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''Principles of Food Chemistry'' (Food Science Text Series), Springer Science, Third Edition</ref><ref>John M. de Man. 2009. Food process engineering and technology, Academic Press, Elsevier: London and New York, 1st edn.</ref> concerned with the study of both physical and chemical interactions in foods in terms of physical and chemical principles applied to food systems, as well as the applications of physical/chemical techniques and instrumentation for the study of foods.<ref>Pieter Walstra. 2003. ''Physical Chemistry Of Foods''. Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 873 pages</ref><ref>''Physical Chemistry Of Food Processes: Fundamental Aspects''.1992. van Nostrand-Reinhold vol.1., 1st Edition,</ref><ref>Henry G. Schwartzberg, Richard W. Hartel. 1992. ''Physical Chemistry of Foods''. IFT Basic Symposium Series, Marcel Dekker, Inc.:New York, 793 pages</ref><ref>''Physical Chemistry of Food Processes, Advanced Techniques, Structures and Applications''. 1994. van Nostrand-Reinhold vols.1-2., 1st Edition, 998 pages; 3rd edn. Minuteman Press, 2010; vols. 2-3, fifth edition (''in press'')</ref> This field encompasses the'' "physiochemical principles of the reactions and conversions that occur during the manufacture, handling, and storage of foods."''<ref>Pieter Walstra. 2003. ''Physical Chemistry Of Foods''. Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 873 pages</ref> Food physical chemistry concepts are often drawn from [[food rheology|rheology]], theories of transport phenomena, physical and chemical [[thermodynamics]], chemical bonds and interaction forces, [[quantum mechanics]] and reaction kinetics, biopolymer science, colloidal interactions, nucleation, glass transitions, and freezing,<ref>Pieter Walstra. 2003. ''Physical Chemistry Of Foods''. Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 873 pages</ref><ref>''Physical Chemistry Of Food Processes: Fundamental Aspects''.1992.van Nostrand-Reinhold vol.1., 1st Edition,</ref> disordered/noncrystalline solids. {{Expand section|1=actual complete English sentence containing relevance to food physical chemistry|date=January 2022}}Techniques utilized range widely from dynamic rheometry, [[optical microscopy]], [[electron microscopy]], [[Atomic force microscope|AFM]], [[light scattering]], [[X-ray diffraction]]/[[neutron diffraction]],<ref>''Physical Chemistry of Food Processes, Advanced Techniques, Structures and Applications''.1994. van Nostrand-Reinhold vols.1-2., 1st Edition, 998 pages; 3rd edn. Minuteman Press, 2010; vols. 2-3, fifth edition (''in press'')</ref> to [[MRI]], [[spectroscopy]] ([[NMR]],<ref>https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1952/ First Nobel Prize for NMR in Physics, in 1952</ref> FT-[[Near Infrared|NIR]]/[[Infrared|IR]], NIRS, [[Electron paramagnetic resonance|ESR and EPR]],<ref>http://www.ismrm.org/12/aboutzavoisky.htm ESR discovery in 1941</ref><ref>Abragam, A.; Bleaney, B. ''Electron paramagnetic resonance of transition ions''. Clarendon Press:Oxford, 1970, 1,116 pages.</ref> CD/[[VCD]],<ref>''Physical Chemistry of Food Processes, Advanced Techniques, Structures and Applications''.1994. van Nostrand-Reinhold vols.1-2., 1st Edition, 998 pages; 3rd edn. Minuteman Press, 2010; vols. 2-3, fifth edition (''in press'')</ref> [[Fluorescence]], [[Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy|FCS]],<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Magde D. |author2=Elson E. L. |author3=Webb W. W. | year = 1972| title = Thermodynamic fluctuations in a reacting system: Measurement by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, (1972) | journal = Phys Rev Lett | volume = 29 | issue = 11| pages = 705–708 | doi=10.1103/physrevlett.29.705}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Rotational brownian motion and fluorescence intensity fluctuations | author=Ehrenberg, M., Rigler, R. | journal=Chem Phys | year=1974 | volume=4 | issue=3 | pages=390–401 | doi=10.1016/0301-0104(74)85005-6 | bibcode=1974CP......4..390E | issn=0301-0104}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Elson E. L., Magde D. | year = 1974| title = Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy I. Conceptual basis and theory, (1974) | journal = Biopolymers | volume = 13 | pages = 1–27 | doi=10.1002/bip.1974.360130102| s2cid = 97201376}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Magde D. |author2=Elson E. L. |author3=Webb W. W. | year = 1974| title = Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy II. An experimental realization, (1974) | journal = Biopolymers | volume = 13 | issue = 1| pages = 29–61 | doi=10.1002/bip.1974.360130103|pmid=4818131 |s2cid=2832069 }}</ref><ref>Thompson N L 1991 Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy Techniques vol 1, ed J R Lakowicz (New York: Plenum) pp 337–78</ref> [[HPLC]], [[GC-MS]],<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/ac50164a024 | title = Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography | year = 1959 | author = Gohlke, R. S. | journal = [[Analytical Chemistry (journal)|Analytical Chemistry]] | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 535–541}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi =10.1016/1044-0305(93)85001-E | title =Early gas chromatography/mass spectrometry | year =1993 | author =Gohlke, R | journal =[[Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry]] | volume =4 | issue =5 | pages =367–71 | last2 =McLafferty | first2 =Fred W. | pmid=24234933| doi-access = }}</ref> and other related analytical techniques. Understanding food processes and the properties of foods requires a knowledge of physical chemistry and how it applies to specific foods and food processes. Food physical chemistry is essential for improving the quality of foods, their stability, and [[product development|food product development]]. Because [[food science]] is a multi-disciplinary field, food physical chemistry is being developed through interactions with other areas of food chemistry and food science, such as [[analytical chemistry|food analytical chemistry]], [[food engineering|food process engineering]]/[[food processing]], [[Food and Bioprocess Technology|food and bioprocess technology]], [[food extrusion]], food quality control, [[food packaging]], [[food biotechnology]], and [[food microbiology]]. ==Topics in Food physical chemistry== The following are examples of topics in food physical chemistry that are of interest to both the food industry and food science: [[File:Stärkemehl 800 fach Polfilter.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Starch, 800x magnified, under polarized light]] [[Image:Macaroni closeup.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Macaroni]] is an extruded hollow pasta.]] * Water in foods ** Local structure in liquid water ** Micro-crystallization in ice cream emulsions * Dispersion and surface-adsorption processes in foods * Water and protein activities * Food hydration and shelf-life * Hydrophobic interactions in foods * Hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions in foods * Disulfide bond breaking and formation in foods * Food dispersions * Structure-functionality in foods * Food micro- and nano- structure * Food gels and gelling mechanisms * Cross-linking in foods * Starch gelatinization and retrogradation * Physico-chemical modification of carbohydrates * Physico-chemical interactions in food formulations * Freezing effects on foods and freeze concentration of liquids * Glass transition in wheat gluten and wheat doughs * Drying of foods and crops * Rheology of wheat doughs, cheese and meat * [[Extrusion|Rheology of extrusion processes]] * Food enzyme kinetics * Immobilized enzymes and cells * Microencapsulation * Carbohydrates structure and interactions with water and proteins * Maillard browning reactions * Lipids structures and interactions with water and food proteins * Food proteins structure, hydration and functionality in foods * Food protein denaturation * Food enzymes and reaction mechanisms * Vitamin interactions and preservation during food processing * Interaction of salts and minerals with food proteins and water * Color determinations and food grade coloring * Flavors and sensorial perception of foods * Properties of food additives ==Related fields== [[Image:Human interactome.jpg|thumb|Visualisation of the human [[interactome]] network topology with the blue lines between proteins (represented as points) showing protein-protein interactions|200px|right]] * [[Food chemistry]] * [[Food physics]] and [[Rheology]] * [[Biophysical chemistry]] * [[Physical chemistry]] ** [[Spectroscopy]]-applied ** [[Intermolecular forces]] ** [[Nanotechnology]] and [[nanostructure]]s * [[Chemical physics]] ** [[Molecular dynamics]] ** [[Surface chemistry]] and [[Van der Waals force]]s ** [[Chemical reaction]]s and [[Reaction chemistry]] * [[Quantum chemistry]] ** [[Quantum chemistry|Quantum genetics]] ** [[Molecular models of DNA]] and [[Molecular modelling]] of proteins and viruses * [[Bioorganic chemistry]] * [[Polymer chemistry]] * [[Biochemistry]] and [[Biological chemistry]] ** [[Enzymology]] ** [[Protein–protein interaction]]s ** [[Membrane|Biomembrane]]s * [[Complex system biology]] ** [[Integrative biology]] ** [[Mathematical biology|Mathematical biophysics]] ** [[Systems biology]] ** [[Genomics]], [[Proteomics]], [[Interactomics]], [[Structural bioinformatics]] and [[Cheminformatics]] * [[Food technology]], [[Food engineering]], [[Food safety]] and [[Food biotechnology]] ** [[Agricultural biotechnology]] ****[[Immobilized cell]]s and [[enzymes]] ****[[Microencapsulation]] of food additives and vitamins, etc. * [[Chemical engineering]] * [[Plant biology]] and [[Crop science]]s * [[Animal science]]s ==Techniques gallery: High-Field NMR, CARS (Raman spectroscopy), Fluorescence confocal microscopy and [[Hyperspectral imaging]]== <gallery> File:Stokes shift.png|Stoks and anti-Stokes shifts File:CARS Scheme.svg|CARS Raman Spectroscopy File:HyperspectralCube.jpg|Hyperspectral Imaging Cube