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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Voiceless alveolar sibilant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voiceless_apico-alveolar_sibilant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voiceless_apico-alveolar_sibilant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voiceless_apico-alveolar_sibilant-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Voiceless_apico-alveolar_sibilant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Occurrence_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Occurrence in Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Medieval </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description_of_the_retracted_sibilant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description_of_the_retracted_sibilant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Description of the retracted sibilant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description_of_the_retracted_sibilant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_the_voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_the_voiceless_alveolar_sibilant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Loss of the voiceless alveolar sibilant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_the_voiceless_alveolar_sibilant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss-causing_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss-causing_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Loss-causing events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss-causing_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Exceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reach_in_ancient_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reach_in_ancient_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Reach in ancient times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reach_in_ancient_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voiceless_lamino-dental_sibilant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voiceless_lamino-dental_sibilant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Voiceless lamino-dental sibilant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voiceless_lamino-dental_sibilant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_between_English_and_Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_between_English_and_Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Comparison between English and Spanish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_between_English_and_Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Occurrence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Occurrence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dentalized_laminal_alveolar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dentalized_laminal_alveolar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Dentalized laminal alveolar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dentalized_laminal_alveolar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-retracted_alveolar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-retracted_alveolar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Non-retracted alveolar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-retracted_alveolar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retracted_alveolar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retracted_alveolar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Retracted alveolar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retracted_alveolar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Features_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voiceless_lateral-median_fricative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voiceless_lateral-median_fricative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Voiceless lateral-median fricative </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voiceless_lateral-median_fricative-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Voiceless lateral-median fricative subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Voiceless_lateral-median_fricative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Features_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Voiceless alveolar fricative</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" > 35 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimmloser_alveolarer_Frikativ" title="Stimmloser alveolarer Frikativ – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stimmloser alveolarer Frikativ" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لثوي احتكاكي مهموس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لثوي احتكاكي مهموس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="অঘোষ দন্তমূলীয় উষ্মধ্বনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অঘোষ দন্তমূলীয় উষ্মধ্বনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chheng_kh%C3%AD-g%C3%BBn_chhat-im" title="Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Беззвучна венечна шипяща проходна съгласна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Беззвучна венечна шипяща проходна съгласна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruzenn_logigo%C3%B9_divouezh" title="Ruzenn logigoù divouezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ruzenn logigoù divouezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricativa_alveolar_sorda" title="Fricativa alveolar sorda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fricativa alveolar sorda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezn%C4%9Bl%C3%A1_alveol%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_frikativa" title="Neznělá alveolární frikativa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neznělá alveolární frikativa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimmloser_alveolarer_Frikativ" title="Stimmloser alveolarer Frikativ – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stimmloser alveolarer Frikativ" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%BF_%CF%86%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Άηχο φατνιακό τριβόμενο σύμφωνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άηχο φατνιακό τριβόμενο σύμφωνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricativa_alveolar_sorda" title="Fricativa alveolar sorda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fricativa alveolar sorda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonne_fricative_alv%C3%A9olaire_sourde" title="Consonne fricative alvéolaire sourde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Consonne fricative alvéolaire sourde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%84%B1_%EC%B9%98%EA%B2%BD_%EB%A7%88%EC%B0%B0%EC%9D%8C" title="무성 치경 마찰음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무성 치경 마찰음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezvu%C4%8Dni_alveolarni_frikativ" title="Bezvučni alveolarni frikativ – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bezvučni alveolarni frikativ" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonan_geser_rongga-gigi_nirsuara" title="Konsonan geser rongga-gigi nirsuara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsonan geser rongga-gigi nirsuara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricativa_alveolare_sorda" title="Fricativa alveolare sorda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fricativa alveolare sorda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%99,_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9A_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7,_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D" title="עיצור מכתשי, חוכך שורק, אטום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצור מכתשי, חוכך שורק, אטום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumloeazen_alveolaire_fricatief" title="Stumloeazen alveolaire fricatief – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Stumloeazen alveolaire fricatief" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geseran_gusi_tak_bersuara" title="Geseran gusi tak bersuara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Geseran gusi tak bersuara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemloze_alveolaire_fricatief" title="Stemloze alveolaire fricatief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stemloze alveolaire fricatief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%A3%B0%E6%AD%AF%E8%8C%8E%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="無声歯茎摩擦音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無声歯茎摩擦音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_dzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa dziąsłowa bezdźwięczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa dziąsłowa bezdźwięczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricativa_alveolar_surda" title="Fricativa alveolar surda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fricativa alveolar surda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_fricativ%C4%83_alveolar%C4%83_surd%C4%83" title="Consoană fricativă alveolară surdă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Consoană fricativă alveolară surdă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Глухой альвеолярный сибилянт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глухой альвеолярный сибилянт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Voiceless alveolar fricative" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Безвучни надзубни фрикатив – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Безвучни надзубни фрикатив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soinniton_alveolaarinen_sibilantti" title="Soinniton alveolaarinen sibilantti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Soinniton alveolaarinen sibilantti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonl%C3%B6s_alveolar_frikativa" title="Tonlös alveolar frikativa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tonlös alveolar frikativa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="เสียงเสียดแทรก ปุ่มเหงือก ไม่ก้อง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เสียงเสียดแทรก ปุ่มเหงือก ไม่ก้อง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96t%C3%BCms%C3%BCz_di%C5%9Fyuvas%C4%B1l_s%C3%BCrt%C3%BCnmeli_%C3%BCns%C3%BCz" title="Ötümsüz dişyuvasıl sürtünmeli ünsüz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ötümsüz dişyuvasıl sürtünmeli ünsüz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Глухий ясенний фрикативний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глухий ясенний фрикативний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fregadiva_alveo%C5%82are_sorda" title="Fregadiva alveołare 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨s⟩ in IPA</div> The voiceless alveolar fricatives are a type of <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative consonant</a> pronounced with the <a href="/wiki/Tongue_tip" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongue tip">tip</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tongue_blade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongue blade">blade</a> of the tongue against the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ridge">alveolar ridge</a> (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are at least six types with significant perceptual differences: <ul><li>The <a href="#Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant">voiceless alveolar sibilant</a> [s] has a strong hissing sound, as the s in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> sink. It is one of the most common sounds in the world.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative#Voiceless_denti-alveolar_sibilant" title="Voiceless dental fricative">voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant</a> [s̄] (an ad hoc notation), also called apico-dental, has a weaker lisping sound like English th in thin. It occurs in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> dialects in southern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (eastern <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>). [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The <a href="#Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant">voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant</a> [<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_sibilant">s̠</a>], and the subform apico-alveolar [s̺], or called grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a> fricatives. It is used in the languages of northern <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular Spanish</a> (excluding parts of Andalusia), <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, and Northern <a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European Portuguese</a>. A similar retracted sibilant form is also used in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, some southern dialects of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>. The retracted "S" is also used in <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Amerindian languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garifuna_language" title="Garifuna language">Garifuna</a>, and many varieties of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Quechua" title="Classical Quechua">Quechua</a>. It was supposedly the standard sound of s in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Its sound is between [s] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>].</li> <li>The <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative">voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative</a> [θ̠] or [θ͇], using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandeliEskaBallRahilly1997?-1">[1]</a> is similar to the th in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> thin. It occurs in <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> as well as an intervocalic and word-final allophone of English /t/ in dialects such as <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Scouse</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a> [ɬ] sounds like a voiceless, strongly articulated version of English l (somewhat like what the English cluster **hl would sound like) and is written as ll in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>.</li></ul> The first three types are <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilants</a>, meaning that they are made by directing a stream of air with the tongue towards the teeth and have a piercing, perceptually prominent sound. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Voiceless <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a> fricatives </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">Denti- alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-alveolar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Advanced_and_retracted" title="Relative articulation">Retracted</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">Palato- alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo- palatal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">plain </th> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Voiceless_dental_sibilant">s̪</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative#Voiceless_denti-alveolar_sibilant" title="Voiceless dental fricative">s̟</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant">s͇</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_sibilant">s̠</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex sibilant">ʂ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant">ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant">ɕ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Non-sibilant </th> <td>θ </td> <td> </td> <td>θ͇ </td> <td> </td> <td>ɻ̝̊ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>tapped </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ɾ̞̊ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Coronal sibilants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>IPA symbol </th> <th>meaning </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="13"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> </th> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation#Place_of_articulation_(active)" title="Place of articulation">passive (mouth)</a> </th> <th>⟨s̪⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨s̟⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Advanced_articulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced articulation">advanced</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">denti-alveolar</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨s͇⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨s̠⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Retracted_articulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Retracted articulation">retracted</a> (<a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation#Place_of_articulation_(active)" title="Place of articulation">active (tongue)</a> </th> <th>⟨s̺⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨s̻⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Laminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminal">laminal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨ʂ⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">retroflex</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_articulation" title="Secondary articulation">secondary</a> </th> <th>⟨sʲ⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> coronal </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨ɕ⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolo-palatal">alveolo-palatal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨ʃ⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Palato-alveolar">palato-alveolar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨sʷ⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialized" class="mw-redirect" title="Labialized">labialized</a> coronal </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨sˠ⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarized" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized">velarized</a> coronal </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨sˤ⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealized" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharyngealized">pharyngealized</a> coronal </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voice-onset_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice-onset time">voice-onset time</a> </th> <th>⟨sʰ⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> coronal </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant">Voiceless alveolar sibilant</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Voiceless alveolar sibilant">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiceless alveolar sibilant</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">s</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA Number">IPA Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">132</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Audio sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> <div><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg" title="File:Voiceless alveolar sibilant.ogg">source</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">help</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entity <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(decimal)</th><td class="infobox-data"><code>&#115;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unicode <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(hex)</th><td class="infobox-data">U+0073</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>s</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_S.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠎ (braille pattern dots-234) U+280E"><img alt="⠎ (braille pattern dots-234)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_S.svg/25px-Braille_S.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_S.svg/38px-Braille_S.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_S.svg/50px-Braille_S.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151960987"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiceless dentalized alveolar sibilant</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">s̪</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">s̟</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA Number">IPA Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">130</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>s_d</code></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151960987"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">s̠</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">sᶴ</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Audio sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_sibilant.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_sibilant.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_sibilant.ogg/Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_sibilant.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> <div><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_sibilant.ogg" title="File:Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant.ogg">source</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">help</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entity <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(decimal)</th><td class="infobox-data"><code>&#115;&#826;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unicode <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(hex)</th><td class="infobox-data">U+0073 U+033A</td></tr></tbody></table> The voiceless alveolar sibilant is a common consonant sound in vocal languages. It is the sound in English words such as sea and pass, and is represented in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> with ⟨s⟩. It has a characteristic high-pitched, highly perceptible hissing sound. For this reason, it is often used to get someone's attention, using a call often written as sssst! or psssst!. The voiceless alveolar sibilant [s] is one of the most common sounds cross-linguistically. If a language has fricatives, it will most likely have [s].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddieson1984?-2">[2]</a> However, some languages have a related <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a> sound, such as [ʃ], but no [s]. In addition, sibilants are absent from most <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian Aboriginal languages</a>, in which fricatives are rare; however, [s] does occur in <a href="/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kalaw-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voiceless_apico-alveolar_sibilant">Voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant">edit</a>]</div> The voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant (commonly termed the voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant) is a <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> that is articulated with the tongue in a hollow shape, usually with the tip of the tongue (<a href="/wiki/Apex_of_the_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex of the tongue">apex</a>) against the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ridge">alveolar ridge</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a> sound and is found most notably in a number of languages in a <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic area">linguistic area</a> covering northern and central <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a>. It is most well known from its occurrence in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> of this area. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, it occurred in a wider area, covering <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> spoken throughout <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence_in_Europe">Occurrence in Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Occurrence in Europe">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern">Modern</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern">edit</a>]</div> In Romance languages, it occurs as the normal voiceless alveolar sibilant in <a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Astur-Leonese linguistic group">Astur-Leonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, northern European <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> dialects. It also occurs in <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a>, where it is opposed to a different voiceless alveolar sibilant, the more common [s]; the same distinction occurs in a few dialects of northeastern Portuguese. Outside this area, it also occurs in a few dialects of Latin American Spanish (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Antioquia_Department" title="Antioquia Department">Antioqueño</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasto,_Colombia" title="Pasto, Colombia">Pastuso</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>). Amongst <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, it occurs in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> (and closely related <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>), <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, many dialects in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, and working-class <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_patter" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow patter">Glaswegian English</a>. It also occurs in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (with a <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> articulation), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a>. There is no single <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> symbol used for this sound. The symbol ⟨s̺⟩ is often used, with a diacritic indicating an <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> pronunciation. However, that is potentially problematic in that not all alveolar retracted sibilants are apical (see below), and not all apical alveolar sibilants are retracted. The ad hoc non-IPA symbols ⟨ṣ⟩ and ⟨S⟩ are often used in the linguistic literature even when IPA symbols are used for other sounds,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] but ⟨ṣ⟩ is a common transcription of the retroflex sibilant <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex sibilant">[ʂ]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval">Medieval</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medieval">edit</a>]</div> In medieval times, it occurred in a wider area, including the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> spoken in most or all of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, etc.), as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> of central and southern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975?-4">[4]</a> and most likely Northern Germany as well. In all of these languages, the retracted "apico-alveolar" sibilant was opposed to a non-retracted sibilant much like modern English [s], and in many of them, both voiceless and voiced versions of both sounds occurred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijūnas2010-5">[5]</a> A solid type of evidence consists of different spellings used for two different sibilants: in general, the retracted "apico-alveolar" variants were written ⟨s⟩ or ⟨ss⟩, while the non-retracted variants were written ⟨z⟩, ⟨c⟩ or ⟨ç⟩. In the Romance languages, the retracted sibilants derived from Latin /s/, /ss/ or /ns/, while the non-retracted sibilants derived from earlier <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a> [t͡s] and [d͡z], which in turn derived from palatalized /k/ or /t/. The situation was similar in <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a>, where the retracted sibilants derived largely from Proto-Germanic /s/, while the non-retracted sibilants derived from instances of Proto-Germanic /t/ that were shifted by the <a href="/wiki/High_German_sound_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="High German sound shift">High German sound shift</a>. Minimal pairs were common in all languages. Examples in Middle High German, for example, were wizzen "to know" (<a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> witan, cf. "to wit") vs. wissen "known" (Old English wissen), and wīz "white" (Old English wīt) vs. wīs(e) "way" (Old English wīs, cf. "-wise"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description_of_the_retracted_sibilant">Description of the retracted sibilant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Description of the retracted sibilant">edit</a>]</div> Often, to speakers of languages or dialects that do not have the sound, it is said to have a "whistling" quality, and to sound similar to <a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Palato-alveolar">palato-alveolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>. For this reason, when borrowed into such languages or represented with non-Latin characters, it is often replaced with [ʃ]. This occurred, for example, in English borrowings from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> (e.g. push from pousser, cash from caisse); in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> borrowings from medieval German (e.g. kosztować from kosten, żur from sūr (contemporary sauer)); and in representations of <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic</a> (an extinct medieval <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> once spoken in southern Spain) in Arabic characters. The similarity between retracted [s̺] and [ʃ] has resulted in many exchanges in Spanish between the sounds, during the medieval period when Spanish had both phonemes. Examples are jabón (formerly xabón) "soap" from Latin sapō/sapōnem, jibia "cuttlefish" (formerly xibia) from Latin sēpia, and tijeras "scissors" (earlier tixeras < medieval tiseras) from Latin cīsōrias (with initial t- due to influence from tōnsor "shaver"). One of the clearest descriptions of this sound is from Obaid:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObaid1973?-6">[6]</a> "There is a Castilian s, which is a voiceless, concave, apicoalveolar fricative: The tip of the tongue turned upward forms a narrow opening against the alveoli of the upper incisors. It resembles a faint /ʃ/ and is found throughout much of the northern half of Spain". Many dialects of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Greek language">Modern Greek</a> have a very similar-sounding sibilant that is pronounced with a <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> articulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975?-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_of_the_voiceless_alveolar_sibilant">Loss of the voiceless alveolar sibilant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Loss of the voiceless alveolar sibilant">edit</a>]</div> This distinction has since vanished from most of the languages that once had it in medieval times. <ul><li>In most dialects of Spanish, the four alveolar sibilants have merged into the non-retracted [s] (<a href="/wiki/Seseo" class="mw-redirect" title="Seseo">seseo</a>). However, in the Spanish of central and northern Spain, the non-retracted [s] was fronted to [θ] after merging with non-retracted [z], while the retracted [s̺] remains (<a href="/wiki/Distinci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Distinción">distinción</a>). Distinción is also preserved in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish orthography</a> on both sides of the Atlantic.