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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p>An <b>exurb</b> (or alternately: <b>exurban area</b>) is an area outside the typically denser inner <a href="/wiki/Suburbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburbs">suburban area</a>, at the edge of a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>, which has some economic and commuting connection to the metro area, low housing-density,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and relatively high population-growth.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It shapes an interface between <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">rural</a> landscapes, holding a limited urban nature for its functional, economic, and social interaction with the <a href="/wiki/City_centre" title="City centre">urban center</a>, due to its dominant residential character.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exurbs consist of "agglomerations of housing and jobs outside the municipal boundaries of a primary city"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and beyond the surrounding suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_the_%22Wedge%22_on_Delaware-Maryland-Pennsylvania_State_Line_(2894743106).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Near_the_%22Wedge%22_on_Delaware-Maryland-Pennsylvania_State_Line_%282894743106%29.jpg/220px-Near_the_%22Wedge%22_on_Delaware-Maryland-Pennsylvania_State_Line_%282894743106%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Near_the_%22Wedge%22_on_Delaware-Maryland-Pennsylvania_State_Line_%282894743106%29.jpg/330px-Near_the_%22Wedge%22_on_Delaware-Maryland-Pennsylvania_State_Line_%282894743106%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Near_the_%22Wedge%22_on_Delaware-Maryland-Pennsylvania_State_Line_%282894743106%29.jpg/440px-Near_the_%22Wedge%22_on_Delaware-Maryland-Pennsylvania_State_Line_%282894743106%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></a><figcaption>Exurban-style density along the Pennsylvania–Maryland–Delaware border, part of <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Philadelphia metropolitan area</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massies_Corner_to_Mount_Airy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Massies_Corner_to_Mount_Airy.svg/220px-Massies_Corner_to_Mount_Airy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Massies_Corner_to_Mount_Airy.svg/330px-Massies_Corner_to_Mount_Airy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Massies_Corner_to_Mount_Airy.svg/440px-Massies_Corner_to_Mount_Airy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="601"></a><figcaption>Exurban development (left side) blends into suburban development (right side) in <a href="/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia" title="Loudoun County, Virginia">Loudoun County, Virginia</a>, in the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area">Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definitions"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Definitions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Examples_by_country"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Examples by country</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#China"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">China</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Russia"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Russia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exurb&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The word <i>exurb</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <i>extra (outside)</i> and <i>urban</i>) was coined by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auguste_Comte_Spectorsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auguste Comte Spectorsky (page does not exist)">Auguste Comte Spectorsky</a>, in his 1955 book <i>The Exurbanites</i>, to describe the ring of prosperous communities beyond the <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a>, that are <a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">commuter towns</a> for an urban area.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other uses the term has expanded to include popular extraurban districts which nonetheless may have poor transportation and underdeveloped economies due to their distance from the <a href="/wiki/Urban_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban center">urban center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shenjia_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shenjia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exurbs can be defined in terms of <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> across the extended urban area, for example "the urban core (old urban areas including <a href="/wiki/Siming,_Xiamen" title="Siming, Xiamen">Siming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huli,_Xiamen" title="Huli, Xiamen">Huli</a>, where the population density is greater than 51 persons per ha), the suburban zone (old urban and new urban transitional zones including Haicang and Jimei, where the population density is greater than 8 persons per ha), and the exurban areas (newly urbanized areas including <a href="/wiki/Tong%27an,_Xiamen" title="Tong'an, Xiamen">Tong'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiang%27an,_Xiamen" title="Xiang'an, Xiamen">Xiang'an</a>, where the population density is less than 8 persons per ha)".<sup id="cite_ref-Ren_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ren-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mixture of urban and rural environments raises ecological issues.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ren_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ren-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Examples_by_country">Examples by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exurb&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples by country" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exurb&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changping_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Changping District">Changping District</a>, Beijing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunyi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyi District">Shunyi District</a>, Beijing</li> <li>Shenjia village, <a href="/wiki/Loudi" title="Loudi">Loudi city</a>, Hunan province<sup id="cite_ref-Shenjia_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shenjia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exurb&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Russia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rublyovka" title="Rublyovka">Rublyovka</a>, Moscow<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exurb&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_exurbs_in_the_United_States" title="List of exurbs in the United States">List of exurbs in the United States</a></div> <p>Since the <i>Finding Exurbia</i> report by the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> in 2006, the term is generally used<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for areas beyond suburbs and specifically less densely built and populated than the suburbs to which the exurbs' residents commute.<sup id="cite_ref-b2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To qualify as exurban, a <a href="/wiki/Census_tract" title="Census tract">census tract</a> must meet three criteria:<sup id="cite_ref-b2006_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Economic connection to a large metropolis.</li> <li>Low housing density: bottom third of census tracts with regard to housing density. In 2000, this was a minimum of 2.6 acres (1.1 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a>) per resident.</li> <li>Population growth exceeding the average for its central <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>.