File:MultispectralComparedToHyperspectral.jpg|Multi-spectral Imaging principle File:Confocalprinciple in English.svg|Confocal Imaging Principle File:3D-SIM-1 NPC Confocal vs 3D-SIM detail.jpg File:Tirfm.svg File:Inverted microscope.jpg File:Fluorescence microscop.jpg|Fluorescence microscope File:FluorescenceFilters 2008-09-28.svg File:FluorescentCells.jpg File:Yeast membrane proteins.jpg|Yeast membrane protein imaging File:Dividing Cell Fluorescence.jpg|Dividing cell fluorescence File:HeLa Hoechst 33258.jpg|HeLa cancer cells File:FISH 13 21.jpg|FISH fluorescence technique File:Bloodcell sun flares pathology.jpeg|Red blood cell pathology File:Carboxysome 3 images.png|Carboxyzome </gallery> ==See also== {{Portal|Food|Chemistry|Physics}} [[Image:GCMS closed.jpg|right|300 px|Example of a GC-MS instrument|thumb]] [[File:FTIR-interferogram.svg|thumb|An FTIR interferogram. The central peak is at zero retardation, ZPD) where the maximum amount of light passes through the [[Michelson interferometer|interferometer]] to the detector.]] * [[Food chemistry]] ** [[Food Chemistry (journal)]] ** [[NMR]] ** [[Electron paramagnetic resonance|ESR]] ** [[Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy|FTIR]] ** [[Near Infrared|NIR]] ** [[Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy|FCS]] ** [[HPLC]] ** [[GC-MS]] * [[Biophysical chemistry]] * [[Protein–protein interaction]]s * [[Food processing]] * [[Food engineering]] * [[Food rheology]] * [[Extrusion|Food extrusion]] * [[Food packaging]], * [[Biotechnology|food biotechnology]] * [[Food safety]] * [[Food science]] * [[Food technology]] * [[International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science]] * {{section link|List of important publications in chemistry|Physical chemistry}} * {{section link|List of unsolved problems in chemistry|Physical chemistry problems}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Journals== * ''[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]]'' * ''[[Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society]]'' * ''[http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/522499/description#description Biophysical Chemistry journal]'' * ''[[Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry]]'' * Starke/ ''[[Starch Journal]]'' * [http://journalofdairyscience.org/ ''Journal of Dairy Science'' (JDS)] * ''[[Chemical Physics Letters]]'' * ''[[Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie]]'' (1887) * ''[[Biopolymers (journal)|Biopolymers]]'' * ''[[Journal of Food Science]]'' (IFT, USA) * ''[http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0950-5423 International Journal of Food Science & Technology]'' * ''[[Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics]]'' (1947) * ''[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0010 Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]'' * ''[http://www.polyacs.org/11.html Polymer Preprints]'' (ACS) * ''[http://pubs.rsc.org/en/journals/journalissues/ib Integrative Biology]'' Journal of the Royal Society of Chemistry * ''[http://pubs.rsc.org/en/journals/journalissues/ob Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry]'' (An RSC Journal) * ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' ** ''[[Nature Precedings]]'' * ''[[Journal of Biological Chemistry]]'' * ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]'' ==External links== {{Commons category|Food physical chemistry}} *[http://agfd.sites.acs.org/ ACS Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (AGFD)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110906135720/http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content American Chemical Society (ACS)] *[http://www.ifst.org/ Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), (formerly IFT)] *[http://www.dairyscience.info/index.php Dairy Science and Food Technology] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110903065203/http://www.mchmultimedia.com/store/Physical-Chemistry-ebooks.html ''Physical Chemistry''. (Keith J. Laidler, John H. Meiser and Bryan C. Sanctuary)] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=01LRlPbH80cC The World of Physical Chemistry] (Keith J. Laidler, 1993) *[https://books.google.com/books?id=1UZjU2WfLAoC Physical Chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling] (John W. Servos, 1996) *[https://www.amazon.com/Years-Physical-Chemistry-Royal-Society/dp/0854049878/ 100 Years of Physical Chemistry] (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2004) *[https://books.google.com/books?id=B3WvWhJTTX8C The Cambridge History of Science: The modern physical and mathematical sciences] (Mary Jo Nye, 2003) {{BranchesofChemistry}} {{Physics-footer}} [[Category:Food chemistry]] [[Category:Physical chemistry]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ambox" title="Template:Ambox">Template:Ambox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ambox&action=edit" title="Template:Ambox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Template:Branches of 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