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Ionascu</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Beatrice Ionascu"> <meta name="keywords" content="Beatrice Ionascu"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Beatrice Ionascu"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 27</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Beatrice Ionascu</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Authoring Tactile Gestures: Case Study for Emotion Stimulation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rodrigo%20Lentini">Rodrigo Lentini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrice%20Ionascu"> Beatrice Ionascu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Friederike%20A.%20Eyssel"> Friederike A. Eyssel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Scandar%20Copti"> Scandar Copti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Eid"> Mohamad Eid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The haptic modality has brought a new dimension to human computer interaction by engaging the human sense of touch. However, designing appropriate haptic stimuli, and in particular tactile stimuli, for various applications is still challenging. To tackle this issue, we present an intuitive system that facilitates the authoring of tactile gestures for various applications. The system transforms a hand gesture into a tactile gesture that can be rendering using a home-made haptic jacket. A case study is presented to demonstrate the ability of the system to develop tactile gestures that are recognizable by human subjects. Four tactile gestures are identified and tested to intensify the following four emotional responses: high valence – high arousal, high valence – low arousal, low valence – high arousal, and low valence – low arousal. A usability study with 20 participants demonstrated high correlation between the selected tactile gestures and the intended emotional reaction. Results from this study can be used in a wide spectrum of applications ranging from gaming to interpersonal communication and multimodal simulations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tactile%20stimulation" title="tactile stimulation">tactile stimulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tactile%20gesture" title=" tactile gesture"> tactile gesture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emotion%20reactions" title=" emotion reactions"> emotion reactions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arousal" title=" arousal"> arousal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=valence" title=" valence"> valence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52327/authoring-tactile-gestures-case-study-for-emotion-stimulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52327.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">371</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> BEATRICE: A Low-Cost Manipulator Arm for an Educational Planetary Rover</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Pakulski">T. Pakulski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Kryza"> L. Kryza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Linossier"> A. Linossier</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The BEar Articulated TeleRobotic Inspection and Clasping Extremity is a lightweight, 5 DoF robotic manipulator for the Berlin Educational Assistant Rover (BEAR). BEAR is one of the educational planetary rovers developed under the Space Rover projects at the Chair of Space Technology of the Technische Universität Berlin. The projects serve to conduct research and train engineers by developing rovers for competitions like the European Rover Challenge and the DLR SpaceBot Cup. BEATRICE is the result of a cost-driven design process to deliver a simple but capable platform for a variety of competition tasks: object grasping and manipulation, inspection, instrument wielding and more. The manipulator’s simple mechatronic design, based on a combination of servomotors and stepper motors with planetary gearboxes, also makes it a practical tool for developing embedded control systems. The platform’s initial implementation relies on tele-operated control but is fully instrumented for future autonomous functionality. This paper describes BEATRICE’s development from its preliminary link model to its structural and mechatronic design, embedded control and AI and T. In parallel, it examines the influence of budget constraints and high personnel turnover commonly associated with student teams on the manipulator’s design. Finally, it comments on the utility of robot design projects for educating future engineers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title="education">education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-cost" title=" low-cost"> low-cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manipulator" title=" manipulator"> manipulator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robotics" title=" robotics"> robotics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rover" title=" rover"> rover</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73776/beatrice-a-low-cost-manipulator-arm-for-an-educational-planetary-rover" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73776.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> The Effects of High Technology on Communicative Translation: A Case Study of Yoruba Language</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Modupe%20Beatrice%20Adeyinka">Modupe Beatrice Adeyinka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> European Languages are languages of literature, science and technology. Whereas, African languages are of literature, both written and oral, making it difficult for Yoruba, the African language of Kwa linguistic classification, to neatly and accurately translate European scientific and technological words, expressions and technologies. Unless a pragmatic and communicative approach is adopted, equivalence of European technical and scientific texts might be a mission impossible for Yoruba scholars. In view of the aforementioned difficult task, this paper tends to highlight the need for a thorough study and evaluation of English or French words, expressions, idiomatic expressions, technical and scientific terminologies then, trying to find ways of adopting them to Yoruba environment through interpretative translation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communication" title="communication">communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20technology" title=" high technology"> high technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation" title=" translation"> translation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoruba%20language" title=" Yoruba language"> Yoruba language</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23234/the-effects-of-high-technology-on-communicative-translation-a-case-study-of-yoruba-language" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23234.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">513</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Preparation of Nanocomposites Based on Biodegradable Polycaprolactone by Melt Mixture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Amine%20Zenasni">Mohamed Amine Zenasni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahia%20Meroufel"> Bahia Meroufel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andr%C3%A9%20Merlin"> André Merlin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Said%20Benfarhi"> Said Benfarhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=St%C3%A9phane%20Molina"> Stéphane Molina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B%C3%A9atrice%20George"> Béatrice George </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The introduction of nano-fillers into polymers field lead to the creation of the nano composites. This creation is starting up a new revolution into the world of materials. Nano composites are similar to traditional composite of a polymer blend and filler with at least one nano-scopic dimension. In our project, we worked with nano composites of biodegradable polymer: polycaprolactone, combined with nano-clay (Maghnite) and with different nano-organo-clays. These nano composites have been prepared by melt mixture method. The advantage of this polymer is its degradability and bio compatibility. A study of the relationship between development, micro structure and physico chemical properties of nano composites, clays modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and Hexadecyltriméthy ammonium bromide (CTAB) and untreated clays were made. Melt mixture method is most suitable methods to get a better dispersion named exfoliation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanocomposite" title="nanocomposite">nanocomposite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodegradable" title=" biodegradable"> biodegradable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polycaprolactone" title=" polycaprolactone"> polycaprolactone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maghnite" title=" maghnite"> maghnite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=melt%20mixture" title=" melt mixture"> melt mixture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=APTES" title=" APTES"> APTES</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CTAB" title=" CTAB"> CTAB</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18860/preparation-of-nanocomposites-based-on-biodegradable-polycaprolactone-by-melt-mixture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18860.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">435</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Catering for Children with Autism in the Regular Classroom: Challenges and the Way Forward</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrice%20Tayo%20Ajayi">Beatrice Tayo Ajayi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dzever%20Linus%20Terry"> Dzever Linus Terry</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pupils with autism in the general classroom have dare need to be adequately catered for in social and academic activities for successful attainment in school work and future life. However, adequate catering for autistic children by teachers that basically received no training in content related to inclusive education and lack the ability to use inclusive strategies during classroom instruction appears to be a mirage. This paper intends to examine the current classroom environment in relation to the level to which autistic primary school pupils are catered for in the regular classroom. The study also seeks to identify the challenges teachers experience in the course of catering to the needs of children with autism and the way out. The sample consists of thirty (30) primary school teachers of Ondo West Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria (10 male, 15 female), age grades between twenty five (25) to sixty (60). Data collection will be a survey using the researcher developed 18 statements Four Point- Likert Scale type to assess the level to which participants agree or disagree with the statement about catering for pupils with autism. Results are to be evaluated using descriptive statistical methods of mean scores and t-test. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autism" title="autism">autism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catering" title=" catering"> catering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=general%20classroom" title=" general classroom"> general classroom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=way%20forward" title=" way forward"> way forward</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157628/catering-for-children-with-autism-in-the-regular-classroom-challenges-and-the-way-forward" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157628.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">116</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Demographic Characteristics as a Determinant of the use of Health Care Services: Case of Nsukka, Southwest Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrice%20Adeoye">Beatrice Adeoye</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Studies have associated social and demographic characteristics as strong determinants of utilization of health care services; however, not much has been done to explore the dynamics of these variables in Nigeria. This empirical study explores the link between demographic factors and the future use of health care services in Nsukka, southeast Nigeria. A total of 543 respondents were selected using multi-stage sampling technique. The findings of the study showed that majority (56.9%) of the respondents were female while 43.1% were male. More of the respondents were married (50.3%) while 41.80/0 of the respondents were between ages 26-35. Testing the demographic characteristics regarding where people will prefer to go first for treatment with multiple regression, It is only Sex as a demographic variable that indicates positive association for future occurrence to where people will prefer to go first for treatment with 0.08 significance. Age and education indicates no association considering their level of significance. This result shows that sex is one of the determinant factors of where and when people will go for treatment. This is pointing out the realities regarding African society where in the family setting, it is the father that dictates the cause of action. Also to buttress these findings, cross tabulating age with who determines where and when to go for treatment, findings show that majority (58.9%) within age 26-35 said their spouses decide on where and when to go for treatment. Findings showed that patriarchy still plays an important role in the utilization of health care delivery among the people studied. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Demographic%20characters" title="Demographic characters">Demographic characters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Determinant" title=" Determinant"> Determinant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Health%20Care" title=" Health Care"> Health Care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment" title=" treatment"> treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-medication" title=" self-medication"> self-medication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=symptom" title=" symptom"> symptom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=" title=" "> </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20858/demographic-characteristics-as-a-determinant-of-the-use-of-health-care-services-case-of-nsukka-southwest-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20858.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">385</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Safety Assessment and Prophylactic Efficacy of Moringa stenopetala Leaf Extract Through Mitigation of Oxidative Stress in BV-2 Microglial Cell</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Adeniyi%20Adefegha">Stephen Adeniyi Adefegha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vitor%20Mostardeiro"> Vitor Mostardeiro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vera%20Maria%20Morsch"> Vera Maria Morsch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ademir%20F.%20Morel"> Ademir F. Morel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivana%20Beatrice%20Manica%20Da%20Cruz"> Ivana Beatrice Manica Da Cruz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabrina%20Somacal%20Maria%20Rosa%20Chitolina%20Schetinger"> Sabrina Somacal Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Moringa stenopetala is often consumed as food and used in folkloric medicine for the management of several diseases. Purpose: This study was set up in order to assess the effect of aqueous extract of Moringa stenopetala on cell viability and oxidative stress biomarkers in BV-2 microglial cells. Aqueous extracts of M. stenopetala were prepared, lyophilized and reconstituted in 0.5% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). Cells were treated with M. stenopetala extracts (0.1 - 100 µg/ml) for cell viability and nitric oxide (NO) production tests. However, M. stenopetala extract (50 µg/ml) was used in the treatment of cells for the determination of protein carbonyl content and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Incubation of BV-2 microglia cell with M. stenopetala extract maintained cell viability, diminished NO and ROS levels, and reduced protein carbonyl contents Chlorogenic acid, rutin, kaempferol and quercetin derivatives were the main phenolic compounds identified in M. stenopetala leaf extract. These phenolic compounds present in M. stenopetala may be responsible for the mitigation of oxidative stress in BV-2 microglial cells. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidative%20stress" title="oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BV-2%20microglial%20cell" title=" BV-2 microglial cell"> BV-2 microglial cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moringa%20stenopetala" title=" Moringa stenopetala"> Moringa stenopetala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cell%20viability" title=" cell viability"> cell viability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title=" antioxidant"> antioxidant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157189/safety-assessment-and-prophylactic-efficacy-of-moringa-stenopetala-leaf-extract-through-mitigation-of-oxidative-stress-in-bv-2-microglial-cell" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157189.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">110</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Relative Influence of Self-Regulation, Emotional Intelligence, Self-Efficacy, and Goal Orientation on School Engagement among Public Secondary School Students in Ibadan, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ogunremi%20Beatrice">Ogunremi Beatrice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oluwole%20David%20Adebayo"> Oluwole David Adebayo </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Public secondary school students are face with some challenges from the parents, government and teachers in school. Some of the challenges that arises from the parents are lack of attention and adequate communication. From the government are unavailability of useful instructional materials, competent and professionally trained teachers for each subject the students do in school. The challenges that arise from the teachers most often are mismanagement of time, inability to understand the capacity of the student and lack class management and follow up. This study investigated self-regulation, emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and goal orientation as predictors of school engagement among public secondary school students in Ibadan. A structured questionnaire was administered on 258 students from six mixed secondary schools in Ibadan. Pearson Product Moment Correlation method was used for data analysis. Four hypothesis were raised and answered, the results showed there is positive and significant relationships between school engagement among public secondary school students and each of the independent variable: Self-regulation, Emotional intelligence, Self-efficacy, Goal orientation. On the basis of these findings, it was recommended that the parents have to encourage their children on how to be goal oriented ,build their self-efficacy skill, to be self-regulated and emotionally intelligent in order to be effective in school and be able to increase their intellectual ability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emotional%20intelligence" title="emotional intelligence">emotional intelligence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-efficacy" title=" self-efficacy"> self-efficacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=goal%20orientation" title=" goal orientation"> goal orientation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=school%20engagement" title=" school engagement"> school engagement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-regulation" title=" self-regulation"> self-regulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26504/relative-influence-of-self-regulation-emotional-intelligence-self-efficacy-and-goal-orientation-on-school-engagement-among-public-secondary-school-students-in-ibadan-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26504.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">485</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> An Investigation into Problems Confronting Pre-Service Teachers of French in South-West Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Modupe%20Beatrice%20Adeyinka">Modupe Beatrice Adeyinka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> French, as a foreign language in Nigeria, is pronounced to be the second official language and a compulsory subject in the primary school level; hence, colleges of education across the nation are saddled with the responsibility of training teachers for the subject. However, it has been observed that this policy has not been fully implemented, for French teachers in training, do face many challenges, of which translation is chief. In a bid to investigate the major cause of the perceived translation problem, this study examined French translation problems of pre-service teachers in selected colleges of education in the southwest, Nigeria. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The simple random sampling technique was used to select four colleges of education in the southwest, where 100 French students were randomly selected by selecting 25 from each school. The pre-service teachers’ French translation problems’ questionnaire (PTFTPQ) was used as an instrument while four research questions were answered and three null hypotheses were tested. Among others, the findings revealed that students do have problems with false friends, though mainly with its interpretation when attempting French-English translation and vice versa; majority of the students make use of French dictionary as a way out and found the material very useful for their understanding of false friends. Teachers were, therefore, urged to attend in-service training where they would be exposed to new and emerging strategies, approaches and methodologies of French language teaching that will make students overcome the challenge of translation in learning French. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=false%20friends" title="false friends">false friends</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=French%20language" title=" French language"> French language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-service%20teachers" title=" pre-service teachers"> pre-service teachers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=source%20language" title=" source language"> source language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=target%20language" title=" target language"> target language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation" title=" translation"> translation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98646/an-investigation-into-problems-confronting-pre-service-teachers-of-french-in-south-west-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98646.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Assessing the Implementation of Community Driven Development through Social Capital in Migrant and Indigenous Informal Settlements in Accra, Ghana</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrice%20Eyram%20Afi%20Ziorklui">Beatrice Eyram Afi Ziorklui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norihisa%20Shima"> Norihisa Shima</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Community Driven Development (CDD) is now a widely recommended and accepted development strategy for informal communities across the continent. Centered on the utilization of social capital through community structures, different informal settlements have different structures and different levels of social capital, which affect the implementation and ability to overcome CDD challenges. Although known to be very successful, there are few perspectives on the implementation of CDD initiatives in different informal settlements. This study assesses the implementation of CDD initiatives in migrant and indigenous informal settlements and their ability to navigate challenges. The case study research design was adopted in this research, and respondents were chosen through simple random sampling. Using the Statistical Package for social scientists (SPSS) for data analysis, the study found that migrant informal settlements implement CDD projects through the network of hierarchical structures based on government systems, whereas indigenous informal settlements implement through the hierarchical social structure based on traditions and culture. The study also found that, with the exception of the challenge of land accessibility in migrant informal settlements, all other challenges, such as participation, resource mobilization, and maintenance, have a significant relationship with social capital, although indigenous informal settlements have higher levels of social capital than migrant informal settlements. The study recommends a framework that incorporates community characteristics and the underlying social capital to facilitate upgrading strategies in informal in Ghana. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20driven%20development" title="community driven development">community driven development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=informal%20settlements" title=" informal settlements"> informal settlements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20capital" title=" social capital"> social capital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upgrading" title=" upgrading"> upgrading</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165554/assessing-the-implementation-of-community-driven-development-through-social-capital-in-migrant-and-indigenous-informal-settlements-in-accra-ghana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165554.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Examining Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in New Media Strategies within Contemporary Marketing Communication</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Namirimu%20Beatrice%20Doreen">Namirimu Beatrice Doreen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the importance of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in advertising, driven in part by the increasing diversity of society and the expanding reach of new media platforms. As marketers grapple with the challenge of creating campaigns that resonate with a wide range of audiences, the role of new media adoption emerges as a critical, independent variable shaping the landscape of DEI in advertising. This paper delves into the evolving dynamics of DEI in advertising, examining the multifaceted challenges and opportunities encountered by brands in their pursuit of more inclusive marketing strategies. Drawing on theoretical frameworks from marketing, sociology, and communication studies, this paper explores the intricate interplay between DEI initiatives and their impact on consumer perceptions, brand reputation, and market performance. The analysis considers how new media adoption influences the effectiveness and reach of DEI initiatives as brands leverage digital platforms to engage with diverse audiences in innovative ways. Through insightful case studies, this paper illustrates best practices and identifies areas for improvement in the realm of inclusive advertising, shedding light on the practical implications of DEI principles for marketers. By synthesizing insights from academia and industry, this paper offers actionable recommendations for marketers seeking to navigate the complexities of DEI in their advertising strategies. By embracing DEI principles and harnessing the power of new media platforms, brands can foster a more equitable and inclusive advertising landscape, ultimately enhancing their connections with diverse audiences and driving positive social change. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diversity" title="diversity">diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equity" title=" equity"> equity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inclusion" title=" inclusion"> inclusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20media" title=" new media"> new media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contemporary%20marketing%20communication" title=" contemporary marketing communication"> contemporary marketing communication</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184723/examining-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-in-new-media-strategies-within-contemporary-marketing-communication" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184723.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Requests and Responses to Requests in Jordanian Arabic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raghad%20Abu%20Salma">Raghad Abu Salma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrice%20Szczepek%20Reed"> Beatrice Szczepek Reed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Politeness is one of the most researched areas in pragmatics as it is key to interpersonal interactional phenomena. Many studies, particularly in linguistics, have focused on developing politeness theories and exploring linguistic devices used in communication to construct and establish social norms. However, the question of what constitutes polite language remains a point of ongoing debate. Prior research primarily examined politeness in English and its native speaking communities, oversimplifying the notion of politeness and associating it with surface-level language use. There is also a dearth of literature on politeness in Arabic, particularly in the context of Jordanian Arabic. Prior research investigating politeness in Arabic make generalized claims about politeness in Arabic without taking the linguistic variations into account or providing empirical evidence. This proposed research aims to explore how Jordanian Arabic influences its first language users in making and responding to requests, exploring participants' perceptions of politeness and the linguistic choices they make in their interactions. The study focuses on Jordanian expats living in London, UK providing an intercultural perspective that prior research does not consider. This study employs a mixed-methods approach combining discourse completion tasks (DCTs) with semi-structured interviews. While DCTs provide insight into participants’ linguistic choices, semi-structured interviews glean insight into participants' perceptions of politeness and their linguistic choices impacted by cultural norms and diverse experiences. This paper discusses previous research on politeness in Arabic, identifies research gaps, and discusses different methods for data collection. This paper also presents preliminary findings from the ongoing study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=politeness" title="politeness">politeness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pragmatics" title=" pragmatics"> pragmatics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jordanian%20arabic" title=" jordanian arabic"> jordanian arabic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intercultural%20politeness" title=" intercultural politeness"> intercultural politeness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170683/requests-and-responses-to-requests-in-jordanian-arabic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170683.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> The Psychology of Cross-Cultural Communication: A Socio-Linguistics Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tangyie%20Evani">Tangyie Evani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edmond%20Biloa"> Edmond Biloa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emmanuel%20Nforbi"> Emmanuel Nforbi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lem%20Lilian%20Atanga"> Lem Lilian Atanga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kom%20Beatrice"> Kom Beatrice</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The dynamics of languages in contact necessitates a close study of how its users negotiate meanings from shared values in the process of cross-cultural communication. A transverse analysis of the situation demonstrates the existence of complex efforts on connecting cultural knowledge to cross-linguistic competencies within a widening range of communicative exchanges. This paper sets to examine the psychology of cross-cultural communication in a multi-linguistic setting like Cameroon where many local and international languages are in close contact. The paper equally analyses the pertinence of existing macro sociological concepts as fundamental knowledge traits in literal and idiomatic cross semantic mapping. From this point, the article presents a path model of connecting sociolinguistics to the increasing adoption of a widening range of communicative genre piloted by the on-going globalisation trends with its high-speed information technology machinery. By applying a cross cultural analysis frame, the paper will be contributing to a better understanding of the fundamental changes in the nature and goals of cross-cultural knowledge in pragmatics of communication and cultural acceptability’s. It emphasises on the point that, in an era of increasing global interchange, a comprehensive inclusive global culture through bridging gaps in cross-cultural communication would have significant potentials to contribute to achieving global social development goals, if inadequacies in language constructs are adjusted to create avenues that intertwine with sociocultural beliefs, ensuring that meaningful and context bound sociolinguistic values are observed within the global arena of communication. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-cultural%20communication" title="cross-cultural communication">cross-cultural communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=customary%20language" title=" customary language"> customary language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=literalisms" title=" literalisms"> literalisms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=primary%20meaning" title=" primary meaning"> primary meaning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subclasses" title=" subclasses"> subclasses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transubstantiation" title=" transubstantiation"> transubstantiation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43939/the-psychology-of-cross-cultural-communication-a-socio-linguistics-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43939.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">285</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Aesthetics of Colours, Symbols, and Spectacles in the 2021 National Festival of Arts and Culture, Ekiti State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bade-Afuye%20Toyin%20Beatrice">Bade-Afuye Toyin Beatrice</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nigeria, as a multi-cultural nation, boasts of many festivals, many of which are found in the six geo-political zones of the country. One of the major festivals that bring together the Nigerian citizens as one entity is the National Festival of Arts and Culture (NAFEST), organized by the National Council for Arts and Culture (NCAC). The festival is celebrated yearly in ways that are unique to Nigerians and culture enthusiasts locally and abroad. The festival has equally boosted the Nigerian economy through tourism promotion and culture preservation. This study shall adopt the cultural identity theory. The theory will be used to examine the festival as a platform that showcases culture, which represents the totality of the ways and lives of the Nigerian people. To achieve this, the researcher shall gather data as a participant-observer during the festival, which featured elements such as costume, make-up, dance, drama, children's theatre, fashion parade, local cuisines, local games, music, props, acrobatic displays, trade fair among others. These elements are the cultural aesthetics of the festival, thereby creating spectacles and colours in unique styles by each of the 36 states of the federation and the FCT Abuja. The study particularly examines the 2021 edition of NAFEST hosted by the Ekiti State Government. The study reveals that the festival is a unique multi-ethnic event that brings together Nigerians and their kinsmen in the diaspora. NAFEST has equally provided a good opportunity to showcase the rich cultural heritage of the Ekiti people and the economic values of their products and materials. The paper, therefore, concludes that the National Festival of Arts and Culture has over the years promoted national unity and social integration among Nigerians. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colours" title="colours">colours</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culture" title=" culture"> culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectacle" title=" spectacle"> spectacle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NAFEST" title=" NAFEST"> NAFEST</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149361/aesthetics-of-colours-symbols-and-spectacles-in-the-2021-national-festival-of-arts-and-culture-ekiti-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149361.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">106</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> River Habitat Modeling for the Entire Macroinvertebrate Community</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pinna%20Beatrice.">Pinna Beatrice.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laini%20Alex"> Laini Alex</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Negro%20Giovanni"> Negro Giovanni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Burgazzi%20Gemma"> Burgazzi Gemma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Viaroli%20Pierluigi"> Viaroli Pierluigi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vezza%20Paolo"> Vezza Paolo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Habitat models rarely consider macroinvertebrates as ecological targets in rivers. Available approaches mainly focus on single macroinvertebrate species, not addressing the ecological needs and functionality of the entire community. This research aimed to provide an approach to model the habitat of the macroinvertebrate community. The approach is based on the recently developed Flow-T index, together with a Random Forest (RF) regression, which is employed to apply the Flow-T index at the meso-habitat scale. Using different datasets gathered from both field data collection and 2D hydrodynamic simulations, the model has been calibrated in the Trebbia river (2019 campaign), and then validated in the Trebbia, Taro, and Enza rivers (2020 campaign). The three rivers are characterized by a braiding morphology, gravel riverbeds, and summer low flows. The RF model selected 12 mesohabitat descriptors as important for the macroinvertebrate community. These descriptors belong to different frequency classes of water depth, flow velocity, substrate grain size, and connectivity to the main river channel. The cross-validation R² coefficient (R²𝒸ᵥ) of the training dataset is 0.71 for the Trebbia River (2019), whereas the R² coefficient for the validation datasets (Trebbia, Taro, and Enza Rivers 2020) is 0.63. The agreement between the simulated results and the experimental data shows sufficient accuracy and reliability. The outcomes of the study reveal that the model can identify the ecological response of the macroinvertebrate community to possible flow regime alterations and to possible river morphological modifications. Lastly, the proposed approach allows extending the MesoHABSIM methodology, widely used for the fish habitat assessment, to a different ecological target community. Further applications of the approach can be related to flow design in both perennial and non-perennial rivers, including river reaches in which fish fauna is absent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecological%20flows" title="ecological flows">ecological flows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=macroinvertebrate%20community" title=" macroinvertebrate community"> macroinvertebrate community</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesohabitat" title=" mesohabitat"> mesohabitat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=river%20habitat%20modeling" title=" river habitat modeling"> river habitat modeling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164056/river-habitat-modeling-for-the-entire-macroinvertebrate-community" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164056.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Aero-Hydrodynamic Model for a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrice%20%20Fenu">Beatrice Fenu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francesco%20%20Niosi"> Francesco Niosi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giovanni%20%20Bracco"> Giovanni Bracco</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giuliana%20%20Mattiazzo"> Giuliana Mattiazzo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, Europe has seen a great development of renewable energy, in a perspective of reducing polluting emissions and transitioning to cleaner forms of energy, as established by the European Green New Deal. Wind energy has come to cover almost 15% of European electricity needs andis constantly growing. In particular, far-offshore wind turbines are attractive from the point of view of exploiting high-speed winds and high wind availability. Considering offshore wind turbine siting that combines the resources analysis, the bathymetry, environmental regulations, and maritime traffic and considering the waves influence in the stability of the platform, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the platform become fundamental for the evaluation of the performances of the turbine, especially for the pitch motion. Many platform's geometries have been studied and used in the last few years. Their concept is based upon different considerations as hydrostatic stability, material, cost and mooring system. A new method to reach a high-performances substructure for different kinds of wind turbines is proposed. The system that considers substructure, mooring, and wind turbine is implemented in Orcaflex, and the simulations are performed considering several sea states and wind speeds. An external dynamic library is implemented for the turbine control system. The study shows the comparison among different substructures and the new concepts developed. In order to validate the model, CFD simulations will be performed by mean of STAR CCM+, and a comparison between rigid and elastic body for what concerns blades and tower will be carried out. A global model will be built to predict the productivity of the floating turbine according to siting, resources, substructure, and mooring. The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of the system is estimated, giving a complete overview about the advantages of floating offshore wind turbine plants. Different case studies will be presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aero-hydrodynamic%20model" title="aero-hydrodynamic model">aero-hydrodynamic model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20fluid%20dynamics" title=" computational fluid dynamics"> computational fluid dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=floating%20offshore%20wind" title=" floating offshore wind"> floating offshore wind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=siting" title=" siting"> siting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verification" title=" verification"> verification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=and%20validation" title=" and validation"> and validation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131690/aero-hydrodynamic-model-for-a-floating-offshore-wind-turbine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131690.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Family Management, Relations Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Substance Abuse in South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrice%20Wamuyu%20Muchiri">Beatrice Wamuyu Muchiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monika%20M.%20L.