peninsula. Cavour was satisfied with the unification, while Garibaldi, who was too revolutionary for the king and his prime minister, wanted to conquer Rome as well. </p><p>Garibaldi was disappointed in this development, as well as in the loss of his home province, <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, to France. He also failed to fulfill the promises that had gained him popular and military support by the Sicilians: that the new nation would be a republic, not a kingdom, and that the Sicilians would see great economic gains after unification. The former did not come to pass until 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towards_the_Kingdom_of_Italy">Towards the Kingdom of Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Towards the Kingdom of Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 17 March 1861, law no. 4671 of the Sardinian Parliament <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy</a>, so ratifying the <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexations</a> of all other Apennine states, plus Sicily, to the Kingdom of Sardinia.<sup id="cite_ref-His_40_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-His_40-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institutions and laws of the kingdom were quickly extended to all of Italy, abolishing the administrations of the other regions. Piedmont became the most dominant and wealthiest region in Italy and the capital of Piedmont, Turin, remained the Italian capital until 1865, when the capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. But <a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_the_Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in the Two Sicilies">many revolts exploded</a> throughout the peninsula, especially in southern Italy, and on the island of Sicily, because of the perceived unfair treatment of the south by the Piedmontese ruling class. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> ruled Italy until 1946, when Italy was declared a <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">republic</a> by <a href="/wiki/Italian_constitutional_referendum,_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian constitutional referendum, 1946">referendum</a>. The result was 54.3% in favor of the Republic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flags,_royal_standards_and_coats_of_arms"><span id="Flags.2C_royal_standards_and_coats_of_arms"></span>Flags, royal standards and coats of arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flags, royal standards and coats of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sardinia" title="Flag of Sardinia">Flag of Sardinia</a></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a> acquired <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily_under_Savoy" title="Kingdom of Sicily under Savoy">the Kingdom of Sicily</a> in 1713 and the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1723, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Savoy">flag of Savoy</a> became the flag of a naval power. This posed the problem that the same flag was already in use by the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of Malta">Knights of Malta</a>. Because of this, the Savoyards modified their flag for use as a <a href="/wiki/Naval_ensign" title="Naval ensign">naval ensign</a> in various ways, adding the letters <a href="/wiki/FERT" title="FERT">FERT</a> in the four cantons, or adding a blue border, or using a blue flag with the Savoy cross in one canton. </p><p>Eventually, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Albert">Charles Albert</a> of Savoy adopted the "revolutionary" <a href="/wiki/Italian_tricolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian tricolor">Italian tricolor</a>, surmounted by the Savoyard shield, as his flag. This flag would later become the flag of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, and the tricolor without the Savoyard escutcheon remains the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">flag of Italy</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Coats of arms</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Sardinia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Middle Ages (union with Aragon)"><img alt="Middle Ages (union with Aragon)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_Sardinia.svg/102px-Arms_of_Sardinia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_Sardinia.svg/153px-Arms_of_Sardinia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_Sardinia.svg/204px-Arms_of_Sardinia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></b><br />(union with Aragon)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquila_imperiale_bicefala_di_Carlo_V.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Eagle of Roman Holy Emperor Charles V with the four Moors of the Kingdom of Sardinia (16th century)"><img alt="Imperial Eagle of Roman Holy Emperor Charles V with the four Moors of the Kingdom of Sardinia (16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Aquila_imperiale_bicefala_di_Carlo_V.jpg/120px-Aquila_imperiale_bicefala_di_Carlo_V.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Aquila_imperiale_bicefala_di_Carlo_V.jpg/180px-Aquila_imperiale_bicefala_di_Carlo_V.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Aquila_imperiale_bicefala_di_Carlo_V.jpg/240px-Aquila_imperiale_bicefala_di_Carlo_V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Imperial Eagle of Roman Holy Emperor Charles V with the four Moors of the Kingdom of Sardinia (<b>16th century</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720-1815).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="(1720–1815)"><img alt="(1720–1815)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720-1815%29.svg/120px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720-1815%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720-1815%29.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720-1815%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720-1815%29.svg/240px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720-1815%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<b>1720–1815</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1815-1831).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="(1815–1831)"><img alt="(1815–1831)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg/120px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg/240px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1822" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<b>1815–1831</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_1831.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="(1831–1848)"><img alt="(1831–1848)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_1831.svg/76px-Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_1831.svg.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_1831.svg/114px-Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_1831.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_1831.svg/152px-Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_1831.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="1298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<b>1831–1848</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_(1848-1870).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="(1848–1861)"><img alt="(1848–1861)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<b>1848–1861</b>)</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">State Flags</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1324-1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1568"><img alt="Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1568" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1324-1848.jpg/90px-Flag_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1324-1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1324-1848.jpg/135px-Flag_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1324-1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1324-1848.jpg/180px-Flag_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1324-1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="718" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia in <b>1568</b></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_(late_16th_-_late_18th_century).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Standard of the Savoyard kings of Sardinia of Savoy dynasty (1720-1848) and State Flag of the Savoyard States (late 16th – late 18th century)"><img alt="Royal Standard of the Savoyard kings of Sardinia of Savoy dynasty (1720-1848) and State Flag of the Savoyard States (late 16th – late 18th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg/120px-State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg/180px-State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg/240px-State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal Standard of the Savoyard kings of Sardinia of Savoy dynasty (<b>1720-1848</b>) and State Flag of the Savoyard States (<b>late 16th – late 18th century</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1816-1848).