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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> Quranism (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: القرآنية, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Qurʾāniyya) is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic movement</a> that holds the belief that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quran">Quran</a> is the only valid source of religious belief, guidance, and law in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Quranists believe that the Quran is clear, complete, and that it can be fully understood without recourse to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hadith">hadith</a> and sunnah. Therefore, they use the Quran itself to interpret the Quran, an exegetical principle known as tafsir al-Qur'an bi al-Qur'an. In matters of faith, jurisprudence, and legislation, Quranists differ from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunni_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a>, who consider the hadith, scholarly opinions, opinions attributed to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Companions of the Prophet">sahaba</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ijma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ijma">ijma</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qiyas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qiyas">qiyas</a>, and Islam's legislative authority in matters of law and creed in addition to the Quran.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ODI-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Hadith-espousing sects of Islam differ with one another over which hadith they view as reliable, but their hadith collections are mostly overlapping.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In contrast, Quranists do not advance another corpus of assertedly authoritative hadith; rather, they <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Criticism of hadith">criticize hadith</a> altogether and do not recognize any as authoritative.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Whereas hadith-followers believe that obedience to the Islamic prophet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> entails obedience to hadiths, Quranists believe that obedience to Muhammad means obedience to the Qur'an.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> This methodological difference has led to considerable divergence between Quranists, and both Sunnis and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shia_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shia Islam">Shias</a> in matters of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schools of Islamic theology">theology</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sharia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sharia">law</a> as well as the understanding of the Quran.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Quranists date their beliefs back to the time of Muhammad, who they claim prohibited the writing of hadiths. As they believe that hadith, while not being reliable sources of religion, can serve as historical records, Quranists cite some early Islamic writings in support of their positions, including those attributed to caliph <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab">Umar</a> (r. 634–644) and materials dating to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> caliphates. In the 21st century, the Quranist position on the hadith has gained traction among <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_modernism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic modernism">modernist Muslims</a> who reject hadith that they believe contradict the Qur'an. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Terminology">1 Terminology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Doctrine">2 Doctrine</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Differences_with_traditional_Islam">2.1 Differences with traditional Islam</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Shahada_(creed)">2.1.1 Shahada (creed)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Salah_(prayer)">2.1.2 Salah (prayer)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Wudu_(ablution)">2.1.3 Wudu (ablution)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zakat_(alms_tax)">2.1.4 Zakat (alms tax)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sawm_(fasting)">2.1.5 Sawm (fasting)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hajj_(pilgrimage)">2.1.6 Hajj (pilgrimage)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ridda_(apostasy)">2.1.7 Ridda (apostasy)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Polygamy">2.1.8 Polygamy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Military_Jihad">2.1.9 Military Jihad</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Food">2.1.10 Food</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dress_code">2.1.11 Dress code</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hadith">2.1.12 Hadith</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tafsir">2.1.13 Tafsir</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other">2.1.14 Other</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">3 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_Islam">3.1 Early Islam</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Umayyad_period">3.2 Umayyad period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Abbasid_period">3.3 Abbasid period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#19th_century">3.4 19th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#20th_century">3.5 20th century</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Popularity_and_opposition">4 Popularity and opposition</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Russia">4.1 Russia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Saudi_Arabia">4.2 Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sudan">4.3 Sudan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Turkey">4.4 Turkey</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notable_organizations">5 Notable organizations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Association_Internationale_des_Musulmans_Coraniques_(AIMC)">5.1 Association Internationale des Musulmans Coraniques (AIMC)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Izgi_Amal">5.2 Izgi Amal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kala_Kato">5.3 Kala Kato</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Quran_Sunnat_Society">5.4 Quran Sunnat Society</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tolu-e-Islam">5.5 Tolu-e-Islam</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_Submitters_International">5.6 United Submitters International</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notable_individuals">6 Notable individuals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> "Quranists" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: القرآنية, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Qurʾāniyya)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> are also referred to as "reformists" or "progressive Muslims" as well as "Quraniyoon" (those who ascribe to the Quran alone).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook-11">[11]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Doctrine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Quranists believe that the Quran is clear, complete, and that it can be fully understood without recourse to the hadith and sunnah.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Quranists-12">[12]</a> Therefore, they use the Quran itself to interpret the Quran:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> [A] literal and holistic analysis of the text from a contemporary perspective and applying the exegetical principle of tafsir al-qur'an bi al-qur'an (explaining the Qur'an with the Qur'an) and the jurisprudential principle al-asl fi al-kalam al-haqiqah (the fundamental rule of speech is literalness), without refracting that Qur'anic usage through the lens of history and tradition.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </blockquote> This methodology differs from tafsir bi'r-riwāyah, which is the method of commenting on the Quran using traditional sources, and tafsir al-Qur'an bi-l-Kitab, which refers to interpreting the Qur'an with/through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Bible</a>, generally referred to in quranic studies as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tawrat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawrat">Tawrat</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Injil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Injil">Injil</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Yusuf-28-16">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-McCoy2021-17">[17]</a> In the centuries following Muhammad's death, Quranists did not believe in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naskh (tafsir)">naskh</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kufa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kufa">Kufan</a> scholar Dirar ibn Amr's Quranist belief led him to deny in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dajjal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dajjal">Dajjal</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Punishment_of_the_Grave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Punishment of the Grave">Punishment of the Grave</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shafa%27a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shafa'a">Shafa'a</a> in the 8th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> scholar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohammed_Abu_Zaid_al-Damanhury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohammed Abu Zaid al-Damanhury">Muhammad Abu Zayd's</a> Quranist commentaries led him to reject the belief in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Isra and Mi'raj</a> in the early 20th century. In his rationalist Quran commentary published in 1930, which uses the Quran itself to interpret the Quran, he claimed that verse 17:1 was an allusion to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hijrah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hijrah">Hijrah</a> and not Isra and Mi'raj.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a> argued that, while the Quran remained socially relevant, reliance on Hadith limits the vast potential of the Quran to a particular cultural and historical situation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:65-22">[22]</a> The extent to which Quranists reject the authority of the Hadith and Sunnah varies,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Voss-23">[23]</a> but the more established groups have thoroughly criticised the authority of the Hadith and reject it for many reasons. The most common view being the Quranists who say that Hadith is not mentioned in the Quran as a source of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_theology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a> and practice, was not recorded in written form until a century after the death of Muhammad,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto3-24">[24]</a> and contain internal errors and contradictions as well as contradictions with the Quran.