</li> <li>In French and most dialects of Portuguese, the four alveolar sibilants have merged into non-retracted [s] and [z], while in European Portuguese, most other Old World Portuguese variants and some recently European-influenced dialects of Brazil all instances of coda [s̺], voiced [z̺] before voiced consonants, were backed to [ʃ], while in most of Brazilian Portuguese this phenomenon is much rarer, being essentially absent in the dialects that had a greater indigenous and/or non-Portuguese European influence.</li> <li>In the remaining dialects of Portuguese, found in northern Portugal, they merged into the retracted [s̺] [z̺], or, as in <a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a> (which is, however, not a Portuguese dialect, but belongs to <a href="/wiki/Asturian-Leonese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asturian-Leonese languages">Asturian-Leonese</a>), conserved the medieval distinction.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, [s̺] was early on voiced to [z̺] in prevocalic position. This sound was then fronted to [z], but did not merge with any other sound (except that it was later re-devoiced in some southern dialects). In pre-consonantal and final position, [s̺] merged with either [s] or [ʃ]. The rules for these mergers differ between dialects. In Standard German, [ʃ] is used stem-initially and sporadically after ‹r›. Especially in <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a>, every pre-consonantal [s̺] became [ʃ].</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss-causing_events">Loss-causing events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Loss-causing events">edit</a>]</div> Those languages in which the sound occurs typically did not have a phonological process from which either [s] or [ʃ] appeared, two similar sounds with which ⟨s̺⟩ was eventually confused. In general, older European languages only had a single pronunciation of s. In Romance languages, [s] was reached from -ti-, -ci-, -ce- ([ti], [ki], [ke]) clusters that eventually became [ts], [tsi], [tse] and later [s], [si], [se] (as in Latin fortia "force", civitas "city", centum "hundred"), while [ʃ] was reached: <ul><li>From a [sk] or [ks] cluster in southern Romance, as in Latin miscere > Portuguese mexer "to move", Latin fluxus > Spanish flojo "lax", Latin crescere > Italian crescere "grow", with a different pronunciation.</li> <li>from a deaffricated [tʃ] in Northern France and southern-central Portugal, as in French chat "cat", Portuguese achar "find".</li></ul> In <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German</a>, [s] was reached through a [t] > [ts] > [s] process, as in German Wasser compared to English water. In English, the same process of Romance [ts] > [s] occurred in <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>-imported words, accounting for modern homophones sell and cell. [ʃ] was also reached from a -sk- cluster reduction as in Romance, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> spelling asc for modern ash, German schiff and English ship compared to Danish skib. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exceptions">Exceptions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Exceptions">edit</a>]</div> Standard Modern Greek, which has apical [s̺], lacked both processes. The Germanic-speaking regions that did not have either phenomenon have normally preserved the apical [s̺], that is, Icelandic, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> lects. It is also found in a minority of <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> dialects. The main Romance language to preserve the sound, <a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian Spanish</a>, is exceptional in that it had both events that produced [s] and [ʃ], and preserved the apical S at the expense of both, that were shifted farther away. <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> changed only [s]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reach_in_ancient_times">Reach in ancient times</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reach in ancient times">edit</a>]</div> Because of the widespread medieval distribution, it has been speculated that retracted [s̺] was the normal pronunciation in spoken <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. Certain borrowings suggest that it was not far off from the sh-sound [ʃ], e.g. <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> Jeshua > <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs) > Latin Jesus, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> Shabbat > Latin sabbatum; but this could also be explained by the lack of a better sound in Latin to represent <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> š. It equally well could have been an areal feature inherited from the prehistoric languages of Western Europe, as evidenced by its occurrence in modern <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>. For the same reasons, it can be speculated that retracted [s̺] was the pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> s. Its presence in many branches of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> and its presence particularly in the more conservative languages inside each branch (e.g. Icelandic, Spanish), as well as being found in disparate areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, suggests it could have ultimately been the main allophone of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijūnas2010-5">[5]</a> known for ranging from [s] to as far as [ɕ]. [ʃ], but not [s], was developed in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>. However, where Spanish and Catalan have apical [s̺], Italian uses the same laminal [s] that occurs in standard forms of English: evidence, it could be argued, that S was not pronounced apically in Latin. But <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> has a medieval S becoming either [s] or [ʃ] depending on context, much as in <a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European Portuguese</a>, which could attest to the previous existence of [s̺] in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>. The Italian pronunciation as laminal S could also be explained by the presence of [ʃ] but not [s], thus moving the pronunciation of [s̺] to the front of the mouth in an attempt to better differentiate between the two sounds. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voiceless_lamino-dental_sibilant">Voiceless lamino-dental sibilant</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Voiceless lamino-dental sibilant">edit</a>]</div> A voiceless laminal dental or <a href="/wiki/Dentialveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentialveolar">dentialveolar</a> sibilant contrasts with a voiceless apical alveolar or post-alveolar sibilant in <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> and several languages of California, including <a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño</a> of the Uto-Aztecan family and <a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumeyaay</a> of the Yuman family. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_between_English_and_Spanish">Comparison between English and Spanish</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Comparison between English and Spanish">edit</a>]</div> The term "voiceless alveolar sibilant" is potentially ambiguous in that it can refer to at least two different sounds. Various languages of northern <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Astur-Leonese linguistic group">Astur-Leonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>) have a so-called "<a href="#Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant">voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant</a>" that lacks the strong hissing of the [s] described in this article but has a duller, more "grave" sound quality somewhat reminiscent of a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex sibilant">voiceless retroflex sibilant</a>. Basque, <a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a> and some Portuguese dialects in northeast Portugal (as well as medieval Spanish and Portuguese in general) have both types of sounds in the same language. There is no general agreement about what actual feature distinguishes these sounds. Spanish phoneticians normally describe the difference as <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> (for the northern Iberian sound) vs. <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> (for the more common sound), but Ladefoged and Maddieson<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996?-7">[7]</a> claim that English /s/ can be pronounced apically, which is evidently not the same as the apical sibilant of Iberian Spanish and Basque. Also, Adams<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975283-8">[8]</a> asserts that many dialects of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> have a laminal sibilant with a sound quality similar to the "apico-alveolar" sibilant of northern Iberia. Some authors have instead suggested that the difference lies in <a href="/wiki/Tongue_shape" title="Tongue shape">tongue shape</a>. Adams<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975283-8">[8]</a> describes the northern Iberian sibilant as "retracted". Ladefoged and Maddieson<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996?-7">[7]</a> appear to characterize the more common hissing variant as <a href="/wiki/Grooved_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Grooved consonant">grooved</a>, and some phoneticians (such as J. Catford) have characterized it as <a href="/wiki/Sulcal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulcal">sulcal</a> (which is more or less a synonym of "grooved"), but in both cases, there is some doubt about whether all and only the "hissing" sounds actually have a "grooved" or "sulcal" tongue shape. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> Features of the voiceless alveolar sibilant: <ul><li>Its <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a>, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a <a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">groove</a> in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a>.</li> <li>There are at least three specific variants of [s]: <ul><li>Dentalized laminal <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [s] is very strong.<a href="#cite_note-PNFK-9">[9]</a></li> <li>Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ridge">alveolar ridge</a>, termed respectively <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a>. According to <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a> about half of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.</li> <li>Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to laminal [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>] or (to a lesser extent) [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>].</li></ul></li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_consonant" title="Oral consonant">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_egressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic egressive">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal muscle">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_muscles" title="Abdominal muscles">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dentalized_laminal_alveolar">Dentalized laminal alveolar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dentalized laminal alveolar">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language</th> <th>Word</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh19772,_9-10">[10]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">مسجد</a> (masjid)</td> <td>[mɐˈs̪d͡ʒɪd̪]</td> <td>'mosque'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozintseva19957-11">[11]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">սար</a> (sar)</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/72\/S%C9%91%C9%BE.ogg\/S%C9%91%C9%BE.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[s\u032a\u0251\u027e]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"S\u0251\u027e.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/S%C9%91%C9%BE.ogg/S%C9%91%C9%BE.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[s̪ɑɾ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:S%C9%91%C9%BE.ogg" title="File:Sɑɾ.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>'mountain'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxundov1983115,_128–131-12">[12]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">su</a></td> <td>[s̪u]</td> <td>'water'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a><a href="#cite_note-Hualde-13">[13]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">gauza</a></td> <td>[ɡäus̪ä]</td> <td>'thing'</td> <td>Contrasts with an apical sibilant.<a href="#cite_note-Hualde-13">[13]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Basque_language#Phonology" title="Basque language">Basque phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadluzhny198947-14">[14]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">стагоддзе</a> (stağoddzě)</td> <td>[s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe]</td> <td>'century'</td> <td>Contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> form. See <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_phonology" title="Belarusian phonology">Belarusian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlagstad_Jr.195846-15">[15]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">всеки</a> (vseki)</td> <td>[ˈfs̪ɛkʲi]</td> <td>'everyone'</td> <td>Contrasts with palatalized form. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZee2003109–110-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin200117–25-17">[17]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">三</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">sān</a>)</td> <td>[s̪a̋n]</td> <td>'three'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin phonology">Mandarin phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalková1994228-18">[18]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">svět</a></td> <td>[s̪vjɛt̪]</td> <td>'world'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">савăт/savët</a> </td> <td>[s̪aʋət] </td> <td>'vessel, glass' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">Auckland</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerWarren2004594-19">[19]</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">sand</a></td> <td>[s̪ɛnˑd̥]</td> <td rowspan="2">'sand'</td> <td rowspan="2">See <a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural London</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></td> <td>[s̪anˑd̥] </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975288-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199979-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005144-23">[23]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">façade</a></td> <td>[fäs̪äd̪]</td> <td>'front'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">French phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzende1999104-24">[24]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_orthography" title="Hungarian orthography">sziget</a></td> <td>[ˈs̪iɡɛt̪]</td> <td>'island'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></td> <td>Standard<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268-25">[25]</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">sali</a></td> <td rowspan="2">[ˈsäːli]</td> <td rowspan="2">'you go up'</td> <td>Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268-25">[25]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199272-26">[26]</a></td> <td>Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_and_72-27">[27]</a> Both variants may be labiodentalized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199272-26">[26]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></td> <td colspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE">example needed</a>]</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara200210-29">[29]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">сом/sum</a></td> <td>[s̪u̯ʊm]</td> <td>'pure'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara200311-30">[30]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz alphabet">сабиз</a> (sabiz)</td> <td>[s̪äˈbis̪]</td> <td>'carrot'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENau19986-31">[31]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian alphabet">sens</a></td> <td>[s̪en̪s̪]</td> <td>'ancient'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELunt19521-32">[32]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">скока</a> (skoka)</td> <td>[ˈs̪kɔkä]</td> <td>'jump'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></td> <td colspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE">example needed</a>]</td> <td></td> <td>Contrasts seven <a href="/wiki/Sibilant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilant consonant">sibilants</a> altogether, preserving medieval <a href="/wiki/Ibero-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibero-Romance">Ibero-Romance</a> contrasts. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian" title="Urban East Norwegian">Urban East</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaug2003130–131-33">[33]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian alphabet">sand</a></td> <td>[sɑnː]</td> <td>'sand'</td> <td>Most often dentalized laminal, but can be non-retracted apical for some speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaug2003130–131-33">[33]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a><a href="#cite_note-PNFK-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976149-34">[34]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">sum</a></td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cb\/Pl-sum.ogg\/Pl-sum.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[s\u032aum]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-sum.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Pl-sum.ogg/Pl-sum.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[s̪um]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-sum.ogg" title="File:Pl-sum.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>'catfish'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">surd</a></td> <td>[s̪ur̪d̪]</td> <td>'deaf'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChew200367-36">[36]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">волосы</a> (volosy)</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b9\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8vo\u031e\u026b\u032a\u0259s\u032a\u0268\u031e]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044b.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈvo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B.ogg" title="File:Ru-волосы.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>'hair'</td> <td>Contrasts with palatalized form. See <a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb200318-37">[37]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic alphabet">Slàinte</a></td> <td>[ˈs̪ɫ̪äːn̪t̪ʰʲə]</td> <td>'cheers'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology">Scottish Gaelic phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić20065-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić199967-39">[39]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">село</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">selo</a>)</td> <td>[s̪ĕ̞lo̞]</td> <td>'village'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> </td> <td>sto </td> <td>[stɔ] </td> <td>'hundred' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretnarTokarz198021-40">[40]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovene_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene orthography">svet</a></td> <td>[s̪ʋêːt̪]</td> <td>'world'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Iberian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258-41">[41]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish alphabet">estar</a></td> <td>[e̞s̪ˈt̪äɾ]</td> <td>'to be'</td> <td>Allophone of /s/ before dental consonants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258-41">[41]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996171-42">[42]</a></td> <td>Central Standard<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140–141-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004167-44">[44]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">säte</a></td> <td>[ˈs̪ɛːt̪e]</td> <td>'seat'</td> <td>Retracted in some southern dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-45">[45]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Toda_language" title="Toda language">Toda</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996157-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005168-47">[47]</a> </td> <td>கொவ் (kos) </td> <td>[kɔs̪] </td> <td>'money' </td> <td>Contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʂ/. Voiced allophones are found in fast speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti200366-48">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975288-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154-49">[49]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">su</a></td> <td>[s̪u]</td> <td>'water'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukMačutekRovenchak2008-50">[50]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">село</a> (selo)</td> <td>[s̪ɛˈɫ̪ɔ]</td> <td>'village'</td> <td>Contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> form. See <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠewc-Schuster198422,_38,_39-51">[51]</a></td> <td>sowa</td> <td>[ˈs̪owä]</td> <td>'owl'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoberg196311-52">[52]</a></td> <td>soät</td> <td>[ˈs̪o̞æt̪]</td> <td>'hour'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></td> <td>Hanoi<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson19878–9-53">[53]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">xa</a></td> <td>[s̪äː]</td> <td>'far'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese phonology</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-retracted_alveolar">Non-retracted alveolar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Non-retracted alveolar">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language</th> <th>Word</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">сэ</a>/sė</td> <td>[sa]</td> <td>'I'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThelwall199037-54">[54]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">جَلَس</a>/ǧalasa</td> <td>[ˈdʒælæsɐ]</td> <td>'to sit'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Arabic phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian</a></td> <td>ܣܝܦܐ <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">sèpa</a></td> <td>[seːpaː]</td> <td>'sword'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">রাস্তা</a></td> <td>[raːst̪a]</td> <td>'street'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">စစားဗျီ</a>/ca carr bhye</td> <td>[sə sá bjì]</td> <td>'I am eating now'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">сурт</a> / surt</td> <td>[suʊrt]</td> <td>'picture'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Chinese">Cantonese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">閃</a> / sim2</td> <td>[siːm˧˥]</td> <td>'twinkle'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200561_and_131-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-thor80-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-gr144-57">[57]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish alphabet">sælge</a></td> <td>[ˈseljə]</td> <td>'sell'</td> <td>Most often non-retracted apical, but can be dentalized laminal for some speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200561_and_131-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-thor80-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-gr144-57">[57]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></td> <td>Belgian Standard<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003190-58">[58]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">staan</a></td> <td>[staːn]</td> <td>'to stand'</td> <td>Laminal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003190-58">[58]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Dutch phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></td> <td>Belgian Standard<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003190-58">[58]</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">staan</a></td> <td rowspan="2">[staːn]</td> <td rowspan="2">'to stand'</td> <td>Laminal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003190-58">[58]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Dutch phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern Standard<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003145,_190-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199975-60">[60]</a></td> <td>Laminal. It is laxer than in English, has a graver friction and is sometimes labialized. It is retracted when preconsonantal, after rounded vowels and /r/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003145,_190-59">[59]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Dutch phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">sèl</a></td> <td>[ˈs̺ʲɛːl]</td> <td>'salt'</td> <td>Palatalized apical;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199273-61">[61]</a> may be [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>] instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199273-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">sit</a></td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/transcoded\/4\/44\/Sit-pronunctation-audo.ogg\/Sit-pronunctation-audo.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[s\u026at]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sit-pronunctation-audo.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/4/44/Sit-pronunctation-audo.ogg/Sit-pronunctation-audo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[sɪt]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Sit-pronunctation-audo.ogg" title="File:Sit-pronunctation-audo.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>'sit'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto</a></td> <td>[espeˈranto]</td> <td>'Who hopes'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></td> <td>sandur</td> <td>[sandʊɹ]</td> <td>'sand'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangold200550-62">[62]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">Biss</a></td> <td>[bɪs]</td> <td>'bite'</td> <td>Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangold200550-62">[62]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard German phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShostedChikovani2006255-63">[63]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian alphabet">სამი</a>/sami</td> <td>[ˈsɑmi]</td> <td>'three'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">ספר</a>/sefer</td> <td>[ˈsefeʁ]</td> <td>'book'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">साल</a> / <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">سال</a></td> <td>[saːl]</td> <td>'year'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></td> <td>Standard<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268-25">[25]</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">sali</a></td> <td rowspan="2">[ˈsäːli]</td> <td rowspan="2">'you go up'</td> <td>Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268-25">[25]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199272-26">[26]</a></td> <td>Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_and_72-27">[27]</a> Both variants may be labiodentalized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199272-26">[26]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkada1999117-64">[64]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">複数形</a> / <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">fukusūkē</a></td> <td>[ɸɯkɯ̊sɯːkeː]</td> <td>'plural'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">сэ</a>/sė</td> <td>[sa]</td> <td>'I'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">អេស្ប៉ាញ</a> / éspanh</td> <td>[ʔeːˈspaːɲ]</td> <td>noun: 'Spain' adjective: 'Spanish'</td> <td rowspan="2">See <a href="/wiki/Khmer_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer phonology">Khmer phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">ម៉ាស៊ីន</a> / masin </td> <td>[maːˈsiːn] </td> <td>'machine' </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean alphabet">섬</a> / <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">seom</a></td> <td>[sʌːm]</td> <td>'island'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">satu</a></td> <td>[satu]</td> <td>'one'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">iebes</a></td> <td>[eaˈbes]</td> <td>'hard'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">साप</a></td> <td>[saːp]</td> <td>'snake'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanāgarī">सगरमाथा</a> </td> <td>[sʌɡʌrmät̪ʰä] </td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">ସମାନ</a></td> <td>[sɔmänɔ]</td> <td>'equal'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></td> <td>maichent</td> <td>[mejˈsẽ]</td> <td>'bad'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">سیب</a> / sib</td> <td>[sib]</td> <td>'apple'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591-65">[65]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">caço</a></td> <td>[ˈkasu]</td> <td>'I hunt'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">ਸੱਪ</a>/sapp</td> <td>[səpː]</td> <td>'snake'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258-41">[41]</a></td> <td>Latin American</td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">saltador</a></td> <td rowspan="4">[s̻a̠l̪t̪a̠ˈð̞o̞r]</td> <td rowspan="4">'jumper'</td> <td rowspan="4">See <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Spanish_coronal_fricatives" title="Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives">Seseo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Filipino</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></td> <td></td> <td>Kiswahili</td> <td>[kiswaˈhili]</td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylheti Nagari">ꠢꠂꠍꠦ</a>/oise</td> <td>[ɔise]</td> <td>'done'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography">lasa</a></td> <td>[ˈlasɐ]</td> <td>'taste'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199272-26">[26]</a></td> <td>Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_and_72-27">[27]</a> Both variants may be labiodentalized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199272-26">[26]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1959458–461-66">[66]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">xa</a></td> <td>[saː˧]</td> <td>'far'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Yi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yi_script" title="Yi script">ꌦ</a> <a href="/wiki/Yi_script" title="Yi script">sy</a></td> <td>[sɹ̩˧]</td> <td>'die'</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retracted_alveolar">Retracted alveolar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Retracted alveolar">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language</th> <th>Word</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a></td> <td>pasu</td> <td>[ˈpäs̺u]</td> <td>'step'</td> <td>Apical. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a><a href="#cite_note-Hualde-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hualde2-67">[67]</a></td> <td>su</td> <td>[s̺u]</td> <td>'fire'</td> <td>Apical. Contrasts with a dentalized laminal sibilant.