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<span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Toxicity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tetrodotoxin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tetrodotoxin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tetrodotoxin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tetrodotoxin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consumption subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Preparations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Preparations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Availability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Availability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Availability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Social aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aquaculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fugu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fugu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%BA_(%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%83)" title="فوغ (سمك) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فوغ (سمك)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fugu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuqu" title="Fuqu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fuqu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Фугу – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фугу" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fugu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fugu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88_(%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9)" title="فوگو (خوراک) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فوگو (خوراک)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9traodon" title="Tétraodon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tétraodon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B5%EC%96%B4" title="복어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="복어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ֆուգու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆուգու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fugu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu_(gastronomia)" title="Fugu (gastronomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fugu (gastronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fugu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Fugu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fugu" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fugu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%83%CC%A4_(ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%80)" title="Gă̤ (ngṳ̀) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gă̤ (ngṳ̀)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu_(gerecht)" title="Fugu (gerecht) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fugu (gerecht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%B0" title="フグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu_(fisk)" title="Fugu (fisk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fugu (fisk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fugu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiacu" title="Baiacu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baiacu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Фугу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фугу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Фугу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фугу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fugu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="புகு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புகு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B8" title="ฟูงุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟูงุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fugu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D2%91%D1%83" title="Фуґу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фуґу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="فوگو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فوگو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fugu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%9E%E6%B3%A1%E9%AD%9A" title="雞泡魚 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雞泡魚" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E9%AD%A8" title="河魨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="河魨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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searchaux" style="display:none">Various species of pufferfish</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fugu_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fugu (disambiguation)">Fugu (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fugu_in_Tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fugu_in_Tank.jpg/220px-Fugu_in_Tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fugu_in_Tank.jpg/330px-Fugu_in_Tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fugu_in_Tank.jpg/440px-Fugu_in_Tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Takifugu" title="Takifugu">Takifugu</a></i> in a tank</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>fugu</b> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">河豚</span></span>; <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鰒</span></span>; <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">フグ</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <i><b>bogeo</b></i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">복어</span></span>; -魚) or <i><b>bok</b></i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">복</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, and <i><b>hétún</b></i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">河豚; 河魨</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Modern_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Modern Chinese">Standard Modern Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae">pufferfish</a>, normally of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Takifugu" title="Takifugu">Takifugu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lagocephalus" title="Lagocephalus">Lagocephalus</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Sphoeroides" title="Sphoeroides">Sphoeroides</a></i>, or a <a href="/wiki/Porcupinefish" title="Porcupinefish">porcupinefish</a> of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Diodon" title="Diodon">Diodon</a></i>, or a dish prepared from these fish. </p><p>Fugu possesses a potentially fatal poison known as <a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">tetrodotoxin</a>, therefore necessitating meticulous preparation to eliminate poisonous components and prevent the fish meat from being contaminated.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The restaurant preparation of fugu is strictly controlled by law in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Korea</a> and several other countries, and only chefs who have qualified after three or more years of rigorous training are allowed to prepare the fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hosking_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hosking-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestic preparation occasionally leads to accidental death.<sup id="cite_ref-Hosking_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hosking-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout Japan, fugu is served as <a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nabemono" title="Nabemono">nabemono</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hosking_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hosking-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The liver was served as a traditional dish named <i>fugu-kimo</i>, being widely thought to be a tasty part, but it is also the most poisonous, and serving this organ in restaurants was banned in Japan in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-Hosking_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hosking-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the gastronomic domains of East Asian cuisine, fugu has emerged as a highly renowned delicacy, garnering widespread acclaim in establishing itself as one of the most celebrated dishes in Japanese and Korean cuisine. Fugu has also been gradually emerging as a prized seafood delicacy in the Chinese culinary landscape as well. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversity">Diversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae">Tetraodontidae</a></div> <p>There are close to 200 species in the family Tetraodontidae (pufferfish), a family of primarily marine and estuarine fish of the order <a href="/wiki/Tetraodontiformes" title="Tetraodontiformes">Tetraodontiformes</a>. However, only some of them are eaten and traded as "fugu". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fugu contains lethal amounts of the poison <a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">tetrodotoxin</a> in its organs, especially the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a>, eyes, and skin.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poison, a <a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">sodium channel blocker</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralyzes</a> the muscles while the victim stays fully conscious;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the poisoned victim is unable to breathe and eventually dies from <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no known antidote for fugu poison.<sup id="cite_ref-Larimore2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larimore2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard treatment is to <a href="/wiki/Symptomatic_treatment" title="Symptomatic treatment">support</a> the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory systems</a> until the poison is <a href="/wiki/Metabolized" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolized">metabolized</a> and excreted by the victim's body.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers have determined that a fugu's tetrodotoxin comes from eating other animals infested with tetrodotoxin-laden <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, to which the fish develops insensitivity over time.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether tetrodotoxin is sequestered from or produced by <a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_bacteria" title="Symbiotic bacteria">symbiotic bacteria</a> is still debated.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, efforts have been made in research and aquaculture to allow farmers to produce safe fugu. Farmers now produce poison-free fugu by keeping the fish away from the bacteria – see <a href="#Aquaculture">§ Aquaculture</a> below.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tetrodotoxin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a> (TTX) is a <a href="/wiki/Natural_product" title="Natural product">natural product</a> that has been isolated not only from pufferfish, but also octopuses, crabs, shellfish, frogs, newts, and other aquatic animals (see below).<sup id="cite_ref-SatoEtal2015_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SatoEtal2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a potent <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxin</a> that shuts down <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">electrical signaling</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a>; it acts via interaction with components of the <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">sodium channels</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a> of those cells.<sup id="cite_ref-SatoEtal2015_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SatoEtal2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its ability to cross the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of the pufferfish host, at least (see below), their insusceptibility to the poison is thought to result from cysteine asperagine amino acid substitutions in the sequence of their specific types of sodium channel proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TTX is not produced by pufferfish and the other aquatic animals from which it has been isolated. Rather, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Alteromonas" title="Alteromonas">Alteromonas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shewanella" title="Shewanella">Shewanella</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio" title="Vibrio">Vibrio</a></i> species infect or cohabit with the animal species from which TTX is isolated, and a bacterial biosynthetic pathway for its production has been rationalized.<sup id="cite_ref-SatoEtal2015_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SatoEtal2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In animal studies with mice, the <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a> of TTX was found to be 232 μg per kg body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tetrodotoxin levels are affected by preparation (removal of most toxic materials, treatments such as curing and pickling, see below); it is, however, reportedly not significantly affected by cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-CFSHK_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFSHK-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its toxicity, TTX has clinical therapeutic applications, being evaluated in phase II and III <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> to be effective for treating cancer-related pain without increasing serious adverse events.