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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Aibitír na Gearmáinise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aibitír_na_Gearmáinise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gramadach_na_Gearmáinise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gramadach_na_Gearmáinise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gramadach na Gearmáinise</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gramadach_na_Gearmáinise-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gramadach na Gearmáinise subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gramadach_na_Gearmáinise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-An_tAlt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_tAlt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>An tAlt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_tAlt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Na_hAinmfhocail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Na_hAinmfhocail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Na hAinmfhocail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Na_hAinmfhocail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Na_Briathra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Na_Briathra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Na Briathra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Na_Briathra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-An_tInfinideach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_tInfinideach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>An tInfinideach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_tInfinideach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-An_Aimsir_Láithreach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_Aimsir_Láithreach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>An Aimsir Láithreach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_Aimsir_Láithreach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-An_Aimsir_Chaite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_Aimsir_Chaite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>An Aimsir Chaite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_Aimsir_Chaite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Na_Rangabhálacha_agus_na_hAimsirí_Comhshuite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Na_Rangabhálacha_agus_na_hAimsirí_Comhshuite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Na Rangabhálacha agus na hAimsirí Comhshuite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Na_Rangabhálacha_agus_na_hAimsirí_Comhshuite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-An_Aimsir_Fháistineach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_Aimsir_Fháistineach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>An Aimsir Fháistineach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_Aimsir_Fháistineach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Na_Réimíreanna_Inscartha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Na_Réimíreanna_Inscartha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>Na Réimíreanna Inscartha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Na_Réimíreanna_Inscartha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-An_Briathar_sna_Fo-Chlásail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_Briathar_sna_Fo-Chlásail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.7</span> <span>An Briathar sna Fo-Chlásail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_Briathar_sna_Fo-Chlásail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cá_labhraítear_Gearmáinis?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cá_labhraítear_Gearmáinis?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cá labhraítear Gearmáinis?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cá_labhraítear_Gearmáinis?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canúintí_na_Gearmáinise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canúintí_na_Gearmáinise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Canúintí na Gearmáinise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canúintí_na_Gearmáinise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stair_na_Gearmáinise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stair_na_Gearmáinise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Stair na Gearmáinise</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stair_na_Gearmáinise-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stair na Gearmáinise subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stair_na_Gearmáinise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sean-Ard-Ghearmáinis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sean-Ard-Ghearmáinis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sean-Ard-Ghearmáinis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sean-Ard-Ghearmáinis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meán-Ard-Ghearmáinis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meán-Ard-Ghearmáinis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Meán-Ard-Ghearmáinis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meán-Ard-Ghearmáinis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nua-Ard-Ghearmáinis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nua-Ard-Ghearmáinis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Nua-Ard-Ghearmáinis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nua-Ard-Ghearmáinis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tagairtí" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tagairtí"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tagairtí</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tagairtí-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Clár ábhair" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">An Ghearmáinis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 265 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-265" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">265 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Агерман бызшәа – Abcáisis" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Агерман бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abcáisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Jeureuman" title="Bahsa Jeureuman – Aicinéis" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Jeureuman" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aicinéis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Германыбзэ – Adaigéis" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Германыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adaigéis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duits" title="Duits – Afracáinis" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duits" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afracáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache" title="Deutsche Sprache – Gearmáinis Eilvéiseach" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Gearmáinis Eilvéiseach" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ጀርመንኛ – Amáiris" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጀርመንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amáiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alem%C3%A1n" title="Idioma alemán – Aragóinis" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma alemán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragóinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C4%93odsc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Þēodsc sprǣc – Sean-Bhéarla" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þēodsc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Sean-Bhéarla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – Aingícis" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Aingícis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الألمانية – Araibis" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الألمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Araibis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܓܪܡܢܝܐ – Aramais" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܓܪܡܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لألمانية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لألمانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه المانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه المانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জাৰ্মান ভাষা – Asaimis" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাৰ্মান ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asaimis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alem%C3%A1n" title="Idioma alemán – Astúiris" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma alemán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astúiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Герман мацӀ – Aváiris" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Герман мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Aváiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – Avaidis" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Avaidis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliman_aru" title="Aliman aru – Aidhmiris" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Aliman aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aidhmiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_dili" title="Alman dili – Asarbaiseáinis" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alman dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Asarbaiseáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="آلمان دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Немец теле – Baiscíris" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Немец теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baiscíris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jerman" title="Basa Jerman – Bailís" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bailís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitsche_Sproch" title="Deitsche Sproch – Baváiris" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Deitsche Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Baváiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuok%C4%ABtiu_kalba" title="Vuokītiu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vuokītiu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Aleman" title="Tataramon na Aleman – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Aleman" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нямецкая мова – Bealarúisis" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нямецкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Bealarúisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нямецкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нямецкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Немски език – Bulgáiris" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Немски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgáiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জার্মান ভাষা – Beangáilis" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মান ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Beangáilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="འཇར་མན་སྐད། – Tibéidis" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇར་མན་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibéidis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamaneg" title="Alamaneg – Briotáinis" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alamaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Briotáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik – Boisnis" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Njemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Boisnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Jerman" title="Saro Jerman – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Jerman" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Герман хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Герман хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemany" title="Alemany – Catalóinis" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alemany" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalóinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1ik-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Dáik-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dáik-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Девтойн мотт – Seisnis" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Девтойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Seisnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaleman" title="Inaleman – Seabúáinis" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Inaleman" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Seabúáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%9B%E1%8F%A5_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – Seiricis" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Seiricis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27%C4%97ho%C3%A9seotse" title="Ma'ėhoéseotse – Siáinis" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'ėhoéseotse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Siáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی ئەڵمانی – Coirdis Lárnach" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئەڵمانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Coirdis Lárnach" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tedesca" title="Lingua tedesca – Corsaicis" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua tedesca" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsaicis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_tili" title="Alman tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Alman tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Němčina – Seicis" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Němčina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Seicis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemiecczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Niemiecczi jãzëk – Caisiúibis" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Niemiecczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Caisiúibis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%A3%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Нѣмьчьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Slavais na hEaglaise" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Нѣмьчьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Slavais na hEaglaise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%C4%95%C3%A7_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Нимĕç чĕлхи – Suvaisis" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нимĕç чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Suvaisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaeneg" title="Almaeneg – Breatnais" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Almaeneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Breatnais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk_(sprog)" title="Tysk (sprog) – Danmhairgis" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tysk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danmhairgis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaamani" title="Jaamani – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Jaamani" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache" title="Deutsche Sprache – Gearmáinis" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Gearmáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanki" title="Almanki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Almanki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Nimšćina – Sorbais Íochtarach" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nimšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbais Íochtarach" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%A9" title="އަލްމާނީ – Divéihis" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަލްމާނީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divéihis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Γερμανική γλώσσα – Gréigis" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Gréigis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%C3%A8sch" title="Tedèsch – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tedèsch" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language – Béarla" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="German language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Béarla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_lingvo" title="Germana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alem%C3%A1n" title="Idioma alemán – Spáinnis" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma alemán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spáinnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa_keel" title="Saksa keel – Eastóinis" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksa keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Eastóinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleman" title="Aleman – Bascais" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aleman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Bascais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_alemana" title="Lengua alemana – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua alemana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان آلمانی – Peirsis" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان آلمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Peirsis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almankoore" title="Almankoore – Fuláinis" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Almankoore" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fuláinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_kieli" title="Saksan kieli – Fionlainnis" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fionlainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27aksa_kiil" title="S'aksa kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="S'aksa kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BDskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Týskt mál – Faróis" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Týskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faróis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemand" title="Allemand – Fraincis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Fraincis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemand" title="Alemand – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alemand" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%C3%BCsch" title="Tjüsch – Freaslainnis an Tuaiscirt" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tjüsch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Freaslainnis an Tuaiscirt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_todescje" title="Lenghe todescje – Friúilis" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe todescje" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friúilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAtsk" title="Dútsk – Freaslainnis Iartharach" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Freaslainnis Iartharach" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="德語 – Sínis Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="德語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Sínis Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anlman" title="Anlman – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Anlman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearmailtis" title="Gearmailtis – Gaeilge na hAlban" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gearmailtis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaeilge na hAlban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_alem%C3%A1" title="Lingua alemá – Gailísis" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua alemá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Gailísis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%86" title="آلماني زوؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آلماني زوؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Alemañañe'ẽ – Guaráinis" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alemañañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaráinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman – Gorantalais" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorantalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="જર્મન ભાષા – Gúisearáitis" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જર્મન ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gúisearáitis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanish" title="Germaanish – Manainnis" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Germaanish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language – Hásais" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="German language" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hásais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet-ng%C3%AE" title="Tet-ngî – Haicéis" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tet-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Haicéis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Kelem%C4%81nia" title="ʻŌlelo Kelemānia – Haváis" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Kelemānia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Haváis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גרמנית – Eabhrais" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Eabhrais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – Hiondúis" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hiondúis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_bhasa" title="German bhasa – Hiondúis Fhidsí" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="German bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hiondúis Fhidsí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik – Cróitis" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Cróitis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Němčina – Sorbais Uachtarach" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Němčina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbais Uachtarach" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_alman" title="Lang alman – Críol Háítí" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang alman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Críol Háítí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9met_nyelv" title="Német nyelv – Ungáiris" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Német nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Ungáiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Գերմաներեն – Airméinis" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմաներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Airméinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Գերմաներէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գերմաներէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_german" title="Lingua german – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua german" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Jereman" title="Jaku Jereman – Ibeainis" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Jereman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Ibeainis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman – Indinéisis" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indinéisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/German" title="German – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="German" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Aleman" title="Pagsasao nga Aleman – Ileacáinis" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Aleman" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ileacáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Немций мотт – Iongúis" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Немций мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Iongúis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniana_linguo" title="Germaniana linguo – Ídis" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germaniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ídis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDska" title="Þýska – Íoslainnis" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Íoslainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tedesca" title="Lingua tedesca – Iodáilis" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tedesca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Iodáilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E8%AA%9E" title="ドイツ語 – Seapáinis" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Seapáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joerman" title="Joerman – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joerman" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dotybau" title="dotybau – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dotybau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jerman" title="Basa Jerman – Iáivis" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Iáivis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="გერმანული ენა – Seoirsis" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Seoirsis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemis_tili" title="Nemis tili – Cara-Chalpáis" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nemis tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Cara-Chalpáis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Talmant" title="Tutlayt Talmant – Caibílis" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt Talmant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Caibílis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Джэрмэныбзэ – Cabairdis" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Джэрмэныбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Cabairdis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caama_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Caama kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caama kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidoitce" title="Kidoitce – Congóis" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kidoitce" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Congóis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Неміс тілі – Casaicis" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Неміс тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casaicis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="ភាសាអាល្លឺម៉ង់ – Ciméiris" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាអាល្លឺម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Ciméiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ – Cannadais" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Cannadais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%96%B4" title="독일어 – Cóiréis" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Cóiréis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Немеч кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Немеч кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Немец тил – Caraicí-Balcáiris" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Немец тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Caraicí-Balcáiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جَرمَن زَبان – Caismíris" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جَرمَن زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Caismíris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCtsche_Sprooch" title="Dütsche Sprooch – Coilsis" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dütsche Sprooch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Coilsis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_alman%C3%AE" title="Zimanê almanî – Coirdis" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê almanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Coirdis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Немеч кыв – Coimis" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Немеч кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Coimis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaynek" title="Almaynek – Coirnis" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Almaynek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Coirnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Немис тили – Cirgisis" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Немис тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Cirgisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Theodisca" title="Lingua Theodisca – Laidin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Theodisca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Laidin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_almana" title="Lingua almana – Laidínis" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua almana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Laidínis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4itsch" title="Däitsch – Lucsambuirgis" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däitsch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lucsambuirgis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Немец маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Немец маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Немец чӀал – Leisgis" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Немец чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Leisgis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutx_(lingua)" title="Deutx (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Deutx (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duits" title="Duits – Liombuirgis" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Duits" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Liombuirgis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_tedesca" title="Lengua tedesca – Liogúiris" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua tedesca" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liogúiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_tud%C3%ABsch" title="Lingaz tudësch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz tudësch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_todesca" title="Lengua