%20Dos%20Santos"> Monika M. L. Dos Santos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An increasingly recognised prevention approach for substance use entails reduction in risk factors and enhancement of promotive or protective factors in individuals and the environment surrounding them during their growth and development. However, in order to enhance the effectiveness of this approach, continuous study of risk aspects targeting different cultures, social groups and mixture of society has been recommended. This study evaluated the impact of potential risk and protective factors associated with family management and relations on adolescent substance abuse in South Africa. Exploratory analysis and cumulative odds ordinal logistic regression modelling was performed on the data while controlling for demographic and socio-economic characteristics on adolescent substance use. The most intensely used substances were tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, heroin and alcohol in decreasing order of use intensity. The specific protective or risk impact of family management or relations factors varied from substance to substance. Risk factors associated with demographic and socio-economic factors included being male, younger age, being in lower education grades, coloured ethnicity, adolescents from divorced parents and unemployed or fully employed mothers. Significant family relations risk and protective factors against substance use were classified as either family functioning and conflict or family bonding and support. Several family management factors, categorised as parental monitoring, discipline, behavioural control and rewards, demonstrated either risk or protective effect on adolescent substance use. Some factors had either interactive risk or protective impact on substance use or lost significance when analysed jointly with other factors such as controlled variables. Interaction amongst risk or protective factors as well as the type of substance should be considered when further considering interventions based on these risk or protective factors. Studies in other geographical regions, institutions and with better gender balance are recommended to improve upon the representativeness of the results. Several other considerations to be made when formulating interventions, the shortcomings of this study and possible improvements as well as future studies are also suggested. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20factors" title="risk factors">risk factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protective%20factors" title=" protective factors"> protective factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=substance%20use" title=" substance use"> substance use</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adolescents" title=" adolescents"> adolescents</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97835/family-management-relations-risk-and-protective-factors-for-adolescent-substance-abuse-in-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97835.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">204</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Indoor and Outdoor Health Risk Factors as a Result of Smoke Emission in Developing Countries: a Case of Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrice%20Adeoye">Beatrice Adeoye</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: One of the health challenges developing countries face is air pollution from indoor and outdoor activities. Smoke as a result of cooking, burning wastes and power generators litter the air space on a continual basis due to poverty and governance challenges. The short and long term implications of these actions are enormous and studies have attributed smoke as one of the leading preventable risk factors contributing to global burden of respiratory infections. Design/Methods: The issue at hand therefore includes an exploration of the existing policy frameworks regarding smoke, adherence to international conventions and practices, and more importantly the activities of the government in addressing these issues. Aside this, an understanding of the implications of smoke on peoples’ health and well-being also become crucial. Consequently, this article seeks to interrogate the effect of smoke on the health and well-being of Nigerians and the activities of the policy makers in addressing these challenges. Results (Main Argument): This study reviewed both primary and secondary data on poverty, smoke emission and attendant health risks coupled with existing policies on smoke and air pollution in the country. For instance, over 69% of Nigerians are poor, ranking third in the world; 2.9 billion people live in homes using wood, coal or dung as their primary cooking fuel; equally, 50.6% of Nigerians has no access to regular electricity supply. Further, sustainable policy regarding smoke emission is lacking in the country. This work further submitted that continued low standard of living as a result of governance challenges coupled with a lack of sustainable policy have aggravated the health risks related to smoke in the country. Conclusions: The implication on the health of the children, mothers and vulnerable groups for the future of the country is enormous and may continue if not addressed. Urgent attention therefore needs to be focused on this area considering what this portends for the nation now and in the future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20pollution" title="air pollution">air pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indoor" title=" indoor"> indoor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outdoor" title=" outdoor"> outdoor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=respiratory%20infections" title=" respiratory infections"> respiratory infections</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20859/indoor-and-outdoor-health-risk-factors-as-a-result-of-smoke-emission-in-developing-countries-a-case-of-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20859.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">338</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Bacteriophage Lysis Of Physiologically Stressed Listeria Monocytogenes In A Simulated Seafood Processing Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geevika%20J.%20Ganegama%20Arachchi">Geevika J. Ganegama Arachchi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Steve%20H.%20Flint"> Steve H. Flint</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lynn%20McIntyre"> Lynn McIntyre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cristina%20D.%20Cruz"> Cristina D. Cruz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrice%20M.%20Dias-Wanigasekera"> Beatrice M. Dias-Wanigasekera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Craig%20Billington"> Craig Billington</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Andrew%20Hudson"> J. Andrew Hudson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anthony%20N.%20Mutukumira"> Anthony N. Mutukumira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In seafood processing plants, Listeriamonocytogenes(L. monocytogenes)likely exists in a metabolically stressed state due to the nutrient-deficient environment, processing treatments such as heating, curing, drying, and freezing, and exposure to detergents and disinfectants. Stressed L. monocytogenes cells have been shown to be as pathogenic as unstressed cells. This study investigated lytic efficacy of (LiMN4L, LiMN4p, and LiMN17) which were previouslycharacterized as virulent against physiologically stressed cells of three seafood borne L. monocytogenesstrains (19CO9, 19DO3, and 19EO3).Physiologically compromised cells ofL. monocytogenesstrains were prepared by aging cultures in TrypticaseSoy Broth at 15±1°C for 72 h; heat injuringcultures at 54±1 - 55±1°C for 40 - 60 min;salt-stressing cultures in Milli-Q water were incubated at 25±1°C in darkness for three weeks; and incubating cultures in 9% (w/v) NaCl at 15±1°C for 72 h. Low concentrations of physiologically compromised cells of three L. monocytogenesstrainswere challenged in vitrowith high titre of three phages in separate experiments using Fish Broth medium (aqueous fish extract) at 15 °C in order to mimic the environment of seafood processing plant. Each phage, when present at ≈9 log10 PFU/ml, reduced late exponential phase cells of L. monocytogenes suspended in fish protein broth at ≈2-3 log10 CFU/ml to a non-detectable level (< 10 CFU/ml). Each phage, when present at ≈8.5 log10 PFU/ml, reduced both heat-injured cells present at 2.5-3.6 log10 CFU/ml and starved cells that were showed coccoid shape, present at ≈2-3 log10 CFU/ml to < 10 CFU/ml after 30 min. Phages also reduced salt-stressed cellspresent at ≈3 log10 CFU/ml by > 2 log10. L. monocytogenes (≈8 log10 CFU/ml) were reduced to below the detection limit (1 CFU/ml) by the three successive phage infections over 16 h, indicating that emergence of spontaneous phage resistance was infrequent. The three virulent phages showed high decontamination potential for physiologically stressed L. monocytogenes strains from seafood processing environments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physiologically%20stressed%20L.%20monocytogenes" title="physiologically stressed L. monocytogenes">physiologically stressed L. monocytogenes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20injured" title=" heat injured"> heat injured</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seafood%20processing%20environment" title=" seafood processing environment"> seafood processing environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virulent%20phage" title=" virulent phage"> virulent phage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146610/bacteriophage-lysis-of-physiologically-stressed-listeria-monocytogenes-in-a-simulated-seafood-processing-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146610.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> The Negative Impact of Mindfulness on Creativity: An Experimental Test</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marine%20Agogue">Marine Agogue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrice%20Parguel"> Beatrice Parguel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emilie%20Canet"> Emilie Canet</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Defined as receptive attention to and awareness of present events and experience, mindfulness has grown in popularity over the past 30 years to become a trendy buzzword in business media, which regularly reports on its organizational benefits. Mindfulness would enhance or impede creative thinking depending on the type of meditation. Specifically, focused-attention meditation (focusing attention on one object instead of being open to perceive and observe any sensation or thought) would not be or negatively correlated to creativity. This research explores whether mood, in its two dimensions (i.e., hedonic tone, activation level), could mediate this potentially negative effect. The rationale is that focused-attention meditation is likely to improve hedonic tone but, in the meantime, damage activation level, resulting in opposite effects on creativity through the mediation effect of creative self-efficacy, i.e., the belief that one can perform successfully in an ideation setting. To test this conceptual model, a survey was administered to 97 subjects (53% women, mean age: 25 years), randomly assigned to three conditions (a 10-minute focused-attention meditation session vs. a 10-minute psychometric tests session vs. a control condition) and asked to participate in the egg creative task. Creativity was measured in terms of