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State Flag and War Ensign (1816–1848): Civil Flag "crowned""><img alt="State Flag and War Ensign (1816–1848): Civil Flag "crowned"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/120px-State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/180px-State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/240px-State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">State Flag and War Ensign (<b>1816–1848</b>): Civil Flag "crowned"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1848-1851).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State and war flag (1848–1851)"><img alt="State and war flag (1848–1851)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="1214" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">State and war flag (<b>1848–1851</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State flag and war ensign (1851–1861)"><img alt="State flag and war ensign (1851–1861)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/120px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/180px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/240px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">State flag and war ensign (<b>1851–1861</b>)</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Other Flags</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(c.1799-1802).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Merchant Flag (c. 1799–1802)"><img alt="Merchant Flag (c. 1799–1802)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%28c.1799-1802%29.svg/120px-Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%28c.1799-1802%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%28c.1799-1802%29.svg/180px-Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%28c.1799-1802%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%28c.1799-1802%29.svg/240px-Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%28c.1799-1802%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Merchant Flag<br />(<b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1799</span>–1802</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1785-1802).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="War Ensign of the Royal Sardinian Navy (1785–1802)"><img alt="War Ensign of the Royal Sardinian Navy (1785–1802)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg/120px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg/180px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg/240px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">War Ensign of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sardinian_Navy" title="Royal Sardinian Navy">Royal Sardinian Navy</a> (<b>1785–1802</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1802-1814).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Merchant Flag (1802–1814)"><img alt="Merchant Flag (1802–1814)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg/120px-Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg/180px-Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg/240px-Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Merchant Flag<br />(<b>1802–1814</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1802-1814).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="War Ensign (1802–1814)"><img alt="War Ensign (1802–1814)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg/120px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg/180px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg/240px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">War Ensign<br />(<b>1802–1814</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1814-1816).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Merchant Flag and War Ensign (1814–1816)"><img alt="Merchant Flag and War Ensign (1814–1816)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg/120px-Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg/180px-Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg/240px-Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Merchant Flag and War Ensign (<b>1814–1816</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1816-1848).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civil Flag and Civil Ensign (1816–1848)"><img alt="Civil Flag and Civil Ensign (1816–1848)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/120px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/180px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/240px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Civil Flag and Civil Ensign (<b>1816–1848</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1816-1848)_aspect_ratio_31-76.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="War Ensign of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1816–1848) aspect ratio 31:76"><img alt="War Ensign of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1816–1848) aspect ratio 31:76" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29_aspect_ratio_31-76.svg/120px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29_aspect_ratio_31-76.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29_aspect_ratio_31-76.svg/180px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29_aspect_ratio_31-76.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29_aspect_ratio_31-76.svg/240px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29_aspect_ratio_31-76.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">War Ensign of the Kingdom of Sardinia (<b>1816–1848</b>) <i>aspect ratio 31:76</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civil and merchant flag (1851–1861), the Italian tricolore with the coat of arms of Savoy as an inescutcheon"><img alt="Civil and merchant flag (1851–1861), the Italian tricolore with the coat of arms of Savoy as an inescutcheon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Civil and merchant flag (<b>1851–1861</b>), the Italian <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">tricolore</a> with the coat of arms of Savoy as an <a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">inescutcheon</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Royal Standards</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_standard_of_Italy_(1861_-_1880).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="(1848–1861) and Kingdom of Italy (1861–1880)"><img alt="(1848–1861) and Kingdom of Italy (1861–1880)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Royal_standard_of_Italy_%281861_-_1880%29.svg/120px-Royal_standard_of_Italy_%281861_-_1880%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Royal_standard_of_Italy_%281861_-_1880%29.svg/180px-Royal_standard_of_Italy_%281861_-_1880%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Royal_standard_of_Italy_%281861_-_1880%29.svg/240px-Royal_standard_of_Italy_%281861_-_1880%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<b>1848–1861</b>) and Kingdom of Italy (<b>1861–1880</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_Crown_Prince_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931880).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crown Prince (1848–1861) and Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1880)"><img alt="Crown Prince (1848–1861) and Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1880)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Royal_Standard_of_the_Crown_Prince_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931880%29.svg/120px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Crown_Prince_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931880%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Royal_Standard_of_the_Crown_Prince_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931880%29.svg/180px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Crown_Prince_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931880%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Royal_Standard_of_the_Crown_Prince_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931880%29.svg/240px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Crown_Prince_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931880%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Crown Prince (<b>1848–1861</b>) and Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Italy (<b>1861–1880</b>)</div> </li> </ul> <p><i><b>References</b></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-rbvex.it_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbvex.it-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crwflags.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crwflags.