todesca – Lombairdis" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua todesca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombairdis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lial%C3%A9mani" title="Lialémani – Liongáilis" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lialémani" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Liongáilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາເຢຍລະມັນ – Laoisis" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາເຢຍລະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Vokiečių kalba – Liotuáinis" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokiečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Liotuáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoc%C4%AB%C5%A1u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Vuocīšu volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Vuocīšu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cu_valoda" title="Vācu valoda – Laitvis" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Laitvis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – Maitilis" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maitilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jerman" title="Basa Jerman – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Дойчень кяль – Mocsais" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Дойчень кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Mocsais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_alem%C3%A0na" title="Fiteny alemàna – Malagáisis" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny alemàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagáisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%87_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Немыч йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Немыч йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Tiamana" title="Reo Tiamana – Maorais" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Tiamana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maorais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Jerman" title="Bahaso Jerman – Míneangcababhais" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Jerman" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Míneangcababhais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Германски јазик – Macadóinis" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macadóinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ജർമ്മൻ ഭാഷ – Mailéalaimis" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജർമ്മൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Mailéalaimis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Герман хэл – Mongóilis" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Герман хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongóilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manapúiris" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manapúiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – Maraitis" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Maraitis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman – Malaeis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malaeis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_%C4%A0ermani%C5%BCa" title="Lingwa Ġermaniża – Máltais" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Ġermaniża" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Máltais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_almana" title="Lhéngua almana – Mioraindéis" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua almana" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mioraindéis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျာမန်ဘာသာစကား – Burmais" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာမန်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Немецень кель – Éirsis" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Немецень кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Éirsis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آلمانی – Mázandaráinis" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلمانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mázandaráinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_germanese" title="Lengua germanese – Napóilis" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua germanese" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Napóilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsche_Spraak" title="Düütsche Spraak – Gearmáinis Íochtarach" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düütsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Gearmáinis Íochtarach" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duuts" title="Duuts – Sacsainis Íochtarach" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Duuts" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Sacsainis Íochtarach" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मनेली भाषा – Neipeailis" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्मनेली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Neipeailis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – Néamharais" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Néamharais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duits" title="Duits – Ollainnis" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duits" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Ollainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk" title="Tysk – Nua-Ioruais" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tysk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nua-Ioruais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk" title="Tysk – Bocmál" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tysk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bocmál" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanum" title="Germanum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Germanum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemaund" title="Allemaund – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Allemaund" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejeremane" title="Sejeremane – Sútúis an Tuaiscirt" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sejeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sútúis an Tuaiscirt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_Bich%CA%BCahii_Bizaad" title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bizaad – Navachóis" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bizaad" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navachóis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemand" title="Alemand – Ocsatáinis" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alemand" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsatáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germuanien_kieli" title="Germuanien kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Germuanien kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Немыцаг æвзаг – Oiséitis" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Немыцаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Oiséitis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜਰਮਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Puinseáibis" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Puinseáibis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Alemano" title="Salitan Alemano – Pangasaíneánais" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Alemano" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasaíneánais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1n" title="Alemán – Paipeamaintis" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alemán" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Paipeamaintis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemant" title="Alemant – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alemant" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schtandard-Deitsch" title="Schtandard-Deitsch – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schtandard-Deitsch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache" title="Deutsche Sprache – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Deutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirman" title="Jirman – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jirman" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_niemiecki" title="Język niemiecki – Polainnis" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język niemiecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ted%C3%ABsca" title="Lenga tedësca – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga tedësca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جرمن بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمن بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="جرمني ژبه – Paistis" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جرمني ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paistis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_alem%C3%A3" title="Língua alemã – Portaingéilis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua alemã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portaingéilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliman_simi" title="Aliman simi – Ceatsuais" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aliman simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Ceatsuais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tudestga" title="Lingua tudestga – Rómainis" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua tudestga" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Rómainis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermanikani_chib" title="Jermanikani chib – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jermanikani chib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83" title="Limba germană – Rómáinis" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba germană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rómáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_gherm%C3%A3nesc%C3%A3" title="Limba ghermãnescã – Arómáinis" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Limba ghermãnescã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Arómáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_tedesche" title="Lènga tedesche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga tedesche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Немецкий язык – Rúisis" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Немецкий язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rúisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Нїмецькый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нїмецькый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikidage" title="Ikidage – Ciniaruaindis" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikidage" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Ciniaruaindis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मनभाषा – Sanscrait" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जर्मनभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanscrait" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ньиэмэс тыла – Sachais" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ньиэмэс тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sachais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santáilis" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santáilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_tedesca" title="Limba tedesca – Sairdínis" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba tedesca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sairdínis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tidesca" title="Lingua tidesca – Sicilis" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua tidesca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_leid" title="German leid – Albainis" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="German leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Albainis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="جرمن ٻولي – Sindis" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جرمن ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiskkagiella" title="Duiskkagiella – Sáimis an Tuaiscirt" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Duiskkagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sáimis an Tuaiscirt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik – Seirbea-Chróitis" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Seirbea-Chróitis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Talimant" title="Tutlayt Talimant – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Talimant" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ජර්මානු භාෂාව – Siolóinis" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජර්මානු භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Siolóinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="German language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C4%8Dina" title="Nemčina – Slóvaicis" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slóvaicis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Nemščina – Slóivéinis" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slóivéinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Siamani" title="Faʻa Siamani – Samóis" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Siamani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samóis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksakiel%C3%A2" title="Saksakielâ – Sáimis Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Saksakielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Sáimis Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chijerumani" title="Chijerumani – Seoinis" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chijerumani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Seoinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_gjermane" title="Gjuha gjermane – Albáinis" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha gjermane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Немачки језик – Seirbis" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Немачки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Seirbis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doysritongo" title="Doysritongo – Suranaimis" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Doysritongo" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Suranaimis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADJalim%C3%A1ne" title="SíJalimáne – Suaisis" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="SíJalimáne" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Suaisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejeremane" title="Sejeremane – Sútúis an Deiscirt" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Sejeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Sútúis an Deiscirt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsk" title="Düütsk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Düütsk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_J%C3%A9rman" title="Basa Jérman – Sundais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Jérman" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyska" title="Tyska – Sualainnis" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sualainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijerumani" title="Kijerumani – Svahaílis" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kijerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahaílis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjymjecko_godka" title="Mjymjecko godka – Siléisis" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mjymjecko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Siléisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இடாய்ச்சு மொழி – Tamailis" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடாய்ச்சு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamailis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="జర్మన్ భాష – Teileagúis" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జర్మన్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teileagúis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia-alemaun" title="Lia-alemaun – Teitimis" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Lia-alemaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Teitimis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони олмонӣ – Taidsícis" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони олмонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Taidsícis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาเยอรมัน – Téalainnis" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเยอรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Téalainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_dili" title="Alman dili – Tuircméinis" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Alman dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Tuircméinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Aleman" title="Wikang Aleman – Tagálaigis" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Aleman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagálaigis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almani_zyvon" title="Almani zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Almani zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejeremane" title="Sejeremane – Suáinis" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Sejeremane" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Suáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Jeman" title="Tok Jeman – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Jeman" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanca" title="Almanca – Tuircis" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tuircis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_tele" title="Alman tele – Tatairis" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Alman tele" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatairis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Heremani" title="Reo Heremani – Taihítis" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo Heremani" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Taihítis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Немец дыл – Túvainis" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Немец дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Túvainis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Немец кыл – Udmairtis" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Немец кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmairtis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%90%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="نېمىس تىلى – Uigiúiris" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نېمىس تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uigiúiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Німецька мова – Úcráinis" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німецька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Úcráinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جرمن زبان – Urdúis" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمن زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdúis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemis_tili" title="Nemis tili – Úisbéiceastáinis" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nemis tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Úisbéiceastáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_todesca" title="Łéngua todesca – Veinéisis" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua todesca" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Veinéisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_kel%27" title="Saksan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Saksan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tiếng Đức – Vítneaimis" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vítneaimis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duuts" title="Duuts – Pléimeannais Iartharach" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Duuts" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="Pléimeannais Iartharach" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deut%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Deutänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Deutänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almand_(lingaedje)" title="Almand (lingaedje) – Vallúnais" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Almand (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Vallúnais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaleman" title="Inaleman – Uairéis" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inaleman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Uairéis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语 – Sínis Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Sínis Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Немшин келн – Cailmícis" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Немшин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Cailmícis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiJamani" title="IsiJamani – Cóisis" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IsiJamani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Cóisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="გერმანული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9" title="דייטש – Giúdais" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דייטש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Giúdais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Germany" title="Èdè Germany – Iarúibis" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Germany" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Iarúibis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Dwzgoz" title="Vah Dwzgoz – Siuáingis" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Dwzgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Siuáingis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duuts" title="Duuts – Séalainnis" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Duuts" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Séalainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ – Tamaisis Chaighdeánach Mharacó" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamaisis Chaighdeánach Mharacó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语 – Sínis" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Sínis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="德語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="德語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-g%C3%AD" title="Tek-gí – Sínis Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Sínis Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuma</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">folaigh</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Ón Vicipéid, an chiclipéid shaor.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ga" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><caption style="font-weight:bold;background-color:Moccasin;"><span style="float:left; margin-left: 3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Infotaula de llengua"><img alt="Infotaula de llengua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Octicons-comment.svg/20px-Octicons-comment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Octicons-comment.svg/30px-Octicons-comment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Octicons-comment.svg/40px-Octicons-comment.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></span></span></span>An Ghearmáinis</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:Moccasin;font-size:110%;"><span lang="de">Deutsch</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/300px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/450px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/600px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="601" /></a></span><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Cineál</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34770" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q34770">teanga</a> agus <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1288568" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1288568">teanga bheo</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:Moccasin;">Úsáid</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Cainteoirí dúchais</th><td class="infobox-data">76,540,740 (2019)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Dúchasach do</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gearm%C3%A1naigh" title="Gearmánaigh">Gearmánaigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/An_Ostair" title="An Ostair">an Ostair</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q191091" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q191091">Karlovy Vary Region</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q191091?uselang=ga" title="Aistrigh"><img alt="Aistrigh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192702" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q192702">Ústí nad Labem Region</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192702?uselang=ga" title="Aistrigh"><img alt="Aistrigh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span>, <a href="/wiki/An_Ghearm%C3%A1in" title="An Ghearmáin">an Ghearmáin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Tirol_Theas" title="Trentino-Tirol Theas">Trentino-An Tioróil Theas</a> agus <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16289" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q16289">Trentino</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Stáit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/An_Ghearm%C3%A1in" title="An Ghearmáin">an Ghearmáin</a>, <a href="/wiki/An_Ostair" title="An Ostair">an Ostair</a>, <a href="/wiki/An_Bheilg" title="An Bheilg">an Bheilg</a>, <a href="/wiki/An_tSeic" title="An tSeic">Poblacht na Seice</a>, <a href="/wiki/An_Danmhairg" title="An Danmhairg">an Danmhairg</a>, <a href="/wiki/An_Iod%C3%A1il" title="An Iodáil">an Iodáil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lichtinst%C3%A9in" title="Lichtinstéin">Lichtinstéin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucsamburg" title="Lucsamburg">Lucsamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/An_Pholainn" title="An Pholainn">an Pholainn</a>, <a href="/wiki/An_Eilv%C3%A9is" title="An Eilvéis">an Eilvéis</a> agus <a href="/wiki/An_Fhrainc" title="An Fhrainc">an Fhrainc</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/300px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/450px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/600px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="552" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><div style="font-size:90%;"></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:Moccasin;">Aicmiú teangeolaíoch</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q20162172" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q20162172">teanga dhaonna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Na_teangacha_Ind-Eorpacha" title="Na teangacha Ind-Eorpacha">teangacha Ind-Eorpacha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Teangacha_Gearm%C3%A1inice" title="Teangacha Gearmáinice">teangacha Gearmáinice</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26721" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q26721">Gearmáinic an Iarthair</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q106937689" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q106937689">South Germanic</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q106937689?uselang=ga" title="Aistrigh"><img alt="Aistrigh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:Moccasin;">Tréithe</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B3ras_scr%C3%ADbhneoireachta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Córas scríbhneoireachta (níl an leathanach ann)">Córas scríbhneoireachta</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q912243" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q912243">aibítir na Gearmáinise</a> agus <a href="/wiki/Aib%C3%ADtir_Laidineach" title="Aibítir Laidineach">aibítir Laidineach</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee"><a href="/wiki/Liosta_Institi%C3%BAid%C3%AD_Plean%C3%A1la_Teanga_ar_fud_an_Domhain" title="Liosta Institiúidí Pleanála Teanga ar fud an Domhain">Institiúid caighdeánaithe</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1939300" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1939300">Council for German Orthography</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1939300?uselang=ga" title="Aistrigh"><img alt="Aistrigh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> agus <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1664834" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1664834">Leibniz Institute for the German Language</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1664834?uselang=ga" title="Aistrigh"><img alt="Aistrigh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Staidéar ag</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q166153" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q166153">German studies</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q166153?uselang=ga" title="Aistrigh"><img alt="Aistrigh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> agus <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108000026" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q108000026">teangacha diagachta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Leibhéal leochaileachta</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q20672086" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q20672086">1 sábháilte</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:Moccasin;">Cóid</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_639&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 639 (níl an leathanach ann)">ISO 639</a>-1</th><td class="infobox-data">de</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">ISO 639-2</th><td class="infobox-data">deu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">ISO 