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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-效用的基数性和序数性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#效用的基数性和序数性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>效用的基数性和序数性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-效用的基数性和序数性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-边际效用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#边际效用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>边际效用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-边际效用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">效用</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。46种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="منفعة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منفعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faydal%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="Faydalılıq – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Faydalılıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Полезност – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полезност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="উপযোগ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপযোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BEitek_(ekonomie)" title="Užitek (ekonomie) – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Užitek (ekonomie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Усăллăлăх – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Усăллăлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nytte" title="Nytte – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nytte" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutzen_(Wirtschaft)" title="Nutzen (Wirtschaft) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nutzen (Wirtschaft)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility" title="Utility – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Utility" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilidad_(econom%C3%ADa)" title="Utilidad (economía) – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Utilidad (economía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliagarritasun_(ekonomia)" title="Baliagarritasun (ekonomia) – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baliagarritasun (ekonomia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مطلوبیت – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مطلوبیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%B6ty" title="Hyöty – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hyöty" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilit%C3%A9_(%C3%A9conomie)" title="Utilité (économie) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Utilité (économie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="उपयोगिता – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपयोगिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korisnost_(ekonomska_znanost)" title="Korisnost (ekonomska znanost) – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Korisnost (ekonomska znanost)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasznoss%C3%A1gi_f%C3%BCggv%C3%A9ny" title="Hasznossági függvény – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hasznossági függvény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_guna" title="Daya guna – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daya guna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilit%C3%A0_(economia)" title="Utilità (economia) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Utilità (economia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%B9%E7%94%A8" title="効用 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="効用" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Пайдалылық – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пайдалылық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಉಪಯುಕ್ತತೆ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಪಯುಕ್ತತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%A8%EC%9A%A9" title="효용 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="효용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_(%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Корист (Економија) – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Корист (Економија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A4" title="ഉപയുക്തത – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉപയുക്തത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utiliti" title="Utiliti – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Utiliti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(economie)" title="Nut (economie) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nut (economie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyttefunksjon" title="Nyttefunksjon – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nyttefunksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BCyteczno%C5%9B%C4%87_(ekonomia)" title="Użyteczność (ekonomia) – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Użyteczność (ekonomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilidade_(economia)" title="Utilidade (economia) – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Utilidade (economia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitate" title="Utilitate – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Utilitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Полезность – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полезность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D2%BB%D0%B0" title="Туһа – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Туһа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility" title="Utility – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Utility" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9A%C5%BEitok_(ekon%C3%B3mia)" title="Úžitok (ekonómia) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Úžitok (ekonómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Корисност – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Корисност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nytta" title="Nytta – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nytta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பயன்பாடு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பயன்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="อรรถประโยชน์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อรรถประโยชน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%AA_%D9%81%DB%87%D9%86%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%89" title="مەنپەت فۇنكىسيەسى – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مەنپەت فۇنكىسيەسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Корисність – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Корисність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naflilik" title="Naflilik – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Naflilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uti%C5%82it%C3%A0_(economia)" title="Utiłità (economia) – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Utiłità (economia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%8Fa_d%E1%BB%A5ng" title="Thỏa dụng – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thỏa dụng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8" title="效用 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="效用" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8" title="效用 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="效用" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q466707#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-caf7deb7" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-caf7deb7" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-title" data-noteta-code="zh-hans:效用;zh-hk:功用;zh-tw:效用;"></div><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Economics"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:效用;zh-hk:功用;zh-tw:效用;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-tw:財貨;zh-hk:物品;zh-cn:商品;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:基数;zh-hant:計數;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:希克斯;zh-tw:Hicks;"></div></div></div> <p><b>效用</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Utility</span>），是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="微观经济学">微观经济学</a>中最常用的概念之一。一般而言，效用是指对于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B4%B9%E8%80%85" title="消费者">消费者</a>对各种財貨和服务的消费或投资的相对满意度的度量。