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class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p><b>John Louis Emil Dreyer</b> (13 February 1852 – 14 September 1926), also <b>Johan Ludvig Emil Dreyer</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Danish</a> astronomer who spent most of his career working in Ireland. He spent the last decade of his life in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford, England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dictscibiog_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictscibiog-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-obit_mnras_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit_mnras-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Dreyer.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/John_Dreyer.gif/220px-John_Dreyer.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/John_Dreyer.gif/330px-John_Dreyer.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/John_Dreyer.gif/440px-John_Dreyer.gif 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="591"></a><figcaption>John Louis Emil Dreyer.</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Works"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Arms"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Arms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Dreyer was born in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>. His father, Lieutenant General John Christopher Dreyer,<sup id="cite_ref-biogencastron_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biogencastron-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the Danish Minister for War and the Navy. When he was 14 he became interested in astronomy and regularly visited <a href="/wiki/Hans_Schjellerup" title="Hans Schjellerup">Hans Schjellerup</a> at the Copenhagen observatory.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_mnras_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit_mnras-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was educated in Copenhagen, taking an MA in 1872. While the same university later awarded him a PhD, in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in 1874, at the age of 22, he went to <a href="/wiki/Birr,_County_Offaly" title="Birr, County Offaly">Parsonstown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. There he worked as the assistant of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Parsons,_4th_Earl_of_Rosse" title="Lawrence Parsons, 4th Earl of Rosse">Lord Rosse</a> (the son and successor of the <a href="/wiki/William_Parsons,_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse" title="William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse">Lord Rosse</a> who built the <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_of_Parsonstown" title="Leviathan of Parsonstown">Leviathan of Parsonstown</a> telescope). </p><p>During 1878 he moved to <a href="/wiki/Dunsink_Observatory" title="Dunsink Observatory">Dunsink</a>, the site of the Trinity College Observatory of Dublin University to work for <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stawell_Ball" title="Robert Stawell Ball">Robert Stawell Ball</a>. In 1882 he relocated again, this time to <a href="/wiki/Armagh_Observatory" title="Armagh Observatory">Armagh Observatory</a>, where he served as Director until his retirement in 1916. In 1885 he became a British citizen. In 1916 he and his wife Kate moved to <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> where Dreyer worked on editing the works of <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a>. </p><p>He won the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society">Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society</a> in 1916 and served as the society's president from 1923 until 1925. He died on 14 September 1926 in Oxford, where he is buried in <a href="/wiki/Wolvercote_Cemetery" title="Wolvercote Cemetery">Wolvercote Cemetery</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Dreyer_(crater)" title="Dreyer (crater)">crater</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Far_side_(Moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Far side (Moon)">far side</a> of the Moon is named after him. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Dreyer compiled the <i><a href="/wiki/New_General_Catalogue" title="New General Catalogue">New General Catalogue</a> of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars</i>, basing it on <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Nebulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalogue of Nebulae">Catalogue of Nebulae</a>, as well as two supplementary <i><a href="/wiki/Index_Catalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Index Catalogue">Index Catalogues</a></i>. The NGC and IC catalogue designations are still widely used. </p><p>Dreyer was also a historian of astronomy. In 1890 he published a biography of Danish astronomer <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a>, and in his later years he edited Tycho's publications and unpublished correspondence. These were published in a 15-volume edition, <i>Opera Omnia</i>, the last volume of which was published after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_mnras_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit_mnras-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His book <i>History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler</i> (1905), is currently printed with the title <i>A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-historythaleskepler_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historythaleskepler-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He co-edited the first official history of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hall_Turner" title="Herbert Hall Turner">Herbert Hall Turner</a>, <i>History of the Royal Astronomical Society 1820–1920 (1923, reprinted 1987)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of John Louis Emil Dreyer </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd>Certified 20 November 1896 by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Edward_Vicars" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Edward Vicars">Arthur Edward Vicars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_King_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster King of Arms">Ulster King of Arms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Crest</dt> <dd>An arm ____ the hand gauntleted Proper grasping a trident bend sinisterways Argent shaft Proper.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Per fess Argent and Gules chaperonne Azure in chief a trefoil slipped and inverted Vert and in base three roundels each charged with a quatrefoil Argent.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>Uden Arbeide Ingen Lykke</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F118454a0">"obit. Dr. J. L. E. Dreyer"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>118</b> (2969): <span class="nowrap">454–</span>455. 25 September 1926. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1926Natur.118..454.">1926Natur.118..454.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F118454a0">10.1038/118454a0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=obit.+Dr.+J.+L.+E.+Dreyer&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=2969&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E454-%3C%2Fspan%3E455&rft.date=1926-09-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F118454a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1926Natur.118..454.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F118454a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Louis+Emil+Dreyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yEcuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA508">"DREYER, John Louis Emil"</a>. <i>Who's Who</i>. Vol. 59. 1907. p. 508.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Who%27s+Who&rft.atitle=DREYER%2C+John+Louis+Emil&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=508&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyEcuAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Louis+Emil+Dreyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictscibiog-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dictscibiog_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander,_A._F._O'D.1971" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, A. F. O'D. (1971). "Dreyer, Johann Louis Emil". In Gillispie, C. C. (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography"><i>Dictionary of Scientific Biography</i></a>. Vol. 4. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%E2%80%99s_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Scribner’s Sons">Charles Scribner’s Sons</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">185–</span>186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dreyer%2C+Johann+Louis+Emil&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%E2%80%99s+Sons&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Alexander%2C+A.+F.+O%27D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Louis+Emil+Dreyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit_mnras-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obit_mnras_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_mnras_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_mnras_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0087//0000251.000.html?high=512695a29c29710">"Obituary Notices: Fellows:- Dreyer, J. L. E"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i>. <b>87</b>: 251. February 1927. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1927MNRAS..87..251.">1927MNRAS..87..251.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F87.4.251">10.1093/mnras/87.4.251</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Obituary+Notices%3A+Fellows%3A-+Dreyer%2C+J.+L.+E&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=251&rft.date=1927-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F87.4.251&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1927MNRAS..87..251.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2Fseri%2FMNRAS%2F0087%2F%2F0000251.000.html%3Fhigh%3D512695a29c29710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Louis+Emil+Dreyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biogencastron-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biogencastron_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2007" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Ian (2007). "Dreyer, John Louis Emil". In Hockey, Thomas; Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas R. (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Encyclopedia_of_Astronomers" title="Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers"><i>Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">312–</span>313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-30400-7_382">10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_382</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0"><bdi>978-0-387-31022-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dreyer%2C+John+Louis+Emil&rft.btitle=Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E312-%3C%2Fspan%3E313&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-30400-7_382&rft.isbn=978-0-387-31022-0&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Louis+Emil+Dreyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.A. Bennett: Church, State and Astronomy in Ireland, Armagh Observatory, 1990, Chapter 9, p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historythaleskepler-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historythaleskepler_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyer,_J._L._E.1953" class="citation book cs1">Dreyer, J. L. E. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfAstronomyFromThalesToKepler"><i>A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler</i></a> (2 ed.). New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486600796" title="Special:BookSources/9780486600796"><bdi>9780486600796</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Astronomy+from+Thales+to+Kepler&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=9780486600796&rft.au=Dreyer%2C+J.+L.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAHistoryOfAstronomyFromThalesToKepler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Louis+Emil+Dreyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/511254/Royal-Astronomical-Society-RAS/93551/Additional-Reading">"Royal Astronomical Society (RAS)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 28 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Royal+Astronomical+Society+%28RAS%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F511254%2FRoyal-Astronomical-Society-RAS%2F93551%2FAdditional-Reading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Louis+Emil+Dreyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000529303">"Grants and Confirmations of Arms, Vol. H"</a>. National Library of Ireland. 1880. p. 382<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grants+and+Confirmations+of+Arms%2C+Vol.+H&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Ireland&rft.date=1880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.nli.ie%2FRecord%2Fvtls000529303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Louis+Emil+Dreyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer&oldid=1235197145">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer&oldid=1235197145</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Citation bot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1721274207"> <span>Last edited on 18 July 2024, at 03:43</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="جون لويس إميل دراير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون لويس إميل دراير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_L%C3%BCdviq_Emil_Dreyer" title="Con Lüdviq Emil Dreyer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Lüdviq Emil Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer" title="John Louis Emil Dreyer – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="John Louis Emil Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer" title="John Louis Emil Dreyer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Louis Emil Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dreyer" title="John Dreyer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer" title="John Louis Emil Dreyer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Louis Emil Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Emil_Dreyer" title="Johan Ludvig Emil Dreyer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Johan Ludvig Emil Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%9D%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Γιόχαν Ντράιερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιόχαν Ντράιερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer" title="John Louis Emil Dreyer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Louis Emil Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="جان لوئیس امیل درایر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان لوئیس امیل درایر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer" title="John Louis Emil Dreyer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Louis Emil Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer" title="John Louis Emil Dreyer – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="John Louis Emil Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%98_%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%9C%84%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4" title="욘 드레위에르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="욘 드레위에르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer" title="John Louis Emil Dreyer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="John Louis Emil Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dreyer" title="John Dreyer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="ג'ון דרייר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון דרייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джон Людвиг Эмиль Дрейер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джон Людвиг Эмиль Дрейер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Emil_Dreyer" title="Johan Ludvig Emil Dreyer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Johan Ludvig Emil Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Јохан Лудвиг Емил Дрејер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јохан Лудвиг Емил Дрејер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Dreyer" title="Johan Dreyer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Johan Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC" title="ジョン・ドライヤー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ドライヤー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Emil_Dreyer" title="Johan Ludvig Emil Dreyer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Johan Ludvig Emil Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dreyer" title="John Dreyer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dreyer" title="John Dreyer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dreyer" title="John Dreyer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Дрейер, Джон Людвиг Эмиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дрейер, Джон Людвиг Эмиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dreyer" title="John Dreyer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dreyer" title="John Dreyer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%B1" title="جۆن لویس ئیمیل درایەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆن لویس ئیمیل درایەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Јохан Лудвиг Емил Дрејер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јохан Лудвиг Емил Дрејер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer" title="John Louis Emil Dreyer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John Louis Emil Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Dreyer" title="Johan Dreyer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Johan Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer" title="John Louis Emil Dreyer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Louis Emil Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer" title="John Louis Emil Dreyer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John Louis Emil Dreyer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B3_%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%94%D1%80" title="Джон Людвіг Еміль Дреєр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Людвіг Еміль Дреєр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E4%BA%9E" title="德雷亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德雷亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E8%80%B3" title="約翰·路易·埃米爾·德雷耳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="約翰·路易·埃米爾·德雷耳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 July 2024, at 03:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a 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