fluency, expansivity, and originality, the other variables using existing scales: hedonic tone (e.g., joyful, happy), activation level (e.g., passive, sluggish), creative self-efficacy (e.g., ‘I felt confident in my ability to do the task effectively’) and self-perceived creativity (e.g., ‘I have lots of original ideas’). The chains of mediation were tested using PROCESS macro (model 6) and controlled for subjects’ gender, age, and self-perceived creativity. Comparing the mindfulness and the control conditions, no difference appeared in terms of creativity, nor any mediation chain by hedonic tone. However, subjects who participated in the meditation session felt less active than those in the control condition, which decreased their creative self-efficacy, and creativity (whatever the indicator considered). Comparing the mindfulness and the psychometric tests conditions, analyses showed that creativity was higher in the psychometric tests condition. As previously, no mediation chain appeared by hedonic tone. However, subjects who participated in the meditation session felt less active than those in the psychometric tests condition, which decreased their creative self-efficacy, and creativity. These findings confirm that focused-attention meditation does not enhance creativity. They demonstrate an emotional underlying mechanism based on activation level and suggest that both positive and active mood states have the potential to enhance creativity through creative self-efficacy. In the end, they should discourage organizations from trying to nudge creativity using mindfulness ad hoc devices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=creativity" title="creativity">creativity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mindfulness" title=" mindfulness"> mindfulness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=creative%20self-efficacy" title=" creative self-efficacy"> creative self-efficacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experiment" title=" experiment"> experiment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99877/the-negative-impact-of-mindfulness-on-creativity-an-experimental-test" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99877.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Properties Optimization of Keratin Films Produced by Film Casting and Compression Moulding</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahamad%20Yousif">Mahamad Yousif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eoin%20Cunningham"> Eoin Cunningham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrice%20Smyth"> Beatrice Smyth</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Every year ~6 million tonnes of feathers are produced globally. Due to feathers’ low density and possible contamination with pathogens, their disposal causes health and environmental problems. The extraction of keratin, which represents >90% of feathers’ dry weight, could offer a solution due to its wide range of applications in the food, medical, cosmetics, and biopolymer industries. One of these applications is the production of biofilms which can be used for packaging, edible films, drug delivery, wound healing etc. Several studies in the last two decades investigated keratin film production and its properties. However, the effects of many parameters on the properties of the films remain to be investigated including the extraction method, crosslinker type and concentration, and the film production method. These parameters were investigated in this study. Keratin was extracted from chicken feathers using two methods, alkaline extraction with 0.5 M NaOH at 80 °C or sulphitolysis extraction with 0.5 M sodium sulphite, 8 M urea, and 0.25-1 g sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) at 100 °C. The extracted keratin was mixed with different types and concentrations of plasticizers (glycerol and polyethylene glycol) and crosslinkers (formaldehyde (FA), glutaraldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, glyoxal, and 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDE)). The mixtures were either cast in a mould or compression moulded to produce films. For casting, keratin powder was initially dissolved in water to form a 5% keratin solution and the mixture was dried in an oven at 60 °C. For compression moulding, 10% water was added and the compression moulding temperature and pressure were in the range of 60-120 °C and 10-30 bar. Finally, the tensile properties, solubility, and transparency of the films were analysed. The films prepared using the sulphitolysis keratin had superior tensile properties to the alkaline keratin and formed successfully with lower plasticizer concentrations. Lowering the SDS concentration from 1 to 0.25 g/g feathers improved all the tensile properties. All the films prepared without crosslinkers were 100% water soluble but adding crosslinkers reduced solubility to as low as 21%. FA and BDE were found to be the best crosslinkers increasing the tensile strength and elongation at break of the films. Higher compression moulding temperature and pressure lowered the tensile properties of the films; therefore, 80 °C and 10 bar were considered to be the optimal compression moulding temperature and pressure. Nevertheless, the films prepared by casting had higher tensile properties than compression moulding but were less transparent. Two optimal films, prepared by film casting, were identified and their compositions were: (a) Sulphitolysis keratin, 20% glycerol, 10% FA, and 10% BDE. (b) Sulphitolysis keratin, 20% glycerol, and 10% BDE. Their tensile strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, solubility, and transparency were: (a) 4.275±0.467 MPa, 86.12±4.24%, 22.227±2.711 MPa, 21.34±1.11%, and 8.57±0.94* respectively. (b) 3.024±0.231 MPa, 113.65±14.61%, 10±1.948 MPa, 25.03±5.3%, and 4.8±0.15 respectively. A higher value indicates that the film is less transparent. The extraction method, film composition, and production method had significant influence on the properties of keratin films and should therefore be tailored to meet the desired properties and applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compression%20moulding" title="compression moulding">compression moulding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crosslinker" title=" crosslinker"> crosslinker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=film%20casting" title=" film casting"> film casting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=keratin" title=" keratin"> keratin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasticizer" title=" plasticizer"> plasticizer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solubility" title=" solubility"> solubility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tensile%20properties" title=" tensile properties"> tensile properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transparency" title=" transparency"> transparency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188856/properties-optimization-of-keratin-films-produced-by-film-casting-and-compression-moulding" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188856.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">34</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Tool Development for Assessing Antineoplastic Drugs Surface Contamination in Healthcare Services and Other Workplaces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benoit%20Atge">Benoit Atge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alice%20Dhersin"> Alice Dhersin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oscar%20Da%20Silva%20Cacao"> Oscar Da Silva Cacao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrice%20Martinez"> Beatrice Martinez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dominique%20Ducint"> Dominique Ducint</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Catherine%20Verdun-Esquer"> Catherine Verdun-Esquer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isabelle%20Baldi"> Isabelle Baldi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mathieu%20Molimard"> Mathieu Molimard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antoine%20Villa"> Antoine Villa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mireille%20Canal-Raffin"> Mireille Canal-Raffin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Healthcare workers' exposure to antineoplastic drugs (AD) is a burning issue for occupational medicine practitioners. Biological monitoring of occupational exposure (BMOE) is an essential tool for assessing AD contamination of healthcare workers. In addition to BMOE, surface sampling is a useful tool in order to understand how workers get contaminated, to identify sources of environmental contamination, to verify the effectiveness of surface decontamination way and to ensure monitoring of these surfaces. The objective of this work was to develop a complete tool including a kit for surface sampling and a quantification analytical method for AD traces detection. The development was realized with the three following criteria: the kit capacity to sample in every professional environment (healthcare services, veterinaries, etc.), the detection of very low AD traces with a validated analytical method and the easiness of the sampling kit use regardless of the person in charge of sampling. Material and method: AD mostly used in term of quantity and frequency have been identified by an analysis of the literature and consumptions of different hospitals, veterinary services, and home care settings. The kind of adsorbent device, surface moistening solution and mix of solvents for the extraction of AD from the adsorbent device have been tested for a maximal yield. The AD quantification was achieved by an ultra high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Results: With their high frequencies of use and their good reflect of the diverse activities through healthcare, 15 AD (cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, 5-FU, dacarbazin, etoposide, pemetrexed, vincristine, cytarabine, methothrexate, paclitaxel, gemcitabine, mitomycin C) were selected. The analytical method was optimized and adapted to obtain high sensitivity with very low limits of quantification (25 to 5000ng/mL), equivalent or lowest that those previously published (for 13/15 AD). The sampling kit is easy to use, provided with a didactic support (online video and protocol paper). It showed its effectiveness without inter-individual variation (n=5/person; n= 5 persons; p=0,85; ANOVA) regardless of the person in charge of sampling. Conclusion: This validated tool (sampling kit + analytical method) is very sensitive, easy to use and very didactic in order to control the chemical risk brought by AD. Moreover, BMOE permits a focal prevention. Used in routine, this tool is available for every intervention of occupational health. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20contamination" title="surface contamination">surface contamination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sampling%20kit" title=" sampling kit"> sampling kit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytical%20method" title=" analytical method"> analytical method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitivity" title=" sensitivity"> sensitivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95462/tool-development-for-assessing-antineoplastic-drugs-surface-contamination-in-healthcare-services-and-other-workplaces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95462.