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Quranists-12">[12]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Voss-23">[23]</a> For Sunni Muslims, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunnah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>, i.e the Sunnah (the way) of the prophet, is one of the two primary sources of Islamic law, and while the Quran has verses enjoining Muslims to obey the Messenger, the Quran never talks about Sunnah in connection with Muhammad or other prophets. The term Sunnah appears several times, including in the phrase sunnat Allah (way of God),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Islamicity-search-25">[25]</a> but not sunnat al-nabi (way of the prophet) – the phrase customarily used by proponents of hadith.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:8-26">[26]</a> The concept of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tahrif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tahrif">tahrif</a> has also been advocated by Quran alone Muslims such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rashad_Khalifa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a>, who believed that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_holy_books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic holy books">previous revelations</a> of God, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Bible</a>, contained contradictions due to human interference.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Instead, he believed that the beliefs and practices of Islam should be based on the Quran alone. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Differences_with_traditional_Islam">Differences with traditional Islam</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Differences with traditional Islam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Quranists believe that the Quran is the sole source of religious law and guidance in Islam and reject the authority of sources outside of the Quran like hadith and sunnah. Quranists suggest that vast majority of hadith literature are forged and that the Quran criticizes the hadith both in technical sense and general sense.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62-rida-28">[28]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Quranists-12">[12]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Voss-23">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:6-29">[29]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:7-30">[30]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> Quranists claim that the Sunnis and Shias have distorted the meaning of the verses to support their agenda,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:8-31">[31]</a> especially in verses about women and war.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:5-32">[32]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:9-33">[33]</a> Due to these differences in theology, there are differences between traditional Islamic and Quranist practices. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Shahada_(creed)">Shahada (creed)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Shahada (creed)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shahada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shahada">shahada</a> accepted by a number of Quranists is la ilaha illa'llah ("There is nothing worthy of worship except God").<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:10-35">[35]</a> However, a number of Quranists also consider the Quranic verse 2:131 as the proper shahada, based on the command to “Submit”, and the response, “I submit to the Lord of the worlds.” <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Salah_(prayer)">Salah (prayer)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Salah (prayer)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Among Quranists, different views can be found in ritual prayer (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salah">salah</a>). Some Quranists pray five times a day, like in traditional Islam, while others pray two or three times a day.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The practice of praying five times daily does not appear in the Quran, but the practice originated in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> about Muhammad's Isra and Mi'raj. Some Quranists believe that it is sufficient to pray two or three times daily because Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://quran.com/11?startingVerse%3D114">11:114</a> says "Establish prayer ˹O Prophet˺ at both ends of the day and in the early part of the night." A minority of Quranists see the Arabic word ṣalāt as a spiritual contact or a spiritual devotion to God through the observance of the Quran and worship to God, and therefore not as a standard ritual to be performed. The blessings for Muhammad and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abraham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, which are part of the traditional ritual, are not practiced by most Quranists in the call to prayer and in the prayer itself, arguing that the Quran mentions prayers are only for God, and the Quran tells believers to make no distinction between any messenger.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> There are other minor differences: for Quranists, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Menstruation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a> does not constitute an obstacle to prayer,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> men and women are allowed to pray together in a mosque and that there is no catching up later once a prayer is missed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Wudu_(ablution)">Wudu (ablution)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Wudu (ablution)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Quranist ablution in prayer (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wudu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wudu">wudu</a>) only includes washing the face, hands up to the elbows and stroking the head and feet, since only these steps are mentioned in the Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://quran.com/5?startingVerse%3D6">5:6</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:10-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Zakat_(alms_tax)">Zakat (alms tax)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Zakat (alms tax)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In traditional Islam, giving <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zakat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zakat">zakat</a> is a religious duty and amounts to 2.5 percent of the annual income. The Quranists give zakat based on the Quranic verses. In the opinion of many Quranists, zakat must be paid, but the Quran does not specify a percentage because it does not appear explicitly in the Quran.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Other Quranists are in agreement with the 2.5 percent, but do not give the zakat annually, but from every money they earn.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ReferenceD3-44">[44]</a> There is, in addition to the traditional idea of zakat, also an alternative idea that zakat itself does not mean to give charity alone, but to purify your character through righteous works, which includes the giving of charity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Sawm_(fasting)">Sawm (fasting)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sawm (fasting)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The majority of Quranists <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fasting_during_Ramadan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fasting during Ramadan">fast</a> for all of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramadan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, but do not see the last day of Ramadan as a holy day.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ReferenceD3-44">[44]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:13-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Hajj_(pilgrimage)">Hajj (pilgrimage)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Hajj (pilgrimage)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Extra-Quranic traditions in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hajj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hajj">hajj</a>, such as kissing or hugging the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_Stone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black Stone">black stone</a> and the symbolic stoning of the devil by throwing stones are rejected and seen as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a> by Quranists.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Ridda_(apostasy)">Ridda (apostasy)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ridda (apostasy)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to Sunni hadith, a Muslim who <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apostasy in Islam">leaves his religion</a> should be killed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a> However, since Quranists do not accept hadith and no command to kill apostates can be found in the Quran, they reject this procedure. In addition, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Baqara_256?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Baqara 256">2:256</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> which states that "there shall be no compulsion/pressure in religion", is taken into account and everyone is allowed to freely decide on their religion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:13-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Polygamy">Polygamy</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Polygamy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some Quranist movements <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polygyny in Islam">allow polygamy</a> only on the condition of the adoption of orphans who have mothers and do not want to lose them, as the concerning verse 4:3 set the condition after the 'Battle of Uhud' where many of the male companions martyred; but other Quranist movements argue that although it is not explicitly banned, polygamy is a thing of the past because the regulations which are contained in the Quran are very strict and they have been fulfilled by almost nobody on Earth, therefore polygamy cannot be practiced anymore. In the extremely rare case in which it may be practiced, there is a strict limit on the number of wives, which is four.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-52">[52]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:12-53">[53]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:13-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Military_Jihad">Military Jihad</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Military Jihad" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most Quranist movements interpret the "holy war" as a solely defensive war, because according to them that is the only type of war allowed in the Quran. A war is only "holy" when Muslims are threatened on their own lands. Therefore, unlike the Sunnis and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salafism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafi</a>-Jihadis, for the Quranists "holy war" does not refer to an offensive war against non-Muslim countries or communities in any circumstances.