<a href="#cite_note-Hualde-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hualde2-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">শ</a>/śô</td> <td>[s̠ɔː]</td> <td>'hundred'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199254-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorreblanca1988347-70">[70]</a></td> <td>Most dialects</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">set</a></td> <td>[ˈs̺ɛt̪]</td> <td>'seven'</td> <td>Apical. See <a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Some Valencian speakers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit200912-71">[71]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">peix</a></td> <td>[ˈpe̠js̠ʲ]</td> <td>'fish'</td> <td rowspan="2">Normally transcribed with ⟨ʂ⟩; realized as pre-palatal [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>] in Standard Catalan and Valencian. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">patisc</a></td> <td>[päˈt̪is̠ʲk]</td> <td>'I suffer' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_patter" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow patter">Glasgow</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">sun</a></td> <td>[s̺ʌn]</td> <td>'sun'</td> <td>Working-class pronunciation, other speakers may use a non-retracted [<a class="mw-selflink selflink">s</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> </td> <td>sèinpar </td> <td>[ˈs̠æ̃.pər] </td> <td>'always' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian alphabet">sõna</a></td> <td>[ˈsɤnɑ]</td> <td>'word'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuomiToivanenYlitalo200827-74">[74]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Finnish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish alphabet">sinä</a></td> <td>[ˈsinæ]</td> <td>'you'</td> <td>Varies between non-retracted and retracted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuomiToivanenYlitalo200827-74">[74]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a></td> <td>saúde</td> <td>[s̺äˈuðe]</td> <td>'health'</td> <td>Apical. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200712-75">[75]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">σαν</a> / <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">san</a></td> <td>[sɐn]</td> <td>'as'</td> <td>Varies between non-retracted and retracted, depending on the environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200712-75">[75]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Modern Greek phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a><a href="#cite_note-Kress2324-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pétursson-77">[77]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">segi</a></td> <td>[ˈs̺ɛːjɪ]</td> <td>'I say'</td> <td>Apical.<a href="#cite_note-Kress2324-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pétursson-77">[77]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></td> <td>Central Italy<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286-78">[78]</a></td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">sali</a></td> <td rowspan="3">[ˈs̠äːli]</td> <td rowspan="3">'you go up'</td> <td>Present in <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> north of Cape Linaro,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286-78">[78]</a> most of <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286-78">[78]</a> (save <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a> and the extreme south),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a> and south of <a href="/wiki/Potenza" title="Potenza">Potenza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern Italy<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975285–286-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199271–72-80">[80]</a></td> <td>Apical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199272-26">[26]</a> Present in many areas north of the <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia%E2%80%93Rimini_Line" title="La Spezia–Rimini Line">La Spezia–Rimini Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199271-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975285-82">[82]</a> Derived from local languages of northern Italy. See <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286-78">[78]</a></td> <td>Present south and west of a line drawn from <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cefalù</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a></td> <td>pasu</td> <td>[ˈpäs̺ʊ]</td> <td>'step'</td> <td>Apical. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-45">[45]</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE">example needed</a>]</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">passo</a></td> <td>[ˈpäs̺u]</td> <td>'step'</td> <td>Apical. Contrasts with /s̪/. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a></td> <td rowspan="2">dos</td> <td>[d̻ys̺]</td> <td rowspan="2">'two'</td> <td rowspan="2">See <a href="/wiki/Occitan_phonology" title="Occitan phonology">Occitan phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></td> <td>[d̻us̺] </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></td> <td>sapin</td> <td>[s̠apiŋ]</td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>'</td> <td>Apical. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a>, inland northern</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">cansaço</a></td> <td>[kɐ̃ˈs̺as̻u]</td> <td rowspan="2">'weariness'</td> <td>Apical. Contrasts with /s̻/. See <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>European, coastal northern</td> <td>[kɐ̃ˈs̺as̺u]</td> <td>Merges with /s̻/. See <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inland and southern <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">capixaba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">pescador</a></td> <td>[pe̞s̺käˈd̻oχ]</td> <td>'fisherman'</td> <td rowspan="2">Realization of Portuguese coda sibilant, which may be <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolars</a>, depending on dialect </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zona_da_Mata_(Minas_Gerais)" title="Zona da Mata (Minas Gerais)">Carioca do brejo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">escadas</a></td> <td>[is̺ˈkäd̻ɐs̺]</td> <td>'stairs' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean</a></td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">saltador</a></td> <td rowspan="3">[s̺äl̪t̪äˈð̞o̞ɾ]</td> <td rowspan="3">'jumper'</td> <td rowspan="3">Apical. In Andean and Paisa (except in southern parts of Antioquia) alternates with a more frequent coronal-dental /s/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoaquín_Montes_Giraldo1992527-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetancourt_Arango1993285–286-85">[85]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Spanish_coronal_fricatives" title="Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives">seseo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258-41">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paisa_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Paisa Region">Paisa accent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blekinge" title="Blekinge">Blekinge</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-45">[45]</a></td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">säte</a></td> <td rowspan="4">[ˈs̠ɛːte]</td> <td rowspan="4">'seat'</td> <td rowspan="4">See <a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Bohuslän</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-45">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Halland" title="Halland">Halland</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-45">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-45">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Toda_language" title="Toda language">Toda</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996157-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005168-47">[47]</a> </td> <td>pōs̠ </td> <td>[po:s̠] </td> <td>'milk' </td> <td>Contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʂ/. Voiced allophones are found in fast speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti200366-48">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Saigon</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1959-86">[86]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">xe</a> </td> <td>[s̺ɛ˧] </td> <td>'vehicle' </td> <td>Apical. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003145,_190-59">[59]</a></td> <td>sâlt</td> <td>[sɔːt]</td> <td>'salt'</td> <td>Laminal. It is laxer than in English and has a graver friction. It varies between retracted and non-retracted, depending on the environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003145,_190-59">[59]</a> See <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_phonology" title="West Frisian phonology">West Frisian phonology</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative">Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151960987"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">θ̠</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">θ͇</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">ɹ̝̊</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">t̞</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA Number">IPA Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">130 414</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Audio sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center"><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative.ogg/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> <div><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative.ogg" title="File:Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative.ogg">source</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">help</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entity <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(decimal)</th><td class="infobox-data"><code>&#952;&#817;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unicode <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(hex)</th><td class="infobox-data">U+03B8 U+0331</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151960987"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiceless alveolar approximant</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">ɹ̥</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA Number">IPA Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">151 402A</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>r\_0</code></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151960987"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiceless alveolar tapped fricative</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">ɾ̞̊</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">ɹ̥̆˔</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA Number">IPA Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">124 402A 430</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unicode <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(hex)</th><td class="infobox-data">U+027E U+031E U+030A</td></tr></tbody></table> The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "slit" fricative) is a consonantal sound. As the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a> places of articulation that are not <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a>), this sound is usually transcribed ⟨θ̠⟩, occasionally ⟨θ͇⟩ (<a href="/wiki/Retraction_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retraction (phonetics)">retracted</a> or alveolarized [θ], respectively), ⟨ɹ̝̊⟩ (constricted voiceless [ɹ]), or ⟨t̞⟩ (lowered [t]). Some scholars also posit the voiceless alveolar approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ɹ̥⟩. Few languages also have the voiceless alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. This can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show full occlusion did not occur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaver1994263-87">[87]</a> Tapped fricatives are occasionally reported in the literature, though these claims are not generally independently confirmed and so remain dubious. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaver1994263-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features_2">Features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Its <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a>, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a>. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ridge">alveolar ridge</a>, termed respectively <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a>.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_consonant" title="Oral consonant">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_egressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic egressive">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal muscle">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_muscles" title="Abdominal muscles">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence_2">Occurrence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language</th> <th>Word</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Afenmai_language" title="Afenmai language">Afenmai</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaver1994263-87">[87]</a></td> <td>aru </td> <td>[aɾ̞̊u]</td> <td>'hat'</td> <td>Tapped; <a href="/wiki/Tense_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tense (phonetics)">tense</a> equivalent of lax /ɾ/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaver1994263-87">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a><a href="#cite_note-CM199-88">[88]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Geert</a></td> <td>[ɣeːɹ̝̊t]</td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Geert" title="Geert">Geert</a>'</td> <td>One of many possible realizations of /r/; distribution unclear. See <a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Dutch phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian language">Emilian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199272-26">[26]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">zidrån</a></td> <td>[θ̠iˈdrʌn]</td> <td>'lemon'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoakesMcDougall20071445–1448-89">[89]</a></td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">Italy</a></td> <td>[ˈɪ̟θ̠əɫɪi̯]</td> <td rowspan="6">'Italy'</td> <td>Occasional allophone of /t/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoakesMcDougall20071445–1448-89">[89]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian English phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuizza201116–28-90">[90]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">[ˈɪθ̠əli]</td> <td>Common allophone of /t/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuizza201116–28-90">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickey1984234–235-91">[91]</a></td> <td rowspan="3">Allophone of /t/. See <a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Scouse</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarottaBarth2005385-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2007352–353-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-95">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a> speakers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaver1994263–264-96">[96]</a> </td> <td>[ˈɪɾ̞̊ɨ̞ɫi] </td> <td>Tapped; possible allophone of /t/. Can be a voiceless tap [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar tap">ɾ̥</a>] or a voiced tap [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>] instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaver1994263–264-96">[96]</a> See <a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">trap</a> </td> <td>[ˈt̠ɹ̝̊æp̚] </td> <td rowspan="3">'trap' </td> <td rowspan="3">Common allophone of /r/ following /t/ or [tʰ]. Phonologically interchangeable with /tʃɹ-/. Dialectal in English English. See <a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English English</a> speakers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoberg2004361-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerswillTorgersonFox200630-98">[98]</a> </td> <td>[ˈt̠ɹ̝̊æʔp] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> </td> <td>[ˈt̠ɹ̝̊e̞p] </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011115-99">[99]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faroese_orthography" title="Faroese orthography">eiturkoppur</a> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;">[ˈaiːtʊɹ̥ˌkʰɔʰpːʊɹ] </td> <td>'spider' </td> <td>Devoiced approximant allophone of /r/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011115-99">[99]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Faroese_phonology" title="Faroese phonology">Faroese phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a><a href="#cite_note-Pétursson-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005139-100">[100]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">þakið</a></td> <td>[ˈθ̠äkið̠]</td> <td>'the roof'</td> <td>Laminal.