对于投资而言，是指投资者从不同的投资组合中获得的满意度。基于<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="理性選擇理論">理性选择理论</a>的经济学理论通常认为消费者会尽可能最大化其效用。边际效用会随着財貨或服务的供应增加而减少，称为边际效用递减原理。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>效用的概念是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%8A%AA%E5%88%A9" title="丹尼尔·伯努利">丹尼尔·伯努利</a>在解释<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A0%A1%E6%82%96%E8%AE%BA" title="圣彼得堡悖论">圣彼得堡悖论</a>（丹尼尔的堂兄<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%8A%AA%E5%88%A9" title="尼古拉一世·伯努利">尼古拉一世·伯努利</a>设计出来的一个悖论）时提出的，目的是挑战以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E9%A2%9D%E6%9C%9F%E6%9C%9B%E5%80%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金额期望值（页面不存在）">金额期望值</a>(expected monetary value, EMV)作为决策标准的理论。 </p><p>丹尼尔·伯努利对这个悖论的解答在1738年的论文裡，主要包括两条原理： </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E9%99%85%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8%E9%80%92%E5%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="边际效用递减">边际效用递减</a>原理：一个人对于财富的占有多多益善，即效用函数一阶<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BC%E6%95%B0" title="导数">导数</a>大于零；随着财富的增加，满足程度的增加速度不断下降，效用函数二阶导数小于零。</li> <li>最大效用原理：在风险和不确定条件下，个人的决策行为准则是为了获得最大期望效用值而非最大期望金额值。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="效用的基数性和序数性"><span id=".E6.95.88.E7.94.A8.E7.9A.84.E5.9F.BA.E6.95.B0.E6.80.A7.E5.92.8C.E5.BA.8F.E6.95.B0.E6.80.A7"></span>效用的基数性和序数性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：效用的基数性和序数性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="经济学家">经济学家</a>对于效用的理解是有一个过程的。19世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="杰文斯">杰文斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦尔拉斯">瓦尔拉斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔弗莱德·马歇尔">马歇尔</a>等早期经济学家认为效用如同人们的身高和体重一样是可以测量的，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·希克斯">约翰·希克斯</a>（John Hicks）於1946年尝试了只在序数性效用的假定下，也取得了很多的研究成果。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·希克斯">约翰·希克斯</a>认为，效用的数值表现只是为了表达偏好的顺序，并非效用的绝对数值。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E7%B9%86%E7%88%BE%E6%A3%AE" title="保羅·薩繆爾森">保罗·萨缪尔森</a>也认为效用反映着人的欲望，而欲望是无法具体度量的，只能通过人们满足自己的愿望付出了多少价格来判断<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:78</sup>。从教科书等内容判断，现在比较通用的应该是后者的序数性效用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="边际效用"><span id=".E8.BE.B9.E9.99.85.E6.95.88.E7.94.A8"></span>边际效用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：边际效用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E9%99%85%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8" title="边际效用">边际效用</a></div> <p>假设一个经济中存在<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span>种財貨，消费者从消费財貨向量： </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} =(x_{1},x_{2}\cdots ,x_{n}),\forall i\in \{1,2,\cdots ,n\},x_{i}\geq 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋯</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} =(x_{1},x_{2}\cdots ,x_{n}),\forall i\in \{1,2,\cdots ,n\},x_{i}\geq 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85726a9579f6a4b5374d5b669460087054d40ab1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:44.851ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} =(x_{1},x_{2}\cdots ,x_{n}),\forall i\in \{1,2,\cdots ,n\},x_{i}\geq 0}"></span> </p><p>来得到效用。为了集中讨论效用问题，我们这里不考虑消费约束，也就是说消费者不用担心自己是否能够承担这些消费。假设消费者的效用函数存在（效用函数的存在性证明需要较大篇幅，这里不予给出），则可以表示成： </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U=u(\mathbf {x} )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U=u(\mathbf {x} )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4c8dd0bdbd5d68760bd4606110a73a8eab4ff52d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.431ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U=u(\mathbf {x} )}"></span>。 </p><p>边际效用可以定义为，在其他情况不变的情况下，消费者透过增加一个单位的財貨<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span>的消费导致的效用的增加量。形式上，可以用下面的表达式来表示： </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle MU={\frac {\partial u(\mathbf {x} )}{\partial x_{i}}}=u_{i}(\mathbf {x} )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MU={\frac {\partial u(\mathbf {x} )}{\partial x_{i}}}=u_{i}(\mathbf {x} )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0f9b500019cd8031139fa16e2c7c638653ac7b17" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.476ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MU={\frac {\partial u(\mathbf {x} )}{\partial x_{i}}}=u_{i}(\mathbf {x} )}"></span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Marshall, Alfred. Principles of Economics. An introductory volume 8th. London: Macmillan. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Economics.+An+introductory+volume&rft.date=1920&rft.edition=8th&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>书籍</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·希克斯">John Hicks</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463376"><span></span><i>Value and Capital</i><span></span></a> 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1946 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8&rft.au=John+Hicks&rft.btitle=Value+and+Capital&rft.date=1946&rft.edition=2nd+ed.&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.463376&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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title="稀缺性">稀缺性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E8%B2%A8" title="財貨">財貨</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E8%B2%A8" title="財貨">經濟財</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B2%A1" title="自由財">自由財</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E8%B2%A1" title="私有財">私有財</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E7%89%A9%E5%93%81" title="公共物品">公共財</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="商品及服務" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Goods and services"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E5%93%81%E5%8F%8A%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="商品及服務（页面不存在）">商品及服務</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_and_services" class="extiw" title="en:Goods and services"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Goods and services</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="商品">商品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1" title="服务">服务</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E6%9D%9F%E6%A5%B5%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%96" title="約束極大化">約束極大化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="經濟成本">经济成本</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="平均成本" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Average cost"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平均成本（页面不存在）">平均成本</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_cost" class="extiw" title="en:Average cost"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Average cost</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E9%99%85%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="边际成本">边际成本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="机会成本">机会成本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="社会成本">社会成本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E6%B2%A1%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="沉没成本">沉没成本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="交易成本">交易成本</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%81%AF" title="利息">利息</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E6%9C%9F%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="跨期選擇">跨期選擇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E8%88%87%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6" title="需求與供給">需求與供給</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="供給曲線">供給曲線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="需求曲線">需求曲線</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7_(%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6)" title="弹性 (经济学)">彈性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%9D%87%E8%A1%A1" title="經濟均衡">經濟均衡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%9D%87%E8%A1%A1%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="一般均衡理论">一般均衡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%A1%8D%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82" title="超額需求">超額需求</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%A1%8D%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6" title="超額供給">超額供給</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B4%B9%E8%80%85%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="消费者理论">消費者理論</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%A5%BD" title="偏好">偏好</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">效用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="无差异曲线">等優曲線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E7%AE%97%E7%B7%9A" title="預算線">預算線</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="收入–消費曲線" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Income–consumption curve"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5%E2%80%93%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="收入–消費曲線（页面不存在）">收入–消費曲線</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income%E2%80%93consumption_curve" class="extiw" title="en:Income–consumption curve"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Income–consumption curve</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="不確定性">不確定性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%8E%8C%E6%81%B6" title="风险厌恶">风险厌恶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%9F%E5%A4%B1%E8%A7%84%E9%81%BF" title="损失规避">损失规避</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">效用</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E6%9C%9F%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4" title="预期效用假说">预期效用假说</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E9%99%85%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8" title="边际效用">边际效用</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7" title="需求的价格弹性">需求的价格弹性</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">企業理論</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E8%A6%81%E7%B4%A0" title="生产要素">生產要素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%B7%A5" title="分工">分工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E9%85%AC%E9%81%9E%E6%B8%9B" title="報酬遞減">報酬遞減</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生產成本（页面不存在）">生產成本</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="固定成本">固定成本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E5%8B%95%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="變動成本">變動成本</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%BD%A4" title="利潤">利潤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="等成本曲線">等成本曲線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E4%BA%A7%E9%87%8F%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="等产量曲线">等产量曲线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%B6%A6%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%96" title="利润最大化">利润最大化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="规模经济">规模经济</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E6%A8%A1%E4%B8%8D%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="規模不經濟">規模不經濟</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="範圍經濟" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Economies of scope"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AF%84%E5%9C%8D%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="範圍經濟（页面不存在）">範圍經濟</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scope" class="extiw" title="en:Economies of scope"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Economies of scope</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E9%9B%86%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="聚集經濟">集聚经济</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">市場分析</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA" title="市场">市场</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="市场形式">市场形式</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="市场竞争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Competition (economics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="市场竞争（页面不存在）">市场竞争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_(economics)" class="extiw" title="en:Competition (economics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Competition (economics)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD%E6%80%A7%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89" title="垄断性竞争">垄断性竞争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89" title="完全竞争">完全竞争</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%A4%B4%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD" title="双头垄断">双头垄断</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E5%8D%A0" title="独占">垄断</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E8%BE%B9%E5%AF%A1%E5%A4%B4%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD" title="双边寡头垄断">双边寡头垄断</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD" title="买方垄断">买方垄断</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E5%8D%A0" title="寡占">寡頭壟斷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%AF%A1%E5%A4%B4%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD" title="买方寡头垄断">买方寡头垄断</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E7%81%B5" title="市场失灵">市场失灵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="价格">价格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%89%A9%E9%A4%98" title="經濟剩餘">經濟剩餘</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%89%A9%E9%A4%98" title="經濟剩餘">消費者剩餘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%89%A9%E9%A4%98" title="經濟剩餘">生產者剩餘</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%B0%93%E6%8D%9F%E5%A4%B1" title="无谓损失">無謂損失</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E6%80%A7" title="外部性">外部性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="经济效率">經濟效率</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="經濟公平" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Equity (economics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%85%AC%E5%B9%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="經濟公平（页面不存在）">經濟公平</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_(economics)" class="extiw" title="en:Equity (economics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Equity (economics)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社會抉擇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social choice"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%8A%89%E6%93%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會抉擇（页面不存在）">社會抉擇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_choice" class="extiw" title="en:Social choice"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social choice</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究分支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="行為經濟學">行為經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="商业经济学">商业经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="計算經濟學">計算經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B3%E7%AD%96%E8%AE%BA" title="决策论">决策论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="應用經濟學">應用經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="计量经济学">计量经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="工程經濟">工程經濟</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土木工程经济学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Engineering economics (civil engineering)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土木工程经济学（页面不存在）">土木工程经济学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_economics_(civil_engineering)" class="extiw" title="en:Engineering economics (civil engineering)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Engineering economics (civil engineering)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="演化经济学">演化经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="实验经济学">实验经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AE%BA" title="博弈论">博弈论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="产业组织理论">产业组织理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="制度经济学">制度经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="勞動經濟學">勞動經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="法律经济学">法律经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="企业经济学">管理经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="数理经济学">数理经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%A7%80%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E" title="微觀基礎">宏观经济学的微观基础</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%B1%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="運籌學">運籌學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96" title="最优化">最优化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="福利经济学">福利经济学</a></li></ul> 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