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-52">[52]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:12-53">[53]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:13-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Food">Food</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Food" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Quranists can eat food which is prepared by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christians">Christians</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jews?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jews">Jews</a> as stated in the Quran,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[54]</a> but some Quranists believe that animals which are raised by Christians and Jews should still be blessed before they are eaten. According to Quranists, the Quran forbids the inflicting of pain on the animal during its slaughter, thus for them, the techniques of slaughtering animals in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_world?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western world">Western world</a> are illegitimate. Unlike Sunnis, Quranists can eat food with both of their hands, even with their left hands because the Quran does not forbid it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-52">[52]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:12-53">[53]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:13-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Dress_code">Dress code</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Dress code" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Clothing does not play a key role in Quranism. All Quranist movements agree that Islam has no sets of traditional clothing, except for the rules described in the Quran. Therefore, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Beards">beards</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hijab?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hijab">hijab</a> are not necessary.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-52">[52]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:12-53">[53]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:13-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Hadith">Hadith</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Hadith" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Quranists reject hadith altogether. Some Quranists believe that hadith – while not being reliable sources of religion – can be used as a reference to get an idea on historical events. They argue that there is no harm in using hadith to get a common idea on the history as long as they are not taken as historical facts. According to them, a hadith narration about history can be true or can be false, but a hadith narration adding rulings to religion is always completely false.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[55]</a> They believe that the trustworthiness of the narrator is not enough to give credibility to the hadith as it is stated in the Quran that Muhammad himself could not recognize who was a genuine believer and who was a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Munafiq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Munafiq">hypocrite</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Moreover, Quranists quote Sahih Muslim 3004<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[57]</a> to argue <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> forbid any hadith beside the Quran. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Tafsir">Tafsir</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Tafsir" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Although there are Quranist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tafsir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a> works, for the most part Quranists do not have tafsir and do not think that it is needed. They believe the Quran does not give anyone the authority to interpret because, as stated in Quran, Allah sends guidance individually.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:12-53">[53]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-52">[52]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:13-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Other">Other</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The following aspects can be cited as further examples which, compared to traditional Islam, are rejected by Quranists or regarded as irrelevant:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-52">[52]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:12-53">[53]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:13-45">[45]</a> <ul> <li>Quranists see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circumcision?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> as irrelevant; circumcision is not mentioned in the Quran.</li> <li>Quranists see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> (festival of breaking the fast) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eid_al-Adha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> (Islamic festival of sacrifice) as merely cultural holidays, not holy.</li> <li>Quranists do not consider the headscarf (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hijab?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hijab">hijab</a>) for women to be obligatory.</li> <li>Quranists believe <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cremation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cremation">cremation</a> is permissible in Islam as there is no prohibition in the Qur'an against cremation, and that burial is not the only Islamic method that is approved by God.</li> <li>Quranists are strictly against torture.</li> <li>Quranists are strictly against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stoning">stoning</a> to death of adulterers or homosexuals because stoning is not mentioned in the Quran.</li> <li>Quranists reject the prohibition of music and the drawing of creatures or making statues of them, including drawings of the prophets.</li> <li>Quranists are against the prohibition for a man to wear gold or silk, to shave his beard, etc.</li> <li>Quranists do not consider dogs unclean or to be avoided.</li> <li>Quranists do not believe in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a>, as they are not mentioned in the Quran.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Early_Islam">Early Islam</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early Islam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg/262px-Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="318" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="655"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 262px;height: 318px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg/262px-Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg" data-width="262" data-height="318" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg/393px-Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg/524px-Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura">Sura</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Baqarah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqarah">al-Baqarah</a>, verses 282–286, from an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_Quranic_manuscript?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Quranic manuscript">early Quranic manuscript</a> written on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vellum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vellum">vellum</a> (mid-late 7th century CE) </figcaption> </figure> Quranists date their beliefs back to the time of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, who they claim prohibited the writing of hadiths.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Musa_2008-59">[59]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Aisha_Musa-60">[60]</a> As they believe that hadith, while not being reliable sources of religion, can be used as a reference to get an idea on historical events, they point out several narrations about early Islam to support their beliefs. According to one of these narrations, Muhammad's companion and the second caliph <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Umar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Umar">Umar</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 634–644) also prohibited the writing of hadith and destroyed existing collections during his reign.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Aisha_Musa-60">[60]</a> Similar reports claim when Umar appointed a governor to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kufa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, he told him: "You will be coming to the people of a town for whom the buzzing of the Qur'an is as the buzzing of bees. Therefore, do not distract them with the Hadiths, and thus engage them. Bare the Qur'an and spare the Hadith from God's messenger!".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Aisha_Musa-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Umayyad_period">Umayyad period</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Umayyad period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The centrality of the Quran in the religious life of the Kufans that Umar described was quickly changing, however. A few decades later, a letter was sent to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Umayyad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> caliph <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 685–705) regarding the Kufans: "They abandoned the judgement of their Lord and took hadiths for their religion; and they claim that they have obtained knowledge other than from the Koran . . . They believed in a book which was not from God, written by the hands of men; they then attributed it to the Messenger of God."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In the following years, the taboo against the writing and following of hadiths had receded to such an extent that the eighth Umayyad caliph <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Umar_ibn_Abd_al-Aziz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz">Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 717–720) ordered the first official collection of Hadith. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Hazm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn Hazm">Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn Hazm</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ibn_Shihab_al-Zuhri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri">Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri</a>, were among those who wrote Hadiths at Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's behest.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto3-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Abbasid_period">Abbasid period</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Abbasid period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Despite the trend towards hadiths, the questioning of their authority continued during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abbasid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> dynasty and existed during the time of al-Shafi'i, when a group known as ahl al-kalam argued that the prophetic example of Muhammad "is found in following the Quran alone", rather than Hadith.