639-3</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=deu">deu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Glottolog</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/stan1295">stan1295</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Ethnologue</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/deu">deu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">ASCL</th><td class="infobox-data">1301</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">IETF</th><td class="infobox-data">de</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Is í an <b>Ghearmáinis</b> (nó an <b>Almáinis</b>, mar a thug <a href="/wiki/Amhlaoibh_%C3%93_S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in" title="Amhlaoibh Ó Súilleabháin">Amhlaoibh Ó Súilleabháin</a> ar an teanga; <b>Gearmáiltis</b> an leagan a bhíonn ag scríbhneoirí <a href="/wiki/Can%C3%BAint_Ghaeilge_Uladh" title="Canúint Ghaeilge Uladh">Ghaeilge Uladh</a> uaireanta) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teanga_n%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teanga náisiúnta (níl an leathanach ann)">teanga náisiúnta</a> na <a href="/wiki/An_Ghearm%C3%A1in" title="An Ghearmáin">Gearmáine</a> agus na h<a href="/wiki/An_Ostair" title="An Ostair">Ostaire</a>. <i>Deutsch</i> a thugann lucht labhartha na teanga féin uirthi. Tá sí ar cheann de <a href="/wiki/Teanga_oifigi%C3%BAil" title="Teanga oifigiúil">theangacha oifigiúla</a> na <a href="/wiki/An_Eilv%C3%A9is" title="An Eilvéis">hEilvéise</a>, chomh maith leis an bh<a href="/wiki/An_Fhraincis" title="An Fhraincis">Fraincis</a>, an <a href="/wiki/An_Iod%C3%A1ilis" title="An Iodáilis">Iodáilis</a> agus an <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9ata-R%C3%B3m%C3%A1inis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Réata-Rómáinis (níl an leathanach ann)">Réata-Rómáinis</a>. Tá stádas oifigiúil aici i <a href="/wiki/Lucsamburg" title="Lucsamburg">Lucsamburg</a> chomh maith, in éineacht leis an bhFraincis agus an <a href="/wiki/An_Lucsambuirgis" title="An Lucsambuirgis">Lucsambuirgis</a>, agus sna ceantair <a href="/wiki/An_Bheilg" title="An Bheilg">Bheilgeacha</a> atá suite in aice leis an nGearmáin. </p><p>Ós <a href="/wiki/Teangacha_Gearm%C3%A1inice" title="Teangacha Gearmáinice">teanga Gearmáinice</a> í an Ghearmáinis, tá gaol cuibheasach dlúth aici leis an m<a href="/wiki/An_B%C3%A9arla" title="An Béarla">Béarla</a>, cé nach bhfuil an Béarlóir in ann mórán adhmaid a dhéanamh den Ghearmáinis i ndiaidh an oiread craiceann a chuir stór focal an Bhéarla de faoi thionchar na <a href="/wiki/An_Laidin" title="An Laidin">Laidine</a> agus na sean-Fhraincise. Tá sé níos fusa comhchosúlacht na Gearmáinise agus na h<a href="/wiki/An_Ollainnis" title="An Ollainnis">Ollainnise</a> a aithint, mar shampla. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_(2010).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg/220px-Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg/330px-Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg/440px-Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Eolas ar an n<a href="/wiki/Gearm%C3%A1inis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gearmáinis">Gearmáinis</a> san A.E.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Deutsch""><span id=".22Deutsch.22"></span>"<i>Deutsch</i>"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: "Deutsch"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: "Deutsch""><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tá an t-ainm úd <i>Deutsch</i> bunaithe ar fhocal Gearmáinice a chiallaíonn "pobal", "cosmhuintir"—focal atá beo i gcónaí san <a href="/wiki/An_%C3%8Doslainnis" title="An Íoslainnis">Íoslainnis</a>, ar a laghad (<i>þjóð</i> = "náisiún"). Ba í an Ghearmáinis teanga na cosmhuintire, nuair a bhí na manaigh ag saothrú na Laidine sna mainistreacha. Tá gaol ag an bhfocal <i>Deutsch</i> leis an bhfocal Gaeilge úd <i>tuath</i>. </p><p>Chuaigh an focal sin <i>deutsch</i> nó an seanleagan de in úsáid sa Laidin mar <i>theodiscus</i>, agus is as sin a tháinig an téarma <a href="/wiki/An_Iod%C3%A1ilis" title="An Iodáilis">Iodáilise</a> <i>tedesco</i>. Maidir leis an ainm <i>Almáinis</i>, a úsáidtear san <a href="/wiki/An_Fhraincis" title="An Fhraincis">Fhraincis</a> agus sa <a href="/wiki/An_Sp%C3%A1innis" title="An Spáinnis">Spáinnis</a>, creidtear go bhfuil sé bunaithe ar na focail Ghearmáinise <i>all</i> = uile agus <i>Mann</i> = fear, nó ar sheanleaganacha na bhfocal seo. I gcanúineolaíocht na Gearmáinise, tugtar <i>canúintí Almannacha</i> ar na canúintí deisceartacha a labhraítear san Eilvéis agus sa chuid bheag den Ostair atá ag críochantacht leis an Eilvéis. Canúintí <a href="/wiki/An_Bhav%C3%A1ir" title="An Bhaváir">Baváracha</a> a labhraítear sa chuid is mó den Ostair. </p><p>Uaireanta feictear an leagan malartach <i>Teutsch</i> freisin. Inniu, ní úsáidtear é ach sa chiall íorónta, ach nuair a bhí scríbhneoirí clasaiceacha na teanga i mbun pinn, ní raibh an tseach-chiall greamaithe de go fóill. Mar shampla, thug <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a> <i>Teutschland</i> ar an nGearmáin ina chuid scríbhinní. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aibitír_na_Gearmáinise"><span id="Aibit.C3.ADr_na_Gearm.C3.A1inise"></span>Aibitír na Gearmáinise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Aibitír na Gearmáinise" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Aibitír na Gearmáinise"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Is iad na litreacha speisialta a úsáidtear sa Ghearmáinis ná <i>ä</i>, <i>ö</i>, <i>ü</i> agus <i>ß</i>. Seasann an chéad trí cheann do ghutaí a fhuaimnítear i dtosach an bhéalchuais, seachas ina chúl, áit a bhfuaimnítear na gutaí a chomhfhreagraíonn do na litreacha gan an dá phonc. Mar sin, tá an t-<i>ä</i> cosúil le h-<i>è</i> na Fraincise; dhealrófá an t-<i>ü</i> le h-<i>u</i> na Fraincise; agus is é <i>eu</i> na Fraincise is cosúil leis an <i>ö</i>. </p><p>Maidir le ß, úsáidtear é ar lorg na ngutaí fada agus na ndéfhoghar le tabhairt le fios go bhfuil [s] neamhghlórach i gceist: <i>Strauß</i> 'ostrais', <i>Straße</i> 'sráid', <i>Maß</i> 'tomhas, miosúr'. Is é an gnáth-s dúbailte a thugann an rud céanna le fios ar lorg na ngutaí gearra: <i>Pass</i> pas taistil. Ní úsáidtear ach an s dúbailte san Eilvéis: <i>Strauss</i>, <i>Strasse</i>, <i>Mass</i>. </p><p>Nuair a bhí an seanlitriú i bhfeidhm (roimh na nóchaidí), ba nós an ß a úsáid i ndeireadh an fhocail agus idir guta is consan beag beann ar cé acu a bhí an guta fada nó gearr: <i>Paß</i> seachas <i>Pass</i>, <i>mußte</i> 'chaithfeadh sé (rud a dhéanamh)' seachas <i>musste</i>, mar shampla. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gramadach_na_Gearmáinise"><span id="Gramadach_na_Gearm.C3.A1inise"></span>Gramadach na Gearmáinise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Gramadach na Gearmáinise" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Gramadach na Gearmáinise"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="An_tAlt">An tAlt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: An tAlt" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: An tAlt"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tá alt deimhneach agus alt neamhdheimhneach sa Ghearmaínis, agus iad á n-infhilleadh de réir na hinscne, an tuisil agus na huimhreach. Ní úsáidtear alt neamhdheimhneach san iolra, ach is féidir a rá go ndéanann an forainm <i>einige</i> a ghnó. </p><p>Féach foirmeacha an ailt sna táblaí thíos. </p><p>Go cothrománach: firinscneach, neodrach, baininscneach, iolra. </p><p>Go hingearach: tuiseal ainmníoch, tuiseal ginideach, tuiseal tabharthach, tuiseal cuspóireach. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>An tAlt Deimhneach </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>der </th> <th>das </th> <th>die </th> <th>die </th></tr> <tr> <td>des </td> <td>des </td> <td>der </td> <td>der </td></tr> <tr> <td>dem </td> <td>dem </td> <td>der </td> <td>den </td></tr> <tr> <td>den </td> <td>das </td> <td>die </td> <td>die </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>An tAlt Neamhdheimhneach </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>ein </th> <th>ein </th> <th>eine </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <td>eines </td> <td>eines </td> <td>einer </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>einem </td> <td>einem </td> <td>einer </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>einen </td> <td>ein </td> <td>eine </td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Na_hAinmfhocail">Na hAinmfhocail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Na hAinmfhocail" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Na hAinmfhocail"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mar a chonaic muid thuas tá trí inscne sa Ghearmáinis: an fhirinscne (<i>Maskulinum</i>), an bhaininscne (<i>Femininum</i>) agus an inscne neodrach (<i>Neutrum</i>). </p><p>Tá ceithre thuiseal sa Ghearmáinis: an t-ainmníoch (<i>Nominativ, Werfall</i>), an ginideach (<i>Genitiv, Wesfall</i>), an tabharthach (<i>Dativ, Wemfall</i>) agus an cuspóireach (<i>Akkusativ, Wenfall</i>). Is minic a bhíonn na tuisil seo cumaiscthe, áfach. Níl foirm ar leith ag an gcuspóireach ach in uimhir uatha na firinscne: <i>der Mann</i> (an fear, ainmníoch), <i>den Mann</i> (an fear, cuspóireach). Níl difríocht idir ginideach agus tabharthach na baininscne: <i>die Frau</i> (an bhean, ainmníoch), <i>der Frau</i> (an bhean, ginideach agus tabharthach) ná idir ainmníoch agus cuspóireach na hinscne neodraí: <i>das Kind</i> (an páiste, ainmníoch agus cuspóireach). </p><p>Is é <i>des</i> foirm an ailt i nginideach na hinscne neodraí agus na firinscne araon: <i>des Mannes</i>, <i>des Kindes</i>. Cuirtear -s nó -es leis an ainmfhocal sa ghinideach, ach tá grúpa réasúnta mór d'ainmfhocail fhirinscneacha ann a gcuirtear -en nó -n leo sna tuisil go léir san uimhir uatha agus san uimhir iolra araon, amach ón ainmníoch. Go tipiciúil, is focail iad seo a bhfuil iarmhír iasachta iontu: <i>der Demokrat</i> "an daonlathach", <i>des Demokraten</i> (ginideach uatha), <i>dem Demokraten</i> (tabharthach uatha), <i>den Demokraten</i> (cuspóireach uatha), <i>die Demokraten</i> "na daonlathaigh" (ainmníoch iolra), <i>der Demokraten</i> (ginideach iolra), <i>den Demokraten</i> (tabharthach iolra), <i>die Demokraten</i> (cuspóireach iolra). Tugtar "firinscnigh laga" (<i>schwache Maskulina</i>) ar na focail seo. Ní focail iasachta iad go léir, cf. <i>der Bauer</i> "an feirmeoir, an scológ", <i>des Bauern</i> (ginideach uatha) 7rl. </p><p>De ghnáth, áfach, ní aithnítear tuiseal an ainmfhocail ach ar fhoirm an ailt agus na n-aidiachtaí - is eisceacht é an <i>-(e)s</i> i nginideach uatha na firinscne agus na hinscne neodraí. Is féidir -e a chur le tuiseal tabharthach na firinscne agus na hinscne neodraí san uimhir uatha, ach níl sé riachtanach: tá <i>dem Mann</i> agus <i>dem Kind</i> ceart ar fad, cé go bhfeicfeá <i>dem Manne</i> agus <i>dem Kinde</i> sa teanga liteartha. Go tipiciúil is le focail aonsiollacha seanbhunaithe is mó a chuirfeá an -e seo - seachnaítear é sna focail iasachta agus na focail ilsiollacha. </p><p>Maidir leis an <i>uimhir iolra</i>, is iad na hiarmhíreanna iolra is coitianta ná -e, .er, -en agus -0 (is é sin, an uimhir iolra gan iarmhír). Is é <i>-e</i> an iarmhír is coitianta ag na hainmfhocail fhirinscneacha agus neodracha; is minic a chuirtear an t-<i>umlabht</i> (a > ä, o > ö, u > ü) i bhfeidhm ar ghuta an tamhain ag na cinn fhirinscneacha - <i>der Baum</i> an crann, <i>die Bäume</i> na crainn, ach is rud sárannamh é ag na cinn neodracha: <i>das Floß</i> an rafta <i>die Flöße</i> na raftaí an t-aon eisceacht, is dócha. </p><p>Tá an iarmhír úd <i>-er</i> réasúnta coitianta in iolraí na n-ainmfhocal fhirinscneacha agus neodracha, agus más féidir an t-umlabht a chur i bhfeidhm ar an bhfocal, sin é an rud a dhéanfar sa dá inscne: <i>das Haus</i> an teach, <i>die Häuser</i> na tithe. </p><p>Maidir leis an iarmhír úd <i>-(e)n</i>, is í an ceann is tipiciúla ag na hainmfhocail bhaininscneacha: <i>die Frau</i> an bhean, <i>die Frauen</i> na mná. Tá dornán éigin de bhaininscnigh i mbunstór focal na teanga a gcuirtear -e leo, áfach, agus más féidir an t-umlabht a chur i bhfeidhm ar ghuta an tamhain ansin, is mar sin a dhéanfar: <i>die Kuh</i> an bhó, <i>die Kühe</i> na ba. </p><p>Is iad na hainmfhocail laga (mar a chonaic muid) an grúpa is mó de na firinscnigh a fhaigheann an iarmhír seo, ach tá cinn eile ann fosta: <i>der Staat</i> stát, ginideach uatha <i>des Staates</i>, ainmníoch iolra <i>die Staaten</i>. Tabhair faoi deara an grúpa beag atá idir eatarthu idir na cinn laga agus na cinn láidre: <i>der Name</i> an t-ainm, <i>den Namen</i> (cuspóireach), <i>dem Namen</i> (tabharthach), ach cuirtear an -s leis an -n sa ghinideach: <i>des Name<b>ns</b></i>. Is fiú cuimhne a choinneáil ar <i>das Herz</i> "an croí", ainmfhocal neodrach a bhfuil neamhrialtacht den chineál chéanna ag baint leis: <i>das Herz</i> (ainmníoch agus cuspóireach), <i>des Herzens</i> (ginideach), <i>dem Herzen</i> (tabharthach), <i>die Herzen</i> (uimhir iolra). (De ghnáth áfach is iad na foirmeacha <i>dem Herz</i>, <i>des Herzes</i> agus an fhoirm iolra <i>die Herze</i> a úsáidtear más é an t-orgán, an chuid choincréiteach den chorp, atá i gceist, seachas an croí mar mheafar ar mhothúcháin an duine.) </p><p>Na hainmfhocail ar -el, -er nó -en, is gnách dóibh gan iarmhír ar bith a bheith acu san uimhir iolra: <i>der Wecker</i> an clog aláraim, <i>die Wecker</i> na cloig aláraim - ach amháin más baininscneach atá i gceist: <i>die Schwester</i> an deirfiúr, <i>die Schwestern</i> na deirfiúracha. Tabhair faoi deara na heisceachtaí <i>die Mutter</i> an mháthair, <i>die Mütter</i> na máithreacha agus <i>die Tochter</i> an iníon, <i>die Töchter</i> na hiníonacha. Cuirtear an t-umlabht i bhfeidhm ar an dá cheann seo, rud a bhíonn coitianta ag na firinscnigh freisin, cé nach dianriail atá ann: <i>der Wagen</i> an carbad, <i>die Wagen</i> na carbaid (chloisfeá <i>die Wägen</i> i gcanúintí ó am go ham ach ní foirm chaighdeánach é). </p><p>Is é an <i>-(e)n</i> an iarmhír a chuirtear leis an ainmfhocal sa tabharthach san uimhir iolra: <i>die Bäume</i> - na crainn, <i>den Bäumen</i> - na crainn (tuiseal tabharthach); <i>die Töchter</i> - na hiníonacha, <i>den Töchtern</i> - na hiníonacha (tuiseal tabharthach). Má tá an -n ann cheana féin, ní chuirfear a dhath leis an bhfocal: <i>die Schwestern</i> na deirfiúracha, <i>den Schwestern</i> na deirfiúracha (tuiseal tabharthach). Ní úsáidtear an t-umlabht leis an iarmhír -<i>(e)n</i> ar aon nós. </p><p>Úsáidtear an iarmhír <i>-s</i> leis na focail iasachta a tháinig isteach ón bhFraincis nó an Béarla, ach is cuid den Íseal-Ghearmáinis í freisin, agus is minic a d'fheicfeá í ag ainmfhocail a bhaineann leis an mairneálachas: <i>das Hoch</i> aerbhrú ard, iolra <i>die Hochs</i>. Is é <i>-s</i> a chuirtear le focail cosúil le <i>das Auto</i> gluaisteán, iolra <i>die Autos</i>, <i>der Hiwi</i> comhoibrí, iolra <i>die Hiwis</i> (giorrúchán an fhocail <i>Hilfswilliger</i>) - is é sin, focail a bhfuil guta eile seachas -e sa deireadh iontu. </p><p>Foirmeacha cosúil le <i>die Jungs</i>, <i>die Jungens</i> na buachaillí (seachas <i>die Jungen</i>, de réir an chaighdeáin), tháinig siad ó chanúintí an Tuaiscirt, nó is toradh do thionchar na gcanúintí sin iad. </p><p>Sna focail léannta a fuarthas ón Laidin nó ón tsean-Ghréigis thiocfá ar iarmhíreanna iasachta nó measctha: <i>das Prinzip</i> prionsabal (seanleagan: <i>das Prinzipium</i>), iolra <i>die Prinzipien</i> (seanleagan: <i>die Prinzipia</i> díreach ón Laidin; feictear an leagan nua <i>Prinzipe</i> uaireanta). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Na_Briathra">Na Briathra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Na Briathra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Na Briathra"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="An_tInfinideach">An tInfinideach</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: An tInfinideach" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: An tInfinideach"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Is é an t-infinideach foirm bhunaidh an bhriathair. Tá an iarmhír <i>-(e)n</i> i ndeireadh an infinidigh (<i>tun, machen, leben, frösteln</i>), ach cosúil leis an <i>to</i> sa Bhéarla is minic a chuirtear an mhír <i>zu</i> roimh an infinideach i gcoimhthéacs na habairte (<i>zu tun, zu machen, zu leben, zu frösteln</i>). Má tá réimír inscartha ag an mbriathar, cuirtear an mhír seo idir an réimír agus an tamhan: <i>eingehen</i> > <i>einzugehen</i>, <i>zugeben</i> > <i>zuzugeben</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="An_Aimsir_Láithreach"><span id="An_Aimsir_L.C3.A1ithreach"></span>An Aimsir Láithreach</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: An Aimsir Láithreach" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: An Aimsir Láithreach"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tá iarmhíreanna pearsanta ag na briathra sa Ghearmáinis. Is é an córas rialta san aimsir láithreach ná: </p> <ul><li><i>ich mache</i> déanaim</li> <li><i>du machst</i> déanann tú</li> <li><i>er/sie macht</i> déanann sí</li> <li><i>wir machen</i> déanaimid</li> <li><i>ihr macht</i> déanann sibh</li> <li><i>sie machen</i> déanann siad</li> <li><i>Sie machen</i> déanann tú/sibh (úsáid dhea-mhúinte fhoirmeálta)</li></ul> <p>Ag na briathra neamhrialta nó "láidre" (<i>starke Verben</i>) is féidir athruithe áirithe a aithint i bhfoirmeacha uatha na haimsire láithrí, cosúil leis an umlabht sa dara agus sa tríú pearsa: </p> <ul><li><i>ich halte</i> coinním greim</li> <li><i>du <b>hältst</b></i> coinníonn tú greim</li> <li><i>er <b>hält</b></i> coinníonn sé greim</li> <li><i>wir halten</i> coinnímid greim</li> <li><i>ihr haltet</i> coinníonn sibh greim</li> <li><i>sie halten</i> coinníonn siad greim</li></ul> <p>Tabhair faoi deara go bhfuil an dara pearsa san iolra rialta go hiomlán: cuirtear -e- roimh an -t leis an iarmhír phearsanta a scaradh ó thamhan an bhriathair, agus ní théann an t-umlabht i bhfeidhm ar ghuta an tamhain. </p><p>Neamhrialtacht eile é an t-athrú ó <i>e</i> go <i>i</i>, nó an <i>Brechung</i> ("briseadh"). Oiriúnach go leor tá an t-athrú le haithint ag an mbriathar úd <i>brechen</i> ("bris!/briseadh") féin: </p> <ul><li><i>ich breche</i> brisim</li> <li><i>du <b>brichst</b></i> briseann tú</li> <li><i>er <b>bricht</b></i> briseann sé</li> <li><i>wir brechen</i> brisimid</li> <li><i>ihr brecht</i> briseann sibh</li> <li><i>sie brechen</i> briseann siad</li></ul> <p>Má tá an guta "i" fada san fhuaimniú, is féidir go scríobhtar mar <i>ie</i> é, cf. an briathar <i>befehlen</i>, ordú a thabhairt: </p> <ul><li><i>ich befehle</i> tugaim ordú</li> <li><i>du <b>befiehlst</b></i> tugann tú ordú</li> <li><i>er <b>befiehlt</b></i> tugann sé ordú</li> <li><i>wir befehlen</i> tugaimid ordú</li> <li><i>ihr befehlt</i> tugann sibh ordú</li> <li><i>sie befehlen</i> tugann siad ordú</li></ul> <p>Tá dornán briathra ann arb ionann an chéad phearsa uatha agus an tríú pearsa uatha acu, agus an t-athrú guta céanna sa tamhan ag na foirmeacha uatha go léir. Tugtar <i>Präteritopresentia</i> orthu, nó na briathra inar iompaigh seanfhoirmeacha de chuid na haimsire caite ina bhfoirmeacha aimsire láithrí. Is iad na briathra <i>können, müssen, sollen, dürfen, mögen, wissen</i> atá i gceist. </p> <ul><li><i>ich weiß</i> tá a fhios agam</li> <li><i>du weißt</i> tá a fhios agat</li> <li><i>er weiß</i> tá a fhios aige</li> <li><i>wir wissen</i> tá a fhios againn</li> <li><i>ihr wisst</i> (sa seanlitriú: <i>ihr wißt</i>) tá a fhios agaibh</li> <li><i>sie wissen</i> tá a fhios acu</li></ul> <ul><li><i>ich kann</i> is féidir liom, tá mé in ann, féadaim</li> <li><i>du kannst</i> féadann tú</li> <li><i>er kann</i> féadann sé</li> <li><i>wir können</i> féadaimid</li> <li><i>ihr könnt</i> féadann sibh</li> <li><i>sie können</i> féadann siad</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="An_Aimsir_Chaite">An Aimsir Chaite</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: An Aimsir Chaite" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: An Aimsir Chaite"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tá foirmeacha na haimsire caite bunaithe ar an iarmhír -te (na briathra laga) nó ar an ablabht (<i>Ablaut</i>) i nguta an tamhain. Sampla de na briathra láidre é <i>lachen</i>, bheith ag gáire: </p> <ul><li><i>ich lachte</i> bhí mé ag gáire</li> <li><i>du lachtest</i> bhí tú ag gáire</li> <li><i>er lachte</i> bhí sé ag gáire</li> <li><i>wir lachten</i> bhíomar ag gáire, bhí muid ag gáire</li> <li><i>ihr lachtet</i> bhí sibh ag gáire</li> <li><i>sie lachten</i> bhí siad ag gáire, bhíodar ag gáire</li></ul> <p>Tabhair faoi deara nach gcuirtear an -t leis an dara pearsa uatha san aimsir chaite. </p><p>Briathar láidir tipiciúil is ea <i>kommen</i>, teacht: </p> <ul><li><i>ich kam</i> tháinig mé</li> <li><i>du kamst</i> tháinig tú</li> <li><i>er kam</i> tháinig sé</li> <li><i>wir kamen</i> tháinig muid, thánamar</li> <li><i>ihr kamt</i> tháinig sibh</li> <li><i>sie kamen</i> tháinig siad, thánadar</li></ul> <p>Maidir leis na <i>Präteritopräsentia</i>, úsáidtear an dá rud iontu, idir ablabht agus -te: </p> <ul><li><i>ich wusste</i> bhí a fhios agam</li> <li><i>du wusstest</i> bhí a fhios agat</li> <li><i>er wusste</i> bhí a fhios aige</li> <li><i>wir wussten</i> bhí a fhios againn</li> <li><i>ihr wusstet</i> bhí a fhios agaibh</li> <li><i>sie wussten</i> bhí a fhios acu</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Na_Rangabhálacha_agus_na_hAimsirí_Comhshuite"><span id="Na_Rangabh.C3.A1lacha_agus_na_hAimsir.C3.AD_Comhshuite"></span>Na Rangabhálacha agus na hAimsirí Comhshuite</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Na Rangabhálacha agus na hAimsirí Comhshuite" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Na Rangabhálacha agus na hAimsirí Comhshuite"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tá dhá rangabháil sa Ghearmáinis: an rangabháil láithreach (<i>Präsenspartizip</i>) agus an rangabháil chaite (<i>Präteritumpartizip</i>). Is rangabháil ghníomhach í an rangabháil láithreach, agus foirmítear í tríd an litir -d a chur leis an infinideach: <i>lachen</i> > <i>lachend</i>, <i>lächeln</i> > <i>lächelnd</i> agus araile. Is minic a ghlactar leis gurbh ionann é agus <i>-ing</i>-rangabháil an Bhéarla, ach tá sé tábhachtach a thuiscint nach mbeadh sé ceart ar aon nós <i>he is laughing</i> a aistriú go Gearmáinis mar *<i>er ist lachend</i>. Úsáidtear an rangabháil láithreach sa Ghearmáinis go tipiciúil le tagairt don ghníomh atá ar siúl ag an ainmní le linn an ghnímh eile: <i>er kom <b>lachend</b></i> "tháinig sé <b>agus é ag gáire</b>". </p><p>Is féidir úsáid na haidiachta a bhaint as an rangabháil láithreach chomh maith: <i>der <b>lachend</b>e Mann</i> "an fear (atá) ag gáire", cf. <i>the <b>laughing</b> man</i> sa Bhéarla. </p><p>Foirmítear rangabháil chaite na mbriathra laga tríd an iarmhír <i>-t</i> a chur leis an tamhan, chomh maith leis an réimír <i>ge-</i>: <i>machen</i> déanamh, <i>gemacht</i> déanta. Níl béim ar bith ar an réimír, áfach, agus má tá réimír eile gan bhéim ann, ní mór an <i>ge-</i> a fhágáil ar lár: <i>vermachen</i> tiomnú, fágáil le huacht, <i>vermacht</i> tiomnaithe, fágtha le huacht. Ní úsáidtear an <i>ge-</i> leis na briathra iasachta ar <i>-ieren</i> ach an oiread, toisc go bhfuil an bhéim ar an <i>-ier-</i>: <i>integrieren</i> imeascadh, suimeáil, lánpháirtiú, comhtháthú, <i>integriert</i> imeasctha, suimeáilte, lánpháirtithe, comhtháite. Seo ceann de na difríochtaí suntasacha idir an Ghearmáinis agus an Ollainnis: cuirtear an <i>ge-</i> le rangabhálacha den chineál seo san Ollainnis, ionas gurb ionann <i>geïntegreerd</i> na hOllainnise agus <i>integriert</i> na Gearmáinise. </p><p>Maidir leis na briathra laga, ní ghlacann siad leis an <i>-t</i> - is é <i>-(e)n</i> a bhíonn acu ina áit - agus tagann athrú ar ghuta an tamhain de ghnáth; athraíonn consan an tamhain fosta ag briathrá áirithe: <i>fliegen</i> eitilt, <i>geflogen</i>, <i>gehen</i> dul, <i>gegangen</i>. Ón taobh eile de, tá teacht ar bhriathra arb ionann guta an infinidigh agus guta na rangabhála caite iontu: <i>halten</i> greim a choinneáil, aimsir chaite <i>hielt</i>, rangabháil chaite <i>gehalten</i> </p><p>Tabhair faoi deara gur féidir go bhfuil an réimír <i>ge-</i> ann in infinideach an bhriathair cheana féin, agus ansin ní chuirtear <i>ge-</i> eile roimhe: <i>gelingen</i> éirí (le) - <i>ist gelungen</i> d'éirigh (le duine, rud), <i>gefallen</i> taitneamh (le duine) - <i>hat gefallen</i> thaitin (le duine). Thairis sin, is réimíreanna tipiciúla den chineál seo iad <i>emp-</i>, <i>ent-</i>. <i>er-</i>, <i>zer-</i>. </p><p>Maidir leis an rangabháil chaite, baintear úsáid aisti leis an aimsir fhoirfe (<i>Perfekt</i>) agus an aimsir fhorfhoirfe (<i>Plusquamperfekt</i>) a fhoirmiú. Tá an dá aimsir seo cosúil le haimsir fhoirfe (<i>perfect tense</i>) agus aimsir fhorfhoirfe (<i>pluperfect tense</i>) an Bhéarla, ach amháin go bhfuil scéal an bhriathair chúnta níos casta ná sa Bhéarla. Is éard a dhéantar sa Bhéarla ná an rangabháil agus an briathar cúnta <i>to have</i> a chomhcheangal: <i>I have done</i> rinne mé, tá sé déanta agam, <i>I had done</i> rinne mé, bhí sé déanta agam. Sa Ghearmáinis áfach braitheann sé ar an mbriathar cé acu <i>haben</i> (cf. <i>to have</i> an Bhéarla) nó <i>sein</i> (cf. <i>to be</i> an Bhéarla) a úsáidtear sna haimsirí seo. Cf. </p> <ul><li><i>ich habe/hatte getan</i> "tá/bhí déanta agam, rinne mé<i></i></li> <li><i>du hast/hattest getan</i></li> <li><i>er hat/hatte getan</i></li> <li><i>wir haben/hatten getan</i></li> <li><i>ihr habt/hattet getan</i></li> <li><i>sie haben/hatten getan</i></li></ul> <ul><li><i>ich bin/war gegangen</i> "chuaigh mé, tá/bhí mé tar éis dul<i></i></li> <li><i>du bist/warst gegangen</i></li> <li><i>er ist/war gegangen</i></li> <li><i>wir sind/waren gegangen</i></li> <li><i>ihr seid/wart gegangen</i></li> <li><i>sie sind/waren gegangen</i></li></ul> <p>Braitheann sé ar rialacha réasúnta simplí cé acu briathar cúnta a úsáidtear sna haimsirí comhshuite. Más briathar neamhaistreach atá ann (is é sin briathar nach bhfuil cuspóir aige) agus má thagraíonn sé do ghluaiseacht nó d'athrú an ainmní, is é <i>sein</i> an briathar cúnta a úsáidtear: <i>er ist gegangen</i> "chuaigh sé, tá sé tar éis dul", <i>er ist errötet</i> "tá sé tar éis lasadh/deargadh (le náire)". Thairis sin, is é <i>sein</i> an briathar cúnta a nasctar de bhriathra neamhaistreacha a chiallaíonn "éirí le" nó "tarlú": <i>gelingen</i>, <i>ist gelungen</i> d'éirigh (le duine, rud), <i>glücken</i>, <i>ist geglückt</i> d'éirigh (le duine, rud), <i>passieren</i> tarlú, <i>ist passiert</i> tharla, tá tar éis tarlú, <i>geschehen</i>, <i>ist geschehen</i> tharla, tá tar éis tarlú. </p><p>Tabhair faoi deara gurb í an aimsir fhoirfe an aimsir chaite is coitianta sa chaint: is féidir Gearmáinis nádúrtha a labhairt gan ach í a úsáid, ós rud é go ndeachaigh na haimsirí caite eile in éag i gcuid mhór canúintí. In áit na haimsire forfhoirfe, is minic a chloisfeá sórt aimsir fhoirfe dhúbailte i gcaint na ndaoine: <i>er hat getan gehabt</i> seachas <i>er hatte getan</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="An_Aimsir_Fháistineach"><span id="An_Aimsir_Fh.C3.A1istineach"></span>An Aimsir Fháistineach</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: An Aimsir Fháistineach" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: An Aimsir Fháistineach"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Úsáidtear an briathar <i>werden</i> (iompú, dul chun...) mar bhriathar cúnta san aimsir fháistineach, agus é nasctha den infinideach. </p><p><i>Er wird kommen.</i> Tiocfaidh sé. </p><p><i>Ich werde gehen.</i> Imeoidh mé liom. </p><p><i>Du wirst es machen.</i> Déanfaidh tú é. </p><p><i>Wir werden zurückkommen.</i> Tiocfaidh muid ar ais. </p><p><i>Ihr werdet es noch sehen.</i> Feicfidh sibh é fós. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Na_Réimíreanna_Inscartha"><span id="Na_R.C3.A9im.C3.ADreanna_Inscartha"></span>Na Réimíreanna Inscartha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Na Réimíreanna Inscartha" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Na Réimíreanna Inscartha"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chonaic muid thuas nach gcuirtear an réimír <i>ge-</i> leis an rangabháil má tá réimír gan bhéim ann cheana féin - réimír doscartha, mar a deirtear. Tá cuid mhaith réimíreanna ann áfach nach bhfuil doscartha - réimíreanna a scartar ó thamhan an bhriathair i bhfoirmeacha éagsúla, cosúil le <i>zugeben</i> admhaigh!/admháil: </p> <ul><li><i>ich gebe zu</i> admhaím</li> <li><i>du gibst zu</i> admhaíonn tú</li> <li><i>er gibt zu</i> admhaíonn sé</li> <li><i>wir geben zu</i> admhaíonn muid, admhaímid</li> <li><i>ihr gebt zu</i> admhaíonn sibh</li> <li><i>sie geben zu</i> admhaíonn siad</li></ul> <ul><li><i>ich gab zu</i> d'admhaigh mé</li> <li><i>du gabst zu</i> d'admhaigh tú</li> <li><i>er gab zu</i> d'admhaigh sé</li> <li><i>wir gaben zu</i> d'admhaigh muid, d'admhaíomar</li> <li><i>ihr gabt zu</i> d'admhaigh sibh</li> <li><i>sie gaben zu</i> d'admhaigh siad, d'admhaíodar</li></ul> <p>Is í foirm na rangabhála ag briathra den chineál seo ná <i>zugegeben</i>, is é sin dingtear an <i>-ge-</i> idir an réimír agus an tamhan. </p><p>Murab ionann agus na réimíreanna doscartha, tá na réimíreanna inscartha faoi bhéim. </p><p>Tá roinnt réamhfhocal ann ar féidir dóibh bheith inscartha nó doscartha, faoi bhéim nó gan bhéim: <i>über</i> thar, os cionn agus <i>um</i> timpeall, mar shampla: <i>überziehen, überzog, überzogen</i> (béim ar -<i>zieh-</i>) clúdach (siocadh, reoán) a chur ar rud, nó rótharraingt a dhéanamh ar chuntas bainc; <i>überziehen, zog über, übergezogen</i> (beim ar <i>ü</i>-) (cóta) a tharraingt ort féin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="An_Briathar_sna_Fo-Chlásail"><span id="An_Briathar_sna_Fo-Chl.C3.A1sail"></span>An Briathar sna Fo-Chlásail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: An Briathar sna Fo-Chlásail" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: An Briathar sna Fo-Chlásail"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cuirtear an briathar i ndeireadh an fho-chlásail: </p><p><i>Er <b>tut</b> es.</i> Déanann sé é. Tá sé á dhéanamh. </p><p><i>Ich sehe, dass er es <b>tut</b>.