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fugu.Tsukiji.CR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fugu.Tsukiji.CR.jpg/220px-Fugu.Tsukiji.CR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fugu.Tsukiji.CR.jpg/330px-Fugu.Tsukiji.CR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fugu.Tsukiji.CR.jpg/440px-Fugu.Tsukiji.CR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption><i>Torafugu</i> for sale to master fugu chefs at the <a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_fish_market" title="Tsukiji fish market">Tsukiji fish market</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FuguSaleOsaka.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/FuguSaleOsaka.JPG/220px-FuguSaleOsaka.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/FuguSaleOsaka.JPG/330px-FuguSaleOsaka.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/FuguSaleOsaka.JPG/440px-FuguSaleOsaka.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Fugu sale in a market street in <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>The inhabitants of Japan have eaten fugu for centuries. Fugu bones have been found in several <a href="/wiki/Shell_midden" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell midden">shell middens</a>, called <i>kaizuka</i>, from the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a> that date back more than 2,300 years. The <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> (1603–1868) prohibited the consumption of fugu in <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a> and its area of influence. It became common again as the power of the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">Shōgunate</a> weakened. In western regions of Japan, where the government's influence was weaker and fugu was easier to obtain, various cooking methods were developed to safely eat them. During the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Era">Meiji Era</a> (1867–1912), fugu was again banned in many areas.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one fugu chef in Tokyo, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a> has never eaten fugu due to an unspecified "centuries old ban".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, the use of the pufferfish for culinary purposes was already well-established by the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> as one of the "three delicacies of the Yangtze" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">長江三鮮</span>), alongside <a href="/wiki/Saury" title="Saury">saury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenualosa" title="Tenualosa">Reeve's shad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appears in the writings of the polymath <a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in the encyclopedic work <i><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Guangji" title="Taiping Guangji">Taiping Guangji</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholar-statesman <a href="/wiki/Su_Shi" title="Su Shi">Su Shi</a> famously remarked that the taste is worthy of death (<span lang="zh-Hant">值那一死</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species">Species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>torafugu</i>, or tiger pufferfish (<i><a href="/wiki/Takifugu_rubripes" title="Takifugu rubripes">Takifugu rubripes</a></i>), is the most prestigious edible species and the most poisonous. Other species are also eaten; for example, <i>Higanfugu</i> (<i>T. pardalis</i>), <i>Shōsaifugu</i> (<i>T. vermicularis</i> syn. <i>snyderi</i>), and <i>Mafugu</i> (<i>T. porphyreus</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Labour_and_Welfare_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)">Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan</a> provides a list<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that shows which species' body parts can be consumed. The list names safe <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> including <a href="/wiki/Pufferfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Pufferfish">pufferfish</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lagocephalus" title="Lagocephalus">Lagocephalus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sphoeroides" title="Sphoeroides">Sphoeroides</a></i> genera and the related <a href="/wiki/Porcupinefish" title="Porcupinefish">porcupinefish</a> (<i>Harisenbon</i>) of the family <i>Diodontidae</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulations">Regulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fugu_official_license_-_march_-_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fugu_official_license_-_march_-_2013.jpg/220px-Fugu_official_license_-_march_-_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fugu_official_license_-_march_-_2013.jpg/330px-Fugu_official_license_-_march_-_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fugu_official_license_-_march_-_2013.jpg/440px-Fugu_official_license_-_march_-_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2086" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption>Official fugu preparation license of Tokyo issued by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tokyo" title="Governor of Tokyo">Governor of Tokyo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Strict fishing regulations are now in place to protect fugu populations from depletion. Most fugu is now harvested in the spring during the <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawning</a> season and then farmed in floating cages in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. The largest wholesale fugu market in Japan is in <a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki" title="Shimonoseki">Shimonoseki</a>. </p><p>Fugu prices rise in autumn and peak in winter, the best season, because they fatten to survive the cold. Live fish arrive at a restaurant, surviving in a large tank, usually prominently displayed. Prepared fugu is also often available in grocery stores, which must display official license documents. Whole fish may not be sold to the general public. </p><p>Since 1958, fugu chefs must earn a license to prepare and sell fugu to the public. This involves a two- or three-year apprenticeship. The licensing examination process consists of a written test, a fish-identification test, and a practical test, preparing and eating the fish. Only about 35 percent of the applicants pass.<sup id="cite_ref-One_Man's_Fugu_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One_Man's_Fugu-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small miscalculations result in failure or, in rare cases, death. Consumers believe that this training process makes it safer to eat fugu in restaurants or markets.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-poisonous fugu can be produced by keeping the fish away from the bacteria that makes them poisonous.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since October 2012, restaurants in Japan have been permitted to sell fugu that has been prepared and packaged by a licensed practitioner elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China began issuing trial permits for serving fugu to restaurants in 2003. In 2016, the Chinese government abolished the permit system and allowed all restaurants to buy and serve farmed fish (without organs), now widely available. By 2019, such restaurants have become commonplace.<sup id="cite_ref-SCMP_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCMP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China also allowed ordinary households to buy processed (organ-removed) whole fish online starting in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Saga_Prefecture" title="Saga Prefecture">Saga Prefecture</a> in Japan has petitioned the Food Safety Commission of Japan three times to reconsider its ban on fugu liver, stating that its farmed fugu is non-toxic. The FSCJ has rejected the proposals thrice due to "data insufficient to prove safety".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NYT reported in 2008 that there is a well-known underground <i>fugu-kimo</i> scene in another Japanese town, <a href="/wiki/Usuki,_%C5%8Cita" title="Usuki, Ōita">Usuki, Ōita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost">Cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/Torafugu" class="mw-redirect" title="Torafugu">torafugu</a>, the most common fugu, the cost is between JP¥1000–JP¥4000 (US$7–29) per kilogram, depending on the season and quality, as of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expense encourages chefs to slice the fish very carefully to obtain the largest possible amount of meat. A special knife, called <i><a href="/wiki/Tako_hiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Tako hiki">fugu hiki</a></i>, is usually stored separately from other knives. </p><p>In China, packaged farmed fugu cost CN¥330 (US$50) per kilogram as of February 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-ShMP_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShMP-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fugu" title="Special:EditPage/Fugu">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The symptoms of tetrodotoxin poisoning include dizziness, exhaustion, headache, nausea, or difficulty breathing. The person remains conscious but cannot speak or move. In high doses, breathing stops and <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiation">asphyxiation</a> follows. </p><p>There is no known <a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">antidote</a>, and treatment consists of emptying the stomach, administering <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal_(medication)" title="Activated charcoal (medication)">activated charcoal</a> to bind the toxin, and putting the person on <a href="/wiki/Life_support" title="Life support">life support</a> until the poison has worn off. <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicologists</a> have been working on developing an antidote for tetrodotoxin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incidents">Incidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1996 and 2006, statistics from the Tokyo Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health indicate 20–44 annual incidents of <i>fugu</i> poisoning in Japan, some affecting multiple diners.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Annually, 34–64 people were hospitalized and 0–6 died, with an average fatality rate of 6.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-tokyo_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tokyo-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 23 incidents reported in Tokyo from 1993 through 2006, only one took place in a restaurant; all others involved people catching and eating the fish.<sup id="cite_ref-tokyo_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tokyo-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poisonings through amateur preparation can result from confusion between types of puffer, as well as improper methods. Some may also represent deliberate suicide attempts; <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Kaempfer" title="Engelbert Kaempfer">Engelbert Kaempfer</a>, a German physician who resided in Japan in the 1690s, reported that an unusually toxic variety of puffer was sometimes sought out by individuals who wished to take their own lives.<sup id="cite_ref-ricciuti_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ricciuti-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much higher figures were reported in earlier years, peaking in 1958 when 176 people died from eating fugu in a single year.<sup id="cite_ref-One_Man's_Fugu_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One_Man's_Fugu-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fugu Research Institute (page does not exist)">Fugu Research Institute</a>, 50% of the victims were poisoned by eating the liver, 43% from eating the ovaries, and 7% from eating the skin. One of the most famous victims was the <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a> actor and "<a href="/wiki/Living_National_Treasure_(Japan)" title="Living National Treasure (Japan)">Living National Treasure</a>" <a href="/wiki/Band%C5%8D_Mitsugor%C5%8D_VIII" title="Bandō Mitsugorō VIII">Bandō Mitsugorō VIII</a>, who in 1975 died after eating four servings of <i>fugu kimo</i> (fugu liver),<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the sale of which was prohibited by local ordinances at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-leaderpost_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaderpost-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bandō claimed to be able to resist the poison,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but died several hours after returning to his hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-leaderpost_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaderpost-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 23, 2007, a doctor in Thailand reported that unscrupulous fish sellers sold puffer meat disguised as salmon, which caused fifteen deaths over three years. About 115 people were taken to different hospitals. Fugu had been banned in Thailand five years prior to the deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2008, a fisherman in the Philippines died and members of his family became ill from pufferfish. The previous year, four people in the same town died and five others had fallen ill after eating the same variety of pufferfish.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2009, a Malaysian fisherman died and four others were hospitalised after they consumed a meal of pufferfish when they ran out of food while at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2011, a chef at two-<a href="/wiki/Michelin_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelin star">Michelin star</a> "Fugu Fukuji" in Tokyo was suspended from his post. The chef served fugu liver to a customer who, despite being warned of the risks, specifically asked that it be provided. The 35-year-old customer subsequently required hospital treatment for mild symptoms of tetrodotoxin paralysis, but made a full recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five men were poisoned at a restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Wakayama_Prefecture" title="Wakayama Prefecture">Wakayama</a> in March 2015 after specifically asking for liver.