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href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_See" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_See"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Holy See</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_See-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historic examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historic_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historic examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historic_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Other cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republic_of_China_(1947–1996)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_China_(1947–1996)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Republic of China (1947–1996)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_China_(1947–1996)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korean_dictatorships_(1972-1981)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korean_dictatorships_(1972-1981)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>South Korean dictatorships (1972-1981)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korean_dictatorships_(1972-1981)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apartheid_South_Africa_(1961-1983)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apartheid_South_Africa_(1961-1983)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Apartheid South Africa (1961-1983)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apartheid_South_Africa_(1961-1983)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electoral college</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="مجمع انتخابي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجمع انتخابي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A7icil%C9%99r_kollegiyas%C4%B1" title="Seçicilər kollegiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Seçicilər kollegiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Избирателна колегия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Избирателна колегия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C2%B7legi_electoral" title="Col·legi electoral – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Col·legi electoral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgmandskollegium" title="Valgmandskollegium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valgmandskollegium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahlm%C3%A4nnerkollegium" title="Wahlmännerkollegium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wahlmännerkollegium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio_electoral" title="Colegio electoral – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colegio electoral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauteskunde-kolegio" title="Hauteskunde-kolegio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hauteskunde-kolegio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC" title="الکترال کالج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکترال کالج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_%C3%A9lectoral" title="Collège électoral – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Collège électoral" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colexio_electoral_(concepto)" title="Colexio electoral (concepto) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Colexio electoral (concepto)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0%EC%9D%B8%EB%8B%A8" title="선거인단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선거인단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="निर्वाचक मण्डल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निर्वाचक मण्डल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolese_elektoral" title="Kolese elektoral – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolese elektoral" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9C%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%89%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%87" title="ຄະນະຜູ້ເລືອກຕັ້ງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄະນະຜູ້ເລືອກຕັ້ງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_pemilih" title="Badan pemilih – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Badan pemilih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiescollege" title="Kiescollege – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kiescollege" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="निर्वाचक मण्डल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निर्वाचक मण्डल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A3" title="選挙人団 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="選挙人団" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgkollegium" title="Valgkollegium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Valgkollegium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkollegium" title="Valkollegium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Valkollegium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8gi_electoral" title="Collègi electoral – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Collègi electoral" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%A9gio_eleitoral" title="Colégio eleitoral – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colégio eleitoral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Коллегия выборщиков – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коллегия выборщиков" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electoral college" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87" title="คณะผู้เลือกตั้ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณะผู้เลือกตั้ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A7iciler_kurulu" title="Seçiciler kurulu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Seçiciler kurulu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Колегія виборщиків – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колегія виборщиків" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_c%E1%BB%AD_tri_%C4%91o%C3%A0n" title="Đại cử tri đoàn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại cử tri đoàn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E4%BA%BA%E5%9C%98" title="選舉人團 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="選舉人團" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Set of electors who are selected to elect a candidate to a particular office</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about electoral colleges in general. For the American electoral college, see <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">United States Electoral College</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Electoral college (disambiguation)">Electoral college (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box_(no_bg).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ballot box" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/80px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/120px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/160px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Basic types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">By-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors#Election_and_removal" title="Board of directors">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">Direct</a> / <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">Indirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_election" title="Fixed-term election">Fixed-term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_election" title="Local election">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midterm_election" title="Midterm election">Mid-term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">Plurality</a></li> <li>Primary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisan primary">Nonpartisan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">Recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Terminology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_elector" title="Anonymous elector">Anonymous elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_audit" title="Election audit">Audits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary delimitation">Boundary delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_voting" title="Crossover voting">Crossover voting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electoral