</i> Feicim go ndéanann sé é. Feicim go bhfuil sé á dhéanamh. </p><p>Más aimsir chomhshuite atá i gceist, cuirtear an briathar cúnta sa deireadh. </p><p><i>Er <b>ist</b> weggegangen.</i> Tá sé tar éis imeacht. D'imigh sé. </p><p><i>Ich habe gehört, dass er weggegangen <b>ist</b>.</i> Chuala mé go bhfuil sé tar éis imeacht/gur imigh sé. </p><p>Ní scartar an réimír inscartha ó thamhan an bhriathair. </p><p><i>Er <b>geht weg</b>.</i> Tá sé ag imeacht leis. </p><p><i>Ich sehe, dass er <b>weggeht</b>.</i> Feicim go bhfuil sé ag imeacht leis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cá_labhraítear_Gearmáinis?"><span id="C.C3.A1_labhra.C3.ADtear_Gearm.C3.A1inis.3F"></span>Cá labhraítear Gearmáinis?</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Cá labhraítear Gearmáinis?" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Cá labhraítear Gearmáinis?"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tá stádas na teanga oifigiúla ag an nGearmáinis sa <a href="/wiki/An_Ghearm%C3%A1in" title="An Ghearmáin">Ghearmáin</a>, san <a href="/wiki/An_Ostair" title="An Ostair">Ostair</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Lichtinst%C3%A9in" title="Lichtinstéin">Lichtinstéin</a>, agus in dhá dtrian den <a href="/wiki/An_Eilv%C3%A9is" title="An Eilvéis">Eilvéis</a>. Maidir le <a href="/wiki/Lucsamburg" title="Lucsamburg">Lucsamburg</a>, tá canúint áitiúil den Ghearmáinis á labhairt ag cách ansin, ach is fearr le muintir na tíre <a href="/wiki/An_Fhraincis" title="An Fhraincis">Fraincis</a> a shaothrú mar theanga scríofa. Tá an Ghearmáinis oifigiúil i Lucsamburg, in éineacht leis an <a href="/wiki/An_Lucsambuirgis" title="An Lucsambuirgis">Lucsambuirgis</a> agus an Fhraincis, ach is minice a úsáidtear sna nuachtáin phríobháideacha ná i bhfoilseacháin oifigiúla an rialtais í. Sa <a href="/wiki/An_Bheilg" title="An Bheilg">Bheilg</a>, tá canúintí Gearmáinise á labhairt in oirthear na tíre, agus is teanga oifigiúil í an Ghearmáinis, in éineacht leis an <a href="/wiki/An_Ollainnis" title="An Ollainnis">Ollainnis</a> agus an Fhraincis. Sa <a href="/wiki/An_Danmhairg" title="An Danmhairg">Danmhairg</a> agus san <a href="/wiki/An_Iod%C3%A1il" title="An Iodáil">Iodáil</a>, níl ach stádas áitiúil nó réigiúnach ag an nGearmáinis mar theanga mhionlaigh. </p><p>Roimh an <a href="/wiki/An_Dara_Cogadh_Domhanda" title="An Dara Cogadh Domhanda">Dara Cogadh Domhanda</a>, bhí mionlaigh mhóra ag labhairt na Gearmáinise anseo agus ansiúd in Oirthear na hEorpa. I ndiaidh an chogaidh, áfach, díbríodh an chuid ba mhó de na Gearmánaigh seo go dtí an Ghearmáin féin. Is amhlaidh gur bhain <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> leas as na mionlaigh Ghearmánacha seo mar shiocair leis an t<a href="/wiki/An_tSeicsl%C3%B3vaic" title="An tSeicslóvaic">Seicslóvaic</a> a chur de dhroim an tsaoil agus leis an b<a href="/wiki/An_Pholainn" title="An Pholainn">Polainn</a> a ionsaí, agus i ndiaidh an chogaidh, bhí muintir na dtíortha seo meáite fáil réitithe den "<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%BAigi%C3%BA_col%C3%BAn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cúigiú colún (níl an leathanach ann)">chúigiú colún</a>" seo, ionas nach bhféadfadh aon Hitler nua an cleas céanna a imirt orthu a thuilleadh. Thairis sin, bhí Poblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine sásta lucht eisimirce—Gearmánaigh a bhí ag "filleadh" ar an nGearmáin—a fháiltiú ó na tíortha seo i ndiaidh an chogaidh. Mar sin, níl ach iarsmaí beaga fágtha inniu de phobail sheanbhunaithe Ghearmánacha Oirthear na hEorpa. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/300px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/450px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/600px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Tíortha ina labhraítear Gearmáinis.</figcaption></figure> <p>Roimh bhlianta an Chumannachais, bhí pobail mhóra Ghearmánacha anseo is ansiúd in Impireacht na Rúise. Bhí <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B3saf_Stail%C3%ADn" title="Iósaf Stailín">Stalin</a> thar a bheith drochamhrasach i leith na nGearmánach, go háirithe nuair a d'ionsaigh Hitler <a href="/wiki/An_tAontas_S%C3%B3iv%C3%A9adach" title="An tAontas Sóivéadach">an tAontas Sóivéadach</a>, áfach, agus scaip sé na pobail seo ar fud an Aontais, murar cimíodh sna <a href="/wiki/GULag" title="GULag">campaí géibhinn</a> amach is amach iad. Mar sin, níl ach iarsmaí fágtha de Ghearmánaigh na Rúise, agus cónaí orthu ina lán poblachtaí iar-Shóivéadacha inniu. Fuair cuid mhór acu cead imirce a dhéanamh go dtí an Ghearmáin, cosúil le Gearmánaigh Oirthear na hEorpa. </p><p>San Afraic, tá an Ghearmáinis á labhairt go forleathan sa <a href="/wiki/An_Namaib" title="An Namaib">Namaib</a>, cé nach bhfuil stádas oifigiúil aici ansin. Iar-choilíneacht Ghearmánach is ea an Namaib, ar ndóigh. </p><p>San Oileán Úr, bíonn canúintí Gearmáinise á labhairt, thar aon dream eile, ag mionlaigh reiligiúnacha, go háirithe ag seicteacha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabaistigh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anabaistigh (níl an leathanach ann)">Anabaisteacha</a>, cosúil leis na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meann%C3%B3in%C3%ADtigh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meannóinítigh (níl an leathanach ann)">Meannóinítigh</a> agus na h<a href="/wiki/Amanaigh" title="Amanaigh">Amanaigh</a>. Go minic, ní shaothraíonn dreamanna den chineál seo an Ghearmáinis chaighdeánach mar theanga liteartha, agus dá réir sin, imríonn an teanga oifigiúil áitiúil—an <a href="/wiki/An_Sp%C3%A1innis" title="An Spáinnis">Spáinnis</a> nó an <a href="/wiki/An_B%C3%A9arla" title="An Béarla">Béarla</a>—an-tionchar ar na canúintí seo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canúintí_na_Gearmáinise"><span id="Can.C3.BAint.C3.AD_na_Gearm.C3.A1inise"></span>Canúintí na Gearmáinise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Canúintí na Gearmáinise" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Canúintí na Gearmáinise"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Is gá <i>canúintí</i> na Gearmáinise a aithint thar <i>leaganacha áitiúla na Gearmáinise caighdeánaí</i>. Níl an Ghearmáinis teoranta d'aon tír amháin, agus mar sin, is féidir difríochtaí suntasacha a aithint, abair, idir Gearmáinis chaighdeánach na Gearmáine agus na hOstaire, a chuirfeadh i gcuimhne duit na difríochtaí idir Béarla Shasana agus Béarla Mheiriceá, gan aon trácht a dhéanamh ar Bhéarla na hÉireann. Bíonn canúintí na Gearmáinise chomh difriúil le chéile, áfach, is go bhféadfá a rá gur teangacha éagsúla iad. Ní thuigfeadh an Bavárach a dhath de chaint fhear an chósta thuaidh, mura mbeadh an teanga chaighdeánach foghlamtha ag an mbeirt acu. </p><p>Na leaganacha áitiúla nó réigiúnach den Ghearmáinis chaighdeánach a labhraítear i gceantair éagsúla na tíre, ní hionann an tionchar a imríonn an chanúint áitiúil orthu. I dTuaisceart na Gearmáine, bhí an chanúint áitiúil an-difriúil leis an teanga chaighdeánach, agus b'éigean do na daoine an teanga liteartha a fhoghlaim beagnach mar a bheadh teanga iasachta ar fad ann. Mar sin, bíonn Gearmáinis chaighdeánach an Tuaiscirt an-soiléir, agus is fearr leis na coimhthígh a bhfuil an teanga acu a gcuid comhrá a dhéanamh le muintir an Tuaiscirt. Sa Deisceart, áfach, tá an chanúint áitiúil níos gaolmhaire leis an teanga chaighdeánach, agus ní raibh de dhíth ar mhuintir an Deiscirt ach a ngnáthchaint a "chaighdeánú". Ba é ba toradh dó seo, áfach, gur fágadh an leagan áitiúil den Ghearmáinis chaighdeánach chomh breac le saintréithe áitiúla is go bhfaigheann foghlaimeoirí na teanga an-deacair cainteoirí an Deiscirt a thuiscint, fiú nuair atá siad ag iarraidh cuma an chaighdeáin a chur ar a gcuid Gearmáinise. </p><p>Inniu, tá cuid de na canúintí pobail ag géilleadh don teanga chaighdeánach. Go háirithe i dTuaisceart na Gearmáine, tá na canúintí áitiúla imithe ar fad nó sna céadéaga. Ón taobh eile de, tá an chanúint láidir san Eilvéis agus i Lucsamburg, agus í á saothrú mar theanga liteartha, fiú. </p><p>Is gnách na canúintí Gearmáinise a dheighilt ina dhá bpríomhghrúpa, mar atá, na canúintí Ard-Ghearmáinise (<i>Hochdeutsch</i>) agus na cinn Íseal-Ghearmáinise (<i>Niederdeutsch</i>, <i>Plattdeutsch</i>). Is í an difríocht is mó eatarthu ná go bhfuil an Dara Fuaimaistriú nó <i>Zweite Lautverschiebung</i> ar lár san Íseal-Ghearmáinis. Is é an fuaimaistriú seo a d'fhág cuma speisialta na "Gearmáinise" ar na consain i bhfocail cosúil le <i>A<b>pf</b>el</i> = "úll" (cf. <i>a<b>pp</b>le</i> sa Bhéarla), <i><b>Pf</b>ad</i> = "cosán" (<i><b>p</b>ath</i>), <i>ma<b>ch</b>en</i> = "déanamh" (<i>ma<b>k</b>e</i>), <i><b>Z</b>eit</i> = "am" (is ionann mar fhocal é agus <i><b>t</b>ide</i> an Bhéarla, cé nach ionann an bhrí níos mó—"taoide" is ciall leis an bhfocal Béarla, ar ndóigh). Bíonn na focail Íseal-Ghearmáinise ag breathnú níos cosúla leis na focail Bhéarla ó thaobh na gconsan de—<i>maken</i> in áit <i>machen</i>, mar shampla. </p><p>Is minic a thugtar <i>Platt</i> nó <i>Plattdeutsch</i> ar an Íseal-Ghearmáinis, ach, le fírinne, níl an téarma seo go maith, ós rud é go bhfuil cuid mhaith canúintí Meán-Ghearmáinise ann a dtugann lucht a labhartha <i>Platt</i> ar a gcanúint féin—<i>Koblenzer Platt</i> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koblenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koblenz (níl an leathanach ann)">Koblenz</a>, cuir i gcás. </p><p>Ní mór cuimhne a choinneáil air, áfach, nach bhfuil an teorainn idir an Ard-Ghearmáinis agus an Íseal-Ghearmáinis soiléir ná neamh-dhébhríoch. Is gnách í a tharraingt de réir "líne Benrath", is é sin, an líne a dhealaíonn ó chéile na canúintí ina n-úsáidtear <i>maken</i> (Íseal-Ghearmáinis) agus na cinn ina n-úsáidtear <i>machen</i> (Ard-Ghearmáinis agus an teanga chaighdeánach). Ritheann líne Benrath ó <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eupen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eupen (níl an leathanach ann)">Eupen</a> sa <a href="/wiki/An_Bheilg" title="An Bheilg">Bheilg</a> trí <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benrath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benrath (níl an leathanach ann)">Benrath</a> (in aice le <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olpe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olpe (níl an leathanach ann)">Olpe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kassel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kassel (níl an leathanach ann)">Kassel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordhausen" title="Nordhausen">Nordhausen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aschersleben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aschersleben (níl an leathanach ann)">Aschersleben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a> agus <a href="/wiki/Beirl%C3%ADn" title="Beirlín">Beirlín</a> go dtí <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurt_an_der_Oder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankfurt an der Oder (níl an leathanach ann)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a>. Tá an líne ainmnithe as an áit ina dtrasnaíonn sí an <a href="/wiki/An_R%C3%A9in" title="An Réin">Réin</a>. Níl na saineolaithe go léir ar aon bharúil, áfach, gur chóir an Ard-Ghearmáinis agus an Íseal-Ghearmáinis a aithint thar a chéile de réir na líne áirithe seo. Is fearr le cuid acu an líne idir <i>ich</i> agus <i>ik</i> ("mé") a roghnú mar chritéar. Tugtar "líne Uerdingen" ar an líne áirithe seo. Tá líne Uerdingen suite níos faide thuaidh ná líne Benrath. </p><p>Is gnách Meán-Ghearmáinis nó <i>Mitteldeutsch</i> a thabhairt ar na canúintí taobh theas de líne Benrath, nach bhfuil ach cuid de ghnéithe an fhuaimaistrithe curtha i gcrích iontu. Mar shampla, deirtear <i>ich</i> agus <i>machen</i> i gcanúint <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln">Köln</a>, ach, ón taobh eile de, tugtar <i>Dorp</i>, seachas <i>Dorf</i>, ar "sráidbhaile" sa chanúint chéanna. Maidir leis an bhfocal a chiallaíonn "úll", deirtear <i>Appel</i> in áit <i>Apfel</i> chomh fada theas le <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a>. </p><p>Is iad na canúintí Meán-Ghearmáinise an grúpa is mó éagsúlachta. Na <a href="/wiki/Teoirl%C3%ADne" title="Teoirlíne">teoirlínte</a> ar a n-aithnítear cé chomh fairsing atá tréith áirithe den dara fuaimaistriú, tá siad spréite mar a bheadh gaothrán ann in iarthar na Gearmáine, cois na <a href="/wiki/An_R%C3%A9in" title="An Réin">Réine</a>. <i>Rheinischer Fächer</i> nó "gaothrán na Réine" a thugtar ar na canúintí cois na Réine i dtéarmaíocht na gcanúineolaithe. </p><p>Na canúintí is faide theas, tugtar <i>Oberdeutsch</i> orthu, nó "Uas-Ghearmáinis". Is iad na canúintí Almannacha agus na canúintí Baváracha an dá ghrúpa móra Uas-Ghearmáinise. Labhraítear canúintí Almannacha san Eilvéis, i Lichtinstéin agus i dtuaisceart na hIodáile, áit a bhfuil mionlach Gearmánach le fáil. </p><p>Cá bhfuil an Ghearmáinis chaighdeánach i measc chanúintí na Gearmáinise, ansin? Ó thaobh na gconsan agus an fhuaimaistrithe de, dealraíonn sé gurb í an Bhaváiris an chanúint is cosúla léi. Tá claochlú an <i>p</i> go <i>pf</i> teoranta don Uas-Ghearmáinis, go bunúsach. Ó thaobh na ngutaí de, áfach, tá sí níos cosúla leis an Meán-Ghearmáinis. Sa deisceart, is minic a fhuaimnítear an t-/ie/ scríofa mar dhéfhoghar, cosúil le "ia" na Gaeilge. Níl a leithéid d'fhuaimniú ceadaithe sa Ghearmáinis chaighdeánach, nó déantar i fada den /ie/ ansin. </p><p>Tá gné amháin den fhuaimaistriú ann nach bhfuil curtha i gcrích sa teanga chaighdeánach: cé go ndearnadh <i>Z</i> den <i>T</i> i bhfocail cosúil le <i>Zeit</i> agus <i>Pf</i> den <i>P</i> i bhfocail cosúil le <i>Pfad</i>, ní dhearnadh <i>Kch</i> den <i>K</i> i dtús an fhocail - rud a tharla sna canúintí Almannacha. Deir muintir na hEilvéise inniu <i>Chind</i> in áit <i>Kind</i> ("páiste") agus <i>chlii</i> in áit <i>klein</i> ("beag"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stair_na_Gearmáinise"><span id="Stair_na_Gearm.C3.A1inise"></span>Stair na Gearmáinise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Stair na Gearmáinise" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Stair na Gearmáinise"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sean-Ard-Ghearmáinis"><span id="Sean-Ard-Ghearm.C3.A1inis"></span>Sean-Ard-Ghearmáinis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Sean-Ard-Ghearmáinis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Sean-Ard-Ghearmáinis"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Is í an tSean-Ard-Ghearmáinis (<i>Althochdeutsch</i>) an chéim is sine i stair na Gearmáinise. Sa tséú haois, scríobhtaí cúpla focal anseo is ansiúd san aibítir Rúnach, ar a dtugtar <i>Futhark</i>, agus bhí focail aonair sa teanga le léamh i dtéacsaí Laidine na linne. San <a href="/wiki/8%C3%BA_haois" title="8ú haois">ochtú haois</a> a scríobhadh an chéad liosta focal - an t<a href="/wiki/Abrogans" title="Abrogans">Abrogans</a>. Na téacsaí Sean-Ard-Ghearmáinise is sine, áfach, níor cuireadh ar pár iad roimh an naoú haois. Ní raibh caighdeán ceart ag an tSean-Ard-Ghearmáinis, nó bhí na scríbhneoirí go léir ag scríobh ina