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2020, 3 people in the Philippines died, while 4 more were hospitalized after eating pufferfish.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2023, an elderly woman and her husband in Malaysia died after consuming pufferfish purchased from a fishmonger.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2024, a Brazilian man, 46, died after eating pufferfish gifted to him by a friend.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Although not as frequently consumed as in Japan and Korea,</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> fugu is still considered a delicacy and served across restaurants in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. Within the Chinese culinary sphere, fugu is generally prepared as a soup or <a href="/wiki/Braised" class="mw-redirect" title="Braised">braised</a> whole.<sup id="cite_ref-SCMP_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCMP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">The fish may also be prepared using traditional Japanese culinary techniques.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv/220px--Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="14" data-mwtitle="Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv/Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv/Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv/Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv/Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv/Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv/Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv/Fugu-swimming-tank-Tokyo-Japan-Dec2014.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>(video) Fugu in a tank in front of a restaurant in Tokyo</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sashimi — The most popular dish is fugu <a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a>, also called <i>Fugu sashi</i> or <i>tessa</i>. Knives with exceptionally thin blades are used for cutting fugu into translucent slices, a technique known as <i>Usuzukuri</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">薄造, うすづくり</span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morimoto_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morimoto-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milt" title="Milt">Milt</a> — The soft <a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a> (<i>Shirako</i>) of the blowfish is a highly prized food item in Japan, and it is often found in department stores. Along with cod milt, it is one of the most popular kinds of soft roe, and it is often grilled and served with salt.</li> <li>Fried — Fugu can be eaten <a href="/wiki/Deep_fried" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep fried">deep fried</a> as <i>Fugu Kara-age</i>.</li> <li>Smoked — Fugu-fin <a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">sake</a>. Sake infused with the smoked fin of the blowfish (fugu) to give a distinctive smoky, fishy flavour known as <i>Hire-zake</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-HarperMatsuzaki2006_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarperMatsuzaki2006-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Stew — Vegetables and fugu can be simmered as <i>Fugu-chiri</i>, also called <i>tetchiri</i>, in which case the fish's very light taste is hard to distinguish from the vegetables and the broth.</li> <li>Salad — If the spikes in the skin are pulled out, the skin can be eaten as part of a salad called <i>yubiki.</i></li></ul> <p>In the cuisine of <a href="/wiki/Hakusan,_Ishikawa" title="Hakusan, Ishikawa">Hakusan, Ishikawa</a>, ovaries are served after reducing the toxin level by <a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">salting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickling</a> for three years, in a dish named "blowfish ovaries <a href="/wiki/Nukazuke" title="Nukazuke">pickled in rice-bran paste</a>" <span style="font-weight: normal">(<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">河豚の卵巣の糠漬け, ふぐのらんそうのぬかづけ</span></span>)</span>. The dish is only made in specific regions of <a href="/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture" title="Ishikawa Prefecture">Ishikawa Prefecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mikawa,_Ishikawa" title="Mikawa, Ishikawa">Mikawa district</a>, Ono district, Kanaiwa district, and <a href="/wiki/Wajima,_Ishikawa" title="Wajima, Ishikawa">Wajima</a>), and only the traditional method is permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-ShofuPrefWhatAre_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShofuPrefWhatAre-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-professionals are warned against attempting the process.<sup id="cite_ref-ShofuPrefHowToMake_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShofuPrefHowToMake-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After one year of pickling, about 10% of the toxin is suggested to remain,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after the full three years the product is "only sold after having been checked for safety through a toxicity inspection, and other tests."<sup id="cite_ref-ShofuPrefHowToMake_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShofuPrefHowToMake-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fugu_sashimi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plate of fugu sashimi"><img alt="Plate of fugu sashimi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fugu_sashimi.jpg/160px-Fugu_sashimi.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fugu_sashimi.jpg/240px-Fugu_sashimi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fugu_sashimi.jpg/320px-Fugu_sashimi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plate of <i>fugu sashimi</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fugu-no-Shirako.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fugu no Shirako"><img alt="Fugu no Shirako" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Fugu-no-Shirako.JPG/160px-Fugu-no-Shirako.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Fugu-no-Shirako.JPG/240px-Fugu-no-Shirako.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Fugu-no-Shirako.JPG/320px-Fugu-no-Shirako.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Fugu no Shirako</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fugu_nabe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fugu-nabe, pufferfish hotpot"><img alt="Fugu-nabe, pufferfish hotpot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Fugu_nabe.jpg/90px-Fugu_nabe.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Fugu_nabe.jpg/135px-Fugu_nabe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Fugu_nabe.jpg/180px-Fugu_nabe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Fugu-nabe</i>, pufferfish <a href="/wiki/Hotpot" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotpot">hotpot</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puffer_roe.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fugu no ransou nukazuke, blowfish ovaries pickled in rice-bran paste"><img alt="Fugu no ransou nukazuke, blowfish ovaries pickled in rice-bran paste" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Puffer_roe.JPG/150px-Puffer_roe.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Puffer_roe.JPG/225px-Puffer_roe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Puffer_roe.JPG/300px-Puffer_roe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Fugu no ransou nukazuke</i>, blowfish ovaries pickled in rice-bran paste</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea">Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a>, edible <a href="/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae">pufferfish</a> are prepared in various ways including <i><a href="/wiki/Gui_(food)" title="Gui (food)">gui</a></i> (grilling), <i><a href="/wiki/Jorim" title="Jorim">jorim</a></i> (simmering), <i><a href="/wiki/Jjim" title="Jjim">jjim</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bulgogi" title="Bulgogi">Bulgogi</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hoe_(food)" title="Hoe (food)">Hoe</a><i> (raw fish) and </i><a href="/wiki/Guk_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guk (food)">guk</a><i> (soup).</i> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:6%EB%AF%B8-%EB%B3%B5%EC%96%B4%EB%B6%88%EA%B3%A0%EA%B8%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bogeo-bulgogi"><img alt="Bogeo-bulgogi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/6%EB%AF%B8-%EB%B3%B5%EC%96%B4%EB%B6%88%EA%B3%A0%EA%B8%B0.jpg/160px-6%EB%AF%B8-%EB%B3%B5%EC%96%B4%EB%B6%88%EA%B3%A0%EA%B8%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/6%EB%AF%B8-%EB%B3%B5%EC%96%B4%EB%B6%88%EA%B3%A0%EA%B8%B0.jpg/240px-6%EB%AF%B8-%EB%B3%B5%EC%96%B4%EB%B6%88%EA%B3%A0%EA%B8%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/6%EB%AF%B8-%EB%B3%B5%EC%96%B4%EB%B6%88%EA%B3%A0%EA%B8%B0.jpg/320px-6%EB%AF%B8-%EB%B3%B5%EC%96%B4%EB%B6%88%EA%B3%A0%EA%B8%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3988" data-file-height="2991" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bogeo</i>-<a href="/wiki/Bulgogi" title="Bulgogi">bulgogi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogeo-gui.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bogeo-gui (grilled pufferfish)"><img alt="Bogeo-gui (grilled pufferfish)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bogeo-gui.jpg/160px-Bogeo-gui.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bogeo-gui.jpg/240px-Bogeo-gui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bogeo-gui.jpg/320px-Bogeo-gui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bogeo-<a href="/wiki/Gui_(food)" title="Gui (food)">gui</a></i> (grilled pufferfish)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogeo-jorim.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bogeo-jorim (simmered pufferfish)"><img alt="Bogeo-jorim (simmered pufferfish)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bogeo-jorim.jpg/160px-Bogeo-jorim.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bogeo-jorim.jpg/240px-Bogeo-jorim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bogeo-jorim.jpg/320px-Bogeo-jorim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bogeo-<a href="/wiki/Jorim" title="Jorim">jorim</a></i> (simmered pufferfish)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_soup-Bokguk-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bokguk (pufferfish soup)"><img alt="Bokguk (pufferfish soup)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Korean_soup-Bokguk-01.jpg/181px-Korean_soup-Bokguk-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Korean_soup-Bokguk-01.jpg/271px-Korean_soup-Bokguk-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Korean_soup-Bokguk-01.jpg/361px-Korean_soup-Bokguk-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bok<a href="/wiki/Guk_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guk (food)">guk</a></i> (pufferfish soup)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Availability">Availability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Availability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the comparatively lower consumption rate of the fish in comparison to other East Asian nations, the prevalence of fugu restaurants has experienced a significant surge across Chinese urban areas since 2016. The fish is only sold in a processed form (without organs) with a test certificate from the fishery.<sup id="cite_ref-SCMP_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCMP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, processed raw farmed fugu across China is sold to ordinary customers online.