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maps">Maps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_evolution_of_Sardinia_from_1324_to_1720">Territorial evolution of Sardinia from 1324 to 1720</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Territorial evolution of Sardinia from 1324 to 1720"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardinia_1324.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The political situation in Sardinia after 1324 when the Aragonese conquered the Pisan territories of Sardinia, which included the defunct Judicate of Cagliari and Gallura."><img alt="The political situation in Sardinia after 1324 when the Aragonese conquered the Pisan territories of Sardinia, which included the defunct Judicate of Cagliari and Gallura." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sardinia_1324.png/82px-Sardinia_1324.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sardinia_1324.png/122px-Sardinia_1324.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sardinia_1324.png/163px-Sardinia_1324.png 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="1753" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The political situation in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> after 1324 when the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a> conquered the <a href="/wiki/Pisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisan">Pisan</a> territories of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, which included the defunct <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Judicate of Cagliari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Gallura" title="Judicate of Gallura">Gallura</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1368-1388_--_1392-1409.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1368 to 1388 and 1392 to 1409, after the wars with Arborea, consisted of only the cities of Cagliari and Alghero."><img alt="The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1368 to 1388 and 1392 to 1409, after the wars with Arborea, consisted of only the cities of Cagliari and Alghero." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1368-1388_--_1392-1409.png/82px-Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1368-1388_--_1392-1409.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1368-1388_--_1392-1409.png/122px-Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1368-1388_--_1392-1409.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1368-1388_--_1392-1409.png/163px-Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1368-1388_--_1392-1409.png 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="1753" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1368 to 1388 and 1392 to 1409, after the wars with Arborea, consisted of only the cities of Cagliari and Alghero.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1410-1420.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1410 to 1420, after the defeat of the Arborean Judicate in the Battle of Sanluri (1409)."><img alt="The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1410 to 1420, after the defeat of the Arborean Judicate in the Battle of Sanluri (1409)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1410-1420.png/82px-Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1410-1420.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1410-1420.png/122px-Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1410-1420.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1410-1420.png/163px-Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1410-1420.png 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="1753" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1410 to 1420, after the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Arborean Judicate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sanluri" title="Battle of Sanluri">Battle of Sanluri</a> (1409).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%26_Royal_cities_-_16th_century.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1448 to 1720; the Maddalena archipelago was conquered in 1767–69."><img alt="The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1448 to 1720; the Maddalena archipelago was conquered in 1767–69." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%26_Royal_cities_-_16th_century.png/82px-Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%26_Royal_cities_-_16th_century.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%26_Royal_cities_-_16th_century.png/122px-Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%26_Royal_cities_-_16th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%26_Royal_cities_-_16th_century.png/163px-Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%26_Royal_cities_-_16th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="1753" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1448 to 1720; the <a href="/wiki/Maddalena_archipelago" title="Maddalena archipelago">Maddalena archipelago</a> was conquered in 1767–69.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_evolution_of_Italy_from_1796_to_1860">Territorial evolution of Italy from 1796 to 1860</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Territorial evolution of Italy from 1796 to 1860"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1796.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1796"><img alt="1796" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Italy_1796.svg/100px-Italy_1796.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Italy_1796.svg/150px-Italy_1796.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Italy_1796.svg/200px-Italy_1796.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="4200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1796</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italia1859.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1859:   Kingdom of Sardinia   Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia   Duchies Parma–Modena-Tuscany   Papal States   Kingdom of the Two Sicilies"><img alt="1859: .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Kingdom of Sardinia .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Duchies Parma–Modena-Tuscany .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Papal States .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Kingdom of the Two Sicilies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Italia1859.png/120px-Italia1859.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Italia1859.png/180px-Italia1859.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Italia1859.png/240px-Italia1859.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1859: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8040; color:black;"> </span> Kingdom of Sardinia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff00; color:black;"> </span> Duchies <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Parma</a>–<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Modena</a>-<a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fd0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italia1860.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1860:   Kingdom of Sardinia   Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia   Papal States   Kingdom of the Two Sicilies After the annexation of Lombardy, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Emilian Duchies and Pope's Romagna."><img alt="1860: .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Kingdom of Sardinia .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Papal States .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Kingdom of the Two Sicilies After the annexation of Lombardy, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Emilian Duchies and Pope's Romagna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Italia1860.png/120px-Italia1860.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Italia1860.png/180px-Italia1860.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Italia1860.png/240px-Italia1860.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1860: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8040; color:black;"> </span> Kingdom of Sardinia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fd0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></div> <br />After the annexation of Lombardy, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, the Emilian Duchies and Pope's <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RegnoItalia1861.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1861:   Kingdom of Sardinia   Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia   Papal States After the Expedition of the Thousand."><img alt="1861: .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Kingdom of Sardinia .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Papal States After the Expedition of the Thousand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/RegnoItalia1861.png/120px-RegnoItalia1861.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/RegnoItalia1861.png/180px-RegnoItalia1861.