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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urb%C3%A1nn%C3%AD_morfologie" title="Urbánní morfologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Urbánní morfologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtmorphologie" title="Stadtmorphologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stadtmorphologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ریخت‌شناسی شهری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریخت‌شناسی شهری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphologie_urbaine" title="Morphologie urbaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Morphologie urbaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbana_morfologija" title="Urbana morfologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Urbana morfologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfologia_urbana" title="Morfologia urbana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Morfologia urbana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מורפולוגיה עירונית ואזורית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מורפולוגיה עירונית ואזורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="都市形態学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="都市形態学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfologia_urbana" title="Morfologia urbana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Morfologia urbana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_morphology" title="Urban morphology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Urban morphology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நகர உருவவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நகர உருவவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สัณฐานวิทยาเมือง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัณฐานวิทยาเมือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Міська морфологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міська морфологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="城市形态学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="城市形态学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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searchaux" style="display:none">Urban geography</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ln_Kern_Netze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/K%C3%B6ln_Kern_Netze.jpg/220px-K%C3%B6ln_Kern_Netze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/K%C3%B6ln_Kern_Netze.jpg/330px-K%C3%B6ln_Kern_Netze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/K%C3%B6ln_Kern_Netze.jpg/440px-K%C3%B6ln_Kern_Netze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Development of the road networks an urban structure of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany, 1845 to 1987</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Urban morphology</b> is the study of the formation of <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">human settlements</a> and the process of their formation and transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study seeks to understand the spatial structure and character of a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>, <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a>, <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">town</a> or <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</a> by examining the patterns of its component parts and the ownership or control and occupation. Typically, analysis of physical form focuses on <a href="/wiki/Street" title="Street">street</a> pattern, <a href="/wiki/Land_lot" title="Land lot">lot</a> (or, in the UK, plot) pattern and <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">building</a> pattern, sometimes referred to collectively as urban grain. Analysis of specific settlements is usually undertaken using cartographic sources and the process of development is deduced from comparison of historic maps. </p><p>Special attention is given to how the physical form of a city changes over time and to how different cities compare to each other. Another significant part of this subfield deals with the study of the social forms which are expressed in the physical layout of a city, and, conversely, how physical form produces or reproduces various social forms. </p><p>The essence of the idea of morphology was initially expressed in the writings of the great poet and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> (1790). However, the term as such was first used in bioscience. Recently it is being increasingly used in <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> and other subject areas. In geography, urban morphology as a particular field of study owes its origins to <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a>, James Vance and Sam Bass Warner. Peter Hall and Michael Batty of the UK and Serge Salat, France, are also central figures. </p><p>Urban morphology is considered as the study of urban tissue, or fabric, as a means of discerning the environmental level normally associated with urban design. Tissue comprises coherent neighborhood morphology (open spaces, building) and functions (human activity). Neighborhoods exhibit recognizable patterns in the ordering of buildings, spaces and functions (themes), variations within which nevertheless conform to an organizing set of principles. This approach challenges the common perception of unplanned environments as chaotic or vaguely organic through understanding the structures and processes embedded in <a href="/wiki/Urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanisation">urbanisation</a>. Complexity science has provided further explanations showing how urban structures emerge from the uncoordinated action of multiple individuals in highly regular ways.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst other things this is associated with permanent energy and material flows to maintain these structures.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Some_locked_concepts">Some locked concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_morphology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Some locked concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urban morphology approaches human settlements as generally unconscious products that emerge over long periods, through the accrual of successive generations of building activity. This leaves traces that serve to structure subsequent building activity and provide opportunities and constraints for city-building processes, such as land subdivision, <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> development, or building construction. Articulating and analysing the logic of these traces is the central question of urban morphology. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_syntax_-_Global_Integration_-_Brasilia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Space_syntax_-_Global_Integration_-_Brasilia.png/220px-Space_syntax_-_Global_Integration_-_Brasilia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Space_syntax_-_Global_Integration_-_Brasilia.png/330px-Space_syntax_-_Global_Integration_-_Brasilia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Space_syntax_-_Global_Integration_-_Brasilia.png/440px-Space_syntax_-_Global_Integration_-_Brasilia.png 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Space_syntax" title="Space syntax">Space syntax</a> axial map of <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasilia</a>, showing the most integrated (red) to most segregated (blue) streets in the city network. </figcaption></figure> <p>Urban morphology is not generally object-centred, in that it emphasises the relationships between components of the city. To make a parallel with <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, the focus is placed on an active <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Space_syntax" title="Space syntax">syntax</a>. There is thus a tendency to use morphological techniques to examine the ordinary, non-monumental areas of the city and to stress the process and its <a href="/wiki/Structures" class="mw-redirect" title="Structures">structures</a> over any given state or object, therefore going beyond architecture and looking at the entire built landscape and its internal logic. </p><p>Roger Trancik discusses three major theories of urban spatial design and urban morphology which can guide analysis: </p> <ol><li>Figure and Ground theory</li> <li>Linkage theory</li> <li>Place Theory</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Figure-ground_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Figure-ground theory">Figure and Ground theory</a> is founded on the study of the relationship of land coverage of buildings as solid mass (figure) to open voids (ground) Each urban environment has an existing pattern of solid and voids, and figure and ground approach to spatial design is an attempt to manipulate these relationships by adding to, subtracting from, or changing the physical geometry of the pattern. The objective of these manipulations is to clarify the structure of urban space in a city or district by establishing a hierarchy of spaces of different sizes that are individually enclosed but ordered directionally in relation to each other. Linkage theory focuses on lines formed by streets, pedestrian ways, linear open spaces or other linking elements that physically connect the parts of the city. Place theory operates upon structured systems of human needs and usage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrancik198697_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrancik198697-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools_of_thought">Schools of thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_morphology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Schools of thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a broad sense there are three schools of urban morphology: Italian, British, and French. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_school">Italian school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_morphology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Italian school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muratori_Venezia_San_Bartolomio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Muratori_Venezia_San_Bartolomio.jpg/220px-Muratori_Venezia_San_Bartolomio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Muratori_Venezia_San_Bartolomio.jpg/330px-Muratori_Venezia_San_Bartolomio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Muratori_Venezia_San_Bartolomio.jpg/440px-Muratori_Venezia_San_Bartolomio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7693" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>The evolution of the urban structure of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. The plan on the right of the series shows the latest state (1958) of the urban structure of the S. Bartolomio block. Three successive plans offer a retrospective periodization of the phases of the formation of the urban structure</figcaption></figure> <p>The Italian school centres around the work of <a href="/wiki/Saverio_Muratori" title="Saverio Muratori">Saverio Muratori</a> and dates from the 1940s. Muratori attempted to develop an 'operational history' for the cities he studied (in particular Venice and Rome), which then provided the basis for the integration of new architectural works in the syntax of the urban tissue. Stemming from this view are contributions such as Gianfranco Caniggia's, which conceptualise the city as an organic result of a dynamic procedural <a href="/wiki/Typology_(urban_planning_and_architecture)" title="Typology (urban planning and architecture)">typology</a>, which see <a href="/wiki/Political_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Political economics">political-economic</a> forces as shaping a built landscape already conditioned by a particular logic, set of elements, and characteristic processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_school">British school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_morphology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British school centres around the work of <a href="/wiki/M.R.G._Conzen" class="mw-redirect" title="M.R.G. Conzen">M.R.G. Conzen</a>, who developed a technique called 'town-plan analysis.' The key aspects for analysis according to Conzen are: </p> <ol><li>The town plan</li> <li>Pattern of building forms</li> <li>Pattern of land use</li></ol> <p>The town plan in turn contains three complexes of plan element: </p> <ol><li><i>Streets</i> and their arrangement into a <i>street-system</i></li> <li><i>Plots</i> (or lots) and their aggregation into <i>street-blocks</i></li> <li>Buildings, in the form of the <i>block-plans</i>.</li></ol> <p>For Conzen, understanding the layering of these aspects and elements through history is the key to comprehending urban form. Followers of Conzen such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/staff/profiles/gees/whitehand-jeremy.aspx">J.W.R. Whitehand</a> have examined the ways in which such knowledge can be put to use in the management of historic and contemporary townscapes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_school">French school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_morphology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French school, based principally at the <a href="/wiki/Versailles,_Yvelines" title="Versailles, Yvelines">Versailles</a> School of Architecture, has generated extensive methodological knowledge for the analysis of urbanisation processes and related architectural models. Much emphasis is placed upon the importance of built space for sustaining social practices; the relationship between the built landscape and the social world is <a href="/wiki/Dialectical" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical">dialectical</a>, with both shaping the other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chicago_School">Chicago School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_morphology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chicago School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an urban-industrial city, Chicago's socio-economic problems were obvious and crying out to be studied in depth. Therefore, several urban sociologists and geographers belonging to the so-called <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(sociology)" title="Chicago school (sociology)">Chicago School</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/W.I._Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="W.I. Thomas">W.I. Thomas</a> (concerned with migration), <a href="/wiki/Robert_E_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert E Park">Robert E Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Burgess" title="Ernest Burgess">Ernest Burgess</a>, attempted to analyse the morphology of Chicago in order to solve these problems. </p><p>Burgess