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Audit and Assurance Program for AI-Based Technologies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrice%20Arthur">Beatrice Arthur</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed various industries, enabling faster and more accurate decision-making processes. However, with these advancements come increased risks, including data privacy issues, systemic biases, and challenges related to transparency and accountability. As AI technologies become more integrated into business processes, there is a growing need for comprehensive auditing and assurance frameworks to manage these risks and ensure ethical use. This paper provides a literature review on AI auditing and assurance programs, highlighting the importance of adapting traditional audit methodologies to the complexities of AI-driven systems. Objective: The objective of this review is to explore current AI audit practices and their role in mitigating risks, ensuring accountability, and fostering trust in AI systems. The study aims to provide a structured framework for developing audit programs tailored to AI technologies while also investigating how AI impacts governance, risk management, and regulatory compliance in various sectors. Methodology: This research synthesizes findings from academic publications and industry reports from 2014 to 2024, focusing on the intersection of AI technologies and IT assurance practices. The study employs a qualitative review of existing audit methodologies and frameworks, particularly the COBIT 2019 framework, to understand how audit processes can be aligned with AI governance and compliance standards. The review also considers real-time auditing as an emerging necessity for influencing AI system design during early development stages. Outcomes: Preliminary findings indicate that while AI auditing is still in its infancy, it is rapidly gaining traction as both a risk management strategy and a potential driver of business innovation. Auditors are increasingly being called upon to develop controls that address the ethical and operational risks posed by AI systems. The study highlights the need for continuous monitoring and adaptable audit techniques to handle the dynamic nature of AI technologies. Future Directions: Future research will explore the development of AI-specific audit tools and real-time auditing capabilities that can keep pace with evolving technologies. There is also a need for cross-industry collaboration to establish universal standards for AI auditing, particularly in high-risk sectors like healthcare and finance. Further work will involve engaging with industry practitioners and policymakers to refine the proposed governance and audit frameworks. Funding/Support Acknowledgements: This research is supported by the Information Systems Assurance Management Program at Concordia University of Edmonton. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AI%20auditing" title="AI auditing">AI auditing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assurance" title=" assurance"> assurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20management" title=" risk management"> risk management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=governance" title=" governance"> governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COBIT%202019" title=" COBIT 2019"> COBIT 2019</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transparency" title=" transparency"> transparency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accountability" title=" accountability"> accountability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compliance" title=" compliance"> compliance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191896/audit-and-assurance-program-for-ai-based-technologies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191896.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">25</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> A Cross-Cultural Validation of the Simple Measure of Impact of Lupus Erythematosus in Youngsters (Smiley) among Filipino Pediatric Lupus Patients</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jemely%20M.%20Punzalan">Jemely M. Punzalan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christine%20B.%20Bernal"> Christine B. Bernal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrice%20B.%20Canonigo"> Beatrice B. Canonigo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Rosario%20F.%20Cabansag"> Maria Rosario F. Cabansag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dennis%20S.%20Flores"> Dennis S. Flores</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Joseph%20T.%20Galutira"> Paul Joseph T. Galutira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Remedios%20D.%20Chan"> Remedios D. Chan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is one of the most common autoimmune disorders predominates in women of childbearing age. Simple Measure of Impact of Lupus Erythematosus in Youngsters (SMILEY) is the only health specific quality of life tool for pediatric SLE, which has been translated to different languages except in Filipino. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to develop a Filipino translation of the SMILEY and to examine the validity and reliability of this translation. Methodology: The SMILEY was translated into Filipino by a bilingual individual and back-translated by another bilingual individual blinded from the original English version. The translation was evaluated for content validity by a panel of experts and subjected to pilot testing. The pilot-tested translation was used in the validity and reliability testing proper. The SMILEY, together with the previously validated PEDSQL 4.0 Generic Core Scale was administered to lupus pediatric patients and their parent at two separate occasions: a baseline and a re-test seven to fourteen days apart. Tests for convergent validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were performed. Results: A total of fifty children and their parent were recruited. The mean age was 15.38±2.62 years (range 8-18 years), mean education at high school level. The mean duration of SLE was 28 months (range 1-81 months). Subjects found the questionnaires to be relevant, easy to understand and answer. The validity of the SMILEY was demonstrated in terms of content validity, convergent validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. Age, socioeconomic status and educational attainment did not show a significant effect on the scores. The difference between scores of child and parent report was showed to be significant with SMILEY total (p=0.0214), effect on social life (p=0.0000), and PEDSQL physical function (p=0.0460). Child reports showed higher scores for the following domains compared to their parent. Conclusion: SMILEY is a brief, easy to understand, valid and reliable tool for assessing pediatric SLE specific HRQOL. It will be useful in providing better care, understanding and may offer critical information regarding the effect of SLE in the quality of life of our pediatric lupus patients. It will help physician understands the needs of their patient not only on treatment of the specific disease but as well as the impact of the treatment on their daily lives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systemic%20lupus%20erythematosus" title="systemic lupus erythematosus">systemic lupus erythematosus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pediatrics" title=" pediatrics"> pediatrics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20of%20life" title=" quality of life"> quality of life</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simple%20Measure%20of%20Impact%20of%20Lupus%20Erythematosus%20in%20Youngsters%20%28SMILEY%29" title=" Simple Measure of Impact of Lupus Erythematosus in Youngsters (SMILEY)"> Simple Measure of Impact of Lupus Erythematosus in Youngsters (SMILEY)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19708/a-cross-cultural-validation-of-the-simple-measure-of-impact-of-lupus-erythematosus-in-youngsters-smiley-among-filipino-pediatric-lupus-patients" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19708.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">443</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Use of Low-Cost Hydrated Hydrogen Sulphate-Based Protic Ionic Liquids for Extraction of Cellulose-Rich Materials from Common Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Straw</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chris%20Miskelly">Chris Miskelly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eoin%20Cunningham"> Eoin Cunningham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrice%20Smyth"> Beatrice Smyth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John.%20D.%20Holbrey"> John. D. Holbrey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gosia%20Swadzba-Kwasny"> Gosia Swadzba-Kwasny</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emily%20L.%20Byrne"> Emily L. Byrne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoan%20Delavoux"> Yoan Delavoux</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mantian%20Li."> Mantian Li.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, the use of ionic liquids (ILs) for the preparation of lignocellulose derived cellulosic materials as alternatives to petrochemical feedstocks has been the focus of considerable research interest. While the technical viability of IL-based lignocellulose treatment methodologies has been well established, the high cost of reagents inhibits commercial feasibility. This work aimed to assess the technoeconomic viability of the preparation of cellulose rich materials (CRMs) using protic ionic liquids (PILs) synthesized from low cost alkylamines and sulphuric acid. For this purpose, the tertiary alkylamines, triethylamine, and dimethylbutylamine were selected. Bulk scale production cost of the synthesized PILs, triethylammonium hydrogen sulphate and dimetheylbutylammonium hydrogen sulphate, was reported as $0.78 kg-1 to $1.24 kg-1. CRMs were prepared through the treatment of common wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw with these PILs. By controlling treatment parameters, CRMs with a cellulose content of ≥ 80 wt% were prepared. This was achieved using a T. aestivum straw to PIL loading ratio of 1:15 w/w, a treatment duration of 180 minutes, and ethanol as a cellulose antisolvent. Infrared spectra data and decreased onset degradation temperature of CRMs (ΔTONSET ~ 70 °C) suggested the formation of cellulose sulphate esters during treatment. Chemical derivatisation can aid the dispersion of prepared CRMs in non-polar polymer/ composite matrices, but act as a barrier to thermal processing at temperatures above 150 °C. It was also shown that treatment increased the crystallinity of CRMs (ΔCrI ~ 40 %) without altering the native crystalline structure or crystallite size (~ 2.6 nm) of cellulose; peaks associated with the cellulose I crystalline planes (110), (200), and (004) were observed at Bragg angles 16.0 °, 22.5 ° and 35.0 ° respectively. This