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:15-6-62">[62]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The majority of Hadith, according to them, was mere guesswork, conjecture, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bid%27a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bid'a">bid'a</a>, while the book of God was complete and perfect, and did not require the Hadith to supplement or complement it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a> There were prominent scholars who rejected traditional hadith like Dirar ibn Amr. He wrote a book titled The Contradiction Within Hadith. However, the tide had changed from the earlier centuries to such an extent that Dirar was beaten up and had to remain in hiding until his death.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Like Dirar ibn Amr, the scholar Abu Bakr al-Asamm also had little use for hadiths.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Under the Abbasid caliph <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Ma'mun">Al-Ma'mun</a> (r. 813-833), the adherents of Kalam were favoured and the supporters of Hadith were dealt harshly. Al-Ma'mun was inclined towards rational inquiry in religious matters, supported the proponents of Kalam and persecuted the adherents of Hadith. His two immediate successors, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Mu'tasim">Al-Mu'tasim</a> (r. 833-842) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Wathiq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Wathiq">Al-Wathiq</a> (r. 842-847), followed his policies. Unlike his three predecessors, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Mutawakkil">Al-Mutawakkil</a> (r. 847-861) was not inclined to rational inquiry in religious matters, and strove to bolster the Hadith as a necessary source of the Sunnah.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 19th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In South Asia during the 19th century, the Ahl-i Quran movement formed partially in reaction to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> whom they considered to be placing too much emphasis on Hadith.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brown-68">[68]</a> Many Ahl-i Quran adherents from South Asia were formerly adherents of Ahle Hadith but found themselves incapable of accepting certain hadiths.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brown-68">[68]</a> Abdullah Chakralawi, Khwaja Ahmad Din Amritsari, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chiragh_Ali?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chiragh Ali">Chiragh Ali</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aslam_Jairajpuri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aslam Jairajpuri">Aslam Jairajpuri</a> were among the people who promulgated Quranist beliefs in India at the time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brown-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 20th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Egypt during the early 20th century, the ideas of Quranists like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad_Tawfiq_Sidqi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi">Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi</a> grew out of the reformist ideas of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a>, specifically a rejection of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taqlid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a> and an emphasis on the Quran.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brown-68">[68]</a> Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi of Egypt "held that nothing of the Hadith was recorded until after enough time had elapsed to allow the infiltration of numerous absurd or corrupt traditions."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wrote an article titled al-Islam Huwa ul-Qur'an Wahdahu ('Islam is the Qur'an Alone) that appeared in the Egyptian journal Al-Manar, which argues that the Quran is sufficient as guidance:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> What is obligatory for man does not go beyond God's Book. If anything other than the Qur'an had been necessary for religion, the Prophet would have commanded its registration in writing, and God would have guaranteed its preservation. <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi</cite> </div> </blockquote> Like some of their counterparts in Egypt such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohammed_Abu_Zaid_al-Damanhury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohammed Abu Zaid al-Damanhury">Muhammad Abu Zayd</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahmed_Subhy_Mansour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahmed Subhy Mansour">Ahmed Subhy Mansour</a>, some reformist scholars in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iran</a> who adopted Quranist beliefs came from traditional institutions of higher learning. Shaykh Hadi Najmabadi, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mirza_Rida_Quli_Shari%27at-Sanglaji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mirza Rida Quli Shari'at-Sanglaji">Mirza Rida Quli Shari'at-Sanglaji</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohammad_Sadeqi_Tehrani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohammad Sadeqi Tehrani">Mohammad Sadeqi Tehrani</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ayatollah_Borqei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Borqei">Ayatollah Borqei</a> were educated in traditional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shia_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> universities in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Najaf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qom">Qom</a>. However, they believed that some beliefs and practices that were taught in these universities, such as the veneration of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imamzadeh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a> and a belief in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raj%27a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raj'a">Raj'a</a>, were irrational and superstitious and had no basis in the Quran.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Arjomand-72">[72]</a> And rather than interpreting the Quran through the lens of hadith, they interpreted the Quran with the Quran (tafsir al-qur'an bi al-qur'an). These reformist beliefs provoked criticism from traditional Shia scholars like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>, who attempted to refute the criticisms made by Sanglaji and other reformists in his book <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashf_al-Asrar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kashf al-Asrar">Kashf al-Asrar</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Arjomand-72">[72]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Quran-centered beliefs have also spread among lay Muslims like Iranian American, Ali Behzadnia, who became Deputy Minister of Health and Welfare and acting Minister of Education shortly after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>. He has criticized the government in Iran for being undemocratic and totally alien to the "Islam of the Quran".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Quranism also took on a political dimension in the 20th century when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar al-Gaddafi</a> declared the Quran to be the constitution of Libya.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hager_1985_85-76">[76]</a> Gaddafi asserted the transcendence of the Quran as the sole guide to Islamic governance and the unimpeded ability of every Muslim to read and interpret it. He had begun to attack the religious establishment and several fundamental aspects of Sunni Islam. He denigrated the roles of the ulama, imams, and Islamic jurists and questioned the authenticity of the hadith, and thereby the sunna, as a basis for Islamic law. Quranism also took on a militant dimension in the 20th century, with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yan_Tatsine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yan Tatsine">Yan Tatsine</a> movement, founded by Mohammed Marwa, better known by his nickname <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maitatsine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maitatsine">Maitatsine</a>, which publicly adopted the slogan “Qur’an only” as the foundation of the religion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Popularity_and_opposition">Popularity and opposition</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Popularity and opposition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Islam_branches_and_schools..png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Islam_branches_and_schools..png/550px-Islam_branches_and_schools..png" decoding="async" width="550" height="353" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="448"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 550px;height: 353px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Islam_branches_and_schools..png/550px-Islam_branches_and_schools..png" data-width="550" data-height="353" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Islam_branches_and_schools..png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Diagram showing the branches of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunnism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">Sunnism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shi%27ism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ibadism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadism">Ibadism</a>, Quranism, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational Muslims</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahmadiyya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sufism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </figcaption> </figure> In the 21st century, Qur'anist rejection of the hadith has gained traction among <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_modernism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic modernism">modernist Muslims</a> who want to throw out any hadith that they believe contradicts the Qur'an. Both modernist Muslims and Qur'anists believe that the problems in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_world?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> come partly from the traditional elements of the hadith and seek to reject those teachings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[79]</a> According to Dr. Aisha Y. Musa, Quranists in Egypt and elsewhere have stirred heated discussions in the Muslim world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Quranism has been criticised by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunni_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shia_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shia Islam">Shias</a>. The Sunni belief is that "the Quran needs the Sunnah more than the Sunnah needs the Quran".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:4-81">[81]</a> The Sunni and Shia establishment argues that Islam can not be practised without hadith. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Russia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2018, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Council_of_Muftis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Council of Muftis">Russian Council of Muftis</a> issued a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fatwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> that, contrary to its apparent intent, contained statements supportive of Quran-centric views. The fatwa, ostensibly aimed at defending Sunnah, actually criticized hadith-centrism and emphasized the primacy of the Quran. It suggested that an ideal Islamic society could be built solely on Quranic teachings, without the need for hadiths. This unexpected stance from a major Islamic authority in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russia">Russia</a> sparked debate within the Muslim community, with some praising the fatwa's Quran-centric approach while others, particularly hadith-centrists, expressed concern over its implications for traditional Islamic scholarship.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2023, in a major departure from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wahhabism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>, King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salman_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud</a> ordered the establishment of an authority in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medina">Medina</a> to scrutinise uses of the hadith that are used by preachers and jurists to support teachings and edicts on all aspects of life. According to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khmer_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khmer Times">Khmer Times</a>, the reforms of Saudi <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohammed bin Salman">Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman</a> (MBS) have been influenced by a Quranist group.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Previously, in 2018, Saudi Quranist scholar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hassan_al-Maliki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hassan al-Maliki">Hassan al-Maliki</a> was arrested and charged with the death penalty for his political views, one of opposition to the more strict Saudi <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wahhabism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> ideology, and for promoting ideas that have been described as "Quranist", "moderate", "tolerant".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:16-84">[84]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:11-85">[85]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-true-86">[86]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Other Saudi intellectuals, like Abd al-Rahman al-Ahdal, continue to advocate for the abandonment of hadith and a return to the Quran.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sudan">Sudan</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sudan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2015, Quranist men in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sudan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> were imprisoned and sentenced to death for recognizing the Quran and rejecting the Hadith. After being arrested for more than five weeks, the men were released on bail.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:15-89">[89]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Turkey" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, Quranist ideas became particularly noticeable,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[92]</a> with portions of the youth either leaving Islam or converting to Quranism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[93]</a> There has been significant Quranist scholarship in Turkey, with there being even Quranist theology professors in significant universities, including scholars like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Nuri_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yaşar Nuri Öztürk">Yaşar Nuri Öztürk</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caner_Taslaman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caner Taslaman">Caner Taslaman</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Quranists have responded to the criticisms of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate of Religious Affairs">Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet)</a> with arguments and challenged them to a debate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[96]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Notable_organizations">Notable organizations</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notable organizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Association_Internationale_des_Musulmans_Coraniques_(AIMC)">Association Internationale des Musulmans Coraniques (AIMC)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Association Internationale des Musulmans Coraniques (AIMC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Association Internationale des Musulmans Coraniques (AIMC), or International Association of Quranic Muslims is a Quranist organisation founded by the Tunisian author, professor, and Islamologist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohamed_Talbi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohamed Talbi">Mohamed Talbi</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The organisation aims to promote Quranism and counter the preaching of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salafism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wahhabism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Izgi_Amal">Izgi Amal</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Izgi Amal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Izgi_Amal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Izgi Amal">Izgi Amal</a> </div> İzgi amal (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazakh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: Ізгі амал) is a Quranist organization in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazakhstan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. It has an estimated 70 to 80 thousand members. Its leader, Aslbek Musin, is the son of the former Speaker of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mazhilis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazhilis">Majlis</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aslan_Musin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aslan Musin">Aslan Musin</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> The first true Quranist was the Prophet Muhammad, who did not follow anything except the Qur'an. Quranists are not a new direction in this respect. <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>Aslbek Musin</cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kala_Kato">Kala Kato</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Kala Kato" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kala_Kato?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kala Kato">Kala Kato</a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kala_Kato?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kala Kato">Kala Kato</a> is a Quranist movement whose adherents reside mostly northern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nigeria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sa'isu-102">[102]</a> with some adherents residing in Niger.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Kala Kato means a "man says" in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hausa_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hausa language">Hausa language</a>, in reference to the sayings, or hadiths, posthumously attributed to Muhammad. Kala Kato accept only the Quran as authoritative and believe that anything that is not Kala Allah, which means what "God says" in the Hausa language, is Kala Kato.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Quran_Sunnat_Society">Quran Sunnat Society</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Quran Sunnat Society" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Quran Sunnat Society is a Quranist movement in India. The movement was behind the first ever woman to lead mixed-gender <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jumu%27ah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">congregational prayers</a> in India.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[105]</a> It maintains an office and headquarters within Kerala.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[106]</a> There is a large community of Quranists in Kerala.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[107]</a> One of its leaders, Jamida Beevi, has also spoken out against India's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triple_talaq_in_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Triple talaq in India">triple talaq</a> law which is mostly based on the Sunni inspired <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muslim_personal_law_in_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim personal law in India">Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The most prominent predecessor to the Quran Sunnat Society in India was from the views put forth by Ahmed Khan in the 19th century. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tolu-e-Islam">Tolu-e-Islam</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Tolu-e-Islam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tolu-e-Islam_(organization)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tolu-e-Islam (organization)">Tolu-e-Islam (organization)</a> </div> The movement was initiated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Ghulam Ahmed Pervez did not reject all hadiths; however, he accepted only hadiths that "are in accordance with the Quran or do not stain the character of the Prophet or his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sahabah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">companions</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-toluislam-114">[114]</a> The organization publishes and distributes books, pamphlets, and recordings of Pervez's teachings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-toluislam-114">[114]</a> Tolu-e-Islam does not belong to any political party, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-denominational_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Islam">nor does it belong to any religious group or sect</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_Submitters_International">United Submitters International</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United Submitters International" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the United States, at the end of the 20th century, the Egyptian Quranist biochemist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rashad_Khalifa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a>, who is known as the discoverer of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quran_code?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quran code">Quran code</a> (Code 19), which is a hypothetical mathematical code in the Quran, developed a theological doctrine that influenced Quranists in many other countries. With the help of computers, he carried out a numerical analysis of the Quran, which according to him clearly proved that it is of divine origin.