employed an ecological approach in placing emphasis on the relationship between organisms and their environment. He used similar biological factors used in explaining plant distribution and established a concentric-zonal theory which included a <a href="/wiki/Central_Business_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Business District">Central Business District</a> (CBD), an area of transition (invaded by business and migrants), and area of upper class apartments and several commuter zones and suburbs on the edge of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphogenetic_School">Morphogenetic School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_morphology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Morphogenetic School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scientist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitri_Singhai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maitri Singhai (page does not exist)">Maitri Singhai</a> and the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Salingaros" title="Nikos Salingaros">Nikos Salingaros</a> have created a new school of urban morphology based on <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">morphogenesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergence</a>. In <a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Order" title="The Nature of Order">The Nature of Order</a> Alexander proposes that urban development is a computational process similar to that of cell growth in an organism, and that the unfolding of these processes produces the urban landscape and its typologies. Some urbanists have sought to transform this theory into a practical <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emergenturbanism.com/beginning-emergent-urbanism/">emergent urbanism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_morphology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">Urban geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Planning">Urban Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_urbanism" title="Landscape urbanism">Landscape urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_geography" title="Settlement geography">Settlement geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="New urbanism">New urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activity_centre" title="Activity centre">Activity centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_syntax" title="Space syntax">Space syntax</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_morphology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKropf2017" class="citation book cs1">Kropf, Karl (2017). <i>Handbook of urban morphology</i>. Chichester: Wiley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+urban+morphology&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Kropf&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+morphology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Batty, M. (2009). Cities as Complex Systems: Scaling, Interaction, Networks, Dynamics and Urban Morphologies. In Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science. Springer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalatBourdic2011" class="citation journal cs1">Salat, Serge; Bourdic, Loeiz (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2011.11.2130">"Power Laws for Energy Efficient and Resilient Cities"</a>. <i>Procedia Engineering</i>. <b>21</b>: 1193–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2011.11.2130">10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.2130</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+Engineering&rft.atitle=Power+Laws+for+Energy+Efficient+and+Resilient+Cities&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=1193-8&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2011.11.2130&rft.aulast=Salat&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft.au=Bourdic%2C+Loeiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.proeng.2011.11.2130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+morphology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrancik198697-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrancik198697_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrancik1986">Trancik 1986</a>, pp. 97.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFTrancik1986 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_morphology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Conzen, M.R.G., <i>Alnwick, Northumberland: A study in town-plan analysis</i>, London, Institute of British Geographers, 1969</li> <li>Moudon, Anne Vernez, <i>Urban morphology as an emerging interdisciplinary field</i> in Urban Morphology. 1997. 1 (1): 3–10.</li> <li>Ley, Karsten: <i>Understanding Urban Forms as Results of a Conditioning System of Interrelated Factors. Some Thoughts on the Issue of Morphologically Defining the City.</i>, RWTH Aachen 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/50929">[electronic resource]</a>.</li> <li>Malfroy, Sylvain and Gianfranco Caniggia, <i>L'approche morphologique de la ville et du territoire.</i> Zürich: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Lehrstuhl fur Städtebaugeschichte, October 1986 (<i>A Morphological Approach to Cities and Their Regions</i>, Zurich: Triest 2022.</li> <li>Moudon, Anne Vernez, <i>Built for Change: Neighbourhood Architecture in San Francisco.' Cambridge MA, MIT Press, 1986.</i></li> <li>Moudon, Anne Vernez, Getting to Know the Built Landscape: Typomorphology. in Franck, Karen A and Lynda H Schneekloth, <i>Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design</i> New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1994.</li> <li>Panerai, Philippe, Jean-Charles Depaule, Marcelle Demorgon, and Michel Veyrenche, <i>Elements d'analyse urbaine.</i> Brussels: Editions Archives d'Architecture Moderne, 1980.</li> <li>Salat, Serge, <i>Cities and Forms: on sustainable urbanism</i>, Hermann Ed., 2011.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_morphology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanform.org/">International Seminar on Urban Form</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanmorphologyinstitute.org/">Urban Morphology and Complex Systems Institute</a>, Paris</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/activity/urban-morphology/index.aspx/">Urban Morphology Research Group</a>, Birmingham</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanmorphologyinstitute.org/">Urban Morpohology Institute</a></li> <li>Gianfranco Caniggia: A Structural Reading of Florence (video 1984 / 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tube.switch.ch/videos/PiY1YwWshu">HES-SO channels, HEIA-FR - Architecture</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban_morphology&oldid=1217394048">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban_morphology&oldid=1217394048</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Urban_geography" title="Category:Urban geography">Urban geography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Urban_planning" title="Category:Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architectural_conservation" title="Category:Architectural conservation">Architectural conservation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Morphology" title="Category:Morphology">Morphology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 April 2024, at 15:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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