highlighted the inability of assessed PILs to dissolve crystalline cellulose and was attributed to the high acidity (pKa ~ - 1.92 to - 6.42) of sulphuric acid derived anions. Electron micrographs revealed that the stratified multilayer tissue structure of untreated T. aestivum straw was significantly modified during treatment. T. aestivum straw particles were disassembled during treatment, with prepared CRMs adopting a golden-brown film-like appearance. This work demonstrated the degradation of non-cellulosic fractions of lignocellulose without dissolution of cellulose. It is the first to report on the derivatisation of cellulose during treatment with protic hydrogen sulphate ionic liquids, and the potential implications of this with reference to biopolymer feedstock preparation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulose" title="cellulose">cellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extraction" title=" extraction"> extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protic%20ionic%20liquids" title=" protic ionic liquids"> protic ionic liquids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=esterification" title=" esterification"> esterification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20stability" title=" thermal stability"> thermal stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20valorisation" title=" waste valorisation"> waste valorisation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biopolymer%20feedstock" title=" biopolymer feedstock"> biopolymer feedstock</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188889/use-of-low-cost-hydrated-hydrogen-sulphate-based-protic-ionic-liquids-for-extraction-of-cellulose-rich-materials-from-common-wheat-triticum-aestivum-straw" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188889.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">36</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Identification and Understanding of Colloidal Destabilization Mechanisms in Geothermal Processes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ines%20Raies">Ines Raies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Kohler"> Eric Kohler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marc%20Fleury"> Marc Fleury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B%C3%A9atrice%20Led%C3%A9sert"> Béatrice Ledésert</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, the impact of clay minerals on the formation damage of sandstone reservoirs is studied to provide a better understanding of the problem of deep geothermal reservoir permeability reduction due to fine particle dispersion and migration. In some situations, despite the presence of filters in the geothermal loop at the surface, particles smaller than the filter size (<1 µm) may surprisingly generate significant permeability reduction affecting in the long term the overall performance of the geothermal system. Our study is carried out on cores from a Triassic reservoir in the Paris Basin (Feigneux, 60 km Northeast of Paris). Our goal is to first identify the clays responsible for clogging, a mineralogical characterization of these natural samples was carried out by coupling X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that the studied stratigraphic interval contains mostly illite and chlorite particles. Moreover, the spatial arrangement of the clays in the rocks as well as the morphology and size of the particles, suggest that illite is more easily mobilized than chlorite by the flow in the pore network. Thus, based on these results, illite particles were prepared and used in core flooding in order to better understand the factors leading to the aggregation and deposition of this type of clay particles in geothermal reservoirs under various physicochemical and hydrodynamic conditions. First, the stability of illite suspensions under geothermal conditions has been investigated using different characterization techniques, including Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM). Various parameters such as the hydrodynamic radius (around 100 nm), the morphology and surface area of aggregates were measured. Then, core-flooding experiments were carried out using sand columns to mimic the permeability decline due to the injection of illite-containing fluids in sandstone reservoirs. In particular, the effects of ionic strength, temperature, particle concentration and flow rate of the injected fluid were investigated. When the ionic strength increases, a permeability decline of more than a factor of 2 could be observed for pore velocities representative of in-situ conditions. Further details of the retention of particles in the columns were obtained from Magnetic Resonance Imaging and X-ray Tomography techniques, showing that the particle deposition is nonuniform along the column. It is clearly shown that very fine particles as small as 100 nm can generate significant permeability reduction under specific conditions in high permeability porous media representative of the Triassic reservoirs of the Paris basin. These retention mechanisms are explained in the general framework of the DLVO theory <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geothermal%20energy" title="geothermal energy">geothermal energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinjection" title=" reinjection"> reinjection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clays" title=" clays"> clays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colloids" title=" colloids"> colloids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retention" title=" retention"> retention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity" title=" porosity"> porosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permeability%20decline" title=" permeability decline"> permeability decline</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clogging" title=" clogging"> clogging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterization" title=" characterization"> characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRD" title=" XRD"> XRD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM-EDS" title=" SEM-EDS"> SEM-EDS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STEM" title=" STEM"> STEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DLS" title=" DLS"> DLS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NMR" title=" NMR"> NMR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=core%20flooding%20experiments" title=" core flooding experiments"> core flooding experiments</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144725/identification-and-understanding-of-colloidal-destabilization-mechanisms-in-geothermal-processes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144725.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Multi-Criteria Assessment of Biogas Feedstock</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rawan%20Hakawati">Rawan Hakawati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrice%20Smyth"> Beatrice Smyth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Rooney"> David Rooney</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geoffrey%20McCullough"> Geoffrey McCullough</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Targets have been set in the EU to increase the share of renewable energy consumption to 20% by 2020, but developments have not occurred evenly across the member states. Northern Ireland is almost 90% dependent on imported fossil fuels. With such high energy dependency, Northern Ireland is particularly susceptible to the security of supply issues. Linked to fossil fuels are greenhouse gas emissions, and the EU plans to reduce emissions by 20% by 2020. The use of indigenously produced biomass could reduce both greenhouse gas emissions and external energy dependence. With a wide range of both crop and waste feedstock potentially available in Northern Ireland, anaerobic digestion has been put forward as a possible solution for renewable energy production, waste management, and greenhouse gas reduction. Not all feedstock, however, is the same, and an understanding of feedstock suitability is important for both plant operators and policy makers. The aim of this paper is to investigate biomass suitability for anaerobic digestion in Northern Ireland. It is also important that decisions are based on solid scientific evidence. For this reason, the methodology used is multi-criteria decision matrix analysis which takes multiple criteria into account simultaneously and ranks alternatives accordingly. The model uses the weighted sum method (which follows the Entropy Method to measure uncertainty using probability theory) to decide on weights. The Topsis method is utilized to carry out the mathematical analysis to provide the final scores. Feedstock that is currently available in Northern Ireland was classified into two categories: wastes (manure, sewage sludge and food waste) and energy crops, specifically grass silage. To select the most suitable feedstock, methane yield, feedstock availability, feedstock production cost, biogas production, calorific value, produced kilowatt-hours, dry matter content, and carbon to nitrogen ratio were assessed. The highest weight (0.249) corresponded to production cost reflecting a variation of £41 gate fee to 22£/tonne cost. The weights calculated found that grass silage was the most suitable feedstock. A sensitivity analysis was then conducted to investigate the impact of weights. The analysis used the Pugh Matrix Method which relies upon The Analytical Hierarchy Process and pairwise comparisons to determine a weighting for each criterion. The results showed that the highest weight (0.193) corresponded to biogas production indicating that grass silage and manure are the most suitable feedstock. Introducing co-digestion of two or more substrates can boost the biogas yield due to a synergistic effect induced by the feedstock to favor positive biological interactions. A further benefit of co-digesting manure is that the anaerobic digestion process also acts as a waste management strategy. From the research, it was concluded that energy from agricultural biomass is highly advantageous in Northern Ireland because it would increase the country's production of renewable energy, manage waste production, and would limit the production of greenhouse gases (current contribution from agriculture sector is 26%). Decision-making methods based on scientific evidence aid policy makers in classifying multiple criteria in a logical mathematical manner in order to reach a resolution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaerobic%20digestion" title="anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass%20as%20feedstock" title=" biomass as feedstock"> biomass as feedstock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20matrix" title=" decision matrix"> decision matrix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy" title=" renewable energy"> renewable energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31271/multi-criteria-assessment-of-biogas-feedstock" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31271.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">462</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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