<a href="#cite_note-Pétursson-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005139-100">[100]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYavuzBalcı201125-101">[101]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">bir</a></td> <td>[biɾ̞̊]</td> <td>'a(n)'</td> <td>Tapped; word-final allophone of /ɾ/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYavuzBalcı201125-101">[101]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish phonology</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voiceless_lateral-median_fricative">Voiceless lateral-median fricative</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Voiceless lateral-median fricative">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151960987"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiceless alveolar lateral–median fricative</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">ʪ</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">θ̠ˡ</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">ɬ͡θ̠</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">ɬ͡s</th></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151960987"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiceless dental lateral–median fricative</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">ʪ̪</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">θˡ</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">ɬ̪͡θ</th></tr></tbody></table> The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features_3">Features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Its <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a>, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a>. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ridge">alveolar ridge</a>, termed respectively <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a>.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_consonant" title="Oral consonant">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_egressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic egressive">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal muscle">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_muscles" title="Abdominal muscles">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence_3">Occurrence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language</th> <th>Word</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic dialects">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%BDAsir_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="ʽAsir Province">Al-Rubūʽah</a> dialect </td> <td>الضيم </td> <td>[aθˡˁːajm] </td> <td>'anguish'<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </td> <td>Classical Arabic *ɮˁ and Modern Standard Arabic [dˤ] </td></tr> <tr> <td>[dialect missing] </td> <td>ظامئ </td> <td>[ʪæːmiː] </td> <td>'thirsty' </td> <td>Classical and Modern Standard Arabic [ðˤ] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_corono-dentoalveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless corono-dentoalveolar sibilant">Voiceless corono-dentoalveolar sibilant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_shape" title="Tongue shape">Tongue shape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Apical consonant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">Laminal consonant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_phonetics_articles" title="Index of phonetics articles">Index of phonetics articles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandeliEskaBallRahilly1997?-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPandeliEskaBallRahilly1997?_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPandeliEskaBallRahilly1997">Pandeli et al. (1997)</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddieson1984?-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddieson1984?_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaddieson1984">Maddieson (1984)</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-kalaw-3"><a href="#cite_ref-kalaw_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJessica_HunterClaire_BowernErich_Round2011" class="citation journal cs1">Jessica Hunter; <a href="/wiki/Claire_Bowern" title="Claire Bowern">Claire Bowern</a>; Erich Round (1 June 2011). "Reappraising the Effects of Language Contact in the Torres Strait". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Language_Contact" title="Journal of Language Contact">Journal of Language Contact</a>. 4 (1): 106–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187740911X558798">10.1163/187740911X558798</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1877-4091">1877-4091</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56228341" class="extiw" title="d:Q56228341">Q56228341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Contact&rft.atitle=Reappraising+the+Effects+of+Language+Contact+in+the+Torres+Strait&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=106-140&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187740911X558798&rft.issn=1877-4091&rft.au=Jessica+Hunter&rft.au=Claire+Bowern&rft.au=Erich+Round&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+alveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975?-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975?_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975?_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1975">Adams (1975)</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijūnas2010-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijūnas2010_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijūnas2010_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVijūnas2010">Vijūnas (2010)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObaid1973?-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObaid1973?_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFObaid1973">Obaid (1973)</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996?-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996?_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996?_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975283-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975283_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975283_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1975">Adams (1975)</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-PNFK-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PNFK_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PNFK_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPuppelNawrocka-FisiakKrassowska1977">Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977)</a>, p. 149, cited in <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a>, p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh19772,_9-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh19772,_9_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQafisheh1977">Qafisheh (1977)</a>, pp. 2, 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozintseva19957-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozintseva19957_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKozintseva1995">Kozintseva (1995)</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxundov1983115,_128–131-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxundov1983115,_128–131_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxundov1983">Axundov (1983)</a>, pp. 115, 128–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hualde-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hualde_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hualde_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hualde_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hualde_13-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010">Hualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri (2010)</a>, p. 1. Although this paper discusses mainly the <a href="/wiki/Goizueta,_Navarre" title="Goizueta, Navarre">Goizueta</a> dialect, the authors state that it has "a typical, conservative consonant inventory for a Basque variety". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadluzhny198947-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadluzhny198947_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadluzhny1989">Padluzhny (1989)</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlagstad_Jr.195846-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlagstad_Jr.195846_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlagstad_Jr.1958">Klagstad Jr. (1958)</a>, p. 46. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKlagstad_Jr.1958 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZee2003109–110-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeZee2003109–110_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeZee2003">Lee & Zee (2003)</a>, pp. 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELin200117–25-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin200117–25_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLin2001">Lin (2001)</a>, pp. 17–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalková1994228-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalková1994228_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalková1994">Palková (1994)</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerWarren2004594-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerWarren2004594_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauerWarren2004">Bauer & Warren (2004)</a>, p. 594. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/accent-of-the-year-sibilants-in-mle/">"English speech services | Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE"</a>. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+speech+services+%7C+Accent+of+the+Year+%2F+sibilants+in+MLE&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglishspeechservices.com%2Fblog%2Faccent-of-the-year-sibilants-in-mle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+alveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975288-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975288_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975288_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1975">Adams (1975)</a>, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199979-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199979_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFougeronSmith1999">Fougeron & Smith (1999)</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005144-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005144_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrønnum2005">Grønnum (2005)</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzende1999104-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzende1999104_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzende1999">Szende (1999)</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_25-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199272-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_26-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_26-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_and_72-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_and_72_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_and_72_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_and_72_27-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, pp. 68 and 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerzy_Treder" class="citation web cs1">Jerzy Treder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26">"Fonetyka i fonologia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26">the original</a> on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fonetyka+i+fonologia&rft.au=Jerzy+Treder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rastko.net%2Frastko-ka%2Findex2.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D227%26pop%3D1%26page%3D0%26Itemid%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+alveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara200210-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKara200210_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKara2002">Kara (2002)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara200311-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKara200311_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKara2003">Kara (2003)</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENau19986-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENau19986_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNau1998">Nau (1998)</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELunt19521-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELunt19521_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLunt1952">Lunt (1952)</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaug2003130–131-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaug2003130–131_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaug2003130–131_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkaug2003">Skaug (2003)</a>, pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976149-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocławski1976149_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976)</a>, pp. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvidiu_Drăghici" class="citation web cs1">Ovidiu Drăghici. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cis01.central.ucv.ro/litere/idd/cursuri/an_1/limba_rom_cont/lrc_an1_draghici.pdf">"Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie"</a> (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limba+Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83+contemporan%C4%83.+Fonetic%C4%83.+Fonologie.+Ortografie.+Lexicologie&rft.au=Ovidiu+Dr%C4%83ghici&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcis01.central.ucv.ro%2Flitere%2Fidd%2Fcursuri%2Fan_1%2Flimba_rom_cont%2Flrc_an1_draghici.