college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_silence" title="Election silence">Election silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Psephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to stand for election</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Subseries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_administration" title="Election administration">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_by_country" title="Elections by country">Elections by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_close_election_results" title="List of close election results">Close elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_recent_elections_by_country" title="List of the most recent elections by country">Most recent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_next_general_elections" title="List of next general elections">Next general elections</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_national_electoral_calendar" title="2024 national electoral calendar">National</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_local_electoral_calendar" title="2024 local electoral calendar">local</a> elections in 2024</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_security" title="Election security">Election security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Referendum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Referendums_by_country" title="Referendums by country">by country</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">Electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_candidate" title="Paper candidate">Paper candidate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections" title="Template:Elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections" title="Template talk:Elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>electoral college</b> is a body whose task is to elect a <a href="/wiki/Candidate" title="Candidate">candidate</a> to a particular office. It is mostly used in the <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political context</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional body">constitutional body</a> that appoints the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">government</a>, and sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper parliamentary chamber</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. Its members, called <i>electors</i>, are either elected by the people for this purpose (making the whole process an <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirect election</a>) or by certain subregional entities or social organizations. </p><p>If a constituent body that is not only summoned for this particular task, like a <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>, elects or appoints certain officials, it is not referred to as "electoral college" (see e.g. <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>). Also, other appointing bodies (like committees appointing judges, as in <a href="/wiki/Judicial_appointments_in_Canada" title="Judicial appointments in Canada">Canada</a> or <a href="/wiki/Richterwahlausschuss" title="Richterwahlausschuss">Germany</a>) normally do not fall into this definition. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">United States Electoral College</a> is the only remaining electoral college in democracies where an <a href="/wiki/Executive_president" title="Executive president">executive president</a> (i.e. a head of state who is also head of government) is indirectly elected via an electoral college.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other democracies that used an electoral college for these elections switched to direct elections in the 19th or 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:215</sup> </p><p>The electoral college is argued to be fundamental to American federalism, based on the notion that it requires candidates for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> to appeal to voters in all states, or a substantial portion of states, rather than only those with large population which might hold greater power in elections based on simple majority. <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._68" title="Federalist No. 68">Federalist No. 68</a>, probably written by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, argued in favor of the Electoral College by stating: </p> <dl><dd>Talents for low intrigue, and the little arts of popularity, may alone suffice to elevate a man to the first honors in a single State; but it will require other talents, and a different kind of merit, to establish him in the esteem and confidence of the whole Union, or of so considerable a portion of it as would be necessary to make him a successful candidate for the distinguished office of President of the United States.</dd></dl> <p>Another argument states that the Electoral College prevents a <a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">tyranny of the majority</a> that would ignore the less densely populated heartland and rural states in favor of the mega-cities.<sup id="cite_ref-RuralStates_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuralStates-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism">Criticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College#Efforts_to_abolish_or_reform" title="United States Electoral College">United States Electoral College § Efforts to abolish or reform</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Electoral_College&action=edit#_Efforts_to_abolish_or_reform">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> More resolutions have been submitted to amend the U.S. Electoral College mechanism than any other part of the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-United_States_Electoral_College_:03_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States_Electoral_College_:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1800, over 700 proposals to reform or eliminate the system have been introduced in Congress. Proponents of these proposals argued that the electoral college system does not provide for direct democratic election, affords less-populous states an advantage, and allows a candidate to win the presidency without winning the most votes. None of these proposals has received the approval of two thirds of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> and three fourths of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> required to amend the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ziblatt and Levitsky argue that America has by far the most difficult constitution to amend, which is why reform efforts have only stalled in America.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> is indirectly elected by the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(India)" title="Electoral College (India)">Indian Electoral College</a> consisting of the elected members of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">legislative assemblies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territories</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German <a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(Germany)" title="Federal Convention (Germany)"><i>Bundesversammlung</i></a> has no other purpose than to elect the <a href="/wiki/Federal_President_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal President of Germany">Federal President of Germany</a>. It is composed half by the members of the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> and half by representatives delegated by the <a href="/wiki/State_Parliaments_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="State Parliaments of Germany">state parliaments</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of Italy</a> is elected by an electoral college which comprises both chambers of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italian Parliament</a> meeting in <a href="/wiki/Joint_session" title="Joint session">joint session</a>, combined with 58 special electors appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Regional_council_(Italy)" title="Regional council (Italy)">regional councils</a> of the 20 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">regions of Italy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_See">Holy See</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Holy