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/RegnoItalia1861.png/240px-RegnoItalia1861.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1861: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8040; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></b></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d8241c; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></div> <br />After the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_Regno_di_Sardegna_nel_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="maximum expansion of the Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1860"><img alt="maximum expansion of the Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1860" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Il_Regno_di_Sardegna_nel_1860.jpg/89px-Il_Regno_di_Sardegna_nel_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Il_Regno_di_Sardegna_nel_1860.jpg/134px-Il_Regno_di_Sardegna_nel_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Il_Regno_di_Sardegna_nel_1860.jpg/178px-Il_Regno_di_Sardegna_nel_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="1560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">maximum expansion of the Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1860</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Sardinia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kingdom of Sardinia"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Kingdom of Sardinia</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sardinia">List of monarchs of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Sardinia" title="List of viceroys of Sardinia">List of viceroys of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27hymnu_sardu_nationale" title="S'hymnu sardu nationale">S'hymnu sardu nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1700%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name of the state was originally Latin: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Regnum Sardiniae</i></span>, or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae</i></span> when the kingdom was still considered to include Corsica. In Italian it is <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Regno di Sardegna</i></span>, in French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Royaume de Sardaigne</i></span>, in Sardinian <span title="Sardinian-language text"><i lang="sc">Rennu de Sardigna</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sardinian" title="Help:IPA/Sardinian">[ˈrenːu<span class="wrap"> </span>ðɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>zaɾˈdiɲːa]</a></span>, and in Piedmontese <span title="Piedmontese-language text"><i lang="pms">Regn ëd Sardëgna</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pms-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Piedmontese" title="Help:IPA/Piedmontese">[ˈrɛɲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ət<span class="wrap"> </span>sarˈdəɲːa]</a></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Kingdom was initially called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae</i></span>, in that it was originally meant to also include the neighbouring island of Corsica, until its status as a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> land was eventually acknowledged by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>, who dropped the last original bit mentioning Corsica in 1479 (Francesco Cesare, Casula. <i>Italia, il grande inganno 1861–2011</i>. Carlodelfino Editore. pp. 32, 49). However, every king of Sardinia continued to retain the nominal title of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rex Corsicae</i></span> ("King of Corsica").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/11?&s=1&v=9&c=6554">"<i>Storia dello stemma.</i>"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storia+dello+stemma.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regione.sardegna.it%2Fj%2Fv%2F11%3F%26s%3D1%26v%3D9%26c%3D6554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rbvex.it-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rbvex.it_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rbvex.it_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbvex.it/sardegna.html">"<i>Bandiere degli Stati preunitari italiani: Sardegna.</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531182859/http://www.rbvex.it/sardegna.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bandiere+degli+Stati+preunitari+italiani%3A+Sardegna.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbvex.it%2Fsardegna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crwflags.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crwflags.com_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crwflags.com_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/it-sark2.html">"<i>Flags of the World: Kingdom of Sardinia – Part 2 (Italy).</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225161154/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/it-sark2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flags+of+the+World%3A+Kingdom+of+Sardinia+%E2%80%93+Part+2+%28Italy%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fit-sark2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Storia della lingua sarda</i>, vol. 3, a cura di Giorgia Ingrassia e Eduardo Blasco Ferrer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The phonology of Campidanian Sardinian : a unitary account of a self-organizing structure</i>, Roberto Bolognesi, The Hague : Holland Academic Graphics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>S'italianu in Sardìnnia</i>, Amos Cardia, Iskra</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Settecento sardo e cultura europea: Lumi, società, istituzioni nella crisi dell'Antico Regime</i>; Antonello Mattone, Piero Sanna; FrancoAngeli Storia; p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://salimbasarda.net/istoria/sitalianu-in-sardigna-impostu-a-obligu-de-lege-cun-boginu/">"Limba Sarda 2.0S'italianu in Sardigna? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Ancient+and+Modern+Geography&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Cummings+and+Hilliard&rft.date=1821&rft.isbn=978-1-341-37795-2&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59sBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/sard.htm">"Sardinia-Piedmont, Kingdom of, 1848-1849"</a>. <i>www.ohio.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 644. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0775-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0775-5"><bdi>978-81-269-0775-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+Of+World+History&rft.pages=644&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0775-5&rft.au=Carlos+Ramirez-Faria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgGKsS-9h4BYC%26pg%3DPA644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Sardinia-historical-kingdom-Italy">"Sardinia, Historical Kingdom"</a>. 20 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sardinia%2C+Historical+Kingdom&rft.date=2023-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSardinia-historical-kingdom-Italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A.Sandulli,_G.Vesperini-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A.Sandulli,_G.Vesperini_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldo_SandulliGiulio_Vesperini2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aldo Sandulli; Giulio Vesperini (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102041246/http://dspace.unitus.it/bitstream/2067/1886/1/RTDP-Giulio.pdf">"L'organizzazione dello Stato unitario"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rivista trimestrale di diritto pubblico</i> (in Italian): 47–49. 