gcanúintí féin, agus uaireanta, bhí na canúintí á meascadh trí chéile, nuair a bhí an buntéacs scríofa i gcanúint ar leith, agus cainteoir canúna eile ag iarraidh é a chóipeáil. Sampla maith de seo is ea Laoi Hildebrand, nó an <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hildebrandslied&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hildebrandslied (níl an leathanach ann)">Hildebrandslied</a></i>. Laoi eipiciúil é an Hildebrandslied faoi Hildebrand agus a mhac, Hadubrand, a chastar ar a chéile i bpáirc an áir, cosúil le Cú Chulainn agus a mhac Cúnla i miotaseolaíocht na hÉireann. Ó thaobh na teanga de, tá an Hildebrandslied iontach measctha, ós rud é nach bhfuil an scríobhaí cinnte, cé acu Ard-Ghearmáinis nó Íseal-Ghearmáinis ba chóir dó a scríobh. </p><p>Bhí an Íseal-Ghearmáinis ann mar chanúint san am sin féin, cé gur fearr leis na saineolaithe Sean-Sacsóinis a thabhairt uirthi. Tá na cáipéisí atá fágtha againn sa tSean-Sacsóinis níos gainne ná na scríbhinní Sean-Ard-Ghearmáinise féin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meán-Ard-Ghearmáinis"><span id="Me.C3.A1n-Ard-Ghearm.C3.A1inis"></span>Meán-Ard-Ghearmáinis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Meán-Ard-Ghearmáinis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Meán-Ard-Ghearmáinis"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tá i bhfad níos mó tábhachta leis an Meán-Ard-Ghearmáinis (<i>Mittelhochdeutsch</i>). Glactar leis go raibh Meán-Ard-Ghearmáinis á saothrú timpeall na mblianta <a href="/wiki/1050" title="1050">1050</a>-<a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a>. Ní féidir a rá gur teanga chaighdeánach a bhí ann mar a thuigimid an téarma "caighdeán" inniu, ach ar a laghad, bhí claonadh láidir ann sórt scáthleagan nó leagan osréigiúnach den teanga a chruthú. Bhí an claonadh seo fite fuaite le riachtanais na filíochta. Is amhlaidh go raibh filí agus éigse ag aithris dánta, laoithe agus amhráin i gcúirteanna na linne, agus iad ag iarraidh a gcuid filíochta a dhéanamh intuigthe ag an lucht éisteachta i ngach caisleán. Na cúirteanna agus na rítheaghlaigh ba mhó a raibh tionchar acu ar na nósanna agus na béasaí - rítheaghlach mhuintir Hohenstaufen agus rítheaghlach na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Na_Hapsburgaigh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Na Hapsburgaigh (níl an leathanach ann)">Hapsburgach</a> ach go háirithe—bhí siad lonnaithe i ndeisceart na Gearmáine, rud a d'fhág gurbh iad canúintí an Deiscirt a bhí mar bhunús le teanga na bhfilí. </p><p>Bhí tionchar na Meán-Ard-Ghearmáinise le mothú san Ísiltír féin, nó ní raibh an Ísiltíris agus an Ghearmáinis scartha ó chéile go fóill san am seo. Is fiú an file Hendrik van Veldeke, a mhair sa dóú haois déag, a lua. Bhí canúint Ollainnise ó dhúchas aige, agus sin é an teanga ba mhó a shaothraíodh sé ina chuid scríbhinní, ach chuir sé caol air gan focail a chur i rím le chéile nach ndéanfadh rím sa Mheán-Ard-Ghearmáinis. Is é sin, rinne sé iarracht a chinntiú go bhféadfaí a chuid dánta a aistriú go Meán-Ard-Ghearmáinise chomh héasca agus ab fhéidir, gan foclaíocht an bhuntéacs a athrú. </p><p>D'fhág na filí Meán-Ard-Ghearmáinise cuid mhór <a href="/wiki/Litr%C3%ADocht" title="Litríocht">litríochta</a> ina ndiaidh. Thar aon rud eile, bhí an <i>Minnesang</i> ann, is é sin, an fhilíocht choinbhinsiúnta grá. Ba é an grá cúirtiúil a bhí i gceist, is é sin, grá an ridire don bhean uasal a n-ofrálann sé a anam ar a son i bpáirc an áir gan aon teagmháil cheart grá nó collaíochta. Ba é <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_von_der_Vogelweide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther von der Vogelweide (níl an leathanach ann)">Walther von der Vogelweide</a> máistir an chineál seo filíochta. Bhí an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Art%C3%BAra%C3%ADocht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artúraíocht (níl an leathanach ann)">Artúraíocht</a>—is é sin, na laoithe eipiciúla faoi eachtraí an Rí Artúr agus a chuid ridirí—ina cuid thábhachtach de scríbhneoireacht na linne freisin, sa Ghearmáin chomh maith le hiarthar na hEorpa ar fad. I measc na bhfilí a scríobh laoithe nó eipicí faoi théamaí Artúraíochta, bhí <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartmann_von_Aue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartmann von Aue (níl an leathanach ann)">Hartmann von Aue</a> agus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_von_Strassburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottfried von Strassburg (níl an leathanach ann)">Gottfried von Strassburg</a>. File eipiciúil tábhachtach ab ea <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a> freisin. Bhí a gcuid saothar bunaithe ar bhuntéacsaí Fraincise, go háirithe ar na dánta Artúraíochta a scríobh <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a>. </p><p>Ba é Wolfram von Eschenbach a scríobh an eipic úd <i>Parzival</i>, an chéad téacs Gearmáinise ina ndéantar tagairt don t<a href="/wiki/An_Soitheach_Naofa" title="An Soitheach Naofa">Soitheach Naofa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sa dóú haois déag a d'fhorbair an Mheán-Íseal-Ghearmáinis. Mhair sracadh sa teanga seo go dtí an séú haois déag, ach roimhe sin, bhí sí ina mórtheanga timpeall na Bailte ar fad. Bhí sórt caighdeán ann, agus é bunaithe ar chanúint <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, cé nár códaíodh go hoifigiúil riamh é. D'fhág an teanga seo a sliocht ar na teangacha Lochlannacha ar fad, diomaite den Fharóis agus den Íoslainnis, agus is féidir a rá, fiú, go bhfuil níos mó Íseal-Ghearmáinise ná Lochlainnise i <a href="/wiki/An_tSualainnis" title="An tSualainnis">Sualainnis</a> an lae inniu. Ba é an Conradh Hainseatach ba mhó ba chúis le scaipeadh agus fairsingiú na teanga seo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nua-Ard-Ghearmáinis"><span id="Nua-Ard-Ghearm.C3.A1inis"></span>Nua-Ard-Ghearmáinis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Nua-Ard-Ghearmáinis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Nua-Ard-Ghearmáinis"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Is ionann inniu an Ghearmáinis agus an Nua-Ard-Ghearmáinis, is é sin, an caighdeán a bhunaigh <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Máirtín Liútar</a> lena aistriúchán den Bhíobla. Chreid sé féin nach raibh sé ag cruthú aon chaighdeán nua, ach ag tarraingt ar na caighdeáin a bhí ann roimhe féin, is é sin, ar an gcineál Gearmáinis a chleachtadh Seansailéireacht an Impire Hapsburgaigh agus an cineál a bhíodh á scríobh i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meissen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meissen (níl an leathanach ann)">Meissen</a>, i Seansailéireacht an Rí Shacsónaigh. Le fírinne, d'aontaigh sé an chuid ab fhearr sa dá "chaighdeán" seo. Thairis sin, chuir sé béim ar leith ar shimplíocht na comhréire, agus é ag iarraidh aithris a dhéanamh ar dhul na cainte i mbéal na ngnáthdhaoine. Is é an mana a bhí aige ná "féach béal na ndaoine agus iad ag labhairt", agus, go fírinneach, bhí blas na cainte nádúrtha ar go leor dár scríobh sé. </p><p>Maidir le gramadach na Nua-Ard-Ghearmáinise, tá cuid mhór di bunaithe ar ghramadach na Meán-Ard-Ghearmáinise, go háirithe an tuiseal ginideach agus an aimsir chaite—<i>das Präteritum</i>, mar a deirtear as Gearmáinis. Foirm bheo is ea an tuiseal ginideach sa Ghearmáinis scríofa: <i>das Auto des Vaters</i> ("gluaisteán an athar") a scríobhtar, ach is iad na struchtúir a úsáidtear sa teanga labhartha ná <i>das Auto vom Vater</i> ("an gluaisteán den athair") nó <i>dem Vater sein Auto</i> ("don athair a ghluaisteán féin"). Cosúil leis sin, struchtúr de chuid na teanga liteartha is ea é <i>er schrieb den Brief</i> ("scríobh sé an litir", cf. <i>he wrote the letter</i> sa Bhéarla), ach is í an aimsir fhoirfe a úsáidtear sa chaint: <i>er hat den Brief geschrieben</i> ("tá sé tar éis an litir a scríobh", "tá an litir scríofa aige", cf. <i>he has written the letter</i> sa Bhéarla). I gcomparáid leis an Meán-Ard-Ghearmáinis, áfach, d'athraigh an fuaimniú ar go leor bealaí: rinneadh [ai] den [ei], cé gurb é "ei" an litriú i gcónaí ("schreiben" [ʃraibən]), d'iompaigh an t-"iu" [y:] agus an t-"öi" ([øu], nó b'fhéidir [øi]) go h-"eu"/"äu" [ɔy]. </p><p>Thóg sé na céadta bliain, áfach, Gearmáinis chaighdeánaithe Mháirtín Liútair a thabhairt isteach mar chaint na ndaoine. Ní bhfuair sí an lámh in uachtar ar na canúintí roimh an bhfichiú haois, agus, déanta na fírinne, tá stádas na canúna láidir i gcónaí san Eilvéis agus i Lucsamburg. Sa Ghearmáin féin chomh maith leis an Ostair, áfach, tá an <i>regionale Umgangssprache</i> — an "chaint réigiúnach" — ag cur ruaigeadh ar an <i>Dialekt</i> nó an <i>Mundart</i>, is é sin, an "chanúint". Ní raibh na seanchanúintí Gearmáinise bunaithe ar an teanga chaighdeánaithe ar aon nós, nó ba leaganacha den teanga iad a d'fhorbair beag beann uirthi. Is é an rud atá i gceist leis an "gcaint réigiúnach" ná an leagan réigiúnach den teanga chaighdeánaithe. Go minic, bíonn blas na canúna uirthi láidir go leor, ach san am céanna, níl a gramadach ná a stór focal bunaithe ar an gcanúint, ach ar an teanga chaighdeánaithe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tagairtí"><span id="Tagairt.C3.AD"></span>Tagairtí</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Tagairtí" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Tagairtí"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="An Ghearmáinis"><img alt="An Ghearmáinis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wikipedia-logo-v2-ga.png/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-ga.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wikipedia-logo-v2-ga.png/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-ga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wikipedia-logo-v2-ga.png/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-ga.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="155" /></a></span></div> <div style="margin-left: 70px;">Tá <a href="/wiki/Vicip%C3%A9id" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicipéid">Vicipéid</a> le fáil as <i><b><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="de:">An Ghearmáinis</a></b></i> freisin</div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1086221">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=13213">Literary Encyclopedia - Wolfram von Eschenbach: Parzival</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126458">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1031150">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-féach ar"><a href="/wiki/Teimpl%C3%A9ad:Teangacha_oifigi%C3%BAla_an_AE" title="Teimpléad:Teangacha oifigiúla an AE"><abbr title="Féach ar an teimpléad seo" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">f</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-plé"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pl%C3%A9_teimpl%C3%A9id:Teangacha_oifigi%C3%BAla_an_AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plé teimpléid:Teangacha oifigiúla an AE (níl an leathanach ann)"><abbr title="Pléigh an teimpléad seo" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-athraigh"><a class="external text" href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teimpl%C3%A9ad:Teangacha_oifigi%C3%BAla_an_AE&action=edit"><abbr title="Athraigh an teimpléad seo" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Teangacha_oifigiúla_an_Aontais_Eorpaigh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Teanga_oifigi%C3%BAil" title="Teanga oifigiúil">Teangacha oifigiúla</a> an <a href="/wiki/An_tAontas_Eorpach" title="An tAontas Eorpach">Aontais Eorpaigh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_B%C3%A9arla" title="An Béarla">Béarla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Bhulg%C3%A1iris" title="An Bhulgáiris">Bulgáiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Chr%C3%B3itis" title="An Chróitis">Cróitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Danmhairgis" title="An Danmhairgis">Danmhairgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_East%C3%B3inis" title="An Eastóinis">Eastóinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Fhionlainnis" title="An Fhionlainnis">Fionlainnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Fhraincis" title="An Fhraincis">Fraincis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Ghaeilge" title="An Ghaeilge">Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gearmáinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Ghr%C3%A9igis" title="An Ghréigis">Gréigis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Iod%C3%A1ilis" title="An Iodáilis">Iodáilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Laitvis" title="An Laitvis">Laitvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Liotu%C3%A1inis" title="An Liotuáinis">Liotuáinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Mh%C3%A1ltais" title="An Mháltais">Máltais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Ollainnis" title="An Ollainnis">Ollainnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Pholainnis" title="An Pholainnis">Polainnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Phortaing%C3%A9ilis" title="An Phortaingéilis">Portaingéilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_R%C3%B3m%C3%A1inis" title="An Rómáinis">Rómáinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_tSeicis" title="An tSeicis">Seicis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_tSl%C3%B3iv%C3%A9inis" title="An tSlóivéinis">Slóivéinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_tSl%C3%B3vaicis" title="An tSlóvaicis">Slóvaicis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Sp%C3%A1innis" title="An Spáinnis">Spáinnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_tSualainnis" title="An tSualainnis">Sualainnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ung%C3%A1iris" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungáiris">Ungáiris</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="AE"><img alt="AE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/60px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/90px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/120px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Foinse: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/languages/index_ga.htm">Suíomh gréasáin oifigiúil an AE</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Aisghafa ó "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearmáinis&oldid=1217709">https://ga.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Ghearmáinis&oldid=1217709</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Speisialta:Categories" title="Speisialta:Categories">Catagóirí</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catag%C3%B3ir:Teangacha_na_hEorpa" title="Catagóir:Teangacha na hEorpa">Teangacha na hEorpa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Catag%C3%B3ir:Teangacha_Gearm%C3%A1inice" title="Catagóir:Teangacha Gearmáinice">Teangacha Gearmáinice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Catag%C3%B3ir:An_Ghearm%C3%A1in" title="Catagóir:An 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