<sup id="cite_ref-ShMP_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShMP-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Japanese cities have one or more fugu restaurants, perhaps in clusters because of earlier restrictions, as proximity made it easier when transporting the seafood delicacy so as to preserve its long-term freshness upon being served to potential patrons. A famous restaurant specializing in fugu is <i>Takefuku</i>, in the upscale <a href="/wiki/Ginza" title="Ginza">Ginza</a> district in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> with <i>Zuboraya</i> being another popular restaurant chain in <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> that both offer the celebrated seafood delicacy. The fugu is cleaned of its most toxic parts in Japan and freeze-flown to the United States under license in clearly customized plastic containers. Fugu chefs who cook in American restaurants are trained under the same rigorous and stringent specifications as in Japan. Pufferfish native to American waters, particularly the genus <i>Spheroides</i>, have also been consumed as a seafood delicacy, sometimes resulting in poisoning incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, fugu is known as <i>bok-eo</i> (복어), the seafood delicacy is very popular in southern port cities such as <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Changwon" title="Changwon">Changwon</a>. It is prepared in a number of ways resulting in a variety of dishes ranging from soups, raw fish and salads, all of which command a high price. Fugu <i><a href="/wiki/Bulgogi" title="Bulgogi">Bulgogi</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jorim" title="Jorim">Jorim</a></i> are popular in <a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sale of fish belonging to this family (Tetraodontidae) is forbidden altogether in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, the importation of fugu is legal, but only as long as it is purchased exclusively for private consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fugu chefs who cook in American restaurants are trained under the same rigorous and stringent specifications as in Japan. Pufferfish native to American waters, particularly the genus <i>Spheroides</i>, have also been consumed as a seafood delicacy, sometimes resulting in poisoning incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese restaurateur Nobuyoshi Kuraoka waged a five-year legal battle with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to allow the exclusive import of the Japanese Tiger puffer into his Manhattan restaurant, with the license finally being granted to him in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2003, only seventeen restaurants in the United States were licensed to serve fugu; fourteen in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York State</a>, twelve of which are in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_aspects">Social aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Social aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiroshige_A_Shoal_of_Fishes_Fugu_Yellowtail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hiroshige_A_Shoal_of_Fishes_Fugu_Yellowtail.jpg/220px-Hiroshige_A_Shoal_of_Fishes_Fugu_Yellowtail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hiroshige_A_Shoal_of_Fishes_Fugu_Yellowtail.jpg/330px-Hiroshige_A_Shoal_of_Fishes_Fugu_Yellowtail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hiroshige_A_Shoal_of_Fishes_Fugu_Yellowtail.jpg/440px-Hiroshige_A_Shoal_of_Fishes_Fugu_Yellowtail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2823" data-file-height="1918" /></a><figcaption>Fugu (right) and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_amberjack" title="Japanese amberjack">Japanese amberjack</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hiroshige" title="Hiroshige">Hiroshige</a> (1832)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kansai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansai">Kansai</a> region of Japan, the slang word <i>teppō</i>, (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%89%84%E7%A0%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:鉄砲">鉄砲</a></span></span>) meaning musket, <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">gun</a>, is used for the fish. This is a play of words on the verb <i>ataru</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">当たる</span></span>), which can mean to be poisoned or shot. In <a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki" title="Shimonoseki">Shimonoseki</a> region, the ancient pronunciation <i>fuku</i> is more common instead of the modern <i>fugu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former is also a <a href="/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym">homonym</a> for <i>good fortune</i> whereas the latter is one for <i>disabled.</i> The <a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_fish_market" title="Tsukiji fish market">Tsukiji fish market</a> fugu association holds a service each year at the height of the fugu season, releasing hundreds of caught fugu into the <a href="/wiki/Sumida_River" title="Sumida River">Sumida River</a>. A similar ceremony is also held at another large market in Shimonoseki. </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Rakugo" title="Rakugo">rakugo</a></i>, or humorous short story, tells of three men who prepared a fugu stew but were unsure whether it was safe to eat. To test the stew, they gave some to a beggar. When it did not seem to do him any harm, they ate the stew. Later, they met the beggar again and were delighted to see that he was still in good health. After that encounter, the beggar, who had hidden the stew instead of eating it, knew that it was safe and he could eat it. The three men had been fooled by the wise beggar. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lanterns</a> can be made from the bodies of preserved fugu. These are occasionally seen outside of fugu restaurants, as children's toys, as folk art, or as souvenirs. Fugu skin is also made into everyday objects like wallets or waterproof boxes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Aquaculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scientists at <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_University" title="Nagasaki University">Nagasaki University</a> have succeeded in culturing non-toxic torafugu by restricting the fish's diet. The experiment included raising over 5,000 fish between the years 2001–2004, and analyzing the toxicity of muscle, skin, gonads, livers, and other organs. The team concluded that the amount of tetrodotoxin in all those parts was non-toxic, and it would allow for the safe preparation of <i>fugu-kimo</i> (puffer liver).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Usuki,_%C5%8Cita" title="Usuki, Ōita">Usuki</a>, a town in <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_Prefecture" title="Ōita Prefecture">Ōita Prefecture</a>, has become known for selling non-poisonous fugu by 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blowfish, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Obscure_pufferfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Obscure pufferfish">obscure pufferfish</a> and the torafugu, has been farmed in China since 1993 under the state-owned Tianzheng company. As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, most such fish is exported to Japan and South Korea, with a small domestic luxury market that has been operating under license since 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCMP_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCMP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of China">Cuisine of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Japan">Cuisine of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Korea">Cuisine of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">Delicacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugu_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugu Plan">Fugu Plan</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Fish,_Two_Fish,_Blowfish,_Blue_Fish" title="One Fish, Two Fish, Blowfish, Blue Fish">One Fish, Two Fish, Blowfish, Blue Fish</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Fugu_Agreement" title="Shanghai Fugu Agreement">Shanghai Fugu Agreement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Classical Chinese and the various regional varieties of Chinese, there are nearly a dozen synonyms that refer to the toxic pufferfish, including 䲅, 𩷪鱼, 黄驹, 魺, 嗔鱼, 鲑, 鲐鱼, 鮧, 鯸鲐, 鯸鮧, 鰗鮧, 鹕夷, 芽依, 鯸䱌, and 䰽.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Davidson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Davidson_(food_writer)" title="Alan Davidson (food writer)">Davidson A</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Food" title="The Oxford Companion to Food"><i>The Oxford Companion to Food</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280681-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280681-9"><bdi>978-0-19-280681-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280681-9&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxon2012" class="citation news cs1">Coxon, Mio (3 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-japan-blowfish-idUSLNE83201220120403">"Tokyo chefs swell with anger over new blowfish laws"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Tokyo+chefs+swell+with+anger+over+new+blowfish+laws&rft.date=2012-04-03&rft.aulast=Coxon&rft.aufirst=Mio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-japan-blowfish-idUSLNE83201220120403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hosking-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hosking_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hosking_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hosking_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hosking_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosking1997" class="citation book cs1">Hosking R (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofjapa00hosk/page/41"><i>A Dictionary of Japanese Food: Ingredients & Culture</i></a></span>. Tuttle Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofjapa00hosk/page/41">41–42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-2042-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-2042-4"><bdi>978-0-8048-2042-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Japanese+Food%3A+Ingredients+%26+Culture&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-2042-4&rft.aulast=Hosking&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofjapa00hosk%2Fpage%2F41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYongQuekLimNgo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yong, Y. S.; Quek, L. S.; Lim, E. K.; Ngo, A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3867830">"Pufferfish poisoning case study"</a>. <i>Case Reports in Medicine</i>. <b>2013</b>: 206971. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F206971">10.1155/2013/206971</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3867830">3867830</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24368916">24368916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Case+Reports+in+Medicine&rft.atitle=Pufferfish+poisoning+case+study&rft.volume=2013&rft.pages=206971&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3867830%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24368916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2013%2F206971&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=Y.+S.&rft.au=Quek%2C+L.+S.&rft.au=Lim%2C+E.+K.&rft.au=Ngo%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3867830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeRuben2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lee CH, Ruben PC (1 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fchan.2.6.7429">"Interaction between voltage-gated sodium channels and the neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin"</a>. <i>Channels</i>. <b>2</b> (6): 407–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fchan.2.6.7429">10.4161/chan.2.6.7429</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19098433">19098433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Channels&rft.atitle=Interaction+between+voltage-gated+sodium+channels+and+the+neurotoxin%2C+tetrodotoxin&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=407-12&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4161%2Fchan.2.6.7429&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19098433&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=CH&rft.au=Ruben%2C+PC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4161%252Fchan.2.6.7429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagoRodríguezBlancoVieites2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lago J, Rodríguez LP, Blanco L, Vieites JM, Cabado AG (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4626696">"Tetrodotoxin, an Extremely Potent Marine Neurotoxin: Distribution, Toxicity, Origin and Therapeutical Uses"</a>. <i>Marine Drugs</i>. <b>13</b> (10): 6384–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmd13106384">10.3390/md13106384</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4626696">4626696</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26492253">26492253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Drugs&rft.atitle=Tetrodotoxin%2C+an+Extremely+Potent+Marine+Neurotoxin%3A+Distribution%2C+Toxicity%2C+Origin+and+Therapeutical+Uses&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=6384-406&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4626696%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26492253&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmd13106384&rft.aulast=Lago&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+LP&rft.au=Blanco%2C+L&rft.au=Vieites%2C+JM&rft.au=Cabado%2C+AG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4626696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengLingWang1968" class="citation 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(2018-10-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266834">"The Acute Toxicity of Tetrodotoxin and Tetrodotoxin–Saxitoxin Mixtures to Mice by Various Routes of Administration"</a>. <i>Toxins</i>. <b>10</b> (11): 423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ftoxins10110423">10.3390/toxins10110423</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2072-6651">2072-6651</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266834">6266834</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30360529">30360529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxins&rft.atitle=The+Acute+Toxicity+of+Tetrodotoxin+and+Tetrodotoxin%E2%80%93Saxitoxin+Mixtures+to+Mice+by+Various+Routes+of+Administration&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=423&rft.date=2018-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6266834%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2072-6651&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30360529&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Ftoxins10110423&rft.aulast=Finch&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Boundy%2C+Michael&rft.au=Harwood%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6266834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SatoEtal2015-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SatoEtal2015_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SatoEtal2015_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SatoEtal2015_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatoAkaiYoshimura2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sato K, Akai S, Yoshimura J (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1934578X1501000501">"Stereocontrolled total synthesis of tetrodotoxin from myo-inositol and D-glucose by three routes: aspects for constructing complex multi-functionalized cyclitols with branched-chain structures"</a>. <i>Natural Product Communications</i>. <b>10</b> (5): 691–702. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1934578X1501000501">10.1177/1934578X1501000501</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26058138">26058138</a>. <q>The original name of TTX was 'taricatoxin' … TTX selectively interacts with elements of the sodium channel … TTX has been isolated from the puffer fish, newts, frogs, octopuses, crabs, shellfish, and numerous other aquatic animals. The animals do not produce TTX themselves; instead, it is produced by bacteria such as Alteromonas sp., Vibrio sp., and Shewanella sp.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Product+Communications&rft.atitle=Stereocontrolled+total+synthesis+of+tetrodotoxin+from+myo-inositol+and+D-glucose+by+three+routes%3A+aspects+for+constructing+complex+multi-functionalized+cyclitols+with+branched-chain+structures&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=691-702&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1934578X1501000501&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26058138&rft.aulast=Sato&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Akai%2C+S&rft.au=Yoshimura%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F1934578X1501000501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucciarelliLechnerFontesKats2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bucciarelli, GM; Lechner, M; Fontes, A; Kats, LB; Eisthen, HL; Shaffer, HB (24 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8402337">"From Poison to Promise: The Evolution of Tetrodotoxin and Its Potential as a Therapeutic"</a>. <i>Toxins</i>. <b>13</b> (8). 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(May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10221257">"Efficacy and Security of Tetrodotoxin in the Treatment of Cancer-Related Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"</a>. <i>Marine Drugs</i>. <b>21</b> (5): 316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmd21050316">10.3390/md21050316</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1660-3397">1660-3397</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10221257">10221257</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37233510">37233510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Drugs&rft.atitle=Efficacy+and+Security+of+Tetrodotoxin+in+the+Treatment+of+Cancer-Related+Pain%3A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=316&rft.date=2023-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10221257%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1660-3397&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37233510&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmd21050316&rft.aulast=Huerta&rft.aufirst=Miguel+%C3%81&rft.au=de+la+Nava%2C+Javier&rft.au=Artacho-Cord%C3%B3n%2C+Antonia&rft.au=Nieto%2C+Francisco+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10221257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarnham" class="citation news cs1">Farnham A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2004/02/24/cz_af_0224health.html">"Killer Foods"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Killer+Foods&rft.aulast=Farnham&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2004%2F02%2F24%2Fcz_af_0224health.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlionna" class="citation news cs1">Glionna JM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-japan-blowfish1-2009apr01-story.html">"Blowfish's bad rap is killing him"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Blowfish%27s+bad+rap+is+killing+him&rft.aulast=Glionna&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fla-fg-japan-blowfish1-2009apr01-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122213740/http://www.tztour.cn/sitefiles/tzly_en/html/meishi/5127.shtml">"Three Delicacies of the Yangtze River-Recommended delicacies-Food-Fun Taizhou-Official Website of Taizhou Tourism Bureau"</a>. <i>www.tztour.cn</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tztour.cn/sitefiles/tzly_en/html/meishi/5127.shtml">the original</a> on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tztour.cn&rft.atitle=Three+Delicacies+of+the+Yangtze+River-Recommended+delicacies-Food-Fun+Taizhou-Official+Website+of+Taizhou+Tourism+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tztour.cn%2Fsitefiles%2Ftzly_en%2Fhtml%2Fmeishi%2F5127.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《梦溪笔谈》：吳人嗜河豚魚，有遇毒者，往往殺人，可為深戒。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《太平廣記》：鯸鮐魚文斑如虎，俗云煮之不熟，食者必死。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《河南邵氏聞見後錄》：經筵官會食資善堂，東坡盛稱河豚之美。呂元明問其味，曰：「直那一死！」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/syokuchu/poison/animal_01.html">"魚類：フグ毒 [Fugu poison]"</a> (in Japanese). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Japan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E%EF%BC%9A%E3%83%95%E3%82%B0%E6%AF%92+%5BFugu+poison%5D&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Health%2C+Labour+and+Welfare+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhlw.go.jp%2Ftopics%2Fsyokuchu%2Fpoison%2Fanimal_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-One_Man's_Fugu-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-One_Man's_Fugu_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-One_Man's_Fugu_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/29/travel/one-man-s-fugu-is-another-s-poison.html">"One Man's Fugu Is Another's Poison"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1981-11-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=One+Man%27s+Fugu+Is+Another%27s+Poison&rft.date=1981-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F11%2F29%2Ftravel%2Fone-man-s-fugu-is-another-s-poison.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matsutani, Minoru, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120305a7.html">Tokyo to drop fugu license ordinance amid a decline in fatal diner poisonings</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Japan_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Times">Japan Times</a></i>, 5 March 2012, p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307212829/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120305a7.html">Archived</a> March 7, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ito, Shingo (<a href="/wiki/Jiji_Press" title="Jiji Press">Jiji Press</a>), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120705f1.html">Fugu's risk will always be part of its charm</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Japan_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Times">Japan Times</a></i>, 5 July 2012, p. 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708014344/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120705f1.html">Archived</a> July 8, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCMP-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCMP_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCMP_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCMP_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCMP_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYau2019" class="citation web cs1">Yau, Elaine (2019-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scmp.com/lifestyle/food-drink/article/2185125/pufferfish-china-beijing-diners-lured-delicacy-now-country-has">"Pufferfish in China: diners lured by delicacy now country has bred them poison-free"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Pufferfish+in+China%3A+diners+lured+by+delicacy+now+country+has+bred+them+poison-free&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft.aulast=Yau&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscmp.com%2Flifestyle%2Ffood-drink%2Farticle%2F2185125%2Fpufferfish-china-beijing-diners-lured-delicacy-now-country-has&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXie2017" class="citation web cs1">Xie, Kewei (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moa.gov.cn/xw/qg/201704/t20170412_5559313.htm">"首批合法养殖河豚鱼"游"上餐桌 "盒马鲜生"已开卖"</a> [First batch of legal farmed fugu "swims" to the table at FreshHippo]. <i>Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (repost from: Jiefang Wang)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Agriculture+and+Rural+Affairs+%28repost+from%3A+Jiefang+Wang%29&rft.atitle=%E9%A6%96%E6%89%B9%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E5%85%BB%E6%AE%96%E6%B2%B3%E8%B1%9A%E9%B1%BC%22%E6%B8%B8%22%E4%B8%8A%E9%A4%90%E6%A1%8C+%22%E7%9B%92%E9%A9%AC%E9%B2%9C%E7%94%9F%22%E5%B7%B2%E5%BC%80%E5%8D%96&rft.date=2017-04&rft.aulast=Xie&rft.aufirst=Kewei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moa.gov.cn%2Fxw%2Fqg%2F201704%2Ft20170412_5559313.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2016" class="citation web cs1">Buchanan, Kelly (28 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2016/11/delicious-but-deadly-should-fugu-liver-be-served-in-japan/">"Delicious, but Deadly: Should Fugu Liver be Served in Japan? | In Custodia Legis"</a>. <i>The Library of Congress</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Delicious%2C+but+Deadly%3A+Should+Fugu+Liver+be+Served+in+Japan%3F+%7C+In+Custodia+Legis&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Flaw%2F2016%2F11%2Fdelicious-but-deadly-should-fugu-liver-be-served-in-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFood_Safety_Commission_of_Japan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Food Safety Commission of Japan (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989194">"The Liver of the Aquacultured Japanese Pufferfish) (Natural Toxins)"</a>. <i>Food Safety (Tokyo, Japan)</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 169–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14252%2Ffoodsafetyfscj.2017012s">10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2017012s</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2187-8404">2187-8404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989194">6989194</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32231941">32231941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Safety+%28Tokyo%2C+Japan%29&rft.atitle=The+Liver+of+the+Aquacultured+Japanese+Pufferfish%29+%28Natural+Toxins%29&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=169-170&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6989194%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2187-8404&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32231941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14252%2Ffoodsafetyfscj.2017012s&rft.au=Food+Safety+Commission+of+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6989194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jp.gdfreak.com/public/detail/jp011013999600200470/1">"Market Conditions of Torafugu in Toyosu Market (Monthly Report)"</a> (in Japanese). GD Freak<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Market+Conditions+of+Torafugu+in+Toyosu+Market+%28Monthly+Report%29&rft.pub=GD+Freak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjp.gdfreak.com%2Fpublic%2Fdetail%2Fjp011013999600200470%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShMP-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ShMP_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShMP_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYU" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">YU, Wenyan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shxwcb.com/1006410.html">"河豚冲上电商平台冰鲜整鱼热卖榜上海唯一养殖鱼塘：曾一天卖800斤，生意恢复中-"拼死吃河豚"是过去式了 - 周到上海"</a> [Pufferfish hits top list for refrigerated whole fish at e-commerce platforms; Shanghai's only fishery: business used to be better at 400 kg per day; "risking death for puffer" is a thing of the past]. <i><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Morning_Post" title="Shanghai Morning Post">Shanghai Morning Post</a></i> (in Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shanghai+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=%E6%B2%B3%E8%B1%9A%E5%86%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%94%B5%E5%95%86%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0%E5%86%B0%E9%B2%9C%E6%95%B4%E9%B1%BC%E7%83%AD%E5%8D%96%E6%A6%9C+%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%94%AF%E4%B8%80%E5%85%BB%E6%AE%96%E9%B1%BC%E5%A1%98%EF%BC%9A%E6%9B%BE%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%A9%E5%8D%96800%E6%96%A4%EF%BC%8C%E7%94%9F%E6%84%8F%E6%81%A2%E5%A4%8D%E4%B8%AD-%22%E6%8B%BC%E6%AD%BB%E5%90%83%E6%B2%B3%E8%B1%9A%22%E6%98%AF%E8%BF%87%E5%8E%BB%E5%BC%8F%E4%BA%86+-+%E5%91%A8%E5%88%B0%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&rft.aulast=YU&rft.aufirst=Wenyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shxwcb.com%2F1006410.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tokyo-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tokyo_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tokyo_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fukushihoken.metro.tokyo.jp/kenkou/anzen/anzen_info/shizendoku/hugu/">危険がいっぱいふぐの素人料理東京都福祉保健局</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080313125241/http://www.fukushihoken.metro.tokyo.jp/kenkou/anzen/anzen_info/shizendoku/hugu/">Archived</a> March 13, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ricciuti-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ricciuti_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicciuti2003" class="citation book cs1">Ricciuti ER (2003). <i>Killers of the Seas: the Dangerous Creatures that Threaten Man in an Alien Environment</i> (Rev. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Leader-Post&rft.atitle=Japanese+Actor+Poisoned&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1975-01-20&rft.aulast=Roderick&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DkvRUAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4571%2C837806%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014042233/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,294190,00.html">"Poisonous Puffer Fish Sold as Salmon Kills 15 in Thailand"</a>. Foxnews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,294190,00.html">the original</a> on October 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Poisonous+Puffer+Fish+Sold+as+Salmon+Kills+15+in+Thailand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F0%2C2933%2C294190%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216090058/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20080311-124024/Father-dies-after-eating-puffer-fish">"Father dies after eating puffer fish"</a>. INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20080311-124024/Father-dies-after-eating-puffer-fish">the original</a> on February 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Father+dies+after+eating+puffer+fish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalnation.inquirer.net%2Fcebudailynews%2Fnews%2Fview%2F20080311-124024%2FFather-dies-after-eating-puffer-fish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topnews.in/malaysian-fisherman-dies-after-eating-puffer-fish-2125637">"Malaysian fisherman dies after eating puffer fish | TopNews"</a>. Topnews.in. 2009-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malaysian+fisherman+dies+after+eating+puffer+fish+%26%23124%3B+TopNews&rft.pub=Topnews.in&rft.date=2009-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topnews.in%2Fmalaysian-fisherman-dies-after-eating-puffer-fish-2125637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohYoree2011" class="citation journal cs1">Koh, Yoree (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2011/12/02/michelin-restaurant-diner-hospitalized-after-eating-puffer-fish/">"Lifestyle & Culture: Michelin Restaurant Diner Hospitalized After Eating Puffer Fish"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i> (December 2)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Lifestyle+%26+Culture%3A+Michelin+Restaurant+Diner+Hospitalized+After+Eating+Puffer+Fish&rft.issue=December+2&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Koh&rft.au=Yoree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fjapanrealtime%2F2011%2F12%2F02%2Fmichelin-restaurant-diner-hospitalized-after-eating-puffer-fish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/02/japanese-men-fall-ill-after-dining-on-puffer-fish">"Japanese men fall ill after eating pufferfish"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Agence France-Presse. 2015-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Japanese+men+fall+ill+after+eating+pufferfish&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fmar%2F02%2Fjapanese-men-fall-ill-after-dining-on-puffer-fish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Times">Japan Times</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/03/03/national/science-health/five-men-sickened-eating-puffer-fish-fare-including-requested-liver-wakayama-eatery/">Five men fall ill in Wakayama after eating fugu, including requested liver Mar 3, 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150304172047/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/03/03/national/science-health/five-men-sickened-eating-puffer-fish-fare-including-requested-liver-wakayama-eatery">Archived</a> March 4, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved March 6, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2015/03/02/five-hospitalized-after-eating-fugu-fish-delicacy/">Five Hospitalized After Eating Fugu Fish March 2, 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161024113342/http://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2015/03/02/five-hospitalized-after-eating-fugu-fish-delicacy/">Archived</a> October 24, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved March 6, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM2020" class="citation web cs1">M, Austine Rain (2020-12-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/44900/20201229/killer-fish-3-people-died-after-eating-pufferfish-in-the-philippines.htm">"Killer Fish: 3 People Died After Eating Pufferfish in the Philippines"</a>. <i>Nature World News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature+World+News&rft.atitle=Killer+Fish%3A+3+People+Died+After+Eating+Pufferfish+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2020-12-29&rft.aulast=M&rft.aufirst=Austine+Rain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natureworldnews.com%2Farticles%2F44900%2F20201229%2Fkiller-fish-3-people-died-after-eating-pufferfish-in-the-philippines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/04/08/second-senior-citizen-dies-of-puffer-fish-poisoning-in-johor/63884">"Second senior citizen dies of puffer fish poisoning in Johor"</a>. 8 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+senior+citizen+dies+of+puffer+fish+poisoning+in+Johor&rft.date=2023-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Fmalaysia%2F2023%2F04%2F08%2Fsecond-senior-citizen-dies-of-puffer-fish-poisoning-in-johor%2F63884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/brazilian-man-46-dies-after-eating-pufferfish-gifted-to-him-by-friend-12160301.html">"Brazilian man, 46, dies after eating pufferfish gifted to him by friend"</a>. 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazilian+man%2C+46%2C+dies+after+eating+pufferfish+gifted+to+him+by+friend&rft.date=2024-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moneycontrol.com%2Fnews%2Ftrends%2Fbrazilian-man-46-dies-after-eating-pufferfish-gifted-to-him-by-friend-12160301.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morimoto-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morimoto_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorimoto2007" class="citation book cs1">Morimoto M (2007). <i>Morimoto: The New Art of Japanese Cooking</i>. DK Publishing. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-3123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-3123-9"><bdi>978-0-7566-3123-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morimoto%3A+The+New+Art+of+Japanese+Cooking&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-3123-9&rft.aulast=Morimoto&rft.aufirst=Masaharu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarperMatsuzaki2006-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HarperMatsuzaki2006_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_HarperHaruo_Matsuzaki2006" class="citation book cs1">Philip Harper; Haruo Matsuzaki (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4IAlLDQWZGMC&pg=PA91"><i>The Book of Sake: A Connoisseur's Guide</i></a>. Kodansha International. pp. 91–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2998-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2998-0"><bdi>978-4-7700-2998-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Sake%3A+A+Connoisseur%27s+Guide&rft.pages=91-&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-4-7700-2998-0&rft.au=Philip+Harper&rft.au=Haruo+Matsuzaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4IAlLDQWZGMC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShofuPrefWhatAre-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ShofuPrefWhatAre_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222014930/http://shofu.pref.ishikawa.jp/shofu/dokunuki_e/globefish/about/index.html">"What are Blowfish Ovaries Pickled in Rice-Bran Paste?"</a>. <i>Digital Archives of Ishikawa [The Miracle of Poison Removal Pickled Blowfish Ovaries: A Look at the Culture and Skills of Ishikawa]</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shofu.pref.ishikawa.jp/shofu/dokunuki_e/globefish/about/index.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>The only places in Japan where "blowfish ovaries pickled in rice-bran paste "  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] is made are the Mikawa district of Hakusan City, the Ono and Kanaiwa districts of Kanazawa City, and Wajima City, all in Ishikawa Prefecture. [...] none of the producers can change their method of production. "Blowfish ovaries pickled in rice bran "  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] is still being made using the same traditional methods as ever.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Archives+of+Ishikawa+%5BThe+Miracle+of+Poison+Removal+Pickled+Blowfish+Ovaries%3A+A+Look+at+the+Culture+and+Skills+of+Ishikawa%5D&rft.atitle=What+are+Blowfish+Ovaries+Pickled+in+Rice-Bran+Paste%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshofu.pref.ishikawa.jp%2Fshofu%2Fdokunuki_e%2Fglobefish%2Fabout%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShofuPrefHowToMake-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ShofuPrefHowToMake_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShofuPrefHowToMake_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316084000/http://shofu.pref.ishikawa.jp/shofu/dokunuki_e/globefish/howtomake/index.html">"Blowfish Ovaries Pickled in Rice-bran Paste: How are they made?"</a>. <i>Digital Archives of Ishikawa [The Miracle of Poison Removal Pickled Blowfish Ovaries: A Look at the Culture and Skills of Ishikawa]</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shofu.pref.ishikawa.jp/shofu/dokunuki_e/globefish/howtomake/index.html">the original</a> on 16 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Archives+of+Ishikawa+%5BThe+Miracle+of+Poison+Removal+Pickled+Blowfish+Ovaries%3A+A+Look+at+the+Culture+and+Skills+of+Ishikawa%5D&rft.atitle=Blowfish+Ovaries+Pickled+in+Rice-bran+Paste%3A+How+are+they+made%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshofu.pref.ishikawa.jp%2Fshofu%2Fdokunuki_e%2Fglobefish%2Fhowtomake%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141228213318/http://shofu.pref.ishikawa.jp/shofu/dokunuki_e/globefish/detoxication/index.html">"Blowfish Ovaries Pickled in Rice-bran Paste: How can the poison be removed?"</a>. <i>Digital Archives of Ishikawa [The Miracle of Poison Removal Pickled Blowfish Ovaries: A Look at the Culture and Skills of Ishikawa]</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shofu.pref.ishikawa.jp/shofu/dokunuki_e/globefish/detoxication/index.html">the original</a> on 28 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Archives+of+Ishikawa+%5BThe+Miracle+of+Poison+Removal+Pickled+Blowfish+Ovaries%3A+A+Look+at+the+Culture+and+Skills+of+Ishikawa%5D&rft.atitle=Blowfish+Ovaries+Pickled+in+Rice-bran+Paste%3A+How+can+the+poison+be+removed%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshofu.pref.ishikawa.jp%2Fshofu%2Fdokunuki_e%2Fglobefish%2Fdetoxication%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandsbergHallJohannessenWhite2006" class="citation journal cs1">Landsberg JH, Hall S, Johannessen JN, White KD, Conrad SM, Abbott JP, et al. (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1626430">"Saxitoxin puffer fish poisoning in the United States, with the first report of Pyrodinium bahamense as the putative toxin source"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>114</b> (10): 1502–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.8998">10.1289/ehp.8998</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1626430">1626430</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17035133">17035133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Saxitoxin+puffer+fish+poisoning+in+the+United+States%2C+with+the+first+report+of+Pyrodinium+bahamense+as+the+putative+toxin+source&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1502-7&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1626430%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17035133&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.8998&rft.aulast=Landsberg&rft.aufirst=JH&rft.au=Hall%2C+S&rft.au=Johannessen%2C+JN&rft.au=White%2C+KD&rft.au=Conrad%2C+SM&rft.au=Abbott%2C+JP&rft.au=Flewelling%2C+LJ&rft.au=Richardson%2C+RW&rft.au=Dickey%2C+RW&rft.au=Jester%2C+EL&rft.au=Etheridge%2C+SM&rft.au=Deeds%2C+JR&rft.au=Van+Dolah%2C+FM&rft.au=Leighfield%2C+TA&rft.au=Zou%2C+Y&rft.au=Beaudry%2C+CG&rft.au=Benner%2C+RA&rft.au=Rogers%2C+PL&rft.au=Scott%2C+PS&rft.au=Kawabata%2C+K&rft.au=Wolny%2C+JL&rft.au=Steidinger%2C+KA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1626430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regulation (EC) 853/2004 App. III Sec. VIII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2017/152/de#art_2">SR 817.022.108 Art. 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandsbergHallJohannessenWhite2006" class="citation journal cs1">Landsberg JH, Hall S, Johannessen JN, White KD, Conrad SM, Abbott JP, et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%99%8E%E6%B2%B3%E8%B1%9A%EF%BC%88%E3%81%A8%E3%82%89%E3%81%B5%E3%81%90%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Maruha+Shinko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maruha-shinko.co.jp%2Fuodas%2Fsyun%2F32-torafugu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoguchiArakawaTakatani2006" class="citation journal cs1">Noguchi, Tamao; Arakawa, Osamu; Takatani, Tomohiro (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1744117X05000274">"Toxicity of pufferfish Takifugu rubripes cultured in netcages at sea or aquaria on land"</a>. <i>Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 153–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cbd.2005.11.003">10.1016/j.cbd.2005.11.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20483246">20483246</a>.</cite><span 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href="https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/foodservice-retail/blowfish-china-s-latest-seafood-luxury">"Blowfish — China's latest seafood luxury | SeafoodSource"</a>. <i>www.seafoodsource.