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+alveolar+fricative" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChew200367-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChew200367_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChew2003">Chew (2003)</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb200318-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb200318_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamb2003">Lamb (2003)</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić20065-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKordić20065_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKordić2006">Kordić (2006)</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić199967-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić199967_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić1999">Landau et al. (1999)</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretnarTokarz198021-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPretnarTokarz198021_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPretnarTokarz1980">Pretnar & Tokarz (1980)</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258_41-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003">Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003)</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996171-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996171_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140–141-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140–141_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngstrand1999">Engstrand (1999)</a>, pp. 140–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004167-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004167_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngstrand2004">Engstrand (2004)</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_45-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_45-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1975">Adams (1975)</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996157-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996157_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996157_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005168-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005168_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005168_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLadefoged2005">Ladefoged (2005)</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti200366-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti200366_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti200366_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrishnamurti2003">Krishnamurti (2003)</a>, p. 66. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKrishnamurti2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmerOrgun1999">Zimmer & Orgun (1999)</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukMačutekRovenchak2008-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukMačutekRovenchak2008_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBukMačutekRovenchak2008">Buk, Mačutek & Rovenchak (2008)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠewc-Schuster198422,_38,_39-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠewc-Schuster198422,_38,_39_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŠewc-Schuster1984">Šewc-Schuster (1984)</a>, pp. 22, 38, 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoberg196311-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoberg196311_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSjoberg1963">Sjoberg (1963)</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson19878–9-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson19878–9_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson1987">Thompson (1987)</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThelwall199037-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThelwall199037_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThelwall1990">Thelwall (1990)</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200561_and_131-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200561_and_131_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200561_and_131_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasbøll2005">Basbøll (2005)</a>, pp. 61 and 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-thor80-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thor80_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thor80_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorborg2003">Thorborg (2003)</a>, p. 80. The author states that /s/ is pronounced with "the tip of the tongue right behind upper teeth, but without touching them." This is confirmed by the accompanying image. </li> <li id="cite_note-gr144-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gr144_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gr144_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrønnum2005">Grønnum (2005)</a>, p. 144. Only this author mentions both alveolar and dental realizations. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003190-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003190_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003190_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003190_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003190_58-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2003">Collins & Mees (2003)</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003145,_190-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003145,_190_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003145,_190_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003145,_190_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003145,_190_59-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2003">Collins & Mees (2003)</a>, pp. 145, 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199975-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199975_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGussenhoven1999">Gussenhoven (1999)</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199273-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199273_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199273_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangold200550-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangold200550_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangold200550_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMangold2005">Mangold (2005)</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShostedChikovani2006255-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShostedChikovani2006255_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShostedChikovani2006">Shosted & Chikovani (2006)</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkada1999117-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkada1999117_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOkada1999">Okada (1999)</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995">Cruz-Ferreira (1995)</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1959458–461-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1959458–461_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson1959">Thompson (1959)</a>, pp. 458–461. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hualde2-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hualde2_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hualde2_67-1">b</a> Hualde, J. Basque Phonology (1991) <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-05655-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-05655-1">0-415-05655-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuniti_Kumar_Chatterji1921" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterji">Suniti Kumar Chatterji</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1549580">"Bengali Phonetics"</a>. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies. 2. London: 7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0041977x0010179x">10.1017/s0041977x0010179x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246637825">246637825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+Studies&rft.atitle=Bengali+Phonetics&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0041977x0010179x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246637825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Suniti+Kumar+Chatterji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1549580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+alveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199254-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199254_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarbonellLlisterri1992">Carbonell & Llisterri (1992)</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorreblanca1988347-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorreblanca1988347_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTorreblanca1988">Torreblanca (1988)</a>, p. 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit200912-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaborit200912_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaborit2009">Saborit (2009)</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225075912/https://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/STELLA/Glasgow%20accent/annex4.htm">"Annexe 4: Linguistic Variables"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/STELLA/Glasgow%20accent/annex4.htm">the original</a> on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2013-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annexe+4%3A+Linguistic+Variables&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.gla.ac.uk%2FSTELLA%2FGlasgow%2520accent%2Fannex4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+alveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKokkelmans2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kokkelmans, JOACHIM HENRI N (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.univr.it/handle/11562/1042746">"The Phonetics and Phonology of Sibilants: A Synchronic and Diachronic OT Typology of Sibilant Inventories"</a>. Università degli studi di Verona (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-06-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universit%C3%A0+degli+studi+di+Verona&rft.atitle=The+Phonetics+and+Phonology+of+Sibilants%3A+A+Synchronic+and+Diachronic+OT+Typology+of+Sibilant+Inventories&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Kokkelmans&rft.aufirst=JOACHIM+HENRI+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firis.univr.it%2Fhandle%2F11562%2F1042746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+alveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuomiToivanenYlitalo200827-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuomiToivanenYlitalo200827_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuomiToivanenYlitalo200827_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuomiToivanenYlitalo2008">Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008)</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200712-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200712_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200712_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2007">Arvaniti (2007)</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kress2324-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kress2324_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kress2324_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKress1982">Kress (1982)</a>, pp. 23–24. "It is never voiced, as s in sausen, and it is pronounced by pressing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, close to the upper teeth – somewhat below the place of articulation of the German sch. The difference is that German sch is labialized, while Icelandic s is not. It is a pre-alveolar, coronal, voiceless spirant." </li> <li id="cite_note-Pétursson-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pétursson_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pétursson_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pétursson_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pétursson_77-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPétursson1971">Pétursson (1971)</a>, p. ?, cited in <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_78-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_78-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_78-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1975">Adams (1975)</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975285–286-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975285–286_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1975">Adams (1975)</a>, pp. 285–286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199271–72-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199271–72_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, pp. 71–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199271-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199271_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975285-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975285_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1975">Adams (1975)</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330082716/http://venus.unive.it/canipa/pdf/02_3_Portog.pdf">"2.3. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYavuzBalcı2011" class="citation cs2">Yavuz, Handan; Balcı, Ayla (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ds.anadolu.edu.tr/eKitap/TUR401U.pdf">Turkish Phonology and Morphology</a> (PDF), Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-06-0964-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-06-0964-0"><bdi>978-975-06-0964-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Phonology+and+Morphology&rft.place=Eski%C5%9Fehir&rft.pub=Anadolu+%C3%9Cniversitesi&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-975-06-0964-0&rft.aulast=Yavuz&rft.aufirst=Handan&rft.au=Balc%C4%B1%2C+Ayla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fds.anadolu.edu.tr%2FeKitap%2FTUR401U.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+alveolar+fricative" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerOrgun1999" class="citation cs2">Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf">"Turkish"</a> (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65236-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65236-0"><bdi>978-0-521-65236-0</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2018-07-25, retrieved 2015-04-12</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkish&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=154-158&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65236-0&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Orgun%2C+Orhan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uta.