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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Descrizione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descrizione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riproduzione_e_sviluppo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riproduzione_e_sviluppo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Riproduzione e sviluppo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riproduzione_e_sviluppo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evoluzione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evoluzione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Evoluzione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evoluzione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nematomorpha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 57 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديدان شعرية - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديدان شعرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ديدان شعريه - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديدان شعريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1lqurdlar" title="Qılqurdlar - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qılqurdlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Валасні - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Валасні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Живи влакна - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Живи влакна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nematomorpha" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorfs" title="Nematomorfs - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nematomorfs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulod_nga_buhok_sa_kabayo" title="Ulod nga buhok sa kabayo - cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ulod nga buhok sa kabayo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strunovci" title="Strunovci - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Strunovci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5rorme" title="Hårorme - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hårorme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitenw%C3%BCrmer" title="Saitenwürmer - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saitenwürmer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nematomorpha" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nematomorpha" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nematomorpha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B5hvussid" title="Jõhvussid - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jõhvussid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nematomorpha" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="کرم‌های یال‌اسبی - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرم‌های یال‌اسبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jouhimadot" title="Jouhimadot - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jouhimadot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nematomorpha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiarwirmer" title="Hiarwirmer - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hiarwirmer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorfos" title="Nematomorfos - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nematomorfos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8-%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1" title="תולעי שיער-סוס - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תולעי שיער-סוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF" title="अश्वरोम कृमि - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अश्वरोम कृमि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BArf%C3%A9rgek" title="Húrférgek - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Húrférgek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nematomorpha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E7%B7%9A%E5%BD%A2%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="類線形動物 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="類線形動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%AC%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბეწვურები - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეწვურები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Түкті құрттар - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түкті құрттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಗೋರ್ಡಿಯೇಸಿಯ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗೋರ್ಡಿಯೇಸಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%84%A0%ED%98%95%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="유선형동물 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유선형동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кыл курттар - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кыл курттар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato%C5%86i" title="Matoņi - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Matoņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nematomorpha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paardenhaarwormen" title="Paardenhaarwormen - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paardenhaarwormen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taglmakk" title="Taglmakk - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Taglmakk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taglormer" title="Taglormer - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Taglormer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaats%CA%BC%C3%B3s%C3%AD" title="Yaatsʼósí - navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Yaatsʼósí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nematomorpha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitnikowce" title="Nitnikowce - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nitnikowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%92" title="سوتر ورگے - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سوتر ورگے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nematomorpha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Волосатики - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Волосатики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha - scozzese" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nematomorpha" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nematomorpha" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strunovce_(okr%C3%BAhlovce)" title="Strunovce (okrúhlovce) - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Strunovce (okrúhlovce)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nematomorpha" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagelmaskar" title="Tagelmaskar - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tagelmaskar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnyoo-unywele" title="Mnyoo-unywele - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mnyoo-unywele" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/qnawal" title="qnawal - Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="qnawal" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2" title="นีมาโทมอร์ฟา - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นีมาโทมอร์ฟา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nematomorpha" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Волосові - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Волосові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nematomorpha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nematomorpha" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E9%97%A8" title="线形动物门 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="线形动物门" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E5%BD%A2%E8%99%AB%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E9%97%A8" title="线形虫动物门 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="线形虫动物门" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AB%E5%BD%A2%E8%9F%B2%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="綫形蟲動物 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="綫形蟲動物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5186#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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</nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r143074810">.mw-parser-output .sinottico{background-color:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;border-spacing:0;clear:right;float:right;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em;margin:0 0 1em 1.5em;width:280px}.mw-parser-output .sinottico caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr>th:not(:only-child),.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata>tbody>tr>th:not(:only-child){background-color:#f3f3f3;border-right:1px solid #e5e5e8;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output 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.sinottico_annidata:last-child>tbody>tr:last-child>th{border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_divisione+.sinottico_divisione>th,.mw-parser-output .sinottico_testata+.sinottico_divisione>th{border-top:2px solid #f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_divisione th{background-color:#eeeeee;padding:.15em .4em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_piede{text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#EFEFEF}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_piede2{background-color:white;font-size:xx-small;padding-bottom:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_sottotitolo{font-size:80%}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_testata th{background-color:#dedede;font-size:116%;padding:.2em .4em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_testo_centrale{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto" style="width:230px"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: pink; color: black;"><div class="noprint" style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:70%;"><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Come leggere il tassobox"><img alt="Come leggere il tassobox" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/16px-Information-silk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/24px-Information-silk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/32px-Information-silk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" usemap="#ImageMap_37fb70b5d7ceee19" /></span><map name="ImageMap_37fb70b5d7ceee19"><area href="/wiki/Progetto:Forme_di_vita/Come_leggere_il_tassobox" shape="rect" coords="0,0,50,50" alt="Progetto:Forme di vita/Come leggere il tassobox" title="Progetto:Forme di vita/Come leggere il tassobox" /></map><figcaption>Come leggere il tassobox</figcaption></figure></div>Nematomorfi</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nematomorpha_Somiedo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nematomorpha_Somiedo.JPG/220px-Nematomorpha_Somiedo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nematomorpha_Somiedo.JPG/330px-Nematomorpha_Somiedo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nematomorpha_Somiedo.JPG/440px-Nematomorpha_Somiedo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Nematomorfo indeterminato, Spagna</td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: pink; color: black;"><a href="/wiki/Classificazione_scientifica" title="Classificazione scientifica">Classificazione scientifica</a></th></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Dominio_(biologia)" title="Dominio (biologia)">Dominio</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:normal; width:50%"><a href="/wiki/Regno_(biologia)" title="Regno (biologia)">Regno</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Sottoregno" class="mw-redirect" title="Sottoregno">Sottoregno</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Simmetria_animale" title="Simmetria animale">Ramo</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Superphylum" title="Superphylum">Superphylum</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia">Protostomia</a> </td></tr><tr> <th style="font-weight:normal"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Clade" class="mw-redirect" title="Clade">clade</a>)</small></th><td><a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">Phylum</a></th><td><b>Nematomorpha</b> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: pink; color: black;"><a href="/wiki/Nomenclatura_binomiale" title="Nomenclatura binomiale">Nomenclatura binomiale</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><i><b>Nematomorpha</b></i><br /><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vejdovsky, 1886</span> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: pink; color: black;"><a href="/wiki/Classe_(tassonomia)" title="Classe (tassonomia)">Classi</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2" style="text-align:left"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectonematoida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nectonematoida (la pagina non esiste)">Nectonematoida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordioida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordioida (la pagina non esiste)">Gordioida</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Il <i><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a></i> <i><b>Nematomorpha</b></i> (dal <a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca_antica" title="Lingua greca antica">greco</a>: <i>νῆμα</i>, nema = filo e <i>μορφή</i>, morphé = forma) è