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.seafoodsource.com&rft.atitle=Blowfish+%E2%80%94+China%27s+latest+seafood+luxury+%7C+SeafoodSource&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seafoodsource.com%2Fnews%2Ffoodservice-retail%2Fblowfish-china-s-latest-seafood-luxury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaneLehaneDikshitO'Riordan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bane V, Lehane M, Dikshit M, O'Riordan A, Furey A (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942760">"Tetrodotoxin: chemistry, toxicity, source, distribution and detection"</a>. <i>Toxins</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 693–755. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ftoxins6020693">10.3390/toxins6020693</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942760">3942760</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24566728">24566728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxins&rft.atitle=Tetrodotoxin%3A+chemistry%2C+toxicity%2C+source%2C+distribution+and+detection&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=693-755&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3942760%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24566728&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Ftoxins6020693&rft.aulast=Bane&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Lehane%2C+M&rft.au=Dikshit%2C+M&rft.au=O%27Riordan%2C+A&rft.au=Furey%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3942760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagoRodríguezBlancoVieites2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lago J, Rodríguez LP, Blanco L, Vieites JM, Cabado AG (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4626696">"Tetrodotoxin, an Extremely Potent Marine Neurotoxin: Distribution, Toxicity, Origin and Therapeutical Uses"</a>. <i>Marine Drugs</i>. <b>13</b> (10): 6384–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmd13106384">10.3390/md13106384</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4626696">4626696</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26492253">26492253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Drugs&rft.atitle=Tetrodotoxin%2C+an+Extremely+Potent+Marine+Neurotoxin%3A+Distribution%2C+Toxicity%2C+Origin+and+Therapeutical+Uses&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=6384-406&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4626696%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26492253&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmd13106384&rft.aulast=Lago&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+LP&rft.au=Blanco%2C+L&rft.au=Vieites%2C+JM&rft.au=Cabado%2C+AG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4626696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2004" class="citation web cs1">Miller S (2004-06-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/~orggroup/supergroup_pdf/SuperGroupMeetingJune2nd.pdf">"Survey of Tetrodotoxin Syntheses"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123235816/https://www.princeton.edu/~orggroup/supergroup_pdf/SuperGroupMeetingJune2nd.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-11-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Survey+of+Tetrodotoxin+Syntheses&rft.date=2004-06-02&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~orggroup%2Fsupergroup_pdf%2FSuperGroupMeetingJune2nd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a 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Emedicine.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Toxicity%2C+Tetrodotoxin&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Benzer&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emedicine.com%2Femerg%2Ftopic576.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li>Sueyoshi´, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041009211722/http://www.coara.or.jp/~sueyoshi/data03/fugu00.html">Sueyoshi's pages on fishes</a>. Retrieved Sep 11, 2004</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322052027/http://fugu.biology.qmul.ac.uk/">"The Fugu Genomics Project"</a>. <i>School of Biological & Chemical Sciences</i>. Queen Mary university of London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fugu.biology.qmul.ac.uk/">the original</a> on 2009-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=School+of+Biological+%26+Chemical+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Fugu+Genomics+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffugu.biology.qmul.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgarClarkMeekSmith1999" class="citation journal cs1">Elgar G, Clark MS, Meek S, Smith S, Warner S, Edwards YJ, Bouchireb N, Cottage A, Yeo GS, Umrania Y, Williams G, Brenner S (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080129075758/http://fugu.biology.qmul.ac.uk/Publications/Elgar_1999/">"Generation and analysis of 25 Mb of genomic DNA from the pufferfish Fugu rubripes by sequence scanning"</a>. <i>Genome Research</i>. <b>9</b> (10): 960–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.9.10.960">10.1101/gr.9.10.960</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC310822">310822</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10523524">10523524</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fugu.biology.qmul.ac.uk/Publications/Elgar_1999/">the original</a> on 2008-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&rft.atitle=Generation+and+analysis+of+25+Mb+of+genomic+DNA+from+the+pufferfish+Fugu+rubripes+by+sequence+scanning&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=960-71&rft.date=1999-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC310822%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10523524&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgr.9.10.960&rft.aulast=Elgar&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Clark%2C+MS&rft.au=Meek%2C+S&rft.au=Smith%2C+S&rft.au=Warner%2C+S&rft.au=Edwards%2C+YJ&rft.au=Bouchireb%2C+N&rft.au=Cottage%2C+A&rft.au=Yeo%2C+GS&rft.au=Umrania%2C+Y&rft.au=Williams%2C+G&rft.au=Brenner%2C+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffugu.biology.qmul.ac.uk%2FPublications%2FElgar_1999%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVietmeyer1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Vietmeyer ND (August 1984). "The Preposterous Puffer". <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Vol. 166, no. 2. pp. 260–270. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358">0027-9358</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454">643483454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+Preposterous+Puffer&rft.volume=166&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=260-270&rft.date=1984-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643483454&rft.issn=0027-9358&rft.aulast=Vietmeyer&rft.aufirst=Noel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFugu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugu&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fugu_dishes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fugu dishes">Fugu dishes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyoshi.or.jp/inv-haiku/routine.htm">Personal Account of surviving a fugu poisoning</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18065372">BBC article with video of fugu preparation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baheyeldin.com/fishing/eating-fugu-puffer-fish.html">Fugu eaten from the Red Sea, with no poisoning at all</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071116205104/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0505/feature1/multimedia3.html"><i>A Delicacy to Die For</i> at National Geographic Magazine</a></li> <li>View the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=fr3"><i>fr3</i></a> genome assembly in the <a href="/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser" title="UCSC Genome Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a></li> <li>Saveur Magazine <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=39&v=JBZbfnUn_JA">video</a> of Manhattan's Restaurant Nippon's Fugu dishes.</li> <li>Subtitled <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lM-hDMSloSk">documentary</a> on Nobuyoshi Kuraoka's 5-year battle with the FDA to serve Fugu at his Manhattan restaurant.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="/wiki/History_of_sushi" title="History of sushi">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sushi" title="Sustainable sushi">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_bean_rice" title="Red bean rice">Sekihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takikomi_gohan" title="Takikomi gohan">Takikomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosui" title="Zosui">Zosui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_noodles" title="Japanese noodles">Noodles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellophane_noodles#Japan" title="Cellophane noodles">Harusame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiyamugi" title="Hiyamugi">Hiyamugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiyashi_ch%C5%ABka" title="Hiyashi chūka">Hiyashi chūka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramen" title="Ramen">Ramen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champon" title="Champon">Champon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_ramen" title="Kagoshima ramen">Kagoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muroran_curry_ramen" title="Muroran curry ramen">Muroran curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandan_noodles#Related_dishes" title="Dandan noodles">Tantan-men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkotsu_ramen" title="Tonkotsu ramen">Tonkotsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukemen" title="Tsukemen">Tsukemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirataki_noodles" title="Shirataki noodles">Shirataki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soba" title="Soba">Soba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_soba" title="Okinawa soba">Okinawa soba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soki" title="Soki">Soki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dmen" title="Sōmen">Sōmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dmen_salad" title="Sōmen salad">Salad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udon" title="Udon">Udon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaki_udon" title="Yaki udon">Yakiudon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakisoba" title="Yakisoba">Yakisoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Hōtō">Hōtō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konamono</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monjayaki" title="Monjayaki">Monjayaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okonomiyaki" title="Okonomiyaki">Okonomiyaki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirayachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirayachi">Hirayachi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takoyaki" title="Takoyaki">Takoyaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bread</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anpan" title="Anpan">Anpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_bread" title="Curry bread">Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melonpan" title="Melonpan">Melonpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_milk_bread" title="Japanese milk bread">Milk bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Water roux">Yudane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Okazu" title="Okazu">Okazu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agedashi_d%C5%8Dfu" title="Agedashi dōfu">Agedashi dōfu</a></li> <li>Agemono <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furai" title="Furai">Furai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaage" title="Karaage">Karaage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korokke" title="Korokke">Korokke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushikatsu" title="Kushikatsu">Kushikatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma-age" title="Satsuma-age">Satsuma-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempura" title="Tempura">Tempura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawanmushi" title="Chawanmushi">Chawanmushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gari_(ginger)" title="Gari (ginger)">Gari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozi#Gyōza" title="Jiaozi">Gyōza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakuni" title="Kakuni">Kakuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabemono" title="Nabemono">Nabemono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namasu_(Food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Namasu (Food)">Namasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natt%C5%8D" title="Nattō">Nattō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikujaga" title="Nikujaga">Nikujaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oden" title="Oden">Oden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen_tamago" title="Onsen tamago">Onsen tamago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">Sashimi</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fugusashi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabu-shabu" title="Shabu-shabu">Shabu-shabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiokara" title="Shiokara">Shiokara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukiyaki" title="Sukiyaki">Sukiyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagoyaki" title="Tamagoyaki">Tamagoyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokoroten" title="Tokoroten">Tokoroten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkatsu" title="Tonkatsu">Tonkatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tororo_(food)" title="Tororo (food)">Tororo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukemono" title="Tsukemono">Tsukemono</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nukazuke" title="Nukazuke">Nukazuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuan" title="Takuan">Takuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukudani" title="Tsukudani">Tsukudani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukune" title="Tsukune">Tsukune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakiniku" title="Yakiniku">Yakiniku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakitori" title="Yakitori">Yakitori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soup<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_soups_and_stews" title="List of Japanese soups and stews">Shirumono</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butajiru" title="Butajiru">Butajiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenchin-jiru" title="Kenchin-jiru">Kenchin-jiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miso_soup" title="Miso soup">Miso soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suimono" class="mw-redirect" title="Suimono">Suimono</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E3%81%84%E7%89%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:吸い物">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Set menu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bento" title="Bento">Bento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekiben" title="Ekiben">Ekiben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaraben" title="Kyaraben">Kyaraben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makunouchi" title="Makunouchi">Makunouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappameshi" title="Wappameshi">Wappameshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honzen-ry%C5%8Dri" title="Honzen-ryōri">Honzen-ryōri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABbako" title="Jūbako">Jūbako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">Kaiseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osechi" title="Osechi">Osechi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcoholic beverage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazake" title="Amazake">Amazake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigori" title="Nigori">Nigori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toso" title="Toso">Toso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habushu" title="Habushu">Habushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umeshu" title="Umeshu">Umeshu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_tea#Japan" title="Green tea">Green tea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_Japan" title="History of tea in Japan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bancha" title="Bancha">Bancha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyokuro" title="Gyokuro">Gyokuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Djicha" title="Hōjicha">Hōjicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuse_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabuse tea">Kabuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukicha" title="Kukicha">Kukicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matcha" title="Matcha">Matcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sencha" title="Sencha">Sencha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uji_tea" title="Uji tea">Uji</a></li></ul></li> <li>Herbal tea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genmaicha" title="Genmaicha">Genmaicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_tea" title="Buckwheat tea">Sobacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_tea" title="Kelp tea">Kombu-cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_tea" title="Barley tea">Mugicha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soft drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramune" title="Ramune">Ramune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquarius (beverage)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.C._Lemon" title="C.C. Lemon">C.C. Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calpis" title="Calpis">Calpis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_coffee" title="Canned coffee">Canned coffee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boss_Coffee" title="Boss Coffee">Boss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(coffee)" title="Georgia (coffee)">Georgia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipovitan" title="Lipovitan">Lipovitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oronamin_C" title="Oronamin C">Oronamin C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocari_Sweat" title="Pocari Sweat">Pocari Sweat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakult" title="Yakult">Yakult</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snacks /<br />desserts/<br /> <a href="/wiki/Wagashi" title="Wagashi">Wagashi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanatt%C5%8D" title="Amanattō">Amanattō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botan_Rice_Candy" title="Botan Rice Candy">Botan Rice Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daifuku" title="Daifuku">Daifuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dango" title="Dango">Dango</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chichi_dango" title="Chichi dango">Chichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibi_dango_(millet_dumpling)" title="Kibi dango (millet dumpling)">Kibi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorayaki" title="Dorayaki">Dorayaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karukan" title="Karukan">Karukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konpeit%C5%8D" title="Konpeitō">Konpeitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manj%C5%AB" title="Manjū">Manjū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochi" title="Mochi">Mochi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agemochi" title="Agemochi">Agemochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goheimochi" title="Goheimochi">Goheimochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankoro_Mochi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankoro Mochi">Kankoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzumochi" title="Kuzumochi">Kuzumochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunda-mochi" title="Zunda-mochi">Zunda-mochi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbei" title="Senbei">Senbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arare_(food)" title="Arare (food)">Arare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiruko" title="Shiruko">Shiruko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyaki" title="Taiyaki">Taiyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uir%C5%8D" title="Uirō">Uirō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warabimochi" title="Warabimochi">Warabimochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkan" title="Yōkan">Yōkan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Square_watermelon" title="Square watermelon">Square watermelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubari_King" title="Yubari King">Yubari King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Roman" title="Ruby Roman">Ruby Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shine_Muscat" title="Shine Muscat">Shine Muscat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ingredients /<br />condiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_bean_paste" title="Red bean paste">Anko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_laver" title="Green laver">Aonori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">Bamboo shoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_sh%C5%8Dga" title="Beni shōga">Beni shōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctium" title="Arctium">Burdock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daikon" title="Daikon">Daikon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakurajima_radish" title="Sakurajima radish">Sakurajima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashi" title="Dashi">Dashi</a></li> <li>Fish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamaboko" title="Kamaboko">Kamaboko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock_roe" title="Pollock roe">Mentaiko / tarako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiko" title="Tobiko">Tobiko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijiki" title="Hijiki">Hijiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzuri" title="Kanzuri">Kanzuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karashi" title="Karashi">Karashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsuobushi" title="Katsuobushi">Katsuobushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombu" title="Kombu">Kombu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konjac" class="mw-redirect" title="Konjac">Konnyaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuromitsu" title="Kuromitsu">Kuromitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudzu_powder" title="Kudzu powder">Kuzuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayonnaise#Japan" title="Mayonnaise">Mayonnaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menma" title="Menma">Menma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirin" title="Mirin">Mirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miso" title="Miso">Miso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">MSG</a></li> <li>Mushrooms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flammulina_filiformis" title="Flammulina filiformis">Enokitake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiitake" title="Shiitake">Shiitake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoga" title="Myoga">Myoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nori" title="Nori">Nori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sake_kasu" title="Sake kasu">Sake kasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_crumbs#Panko" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread crumbs">Panko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum#Japanese_cuisine" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Sansyō</a></li> <li>Sauce <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ponzu" title="Ponzu">Ponzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">Soy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tare_sauce" title="Tare sauce">Tare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkatsu_sauce" title="Tonkatsu sauce">Tonkatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire_sauce#Japan" title="Worcestershire sauce">Worcestershire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkasu" title="Tenkasu">Tenkasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umeboshi" title="Umeboshi">Umeboshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">Wasabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">Yuzu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_kosh%C5%8D" title="Yuzu koshō">Yuzu koshō</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cooking_utensils" title="List of Japanese cooking utensils">Utensils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_cooker" title="Rice cooker">Rice cooker</a></li> <li>Knives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deba_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Deba bōchō">Deba bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chef%27s_knife" title="Chef's knife">Gyuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_kitchen_knife" title="Japanese kitchen knife">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguro_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Maguro bōchō">Maguro bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakiri_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Nakiri bōchō">Nakiri bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoku" title="Santoku">Santoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashimi_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Sashimi bōchō">Sashimi bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usuba_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Usuba bōchō">Usuba bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanagi_ba" title="Yanagi ba">Yanagi ba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamoji" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamoji">Shamoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suribachi" title="Suribachi">Suribachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaru" title="Zaru">Zaru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_condiments" title="List of Japanese condiments">Condiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_desserts_and_sweets" title="List of Japanese desserts and sweets">Desserts and sweets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes" title="List of Japanese dishes">Dishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ramen_dishes" title="List of ramen dishes">Ramen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_soups_and_stews" title="List of Japanese soups and stews">Soups and stews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_snacks" title="List of Japanese snacks">Snacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sushi_and_sashimi_ingredients" title="List of sushi and sashimi ingredients">Sushi and sashimi ingredients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinmi" title="Chinmi">Chinmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">Kaiseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omakase" title="Omakase">Omakase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teppanyaki" title="Teppanyaki">Teppanyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusanhin" title="Tokusanhin">Tokusanhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teriyaki" title="Teriyaki">Teriyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">Umami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_and_etiquette_in_Japanese_dining" title="Customs and etiquette in Japanese dining">Customs and etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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