</li></ol> <p>These are based on published datasets. Alternative approaches include working with <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> LandScan data and <a href="/wiki/GIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS">GIS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exurban areas incorporate a mix of rural development (e.g., farms and open space) and in places, suburban-style development (e.g., tracts of single-family homes, though usually on large lots). In long-settled areas, such as the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a>, exurban areas incorporate pre-existing towns, villages and smaller cities, as well as strips of older single-family homes built along pre-existing roads that connected the older population centers of what was once a rural area. The Brookings Institution listed exurban counties, defined as having at least 20% of their residents in exurban <a href="/wiki/Census_tract" title="Census tract">Census tracts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b2006_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exurb&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedroom_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedroom town">Bedroom town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_commuting_area" title="Rural–urban commuting area">Rural–urban commuting area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_fringe" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural–urban fringe">Rural–urban fringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exurb&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGordon2022" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, David L. A. (March 24, 2022). "The Canadian Dream? Growth Trends in Canada's Suburban and Urban Neighbourhoods". In Maginn, Paul; Anacker, Katrin B. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9p9cEAAAQBAJ"><i>Suburbia in the 21st Century: From Dreamscape to Nightmare?</i></a>. Routledge Advances in Sociology. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315644165-8">10.4324/9781315644165-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317288183" title="Special:BookSources/9781317288183"><bdi>9781317288183</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2024</span>. <q>Technical definition: exurbs have a gross population density less than 150 people per square km and more than 50 per cent of workers commuting into the metropolitan area, as per OECD and Statistics Canada definitions (du Plessis et al., 2001).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Canadian+Dream%3F+Growth+Trends+in+Canada%27s+Suburban+and+Urban+Neighbourhoods&rft.btitle=Suburbia+in+the+21st+Century%3A+From+Dreamscape+to+Nightmare%3F&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.series=Routledge+Advances+in+Sociology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315644165-8&rft.isbn=9781317288183&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=David+L.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9p9cEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExurb" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpClark2013" class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Jeff S.; Clark, Jill K. (June 19, 2013). "Settling at the Margins Exurbia and Community Sociology". In Brennan, Mark A.; Bridger, Jeffrey C.; Alter, Theodore R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CRF_EBkWr58C"><i>Theory, Practice, and Community Development</i></a>. Community Development Research and Practice. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203773710-3">10.4324/9780203773710-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135038908" title="Special:BookSources/9781135038908"><bdi>9781135038908</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2024</span>. <q>The rural-urban fringe, or what is increasingly referred to as exurbia, has attracted interest in recent years due to the relatively rapid population growth and land-use change occurring there.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Settling+at+the+Margins+Exurbia+and+Community+Sociology&rft.btitle=Theory%2C+Practice%2C+and+Community+Development&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Community+Development+Research+and+Practice&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203773710-3&rft.isbn=9781135038908&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Jeff+S.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Jill+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCRF_EBkWr58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExurb" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFra_Paleo2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fra Paleo, Urbano (2004). "Exurbia". In Caves, R. W. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the City</i>. Routledge. p. 254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exurbia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Fra+Paleo&rft.aufirst=Urbano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExurb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirgaokar2014" class="citation journal cs1">Shirgaokar, M (2014). "Employment centers and travel behavior: exploring the work commute of Mumbai's rapidly motorizing middle class". <i>Journal of Transport Geography</i>. <b>41</b>: <span class="nowrap">249–</span>258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtrangeo.2014.10.003">10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.10.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Transport+Geography&rft.atitle=Employment+centers+and+travel+behavior%3A+exploring+the+work+commute+of+Mumbai%27s+rapidly+motorizing+middle+class&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jtrangeo.2014.10.003&rft.aulast=Shirgaokar&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExurb" class="Z3988"></span> "Here the term exurb is taken from the North American planning literature, and is used to designate agglomerations of housing and jobs outside the municipal boundaries of a primary city. Such exurbs may have independent municipal governance."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2009" class="citation journal cs1">Duffy, A (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&context=engschcivart">"Land use planning in Ireland – a life cycle energy analysis of recent residential development in the Greater Dublin Area"</a>. <i>The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment</i>. <b>14</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">268–</span>277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11367-009-0059-7">10.1007/s11367-009-0059-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56212626">56212626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Life+Cycle+Assessment&rft.atitle=Land+use+planning+in+Ireland+%E2%80%93+a+life+cycle+energy+analysis+of+recent+residential+development+in+the+Greater+Dublin+Area&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E268-%3C%2Fspan%3E277&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11367-009-0059-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56212626%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farrow.dit.ie%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1011%26context%3Dengschcivart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExurb" class="Z3988"></span> "The GDA was split into four zones each encompassing development at increasing radii from Dublin's city centre, namely: city centre, suburbs, exurbs and commuter towns."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpectorsky1955" class="citation book cs1">Spectorsky, Auguste C. (1955). <i>The Exurbanites</i>. Lippincott, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/476943">476943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exurbanites&rft.place=Lippincott%2C+Philadelphia&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott+%26+Co.&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F476943&rft.aulast=Spectorsky&rft.aufirst=Auguste+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExurb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shenjia-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shenjia_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shenjia_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangChenSunZhang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Ying; Chen, Zuzhan; Sun, Hongkai; Zhang, Shili; Liu, Haoqian (December 1, 2019). "Study on the Utilization of Vacant Houses in Rural Exurbs Under the Background of Rural Revitalization Strategy by Taking Shenjia Village in Hunan Province as an Example". <i>Earth and Environmental Science</i>. IOP conference series. <b>371</b> (2): 22055.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Environmental+Science&rft.atitle=Study+on+the+Utilization+of+Vacant+Houses+in+Rural+Exurbs+Under+the+Background+of+Rural+Revitalization+Strategy+by+Taking+Shenjia+Village+in+Hunan+Province+as+an+Example&rft.volume=371&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=22055&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Ying&rft.au=Chen%2C+Zuzhan&rft.au=Sun%2C+Hongkai&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Shili&rft.au=Liu%2C+Haoqian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExurb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ren-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ren_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ren_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRen,_Y.,_Wei,_X.,_Wei,_X.,_Pan,_J.,_Xie,_P.,_Song,_X.,_Peng,_D.,_&_Zhao,_J.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ren, Y., Wei, X., Wei, X., Pan, J., Xie, P., Song, X., Peng, D., & Zhao, J. (2011). 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