See"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican State">Vatican State</a>, is elected by the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Papal conclave</a> consisting of all <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a> is directly elected, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a> is <a href="/wiki/French_senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="French senate elections">indirectly elected</a> by <i>collèges électoraux</i> in the French regions. They consist of 150,000 delegates, known as the <i>grands électeurs</i>, who are mainly appointed by municipal <a href="/wiki/Councillor" title="Councillor">councillors</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_examples">Historic examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historic examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following examples are of electoral colleges used by democracies or dictatorships that were replaced by other mechanisms of election like direct elections during periods of <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratisation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1840, all presidents in Latin America were indirectly elected by legislatures or electoral colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:202</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> had the longest lasting electoral college in South America, used to elect its president and vice president, and national senators starting with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina" title="Constitution of Argentina">1853 Constitution</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lasting mostly until the <a href="/wiki/1994_Argentine_Constitutional_Assembly_election" title="1994 Argentine Constitutional Assembly election">1994 constitutional amendment</a>. There were a few exceptions, due to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina" title="History of Argentina">political instability in the 20th century</a>, in which non-lasting reforms removed or suspended the electoral college. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Constitution_of_1949" title="Argentine Constitution of 1949">1949 peronist amendment</a> promoted by President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a> which replaced it with direct elections by popular vote used in the <a href="/wiki/1951_Argentine_general_election" title="1951 Argentine general election">1951</a> and <a href="/wiki/1954_Argentine_general_election" title="1954 Argentine general election">1954</a> elections. After the <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">Revolución Libertadora</a> the 1957 constitutional convention repealed the 1949 constitutional amendment and the electoral college was reestablished from the <a href="/wiki/1958_Argentine_general_election" title="1958 Argentine general election">1958</a> general election. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/March_1973_Argentine_general_election" title="March 1973 Argentine general election">March 1973</a> and <a href="/wiki/September_1973_Argentine_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="September 1973 Argentine general election">September 1973</a> general elections used a two-round direct election by popular vote system which was established by the outgoing military junta, which decreed in 1972 an illegal 'temporary constitutional reform' which was supposed to be later ratified by an elected constitutional convetion which never happened and therefore expired.The elections between <a href="/wiki/1983_Argentine_general_election" title="1983 Argentine general election">1983</a> and <a href="/wiki/1993_Argentine_legislative_election" title="1993 Argentine legislative election">1993</a> used again the electoral college. The constitution was then amended by a wide consensus for the last time in 1994 and the electoral college was finally replaced with a modified two-round direct elections by popular vote system in use since <a href="/wiki/1995_Argentine_general_election" title="1995 Argentine general election">1995</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:45_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:45-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">military dictatorship</a> chose its president by an electoral college starting in 1964 comprising senators, deputies, state deputies, and lawmakers in the cities. The electoral college was replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a> <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct election</a> in <a href="/wiki/1989_Brazilian_presidential_election" title="1989 Brazilian presidential election">1989</a>, after the end of the military dictatorship and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">new constitution</a> in 1988 leading to the restoration of democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-:45_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:45-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_cases">Other cases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Colombia</b> used an electoral college which was eliminated in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:205</sup> </p><p><b>Paraguay</b> had an electoral college that was established by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Paraguay" title="Constitution of Paraguay">1870 Constitution</a>, which was used to elect its president. The constitution was replaced in 1940 and the electoral college was replaced with direct elections by popular vote since 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-:45_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:45-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Chile</b> had an electoral college established by the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Constitution_of_1980" title="Chilean Constitution of 1980">1828 Constitution</a>, which was used to elect its president in the elections from <a href="/wiki/1829_Chilean_presidential_election" title="1829 Chilean presidential election">1829</a> to <a href="/wiki/1920_Chilean_presidential_election" title="1920 Chilean presidential election">1920</a>. The constitution was <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Constitution_of_1925" title="Chilean Constitution of 1925">amended in 1925</a> and the electoral college was replaced with direct elections by popular vote since <a href="/wiki/1925_Chilean_presidential_election" title="1925 Chilean presidential election">1925</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:45_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:45-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the Regional Councils were elected until <a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a> by provincial electoral colleges composed with communal councillors of local governments in each province<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; since 2013 the regional councillors are elected by popular vote. </p><p><b>Uruguay</b> had until 1918 one electoral college for every <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Uruguay" title="Departments of Uruguay">department</a>, each one of them had 15 members and elected the senator that would represent that department in the upper chamber of parliament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Norway</b>, from 1814-1905, used regional electoral colleges to elect legislators to the <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a>, before switching to direct elections.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:199-201</sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></b> had its president elected by the legislature from 1875 to 1954. The <a href="/wiki/1958_French_presidential_election" title="1958 French presidential election">first presidential election</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> which elected <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> was the only presidential election where the winner was determined via an electoral college.<sup id="cite_ref-:45_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:45-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electoral college was replaced after the <a href="/wiki/1962_French_presidential_election_referendum" title="1962 French presidential election referendum">1962 referendum</a>, with direct elections by popular vote, using a two-round system since <a href="/wiki/1965_French_presidential_election" title="1965 French presidential election">1965</a>. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></b> had an electoral college for the country's <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">president</a> from <a href="/wiki/1925_Finnish_presidential_election" title="1925 Finnish presidential election">1925</a> to <a href="/wiki/1988_Finnish_presidential_election" title="1988 Finnish presidential election">1988</a>, except 1944 (exception law), <a href="/wiki/1946_Finnish_presidential_election" title="1946 Finnish presidential election">1946</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">parliament</a>) and 1973 (extended term by exception law). The electoral college was replaced by direct elections (consisting of <a href="/wiki/Two-round_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-round voting">two-round voting</a>) in <a href="/wiki/1994_Finnish_presidential_election" title="1994 Finnish presidential election">1994</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <b><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></b>, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a> period (1931–1936–39) the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_(Spain)" title="President of the Republic (Spain)">president</a> was elected by an electoral college comprising the Parliament members and an equal number of democratically elected members ("compromisarios").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></b> also had an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Electoral College (Holy Roman Empire)">electoral college</a> to choose its ruler. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republic_of_China_(1947–1996)"><span id="Republic_of_China_.281947.E2.80.931996.29"></span>Republic of China (1947–1996)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Republic of China (1947–1996)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President of the Republic of China</a> was elected by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_China)" title="National Assembly (Republic of China)">National Assembly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> from <a href="/wiki/1948_Chinese_presidential_election" title="1948 Chinese presidential election">1948</a> until <a href="/wiki/1996_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="1996 Taiwanese presidential election">1996</a> when <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a> resulted in direct elections. The National Assembly had the similar function of electoral college except it had the power to amend the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland</a> today elects both the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">President</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> every five years similar to the National Assembly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korean_dictatorships_(1972-1981)"><span id="South_Korean_dictatorships_.281972-1981.29"></span>South Korean dictatorships (1972-1981)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: South Korean dictatorships (1972-1981)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorships</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Korean_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Korean Republic">Fourth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Korean_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Korean Republic">Fifth Republics</a> from <a href="/wiki/1972_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="1972 South Korean presidential election">1972</a> until <a href="/wiki/1981_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="1981 South Korean presidential election">1981</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">president</a> was elected by an <a href="/wiki/National_Conference_for_Unification" title="National Conference for Unification">electoral college</a> until <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a> resulted in direct elections starting in <a href="/wiki/1987_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="1987 South Korean presidential election">1987</a>. Additionally, during the Fourth Republic, one-third of members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly</a> were nominally elected by the <a href="/wiki/National_Conference_for_Unification" title="National Conference for Unification">same electoral college</a> which elected the president, though in practice they were appointed by the president.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apartheid_South_Africa_(1961-1983)"><span id="Apartheid_South_Africa_.281961-1983.29"></span>Apartheid South Africa (1961-1983)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Apartheid South Africa (1961-1983)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>-era <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> from 1961 to 1983, the <a href="/wiki/State_president_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="State president of South Africa">state president of South Africa</a> was appointed by all the members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Assembly of South Africa">House of Assembly of South Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_South_Africa" title="Senate of South Africa">Senate of South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Constitution_of_1983" title="South African Constitution of 1983">1983 Constitution</a>, the new <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(South_Africa)" title="House of Assembly (South Africa)">House of Assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(South_Africa)" title="House of Representatives (South Africa)">House of Representatives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Delegates_(South_Africa)" title="House of Delegates (South Africa)">House of Delegates</a> would designate 50, 25, and 13 of their members to the electoral college respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electoral college would disappear along with the apartheid government, with the <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">president of South Africa</a> being <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">elected</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">South African Parliament</a> in 1994, which is still the method of election to this day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative democracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_college&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZiblattLevitsky2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ziblatt" title="Daniel Ziblatt">Ziblatt, Daniel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitsky" title="Steven Levitsky">Levitsky, Steven</a> (5 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/09/american-constitution-norway/675199/">"How American Democracy Fell So Far Behind"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+American+Democracy+Fell+So+Far+Behind&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft.aulast=Ziblatt&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Levitsky%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2023%2F09%2Famerican-constitution-norway%2F675199%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+college" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinMartin2012" class="citation book cs1">Collin, Richard Oliver; Martin, Pamela L. (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-vSlx-_Z408C&pg=PA244"><i>An Introduction to World Politics: Conflict and Consensus on a Small Planet</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442218031" title="Special:BookSources/9781442218031"><bdi>9781442218031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+World+Politics%3A+Conflict+and+Consensus+on+a+Small+Planet&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=9781442218031&rft.aulast=Collin&rft.aufirst=Richard+Oliver&rft.au=Martin%2C+Pamela+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-vSlx-_Z408C%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+college" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitskyZiblatt2023" class="citation book cs1">Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2023). <i>Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point</i> (First ed.). New