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Seche, L'incoronazione di Barisone "Re di Sardegna" in due fonti contemporanee: gli Annales genovesi e gli Annales pisani, in Rivista dell'Istituto di storia dell'Europa mediterranea, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, n°4, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dino Punchu (a cura di), I Libri Iurium della Repubblica de Genova, Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Roma, 1996, n°390, p. 334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geronimo Zurita, Los cinco libros postreros de la segunda parte de los Anales de la Corona d'Aragon, Oficino de Domingo de Portonaris y Ursono, Zaragoza, 1629, libro XVII, pp. 75–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wells, H.G., Raymond Postgate, and G.P. Wells. <i>The Outline of History, Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind</i>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956. p. 753 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKQBAAAAYAAJ">Wambaugh, Sarah & Scott, James Brown (1920), <i>A Monograph on Plebiscites, with a Collection of Official Documents</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 599</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-His_40-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-His_40_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtinoZagarMastny2005" class="citation book cs1">Ortino, Sergio; Zagar, Mitja; Mastny, Vojtech (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Jjby--IbmMC"><i>The Changing Faces of Federalism: Institutional Reconfiguration in Europe From East to West</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6996-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6996-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-6996-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Faces+of+Federalism%3A+Institutional+Reconfiguration+in+Europe+From+East+to+West&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6996-3&rft.aulast=Ortino&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft.au=Zagar%2C+Mitja&rft.au=Mastny%2C+Vojtech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Jjby--IbmMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/it-sar-k.html">"<i>Flags of the World: Kingdom of Sardinia – Part 1 (Italy).</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223175621/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/Flags/it-sar-k.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flags+of+the+World%3A+Kingdom+of+Sardinia+%E2%80%93+Part+1+%28Italy%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fit-sar-k.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Antonicelli, Aldo. "From Galleys to Square Riggers: The modernization of the navy of the Kingdom of Sardinia." <i>The Mariner's Mirror</i> 102.2 (2016): 153–173 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/53790998/FROM_GALLEYS_TO_SQUARE_RIGGERS_THE_MODERNIZATION_OF.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearder1986" class="citation book cs1">Hearder, Harry (1986). <i>Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento, 1790–1870</i>. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49146-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49146-0"><bdi>0-582-49146-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+in+the+Age+of+the+Risorgimento%2C+1790%E2%80%931870&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-582-49146-0&rft.aulast=Hearder&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Luttwak Edward, <i>The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire</i>, The Belknap Press, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674035195" title="Special:BookSources/9780674035195">9780674035195</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Mack Smith, Denis</a>. <i>Victor Emanuel, Cavour and the Risorgimento</i> (Oxford UP, 1971) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/victoremanuelcav0000mack">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1969" class="citation book cs1">Martin, George Whitney (1969). <i>The Red Shirt and the Cross of Savoy</i>. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-396-05908-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-396-05908-2"><bdi>0-396-05908-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Shirt+and+the+Cross+of+Savoy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+and+Co.&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-396-05908-2&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=George+Whitney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurtaugh1991" class="citation book cs1">Murtaugh, Frank M. (1991). <i>Cavour and the Economic Modernization of the Kingdom of Sardinia</i>. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0671-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0671-9"><bdi>978-0-8153-0671-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cavour+and+the+Economic+Modernization+of+the+Kingdom+of+Sardinia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing+Inc&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0671-9&rft.aulast=Murtaugh&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Romani, Roberto. "The Reason of the Elites: Constitutional Moderatism in the Kingdom of Sardinia, 1849–1861." in <i>Sensibilities of the Risorgimento</i> (Brill, 2018) pp. 192–244.</li> <li>Romani, Roberto. "Reluctant Revolutionaries: Moderate Liberalism in the Kingdom of Sardinia, 1849–1859." <i>Historical Journal</i> (2012): 45–73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41349645">online</a></li> <li>Schena, Olivetta. "The role played by towns in parliamentary commissions in the kingdom of Sardinia in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries." <i>Parliaments, Estates and Representation</i> 39.3 (2019): 304–315.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorrs1999" class="citation book cs1">Storrs, Christopher (1999). <i>War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy, 1690–1720</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55146-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55146-3"><bdi>0-521-55146-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Diplomacy+and+the+Rise+of+Savoy%2C+1690%E2%80%931720&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-55146-3&rft.aulast=Storrs&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThayer,_William_Roscoe1911" class="citation book cs1">Thayer, William Roscoe (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfwNAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Cavour+vol+1&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Thayer%2C+William+Roscoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfwNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span> old interpretations but useful on details; vol 1 goes to 1859]; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sK_CnX3-ZMQC">volume 2 online covers 1859–62</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Italian">In Italian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In Italian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>AAVV. (a cura di F. Manconi), La società sarda in età spagnola, Cagliari, Consiglio Regionale della Sardegna, 2 voll., 1992–3</li> <li>Blasco Ferrer Eduardo, Crestomazia Sarda dei primi secoli, collana Officina Linguistica, Ilisso, Nuoro, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788887825657" title="Special:BookSources/9788887825657">9788887825657</a></li> <li>Boscolo Alberto, La Sardegna bizantina e alto giudicale, Edizioni Della TorreCagliari 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cesare_Casula" title="Francesco Cesare Casula">Casula Francesco Cesare</a>, La storia di Sardegna, Carlo Delfino Editore, Sassari, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8871380843" title="Special:BookSources/8871380843">8871380843</a></li> <li>Coroneo Roberto, Arte in Sardegna dal IV alla metà dell'XI secolo, edizioni AV, Cagliari, 2011</li> <li>Coroneo Roberto, Scultura mediobizantina in Sardegna, Nuoro, Poliedro, 2000,</li> <li>Gallinari Luciano, Il Giudicato di Cagliari tra XI e XIII secolo. Proposte di interpretazioni istituzionali, in Rivista dell'Istituto di Storia dell'Europa Mediterranea, n°5, 2010</li> <li>Manconi Francesco, La Sardegna al tempo degli Asburgo, Il Maestrale, Nuoro, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788864290102" title="Special:BookSources/9788864290102">9788864290102</a></li> <li>Manconi Francesco, Una piccola provincia di un grande impero, CUEC, Cagliari, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8884677882" title="Special:BookSources/8884677882">8884677882</a></li> <li>Mastino Attilio, Storia della Sardegna Antica, Il Maestrale, Nuoro, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788889801635" title="Special:BookSources/9788889801635">9788889801635</a></li> <li>Meloni Piero, La Sardegna Romana, Chiarella, Sassari, 1980</li> <li>Motzo Bachisio Raimondo, Studi sui bizantini in Sardegna e sull'agiografia sarda, Deputazione di Storia Patria della Sardegna, Cagliari, 1987</li> <li>Ortu Gian Giacomo, La Sardegna dei Giudici, Il Maestrale, Nuoro, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788889801024" title="Special:BookSources/9788889801024">9788889801024</a></li> <li>Paulis Giulio, Lingua e cultura nella Sardegna bizantina: testimonianze linguistiche dell'influsso greco, Sassari, L'Asfodelo, 1983</li> <li>Spanu Luigi, Cagliari nel seicento, Edizioni Castello, Cagliari, 1999</li> <li>Zedda Corrado – Pinna Raimondo, La nascita dei Giudicati. Proposta per lo scioglimento di un enigma storiografico, in Archivio Storico Giuridico di Sassari, seconda serie, n° 12, 2007</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sardinia&#124;link=Sardinia_Sardinia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sardinia" title="Template:Sardinia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sardinia" title="Template