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fcmfitz%2Fswnal%2Fprojects%2FCoLang%2Fcourses%2FTranscription%2Frosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiceless+alveolar+fricative" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_fricative&action=edit&section=27" 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Association">Journal of the IPA (JIPA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_forms_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Cursive forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_variants_of_IPA_letters" title="Case variants of IPA letters">Case variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet">Obsolete and nonstandard symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinological extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Orthography" title="World Orthography">World Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">IPA chart for English dialects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encodings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_ASCII_encodings_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet">ASCII encodings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAMPA" title="SAMPA">SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum">Kirshenbaum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIPA_(software)" title="TIPA (software)">TIPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">Phonetic symbols in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" title="IPA number">IPA number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Consonants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">Pulmonic consonants</a> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable IPA-pulmonic-main" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-pulmonic-placearrow"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a> → </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th scope="col" class="IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a> ↓ </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiceless labiodental nasal">ɱ̊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_nasal" title="Voiced linguolabial nasal">n̼</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiceless retroflex nasal">ɳ̊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_nasal" title="Voiceless uvular nasal">ɴ̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiceless labiodental plosive">p̪</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiced labiodental plosive">b̪</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiceless linguolabial plosive">t̼</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiced linguolabial plosive">d̼</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">ʡ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t̠ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d̠ʒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">dʐ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant affricate </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiceless bilabial affricate">pɸ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiced bilabial affricate">bβ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">p̪f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiced labiodental affricate">b̪v</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate">t̪θ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate">d̪ð</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate">tɹ̝̊</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate">dɹ̝</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">t̠ɹ̠̊˔</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">d̠ɹ̠˔</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal affricate">cç</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟʝ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_affricate" title="Voiceless velar affricate">kx</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_affricate" title="Voiced velar affricate">ɡɣ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">qχ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_affricate" title="Voiced uvular affricate">ɢʁ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiceless epiglottal affricate">ʡʜ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiced epiglottal affricate">ʡʢ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_affricate" title="Voiceless glottal affricate">ʔh</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sibilant <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">s</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant fricative </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiceless linguolabial fricative">θ̼</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiced linguolabial fricative">ð̼</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder IPA-common-nobottomborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">θ̠</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ð̠</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠̊˔</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠˔</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ̊˔</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ˔</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"><a href="/wiki/Creaky-voiced_glottal_approximant" title="Creaky-voiced glottal approximant">ʔ̞</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_flap" title="Voiced bilabial flap">ⱱ̟</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_flap" title="Voiced labiodental flap">ⱱ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced linguolabial tap">ɾ̼</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar tap">ɾ̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex flap">ɽ̊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_tap_and_flap" title="Voiced uvular tap and flap">ɢ̆</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_tap" title="Voiced epiglottal tap">ʡ̆</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_trill" title="Voiceless bilabial trill">ʙ̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_trill" title="Voiced bilabial trill">ʙ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_trill" title="Voiceless retroflex trill">ɽ̊r̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_trill" title="Voiced retroflex trill">ɽr</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">ʀ̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">tɬ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar lateral affricate">dɮ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate">tꞎ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex lateral affricate">d𝼅</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal lateral affricate">c𝼆</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced palatal lateral affricate">ɟʎ̝</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless velar lateral affricate">k𝼄</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced velar lateral affricate">ɡʟ̝</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative">ꞎ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex lateral fricative">𝼅</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal lateral fricative">𝼆</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced palatal lateral fricative">ʎ̝</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">𝼄</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced velar lateral fricative">ʟ̝</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral approximant </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced uvular lateral approximant">ʟ̠</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral tap/flap </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral flap">ɺ̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral flap">ɺ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral flap">𝼈̥</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_flap" title="Voiced palatal lateral flap">ʎ̆</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_tap" title="Voiced velar lateral tap">ʟ̆</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> Symbols to the right in a cell are <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, to the left are <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a>. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="nowrap"><div style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 2em;">Non-pulmonic consonants <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable" style=""> <tbody><tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant"><abbr title="Bilabial">BL</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant"><abbr title="Labiodental">LD</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant"><abbr title="Dental">D</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant"><abbr title="Alveolar">A</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant"><abbr title="Postalveolar">PA</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant"><abbr title="Retroflex">RF</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant"><abbr title="Palatal">P</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant"><abbr title="Velar">V</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant"><abbr title="Uvular">U</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant"><abbr title="Epiglottal">EG</abbr></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Stop</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_stop" title="Retroflex ejective stop">ʈʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_ejective_stop" title="Palatal ejective stop">cʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal ejective">ʡʼ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_affricate" title="Labiodental ejective affricate">p̪fʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_affricate" title="Dental ejective affricate">t̪θʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t̠ʃʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_affricate" title="Retroflex ejective affricate">tʂʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective affricate">tɕʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_affricate" title="Velar ejective affricate">kxʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular ejective affricate">qχʼ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_fricative" title="Bilabial ejective fricative">ɸʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_fricative" title="Labiodental ejective fricative">fʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_fricative" title="Dental ejective fricative">θʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Palato-alveolar ejective fricative">ʃʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_fricative" title="Retroflex ejective fricative">ʂʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">xʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_fricative" title="Uvular ejective fricative">χʼ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Palatal lateral ejective affricate">c𝼆ʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Velar lateral ejective affricate">k𝼄ʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uvular_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular lateral ejective affricate">q𝼄ʼ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a> (top: velar; bottom: uvular) </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_bilabial_click" title="Tenuis bilabial click">kʘ qʘ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click" title="Tenuis dental click">kǀ qǀ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_click" title="Tenuis alveolar click">kǃ qǃ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_retroflex_click" title="Tenuis retroflex click">k𝼊 q𝼊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_palatal_click" title="Tenuis palatal click">kǂ qǂ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_click" title="Voiced bilabial click">ɡʘ ɢʘ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_click" title="Voiced dental click">ɡǀ ɢǀ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_click" title="Voiced alveolar click">ɡǃ ɢǃ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_click" title="Voiced retroflex click">ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_click" title="Voiced palatal click">ɡǂ ɢǂ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">Nasal</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal click">ŋʘ ɴʘ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">ŋǀ ɴǀ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal click">ŋǃ ɴǃ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex nasal click">ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal click">ŋǂ ɴǂ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"><a href="/wiki/Back-released_click" title="Back-released click">ʞ</a>   </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Tenuis <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">kǁ qǁ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Voiced lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral click">ɡǁ ɢǁ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nasal lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral nasal click">ŋǁ ɴǁ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a> </th> <th scope="row">Voiced </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiced retroflex implosive">ᶑ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_implosive" title="Voiced uvular implosive">ʛ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiceless bilabial implosive">ɓ̥</a> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_implosive" title="Voiceless alveolar implosive">ɗ̥</a> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiceless retroflex implosive">ᶑ̊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_implosive" title="Voiceless palatal implosive">ʄ̊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_implosive" title="Voiceless velar implosive">ɠ̊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_implosive" title="Voiceless uvular implosive">ʛ̥</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_non-pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulated consonants</a> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="nowrap IPA-coarticulated-main IPA-coarticulated-nocaption" style=""> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–alveolar nasal">n͡m</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced labial–retroflex nasal">ɳ͡m</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–velar nasal">ŋ͡m</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–alveolar plosive">t͡p</a></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–alveolar plosive">d͡b</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–retroflex plosive">ʈ͡p</a></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced labial–retroflex plosive">ɖ͡b</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–retroflex</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">k͡p</a></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡ͡b</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular–epiglottal plosive">q͡ʡ</a></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–uvular plosive">q͡p</a></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–palatal fricative">ɥ̊</a></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labial–palatal</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">Sj-sound</a> (variable)</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> approximant</div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarized</a> alveolar</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar implosive">ɠ̊͜ɓ̥</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiced labial–velar implosive">ɠ͡ɓ</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_ejective_stop" title="Labial–alveolar ejective stop">t͡pʼ</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_co-articulated_consonants" title="Template:IPA co-articulated consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Nasal labial–velar approximant">Nasal labial–velar approximant</a> [w̃]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">Nasal palatal approximant</a> [j̃]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bidental_fricative" title="Voiceless bidental fricative">Voiceless bidental fricative</a> [h̪͆]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabially_post-trilled_dental_stop" title="Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop">Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop</a> [t̪ʙ̥]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_nasal_glottal_approximant" title="Voiceless nasal glottal approximant">Voiceless nasal glottal approximant</a> [h̃]</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vowels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="nowrap IPA-vowels-main IPA-vowels-nocaption IPA-vowels-noaudio" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td class="IPA-vowels-image-cell"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/320px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/480px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/640px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-22px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-1px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(40px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-15px, -1px);"><div></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">ø̞</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(32px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ̞</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(64px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(85px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(53px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></div></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(106px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶ</a></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(63px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" 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