York: Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-44307-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-44307-1"><bdi>978-0-593-44307-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tyranny+of+the+Minority%3A+why+American+democracy+reached+the+breaking+point&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-593-44307-1&rft.aulast=Levitsky&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Ziblatt%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+college" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RuralStates-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RuralStates_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clarionledger.com/story/opinion/2020/12/02/electoral-college-needed-commentary-sid-salter/6428483002/">Efforts to abolish the Electoral College will dilute the influence of nation’s rural states</a> by Sid Salter, guest columnist for the Clarion Ledger (Jackson, MS), Dec. 2, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_States_Electoral_College_:03-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-United_States_Electoral_College_:03_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolotnikova2020" class="citation news cs1">Bolotnikova, Marina N. (6 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2020/07/why-do-we-still-have-the-electoral-college">"Why Do We Still Have the Electoral College?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Magazine" title="Harvard Magazine">Harvard Magazine</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Magazine&rft.atitle=Why+Do+We+Still+Have+the+Electoral+College%3F&rft.date=2020-07-06&rft.aulast=Bolotnikova&rft.aufirst=Marina+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvardmagazine.com%2F2020%2F07%2Fwhy-do-we-still-have-the-electoral-college&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+college" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNealeNolan2019" class="citation report cs1">Neale, Thomas H.; Nolan, Andrew (28 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43823.pdf">The National Popular Vote (NPV) Initiative: Direct Election of the President by Interstate Compact</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+National+Popular+Vote+%28NPV%29+Initiative%3A+Direct+Election+of+the+President+by+Interstate+Compact&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2019-10-28&rft.aulast=Neale&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft.au=Nolan%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR43823.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+college" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitskyZiblatt2023" class="citation book cs1">Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2023). "Chapter 7". <i>Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point</i> (First ed.). New York: Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-44307-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-44307-1"><bdi>978-0-593-44307-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7&rft.btitle=Tyranny+of+the+Minority%3A+why+American+democracy+reached+the+breaking+point&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-593-44307-1&rft.aulast=Levitsky&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Ziblatt%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+college" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitskyZiblatt2023" class="citation book cs1">Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2023). <i>Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point</i> (First ed.). New York: Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-44307-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-44307-1"><bdi>978-0-593-44307-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tyranny+of+the+Minority%3A+why+American+democracy+reached+the+breaking+point&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-593-44307-1&rft.aulast=Levitsky&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Ziblatt%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+college" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=7070">The Constitution of Argentina of 1853, 32nd to 63rd Articles</a> – Retrieved 16 January 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:45-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:45_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:45_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:45_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:45_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:45_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiblattLevitsky2023" class="citation web cs1">Ziblatt, Daniel; Levitsky, Steven (5 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/09/american-constitution-norway/675199/">"How American Democracy Fell So Far Behind"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+American+Democracy+Fell+So+Far+Behind&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft.aulast=Ziblatt&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Levitsky%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2023%2F09%2Famerican-constitution-norway%2F675199%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+college" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=30464&idVersion=1991-11-12">"Ley 19.097 - Modifica la constitucion politica de la republica en materia de gobiernos regionales y administracion comunal"</a> [Act 19.097 - Constitution Reform in Regional Government an Local Administration.]. <i>Ley Chile - National Congress of Chile Library</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ley+Chile+-+National+Congress+of+Chile+Library&rft.atitle=Ley+19.097+-+Modifica+la+constitucion+politica+de+la+republica+en+materia+de+gobiernos+regionales+y+administracion+comunal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcn.cl%2Fleychile%2Fnavegar%3FidNorma%3D30464%26idVersion%3D1991-11-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+college" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsotalus2001" class="citation journal cs1">Isotalus, Pekka (2001). "Presidential Campaigning in Finland and Americanization". <i>World Communication</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Communication&rft.atitle=Presidential+Campaigning+in+Finland+and+Americanization.&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Isotalus&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+college" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Sunhyuk (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42704725">"Collaborative Governance in South Korea: Citizen Participation in Policy Making and Welfare Service Provision"</a>. <i>Asian Perspective</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 166. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9184">0258-9184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspective&rft.atitle=Collaborative+Governance+in+South+Korea%3A+Citizen+Participation+in+Policy+Making+and+Welfare+Service+Provision&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=166&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0258-9184&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Sunhyuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42704725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+college" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfrica" class="citation book cs1">Africa, enacted the Parliament of South. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa_Constitution_Act,_1961"><i>Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1961</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republic+of+South+Africa+Constitution+Act%2C+1961&rft.aulast=Africa&rft.aufirst=enacted+the+Parliament+of+South&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FRepublic_of_South_Africa_Constitution_Act%2C_1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+college" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfrica" class="citation book cs1">Africa, enacted the Parliament of South. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa_Constitution_Act,_1983"><i>Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republic+of+South+Africa+Constitution+Act%2C+1983&rft.aulast=Africa&rft.aufirst=enacted+the+Parliament+of+South&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FRepublic_of_South_Africa_Constitution_Act%2C_1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+college" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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