talk:Sardinia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sardinia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sardinia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sardinia&#124;link=Sardinia_Sardinia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia"><img alt="Sardinia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Administrative divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communes of Sardinia">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Cagliari" title="Metropolitan City of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nuoro" title="Province of Nuoro">Nuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Oristano" title="Province of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sassari" title="Province of Sassari">Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Sardinia" title="Province of South Sardinia">South Sardinia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardegna-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sardegna-Stemma.svg/100px-Sardegna-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sardegna-Stemma.svg/150px-Sardegna-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sardegna-Stemma.svg/200px-Sardegna-Stemma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sardinia" title="History of Sardinia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia_and_Corsica" title="Sardinia and Corsica">Sardinia and Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Sardinia" title="List of viceroys of Sardinia">Viceroys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sardinia">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mining_in_Sardinia" title="History of mining in Sardinia">Mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sardinia" title="Politics of Sardinia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sardinia" title="Elections in Sardinia">Elections in Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Sardinia" title="List of presidents of Sardinia">List of presidents of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sardinia" title="List of political parties in Sardinia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sardinia" title="Flag of Sardinia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sardinia" title="Music of Sardinia">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Su_patriottu_sardu_a_sos_feudatarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Su patriottu sardu a sos feudatarios">Anthem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_die_de_sa_Sardigna" title="Sa die de sa Sardigna">Sa die de sa Sardigna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Sardinia" title="List of tourist attractions in Sardinia">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_and_artistic_sites_of_Sardinia" title="List of archaeological and artistic sites of Sardinia">Archaeological and artistic sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Demographics" title="Sardinia">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsicans" title="Corsicans">Corsicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia_national_football_team" title="Sardinia national football team">National football team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Sardinia" title="Category:Languages of Sardinia">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Logudorese dialect">Logudorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">Campidanese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corso-Sardinian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallurese language">Gallurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Sardinia" title="Category:Sardinia">Categories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viceroys_of_the_Spanish_monarchy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viceroyalties_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viceroyalties_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viceroyalties_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viceroys_of_the_Spanish_monarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroys</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish monarchy">Spanish monarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg/20px-Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg/30px-Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg/40px-Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Aragon" title="List of viceroys of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Catalonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Catalonia" title="List of viceroys of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Naples" title="List of viceroys of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg/20px-Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg/30px-Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg/40px-Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Navarre" title="List of viceroys of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1578).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Portugal" title="List of viceroys of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sardinia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Sardinia" title="List of viceroys of Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/20px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/30px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/40px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Sicily" title="List of viceroys of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_(2x3).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="340" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Valencia" title="List of viceroys of Valencia">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_(1580-1668).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg/35px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg/53px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg/70px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas and East Indies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1785%E2%80%931873,_1875%E2%80%931931).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/20px-Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/30px-Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/40px-Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="757" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1785%E2%80%931873,_1875%E2%80%931931).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_House_of_Savoy_22px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Template:Countries of the Kingdom of Sardinia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Template talk:Countries of the Kingdom of Sardinia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of the Kingdom of Sardinia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_House_of_Savoy_22px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Savoy_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoy States">States</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Savoyard_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Savoyard_flag.svg/22px-Savoyard_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Savoyard_flag.svg/33px-Savoyard_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Savoyard_flag.svg/44px-Savoyard_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Sardinia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_Sardinia.svg/20px-Arms_of_Sardinia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_Sardinia.svg/30px-Arms_of_Sardinia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_Sardinia.svg/40px-Arms_of_Sardinia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="950" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="164" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a> <br /></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Aosta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Aosta.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Aosta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Aosta.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Aosta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Aosta.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Aosta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="447" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Duchy of Aosta</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="354" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat" title="Duchy of Montferrat">Duchy of Montferrat</a> <br /></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_(early).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Piedmont.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Piedmont.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Piedmont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Piedmont.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Piedmont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Piedmont.