costituito da oltre 300 <a href="/wiki/Specie" title="Specie">specie</a> note<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> di <a href="/wiki/Animali" class="mw-redirect" title="Animali">animali</a> <a href="/wiki/Pseudoceloma" title="Pseudoceloma">pseudocelomati</a> a corpo filamentoso e non segmentato, dimensioni che possono superare il <a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">metro</a> in lunghezza con diametro di 1-3 <a href="/wiki/Millimetro" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimetro">mm</a>. I vermi adulti vivono liberi in ambienti d'<a href="/wiki/Acqua_dolce" title="Acqua dolce">acqua dolce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lago" title="Lago">laghi</a>, stagni, <a href="/wiki/Fiumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiumi">fiumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozzo" title="Pozzo">pozzi</a> etc.); le <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larve</a> sono invece <a href="/wiki/Parassiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Parassiti">parassiti</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tassonomia">Tassonomia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematomorpha&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Tassonomia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematomorpha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Tassonomia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I Nematomorfi comprendono due classi di vermi (<i>Nectonematoidei</i> e <i>Gordioidei</i>) a corpo filamentoso non segmentato, somiglianti <a href="/wiki/Morfologia_(biologia)" title="Morfologia (biologia)">morfologicamente</a> ai <a href="/wiki/Nematodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematodi">Nematodi</a>. Sebbene i rapporti all'interno del <i><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a></i> non siano del tutto chiari, si ammette che la classe dei <i>Nectonematoidei</i> sia effettivamente più affine ai Nematodi, soprattutto all'ordine <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mermithida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mermithida (la pagina non esiste)">Mermithida</a></i>, mentre la classe dei Gordioidei sia forse più vicina ai <i><a href="/wiki/Chinorinchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinorinchi">Chinorinchi</a></i> e ai <i><a href="/wiki/Priapulidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Priapulidi">Priapulidi</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>A differenza dei <i>Mermithida</i> i Nematomorfi hanno una cloaca terminale, mentre gli adulti maschi dei <i>Mermithida</i> sono di colore marrone chiaro, hanno una o due spicole poco prima dell'estremità caudale, una cuticola più liscia e più sottile, e sono privi di areole<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descrizione">Descrizione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematomorpha&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Descrizione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematomorpha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Descrizione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le larve dei <b>Nematomorfi</b> sono <a href="/wiki/Parassitismo" title="Parassitismo">parassiti</a> di <a href="/wiki/Artropodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Artropodi">Artropodi</a> ed <a href="/wiki/Irudinei" class="mw-redirect" title="Irudinei">Irudinei</a> e sono dotate di una <i>proboscide</i> retrattile, armata di spine e stiletti per penetrare nella cuticola dell'<a href="/wiki/Organismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Organismo">organismo</a> parassitato. Le larve sono prive di <a href="/wiki/Apparato_digerente" title="Apparato digerente">apparato digerente</a> e si nutrono delle sostanze organiche dell'ospite assimilandole attraverso la parete del corpo. In seguito subiscono varie <a href="/wiki/Muta_(biologia)" title="Muta (biologia)">mute</a> fino a quando non <a href="/wiki/Metamorfosi_(zoologia)" title="Metamorfosi (zoologia)">metamorfosano</a> in adulti emergendo dalla cute dell'ospite quando questo si trova in un ambiente acquatico o nelle sue vicinanze. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paragordius_tricuspidatus.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Paragordius_tricuspidatus.jpeg/200px-Paragordius_tricuspidatus.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Paragordius_tricuspidatus.jpeg/300px-Paragordius_tricuspidatus.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Paragordius_tricuspidatus.jpeg/400px-Paragordius_tricuspidatus.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="1698" /></a><figcaption>Forme adulte di <i>Paragordius tricuspidatus</i>. Il maschio (a sinistra) è riconoscibile per l'estremità triforcuta.</figcaption></figure> <p>I Nematomorfi adulti conducono vita libera, possono raggiungere la lunghezza di 50 cm ma il loro diametro non supera mai i 2–3 mm (somigliando così a dei lunghi capelli in movimento). Come i <a href="/wiki/Nematodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematodi">Nematodi</a>, anche i Nematomorfi sono privi di muscolatura circolare nella parete del corpo e la sola muscolatura longitudinale gli permette dei semplici movimenti di flessione ed ondulazione. Gli adulti sono privi di <a href="/wiki/Apparato_digerente" title="Apparato digerente">apparato digerente</a> e non si alimentano, hanno vita breve rispetto alle <a href="/wiki/Larve" class="mw-redirect" title="Larve">larve</a> e il loro compito principale è quello di riprodursi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Riproduzione_e_sviluppo">Riproduzione e sviluppo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematomorpha&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Riproduzione e sviluppo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematomorpha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Riproduzione e sviluppo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sono <a href="/wiki/Animali_dioici" class="mw-redirect" title="Animali dioici">animali dioici</a> a <a href="/wiki/Fecondazione" title="Fecondazione">fecondazione</a> interna. I maschi sono in genere di dimensioni più piccole delle femmine e si distinguono per la coda che mostra una ramificazione nella zona terminale. Dopo l'<a href="/wiki/Accoppiamento_(zoologia)" title="Accoppiamento (zoologia)">accoppiamento</a>, le femmine depongono le <a href="/wiki/Uovo_(biologia)" title="Uovo (biologia)">uova</a> che, dopo 2-4 settimane, si schiudono liberando le larve. Queste penetrano subito all'interno di <a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" title="Arthropoda">artropodi</a> al cui interno rimangono per tutto lo sviluppo, al termine del quale l'adulto fuoriesce di solito dall'apertura anale. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maotianshania-cylindrica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maotianshania-cylindrica.jpg/250px-Maotianshania-cylindrica.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maotianshania-cylindrica.jpg/330px-Maotianshania-cylindrica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maotianshania-cylindrica.jpg/500px-Maotianshania-cylindrica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Fossile di <i><a href="/wiki/Maotianshania_cylindrica" title="Maotianshania cylindrica">Maotianshania cylindrica</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evoluzione">Evoluzione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematomorpha&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Evoluzione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematomorpha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Evoluzione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I nematomorfi sembrano essere apparsi molto presto, addirittura nel <a href="/wiki/Cambriano_inferiore" title="Cambriano inferiore">Cambriano inferiore</a> (circa 520 milioni di anni fa). I più antichi resti fossili di questi animali si rinvengono nel giacimento di <a href="/wiki/Maotianshan" title="Maotianshan">Maotianshan</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cina" title="Cina">Cina</a>: numerosi sono gli esemplari di <i><a href="/wiki/Maotianshania" class="mw-redirect" title="Maotianshania">Maotianshania</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cricocosmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cricocosmia">Cricocosmia</a></i> e <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleoscolex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paleoscolex (la pagina non esiste)">Paleoscolex</a></i>. Da allora non sembrano aver modificato molto la loro struttura corporea, anche se le prime specie probabilmente non erano parassitiche. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematomorpha&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematomorpha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Poinar Jr., G, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9112-3"><span style="font-style:italic;">Global diversity of hairworms (Nematomorpha: Gordiaceae) in freshwater</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Hydrobiologia</span>, vol. 595, n. 1, 2008, pp. 79-83, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10750-007-9112-3">10.1007/s10750-007-9112-3</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Hanelt, B, F. Thomas, and A. Schmidt-Rhaesa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(05)59004-3"><span style="font-style:italic;">Biology of the phylum Nematomorpha</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Advances in Parasitology</span>, vol. 59, 2005, pp. 244-305, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-308X%2805%2959004-3">10.1016/S0065-308X(05)59004-3</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_D%27Ancona" title="Umberto D'Ancona">Umberto D'Ancona</a>, «Nematomorfi». In: <i>Trattato di Zoologia</i>, III edizione, Torino: UTET, 1973, pp. 654-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Malcolm S. Bryant, Robert D. Adlard & Lester R.G. Cannon 2006. Gordian Worms: Factsheet. Queensland Museum. <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722175823/http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/inquiry/factsheets/Gordian_Worms_20070605.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Copia archiviata</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">qm.qld.gov.au</span>. <small>URL consultato il 10 marzo 2008</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/inquiry/factsheets/Gordian_Worms_20070605.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 22 luglio 2008)</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematomorpha&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematomorpha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Baker GL, Capinera JL, <span style="font-style:italic;">Nematodes and nematomorphs as control agents of grasshoppers and locusts</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada</span>, vol. 171, 1997, pp. 157-211.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Hanelt B, Thomas F, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, <span style="font-style:italic;">Biology of the phylum Nematomorpha</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Advances in Parasitology</span>, vol. 59, 2005, pp. 244-305.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Poinar GO Jr, <span style="font-style:italic;">Nematoda and Nematomorpha</span>, in Thorp JH, Covich AP (a cura di), <span style="font-style:italic;">Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates</span>, San Diego, CA, Academic Press, 1991, pp. 249–283.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Thorne G, <span style="font-style:italic;">The hairworm, <i>Gordius robustus</i> Leidy, as a parasite of the Mormon cricket, <i>Anabrus simplex</i> Haldeman</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Journal of the Washington Academy of Science</span>, vol. 30, 1940, pp. 219-231.</cite></li> <li>Dorit R., Walker W., Barnes R. <i>Zoologia</i>, Zanichelli, 2001</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematomorpha&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematomorpha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Nematomorpha"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nematomorpha?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="wikispecies:Nematomorpha"><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha?uselang=it">Wikispecies</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nematomorpha?uselang=it">Nematomorpha</a></span></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikispecies"><img alt="Collabora a Wikispecies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WikiSpecies_notext.svg/18px-WikiSpecies_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WikiSpecies_notext.svg/27px-WikiSpecies_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WikiSpecies_notext.svg/36px-WikiSpecies_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="129" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikispecies</a></span> contiene informazioni su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha?uselang=it">Nematomorpha</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematomorpha&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematomorpha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lorologiaiomiope.com/?p=416">www.lorologiaiomiope.com Website. 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