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The number 19, which is mentioned in chapter 74 of the Quran as being "one of the greatest miracles" played the fundamental role,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116">[116]</a> which according to Khalifa can be found everywhere in the structure of the Quran.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Some objected to these beliefs and, in 1990, Khalifa was assassinated by someone associated with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunni_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> group <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jamaat_ul-Fuqra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jamaat ul-Fuqra">Jamaat ul-Fuqra</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-tucson-118">[118]</a> The organization "United Submitters International" (USI) founded by Khalifa has its center in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tucson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucson">Tucson</a> and has published a monthly newsletter with the title "Submitter's Perspective" since 1985.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-119">[119]</a> The movement popularized the phrase: "The Quran, the whole Quran, and nothing but the Quran."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Quranists-12">[12]</a> Among those influenced by Khalifa's ideas include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edip_Yuksel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Edip Yuksel">Edip Yüksel</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-tucson-118">[118]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahmad_Rashad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahmad Rashad">Ahmad Rashad</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-120">[120]</a> and Nigerian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_Court_Judge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court Judge">High Court Judge</a>, Isa Othman.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121">[121]</a> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> (of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish population">Kurdish</a> descent) activist, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edip_Y%C3%BCksel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a>, initially campaigned for a Quranist-Islamic revolution in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, which is why he was imprisoned.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Musa_20102-122">[122]</a> Later he met Khalifa and joined the organisation after witnessing the "19 miracle".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In 1989 he had to leave the country because of this and joined the headquarters in Tucson.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Yüksel and two other authors created their own translation of the Quran.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In some points, however, his views differ from those of Khalifa.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Notable_individuals">Notable individuals</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notable individuals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This list is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DQuranism%26action%3Dedit">adding missing items</a>. (May 2021) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Individuals with full or partial Quranistic ideas include: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kassim_Ahmad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kassim Ahmad">Kassim Ahmad</a> (1933–2017), Malaysian intellectual, writer, poet and an educator known for his rejection of the authority of hadiths.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[128]</a> He was the founder of the Quranic Society of Malaysia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[129]</a> At the time of his death, he was working on a Malay translation of the Quran.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> (1942 – 20 October 2011), Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam_in_Libya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Islam_in_Gaddafi's_Libya" title="Islam in Libya">He governed Libya</a> as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya until 2011. He ruled according to his own Third International Theory.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hager_1985_85-76">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gamal_al-Banna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gamal al-Banna">Gamal al-Banna</a> (1920–2013), Egyptian author and trade unionist.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mustafa_%C4%B0slamo%C4%9Flu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mustafa İslamoğlu">Mustafa İslamoğlu</a> (born 1960), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theology">theologian</a>, poet and writer. He was criticised in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and received threats for his ideas that promoted logic above tradition and denying the authority of hadith,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-132">[132]</a> who he saw to be fabricated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%C4%B0slamo%C4%9Flu-133">[133]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rashad_Khalifa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a> (1935–1990), Egyptian-American biochemist, professor doctor, theologian, computer expert and Islamic reformer. In his book Quran, Hadith and Islam and his English translation of the Quran, Khalifa argued that the Quran alone is the sole source of Islamic belief and practice.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Quranists-12">[12]</a> He claimed that the Quran had a code-system based on the number 19 which proved it's divinity.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samina_Ali?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samina Ali">Samina Ali</a> (born at an unknown date in the late 20th century), Indian-American author and activist.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hassan_al-Maliki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hassan al-Maliki">Hassan al-Maliki</a> (born 1970), a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saudi_Arabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabian</a> writer, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Islam">Islamic historian</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_scholar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic scholar">Islamic scholar</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:11-85">[85]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-true-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahmed_Subhy_Mansour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahmed Subhy Mansour">Ahmed Subhy Mansour</a> (born 1949), Egyptian-American Islamic scholar.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ahl-alquran1-135">[135]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chekannur_Maulavi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chekannur Maulavi">Chekannur Maulavi</a> (born 1936), Islamic cleric who lived in Edappal in Malappuram district of Kerala, India. He was noted for his controversial and unconventional interpretation of Islam based on the Quran alone.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Nuri_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yaşar Nuri Öztürk">Yaşar Nuri Öztürk</a> (1951–2016), Turkish university professor of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_theology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a>, lawyer, columnist and a former member of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_parliament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish parliament">Turkish parliament</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Öztürk died in 2016, due to stomach cancer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk_died-142">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahmad_Rashad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahmad Rashad">Ahmad Rashad</a> (born 1949), American sportscaster (mostly with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NBC_Sports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NBC Sports">NBC Sports</a>) and former professional football player. Ahmad Rashad studied the Arabic language and the Quran with his mentor, the late Rashad Khalifa.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-120">[120]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad_Tawfiq_Sidqi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi">Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi</a> (1881–1920),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Juynboll-1969-23-144">[144]</a> Egyptian scholar and physician who focused on criticising hadith as a whole religiously from the Quran as well as based on hadithic pseudo-scientific claims on medicine.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JACBMM2014:69-145">[145]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:672-146">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohamed_Talbi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohamed Talbi">Mohamed Talbi</a> (1921–2017), Tunisian historian and professor. He was the founder of the Association Internationale des Musulmans Coraniques (AIMC), or International Association of Quranic Muslims.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caner_Taslaman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caner Taslaman">Caner Taslaman</a> (born 1968), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Academician?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Academician">academician</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quran">Quran</a> expert and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Writer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Writer">writer</a> known for his works on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Big_Bang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Big Bang">The Big Bang</a> theory and the scientific structure of the Quran.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:02-149">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edip_Y%C3%BCksel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a> (born 1957), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkish_Americans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish-</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdish_Americans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdish Americans">Kurdish-American</a> philosopher, lawyer, Quranist advocate, author of Nineteen: God's Signature in Nature and Scripture, Manifesto for Islamic Reform and a co-author of Quran: A Reformist Translation. He taught philosophy and logic at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pima_Community_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pima Community College">Pima Community College</a> and medical ethics and criminal law courses at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brown_Mackie_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brown Mackie College">Brown Mackie College</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Musa_2008-59">[59]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-150">[150]</a></li> <li>In addition to these names, Quranists assert that naturally <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and his [true] <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sahaba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">companions</a> were also Quranists.