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Piedmont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="164" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piedmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Piedmont">Principality of Piedmont</a> <br /></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oneglia-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Oneglia-Stemma.svg/19px-Oneglia-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Oneglia-Stemma.svg/29px-Oneglia-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Oneglia-Stemma.svg/38px-Oneglia-Stemma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="252" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Oneglia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principality of Oneglia (page does not exist)">Principality of Oneglia</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_house_of_Del_Vasto.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arms_of_the_house_of_Del_Vasto.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Del_Vasto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arms_of_the_house_of_Del_Vasto.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Del_Vasto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arms_of_the_house_of_Del_Vasto.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Del_Vasto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="354" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Marquisate of Saluzzo</a> <br /></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Nice.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Arms_of_Nice.svg/20px-Arms_of_Nice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Arms_of_Nice.svg/30px-Arms_of_Nice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Arms_of_Nice.svg/40px-Arms_of_Nice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1815-1831).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg/40px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg/60px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg/80px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1822" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template talk:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">List of historic states of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Pre-Roman period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC–395 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval<br />and<br />Early Modern<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Barbarian kingdoms<br />(476–774)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476%E2%80%93493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476–493)">Odoacer's rule</a> (476–493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic rule</a> (493–553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal rule</a> (435–534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard rule</a> (568–774) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Duchy of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tridentum" title="Duchy of Tridentum">Duchy of Tridentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tuscia" title="Duchy of Tuscia">Duchy of Tuscia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (584–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a> (584–751) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> (533–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Perugia" title="Duchy of Perugia">Duchy of Perugia</a> (554–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolis" title="Duchy of the Pentapolis">Duchy of the Pentapolis</a> (554–752)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> (585–698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><br />(754–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campagna_e_Marittima_Province" title="Campagna e Marittima Province">Campagna e Marittima Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Castro" title="Duchy of Castro">Duchy of Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Duchy of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duchy of Urbino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />and other<br />independent<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brixen">Bishopric of Bressanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">City of Fiume and its District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">County of Gorizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" title="Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca">Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Guastalla" title="County of Guastalla">County of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Santa_Fiora" title="County of Santa Fiora">County of Santa Fiora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ancona" title="March of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Ceva" title="Marquisate of Ceva">Ceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Finale" title="Marquisate of Finale">Finale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">March of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_del_Friuli" title="Patria del Friuli">Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ivrea" title="March of Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Milan" title="Lordship of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Montferrat" title="March of Montferrat">March of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat" title="Duchy of Montferrat">Duchy of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste" title="Imperial Free City of Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Turin" title="March of Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona" title="March of Verona">Verona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Merania" title="Duchy of Merania">Duchy of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mirandola" title="Duchy of Mirandola">Duchy of Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Novellara_and_Bagnolo" title="County of Novellara and Bagnolo">County of Novellara and Bagnolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino" title="Principality of Piombino">Principality of Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Reggio" title="Duchy of Reggio">Duchy of Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Marquisate of Saluzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Tarentaise" title="Ancient Diocese of Tarentaise">Bishopric of Tarantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Prince-Bishopric of Trento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">County of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont" title="Prince of Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Duchy of Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">County of Tenda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a><br />(697–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogado" title="Dogado">Dogado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domini_di_Terraferma" title="Domini di Terraferma">Domini di Terraferma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other Republics<br />(c. 1000–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia" title="Republic of Cospaia">Republic of Cospaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Massa" title="Republic of Massa">Republic of Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Republic of Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Republic of Ancona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_south_Italian_principalities" title="List of south Italian principalities">Southern Italy</a><br />(774–1139)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Duchy of Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Italy" title="Catepanate of Italy">Catepanate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_(theme)" title="Lucania (theme)">Theme of Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Byzantine Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lombard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Principality of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">County of Apulia and Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aversa" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Aversa">County of Aversa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> <br />(from the 9th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agugliastra" title="Agugliastra">Agugliastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Arborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Gallura" title="Judicate of Gallura">Gallura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro" title="Judicate of Logudoro">Logudoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Oristano" title="Marquisate of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sassari" title="Republic of Sassari">Republic of Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1324–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a><br />(1130–1816) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a><br />(1282–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Presidi" title="State of the Presidi">State of the Presidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_San_Donato" title="Duke of San Donato">Duke of San Donato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sora" title="Duchy of Sora">Duchy of Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bari" title="Duchy of Bari">Duchy of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Terra Sancti Benedicti">Terra Sancti Benedicti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647%E2%80%931648)" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)">Neapolitan Republic</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Revolutionary</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic</a> eras<br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Republics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic" title="Piedmontese Republic">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1798%E2%80%931799)" title="Roman Republic (1798–1799)">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Republic" title="Subalpine Republic">Subalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca and Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pontecorvo" title="Principality of Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento_(Napoleonic_era)" title="Principality of Benevento (Napoleonic era)">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Post-Napoleonic<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a> (1815–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a> (1815–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a> (1814–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> (1815–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_United_Provinces" title="Italian United Provinces">Italian United Provinces</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Provisional Government of Milan</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a> (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849%E2%80%931850)" title="Roman Republic (1849–1850)">Roman Republic</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a> (1859–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1814–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> (1816–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> (1815–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_unification" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (1814–1870)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Post-unification" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1861–1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> (1947–1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unification_of_Italy_(Risorgimento)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Risorgimento" title="Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Risorgimento" title="Template talk:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unification_of_Italy_(Risorgimento)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy (<i>Risorgimento</i>)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Pre-unitary states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_(Baldassare_Verazzi).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Five Days of Milan"><img alt="Five Days of Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/150px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/225px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/300px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2583" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Italian unification">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimini_Proclamation" title="Rimini Proclamation">Rimini Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_during_the_1820s" title="Revolutions during the 1820s">Revolutions during the 1820s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">Revolutions of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Italy (historical)">Young Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Guelphism" title="Neo-Guelphism">Neo-Guelphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilatero" title="Quadrilatero">Quadrilatero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Five Days of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mestre" title="Battle of Mestre">Sortie on Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">Sicilian revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Brescia" title="Ten Days of Brescia">Ten Days of Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfiore_martyrs" title="Belfiore martyrs">Belfiore martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War#Piedmontese_involvement" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">Dictatorship of Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861">Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guarantees" title="Law of Guarantees">Law of Guarantees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italian entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Impresa di Fiume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_Italy" title="Cockade of Italy">Cockade of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag of Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_d%27Azeglio" title="Massimo d'Azeglio">Massimo d'Azeglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Bertani" title="Agostino Bertani">Agostino Bertani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celso_Ceretti" title="Celso Ceretti">Celso Ceretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Confalonieri" title="Federico Confalonieri">Federico Confalonieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Manin" title="Daniele Manin">Daniele Manin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Bettino Ricasoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Saffi" title="Aurelio Saffi">Aurelio Saffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Santorre_di_Rossi_de_Pomarolo,_Count_of_Santarosa" title="Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa">Annibale Santore di Santarosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Settimo" title="Ruggero Settimo">Ruggero Settimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature and philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrivabene" title="Giovanni Arrivabene">Giovanni Arrivabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Balbo" title="Cesare Balbo">Cesare Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Carlo Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Cavallotti" title="Felice Cavallotti">Felice Cavallotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Cuoco" title="Vincenzo Cuoco">Vincenzo Cuoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ferrari_(philosopher)" title="Giuseppe Ferrari (philosopher)">Giuseppe Ferrari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gioberti" title="Vincenzo Gioberti">Vincenzo Gioberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Domenico_Guerrazzi" title="Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi">Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Lomonaco" title="Francesco Lomonaco">Francesco Lomonaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Mameli" title="Goffredo Mameli">Goffredo Mameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Nievo" title="Ippolito Nievo">Ippolito Nievo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pellico" title="Silvio Pellico">Silvio Pellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pisacane" title="Carlo Pisacane">Carlo Pisacane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Domenico_Romagnosi" title="Gian Domenico Romagnosi">Gian Domenico Romagnosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Salfi" title="Francesco Saverio Salfi">Francesco Saverio Salfi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis II of the Two Sicilies">Francis II of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Joseph Radetzky von Radetz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento,_Bologna" title="Museum of the Risorgimento, Bologna">Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Milan)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Turin)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flag_Museum" title="Tricolour Flag Museum">Tricolour Flag Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Unification_of_Italy" title="Anniversary of the Unification of Italy">Anniversary of the Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day" title="National Unity and Armed Forces Day">National Unity and Armed Forces Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165154#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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