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism within Islam</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sola_scriptura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a>, an analogous doctrine within Christianity</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karaite_Judaism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a>, an analogous movement within Judaism</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ODI-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ODI_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-72">"Ahl al-Hadith"</a>. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0"><bdi>978-0-19-512558-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427171613/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-72">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahl+al-Hadith&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512558-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195125580.001.0001%2Facref-9780195125580-e-72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorman2021" class="citation book cs1">Dorman, Emre (2021). 101 Soruda Kur'an: Dini Konularda En Çok Merak Edilen Sorular. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.amazon.com.tr/dp/6050616450">6050616450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=101+Soruda+Kur%27an%3A+Dini+Konularda+En+%C3%87ok+Merak+Edilen+Sorular&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Dorman&rft.aufirst=Emre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sorularlaislamiyet.com/sia-siiler-hadis-kitaplari-hakkinda-bilgi-verir-misiniz-bizim-hadis-kaynaklarimizla-onlarinki-cok">"Şia (Şiiler) hadis kitapları hakkında bilgi verir misiniz? 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Retrieved 28 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PAR246+Hadith+Criticism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.uncw.edu%2Fbergh%2Fpar246%2FL21RHadithCriticism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Islamicity-search-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Islamicity-search_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.islamicity.org/quransearch/?q%3Dsunna">"Quran Smart Search. Searched: sunna"</a>. Islamicity. 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Brown, Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought, 1996</a>: p.120</li> <li id="cite_note-:6-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:6_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFadmin" class="citation web cs1">admin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://19.org/">"19.org"</a>. 19.org. 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Retrieved 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quran-Islam&rft.atitle=True+Islam+%E2%80%93+Manipulation+of+4%3A34&rft.aulast=Muhammad&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quran-islam.org%2Fmain_topics%2Fquran%2Fmisinterpreted_verses%2Fmanipulation_of_4%3A34_%28P1571%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> Sami Bakar: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.alrahman.de/die-shahadah-das-glaubensbekenntnis-der-ergebenen/">Die Shahadah: Das Glaubensbekenntnis der Ergebenen</a>. 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Birışık: "Kurʾâniyyûn" in Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 2002, Bd. 26, S. 429.; Yüksel; al-Shaiban; Schulte-Nafeh: Quran: A Reformist Translation. 2007, S. 507.</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://quranix.org/appendix/qrt/10">"10. How Can we Observe the Sala Prayers by Following the Quran Alone? - Edip-Layth - quranix.org"</a>. quranix.org. 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A., Studies in Hadith Methodology and Literature, Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur, 92; cited in Akbarally Meherally, Myths and Realities of Hadith – A Critical Study, (published by Mostmerciful.com Publishers), Burnaby, BC, Canada, 6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313063736/http://mostmerciful.com/hadithbook-sectionone.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-13 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; excerpted from Abdur Rab, ibid, p. 200.</li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> Josef Van Ess, Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra. 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(12 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DvdbGAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAl-Ma%2527mun%2Bwas%2Binclined%2Btowards%2Brational%2Binquiry%2Bin%2Breligious%2Bmatters,%2Bsupported%2Bthe%2Bproponents%2Bof%2BKalam%2Band%2Bpersecuted%2Bthe%2Badherents%2Bof%2BHadith.%26pg%3DPA63">?ad?th as Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam</a>. Springer. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61197-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61197-9"><bdi>978-0-230-61197-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Fad%3Fth+as+Scripture%3A+Discussions+on+the+Authority+of+Prophetic+Traditions+in+Islam&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61197-9&rft.aulast=Musa&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdbGAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAl-Ma%2527mun%2Bwas%2Binclined%2Btowards%2Brational%2Binquiry%2Bin%2Breligious%2Bmatters%2C%2Bsupported%2Bthe%2Bproponents%2Bof%2BKalam%2Band%2Bpersecuted%2Bthe%2Badherents%2Bof%2BHadith.%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-68">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Brown_68-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Brown_68-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Brown_68-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Brown_68-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1996" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Daniel W. (1996). Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–41. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52157-077-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52157-077-0"><bdi>978-0-52157-077-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Tradition+in+Modern+Islamic+Thought&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=38-41&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-52157-077-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> Rein Fernhout, Canonical Texts. Bearers of Absolute Authority. Bible, Koran, Veda, Tipitaka: A Phenomenological Study, Brill Rodopi, 1994, pp. 218–219</li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> Sidqi, Muhammad Tawfiq, Al-Islam huwa al-Qur'an wahdahu, al-Manar 9 (1906), 515; cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1996" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Daniel W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.scribd.com/document/116836545/Rethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown">Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 88–89. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521570778?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0521570778"><bdi>0521570778</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321033206/https://www.scribd.com/document/116836545/Rethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2019. 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Retrieved 6 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ahl-alquran.com&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahl-alquran.com%2FEnglish%2Faboutus.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldenburg2005" class="citation news cs1">Oldenburg, Don (13 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/12/AR2005051201788.html?noredirect%3Don">"Muslims' Unheralded Messenger"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Washington_Post?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143808/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/12/AR2005051201788.html?noredirect%3Don">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. 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New Delhi: Har Anand Publications. pp. 34–35. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12410-525-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12410-525-2"><bdi>978-8-12410-525-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+on+Trial%3A+Fundamentalism+and+Censorship+in+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Har+Anand+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8-12410-525-2&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Girja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://haber.gazetevatan.com/yasar-nuri-ozturkun-yasi-ve-sevgilisi/403503/4/Haber">"Yaşar Nuri Öztürk'ün yaşı ve sevgilisi... - Reha Muhtar – GAZETE VATAN"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ya%C5%9Far+Nuri+%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn+ya%C5%9F%C4%B1+ve+sevgilisi...+-+Reha+Muhtar+%E2%80%93+GAZETE+VATAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaber.gazetevatan.com%2Fyasar-nuri-ozturkun-yasi-ve-sevgilisi%2F403503%2F4%2FHaber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-139">^</a> (in Turkish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ulusalkanal.com.tr/gundem/yasar-nuri-ozturk-hayatini-kaybetti-h108301.html">Yaşar Nuri Öztürk lost his life.</a> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulusal_Kanal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulusal Kanal">Ulusal Kanal</a></li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(Blog)2017" class="citation web cs1">(Blog), Yurt Gazetesi (Mizah) (Basın Bildirisi) (Kayıt) (2 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.yurtgazetesi.com.tr/yasam/gercek-sunneti-kurandan-ogrenin-h57014.html">"Gökçek 29 Ekim'de müstafi olmuş: Şimdi ibre Tuna'yı mı Tiryaki'yi mi gösteriyor?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G%C3%B6k%C3%A7ek+29+Ekim%27de+m%C3%BCstafi+olmu%C5%9F%3A+%C5%9Eimdi+ibre+Tuna%27y%C4%B1+m%C4%B1+Tiryaki%27yi+mi+g%C3%B6steriyor%3F&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft.aulast=%28Blog%29&rft.aufirst=Yurt+Gazetesi+%28Mizah%29+%28Bas%C4%B1n+Bildirisi%29+%28Kay%C4%B1t%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yurtgazetesi.com.tr%2Fyasam%2Fgercek-sunneti-kurandan-ogrenin-h57014.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/ibda-cnin-suikast-timi-yakalandi-39113759">"İBDA-C'nin suikast timi yakalandı"</a>. www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 16 November 1999. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hurriyet.com.tr&rft.atitle=%C4%B0BDA-C%27nin+suikast+timi+yakaland%C4%B1&rft.date=1999-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fgundem%2Fibda-cnin-suikast-timi-yakalandi-39113759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Öztürk_died-142"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk_died_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaberleri" class="citation web cs1">Haberleri, ABChaber.com – Güncel son dakika. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.abchaber.com/gundem/ilahiyatci-yasar-nuri-ozturk-hayatini-kaybetti-h1141.html">"İlahiyatçı Yaşar Nuri Öztürk hayatını kaybetti"</a>. ABChaber.com – Güncel son dakika haberleri.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABChaber.com+%E2%80%93+G%C3%BCncel+son+dakika+haberleri&rft.atitle=%C4%B0lahiyat%C3%A7%C4%B1+Ya%C5%9Far+Nuri+%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk+hayat%C4%B1n%C4%B1+kaybetti&rft.aulast=Haberleri&rft.aufirst=ABChaber.com+%E2%80%93+G%C3%BCncel+son+dakika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abchaber.com%2Fgundem%2Filahiyatci-yasar-nuri-ozturk-hayatini-kaybetti-h1141.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-143">^</a> Ken Shouler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cigaraficionado.com/article/catching-it-all-6084">Catching It All</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301135854/https://www.cigaraficionado.com/article/catching-it-all-6084">Archived</a> 2019-03-01 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, cigaraficionado.com, Accessed February 16, 2019</li> <li id="cite_note-Juynboll-1969-23-144"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Juynboll-1969-23_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuynboll1969" class="citation book cs1">Juynboll, G. H. A. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DxAUVAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DMuhammad%2BTawfiq%2BSidqi%26pg%3DPA23">The Authenticity of the Tradition Literature: Discussions in Modern Egypt ...</a> Brill Archive. p. 23. Retrieved 17 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Authenticity+of+the+Tradition+Literature%3A+Discussions+in+Modern+Egypt+...&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Juynboll&rft.aufirst=G.+H.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxAUVAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DMuhammad%2BTawfiq%2BSidqi%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-JACBMM2014:69-145"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-JACBMM2014:69_145-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad_Tawfiq_Sidqi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#JACBMM2014" title="Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi">J.A.C. Brown, Misquoting Muhammad, 2014</a>: p.69</li> <li id="cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:672-146"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:672_146-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad_Tawfiq_Sidqi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#DWBRTMIT1996" title="Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi">Brown, Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought, 1996</a>: p.67</li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-147">^</a> Rachid Barnat, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.kapitalis.com/afkar-2/15589-tunisie-islam-le-musulman-coranique-selon-mohamed-talbi.html">Tunisie-Islam : Le «musulman coranique» selon Mohamed Talbi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013636/http://www.kapitalis.com/afkar-2/15589-tunisie-islam-le-musulman-coranique-selon-mohamed-talbi.html">Archived</a> 2019-03-01 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, kapitalis.com, Accessed February 16, 2019</li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-148">^</a> Sadok Belaid, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/22458-in-memoriam-mohamed-talbi-1921-2017">In memorium: Mohamed Talbi (1921–2017) – (Album photos)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428092628/https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/22458-in-memoriam-mohamed-talbi-1921-2017">Archived</a> 2019-04-28 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, leaders.com, Accessed February 16, 2019</li> <li id="cite_note-:02-149"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:02_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.canertaslaman.com">"Biyografi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102020350/https://www.canertaslaman.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biyografi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canertaslaman.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quranists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneyMoosa2013" class="citation book cs1">Kenney, Jeffrey T.; Moosa, Ebrahim (2013). Islam in the Modern World. Routledge. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kenney&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+T.&rft.au=Moosa%2C+Ebrahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuranism" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li>Aisha Y. Musa, Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam, New York: Palgrave, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-230-60535-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-230-60535-4">0-230-60535-4</a>.</li> <li>Ali Usman Qasmi, Questioning the Authority of the Past: The Ahl al-Qur'an Movements in the Punjab, Oxford University Press, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-195-47348-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-195-47348-5">0-195-47348-5</a>.</li> <li>Daniel Brown, Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought, Cambridge University Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65394-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65394-0">0-521-65394-0</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quranism&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 27 November 2024, at 07:38 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A2%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="قرآنيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرآنيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranilik" title="Quranilik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quranilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%2586%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%2580" title="কুরআনবাদী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুরআনবাদী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%25A0%25D3%25A9%25D1%2580%25D1%258C%25D3%2599%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA" title="Ҡөрьәнселек – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡөрьәнселек" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuranije" title="Kuranije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kuranije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoranisme" title="Alcoranisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alcoranisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%25C3%25A1nismus" title="Koránismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koránismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koranismus" title="Koranismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Koranismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coranismo" title="Coranismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Coranismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koranismo" title="Koranismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koranismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A2%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="قرآنیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قرآنیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coranisme" title="Coranisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coranisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25BF%25A0%25EB%259E%2580%25EC%25A3%25BC%25EC%259D%2598" title="쿠란주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠란주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C6%2598ur%2527aniyya" title="Ƙur'aniyya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ƙur'aniyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranisme" title="Quranisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Quranisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25B3ranismi" title="Kóranismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kóranismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coranisti" title="Coranisti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Coranisti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%259A%25D2%25B1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2588%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Құраншылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құраншылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurant%25C3%25AE" title="Qurantî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qurantî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coranism" title="Coranism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Coranism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koranizmus" title="Koranizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Koranizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koranisma" title="Koranisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Koranisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A2%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%258A%25D9%2586" title="قرآنيين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قرآنيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranisme" title="Quranisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Quranisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koranisme" title="Koranisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koranisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2582%25A2%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9" title="クルアーン主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クルアーン主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A2%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA" title="قرآنیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قرآنیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrypturalizm" title="Skrypturalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skrypturalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coranismo" title="Coranismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coranismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coranism" title="Coranism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coranism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BC" title="Коранизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коранизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuranizmi" title="Kuranizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kuranizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Quranism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlu_Quraan" title="Ahlu Quraan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ahlu Quraan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A6%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="قورئانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قورئانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koranismi" title="Koranismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koranismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquraniyen" title="Iquraniyen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iquraniyen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%258B%25E0%25B8%25B6%25E0%25B8%25A1" title="คอรานิซึม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คอรานิซึม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link 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