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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Other functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vacuum_tube_diodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vacuum_tube_diodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vacuum tube diodes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vacuum_tube_diodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semiconductor_diodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semiconductor_diodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Semiconductor diodes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Semiconductor_diodes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Semiconductor diodes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Semiconductor_diodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Point-contact_diodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Point-contact_diodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Point-contact diodes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Point-contact_diodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Junction_diodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Junction_diodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Junction diodes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Junction_diodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-p–n_junction_diode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#p–n_junction_diode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>p–n junction diode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-p–n_junction_diode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schottky_diode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schottky_diode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Schottky diode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schottky_diode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current–voltage_characteristic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current–voltage_characteristic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Current–voltage characteristic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current–voltage_characteristic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reverse_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Reverse bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forward_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forward_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Forward bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forward_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Operating regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shockley_diode_equation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shockley_diode_equation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Shockley diode equation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shockley_diode_equation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small-signal_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small-signal_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Small-signal behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small-signal_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reverse-recovery_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse-recovery_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Reverse-recovery effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse-recovery_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_semiconductor_diode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_semiconductor_diode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Types of semiconductor diode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_semiconductor_diode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphic_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphic_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Graphic symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphic_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbering_and_coding_schemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbering_and_coding_schemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Numbering and coding schemes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbering_and_coding_schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-EIA/JEDEC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EIA/JEDEC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.1</span> <span>EIA/JEDEC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EIA/JEDEC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JIS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JIS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.2</span> <span>JIS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JIS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pro_Electron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro_Electron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.3</span> <span>Pro Electron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro_Electron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Related devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio_demodulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_demodulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Radio demodulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_demodulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Power conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reverse-voltage_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse-voltage_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Reverse-voltage protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse-voltage_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Over-voltage_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Over-voltage_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Over-voltage protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Over-voltage_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logic_gates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logic_gates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Logic gates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logic_gates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ionizing_radiation_detectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ionizing_radiation_detectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Ionizing radiation detectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ionizing_radiation_detectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature_measurements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature_measurements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Temperature measurements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature_measurements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_steering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_steering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Current steering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_steering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waveform_clipper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waveform_clipper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Waveform clipper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waveform_clipper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clamper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clamper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>Clamper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clamper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing_exponentials_and_logarithms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing_exponentials_and_logarithms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11</span> <span>Computing exponentials and logarithms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing_exponentials_and_logarithms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oscillator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oscillator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.12</span> <span>Oscillator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oscillator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbreviations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbreviations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Abbreviations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbreviations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Diode</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 120 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode" title="Diode – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Diode" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode" title="Diode – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Diode" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%AE%E1%8B%B5" title="ዳዮድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዳዮድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ثنائي المساري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثنائي المساري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodo" title="Diodo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Diodo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A1" title="ডায়ড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডায়ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodu" title="Diodu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Diodu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diod" title="Diod – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Diod" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF" title="دیود – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیود" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1" title="ডায়োড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডায়োড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%AB-ke%CC%8Dk-th%C3%A9" title="Jī-ke̍k-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jī-ke̍k-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Диод – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Диод" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%B4" title="Дыёд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дыёд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%B4" title="Дыёд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дыёд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Диод – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Диод" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioda" title="Dioda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dioda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diod" title="Diod – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Diod" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADode" title="Díode – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Díode" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioda" title="Dioda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dioda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode" title="Diode – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Diode" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuod_(trydan)" title="Deuod (trydan) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Deuod (trydan)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode" title="Diode – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Diode" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode" title="Diode – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Diode" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diood" title="Diood – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Diood" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Δίοδος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodo" title="Diodo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diodo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodo" title="Diodo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Diodo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodo" title="Diodo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Diodo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF" title="دیود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode" title="Diode – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Diode" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode" title="Diode – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diode" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9-%C3%B3id" title="Dé-óid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dé-óid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADodo" title="Díodo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Díodo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%A5%B5%E7%AE%A1" title="二極管 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="二極管" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EB%93%9C" title="다이오드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다이오드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode" title="Diode – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Diode" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%A4" title="Դիոդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիոդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="डायोड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डायोड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioda" title="Dioda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dioda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodo" title="Diodo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Diodo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioda" title="Dioda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dioda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodo" title="Diodo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Diodo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvistur" title="Tvistur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tvistur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodo" title="Diodo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diodo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="דיודה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhiodha" title="Dhiodha – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dhiodha" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಡಯೋಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡಯೋಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="დიოდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიოდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Диод – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Диод" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diod" title="Diod – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Diod" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodi" title="Diodi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Diodi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dy%C3%B2d" title="Dyòd – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dyòd" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diod" title="Diod – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Diod" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Диод – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Диод" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%94" title="ດີອົດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດີອົດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodus" title="Diodus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Diodus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode" title="Diode – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Diode" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diod" title="Diod – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Diod" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3da" title="Dióda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dióda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Диода – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Диода" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roalahiny" title="Roalahiny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Roalahiny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡയോഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡയോഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="डायोड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डायोड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF" title="دايود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دايود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF" title="دیود – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دیود" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diod" title="Diod – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Diod" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Диод – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Диод" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ဒိုင်အုတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒိုင်အုတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode" title="Diode – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Diode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="डायोड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="डायोड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6" title="दायोद – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दायोद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ダイオード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダイオード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Диод – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Диод" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode" title="Diode – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Diode" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode" title="Diode – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Diode" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode" title="Diode – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Diode" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B2de" title="Diòde – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Diòde" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daayoodii" title="Daayoodii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Daayoodii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diod" title="Diod – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Diod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A1" title="ਡਾਇਓਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡਾਇਓਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88" title="ڈائیوڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈائیوڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayuod" title="Dayuod – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Dayuod" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ACod" title="Dìod – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Dìod" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diood" title="Diood – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Diood" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioda" title="Dioda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dioda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodo_semicondutor" title="Diodo semicondutor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diodo semicondutor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diod%C4%83" title="Diodă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Diodă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Діода – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Діода" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Диод – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioden" title="Dioden – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Dioden" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioda" title="Dioda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dioda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BA" title="දියොඩය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දියොඩය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode" title="Diode – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Diode" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3da" title="Dióda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dióda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioda" title="Dioda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dioda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%AF" title="دایۆد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دایۆد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Диода – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Диода" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioda" title="Dioda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dioda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioda" title="Dioda – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Dioda" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodi" title="Diodi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Diodi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diod" title="Diod – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Diod" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodo" title="Diodo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Diodo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இருமுனையம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இருமுனையம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Диод – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Диод" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="డయోడ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డయోడ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="ไดโอด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไดโอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Диод – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Диод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyot" title="Diyot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Diyot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diod" title="Diod – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Diod" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Діод – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діод" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88" title="ڈائیوڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈائیوڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%83%D9%83%D9%89_%D9%BE%DB%87%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%87%D9%82_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="ئىككى پۇتلۇق لامپا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىككى پۇتلۇق لامپا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode" title="Diode – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Diode" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%A5%B5%E7%AE%A1" title="二極管 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="二極管" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodo" title="Diodo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Diodo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E6%9E%81%E7%AE%A1" title="两极管 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="两极管" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A2" title="דיאדע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דיאדע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%A5%B5%E7%AE%A1" title="二極管 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="二極管" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijods" title="Dijods – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Dijods" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%A5%B5%E9%AB%94" title="二極體 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="二極體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11656#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diode" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Diode" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Diode_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Diode (disambiguation)">Diode (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Diode</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Diode-closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Diode-closeup.jpg/250px-Diode-closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Diode-closeup.jpg/330px-Diode-closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Diode-closeup.jpg/500px-Diode-closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1735" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Close-up view of a silicon diode. The anode is on the right side; the cathode is on the left side (where it is marked with a black band). The square silicon crystal can be seen between the two leads.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)" title="Passivity (engineering)">Passive</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Working principle<span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Flow of <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> in one direction</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Invention year</th><td class="infobox-data">1901<span class="noprint">; 124 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1901</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of <a href="/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)" title="Terminal (electronics)">terminals</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Pin names</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">Anode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_symbol" title="Electronic symbol">Electronic symbol</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diode_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Diode_symbol.svg/150px-Diode_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Diode_symbol.svg/225px-Diode_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Diode_symbol.svg/300px-Diode_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dioden.JPG/250px-Dioden.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dioden.JPG/330px-Dioden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dioden.JPG/500px-Dioden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="231" /></a><figcaption>Various semiconductor diodes. Left: A four-diode <a href="/wiki/Bridge_rectifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge rectifier">bridge rectifier</a>. Next to it is a <a href="/wiki/1N4148_signal_diode" title="1N4148 signal diode">1N4148 signal diode</a>. On the far right is a <a href="/wiki/Zener_diode" title="Zener diode">Zener diode</a>. In most diodes, a white or black painted band identifies the <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> into which electrons will flow when the diode is conducting. Electron flow is the reverse of <a href="/wiki/Conventional_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional current">conventional current</a> flow.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crecraft_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crecraft-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horowitz_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>diode</b> is a two-<a href="/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)" title="Terminal (electronics)">terminal</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">electronic component</a> that conducts <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> primarily <a href="/wiki/One-way_traffic" title="One-way traffic">in one direction</a> (asymmetric <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductance">conductance</a>). It has low (ideally zero) <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">resistance</a> in one direction and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> diode, the most commonly used type today, is a <a href="/wiki/Crystallinity" title="Crystallinity">crystalline</a> piece of semiconductor material with a <a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junction" title="P–n junction">p–n junction</a> connected to two electrical terminals.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has an <a href="/wiki/Exponential_function" title="Exponential function">exponential</a> <a href="/wiki/Current%E2%80%93voltage_characteristic" title="Current–voltage characteristic">current–voltage characteristic</a>. Semiconductor diodes were the first <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">semiconductor electronic devices</a>. The discovery of asymmetric electrical conduction across the contact between a <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline</a> mineral and a metal was made by German physicist <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Braun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Braun">Ferdinand Braun</a> in 1874. Today, most diodes are made of <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, but other semiconducting materials such as <a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">gallium arsenide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> are also used.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The obsolete <b>thermionic diode</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> with two <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a>, a heated <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Plate_electrode" title="Plate electrode">plate</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> can flow in only one direction, from the cathode to the plate. </p><p>Among many uses, diodes are found in <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectifiers</a> to convert <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC) power to <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> (DC), <a href="/wiki/Demodulation" title="Demodulation">demodulation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receivers</a>, and can even be used for <a href="/wiki/Boolean_Logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Boolean Logic">logic</a> or as <a href="/wiki/Temperature_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperature sensor">temperature sensors</a>. A common variant of a diode is a <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diode</a>, which is used as <a href="/wiki/Electric_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric lighting">electric lighting</a> and status indicators on electronic devices. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_functions">Main functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Main functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unidirectional_current_flow">Unidirectional current flow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Unidirectional current flow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's <i>forward</i> direction), while blocking it in the opposite direction (the <i>reverse</i> direction). Its <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_analogy" title="Hydraulic analogy">hydraulic analogy</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Check_valve" title="Check valve">check valve</a>. This unidirectional behavior can convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process called <a href="/wiki/Rectification_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectification (electricity)">rectification</a>. As rectifiers, diodes can be used for such tasks as extracting <a href="/wiki/Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulation">modulation</a> from <a href="/wiki/Radio_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio signal">radio signals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receivers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threshold_voltage">Threshold voltage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Threshold voltage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siirded_forward_diode-characteristics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Siirded_forward_diode-characteristics.svg/250px-Siirded_forward_diode-characteristics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Siirded_forward_diode-characteristics.svg/330px-Siirded_forward_diode-characteristics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Siirded_forward_diode-characteristics.svg/440px-Siirded_forward_diode-characteristics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption>Forward <a href="/wiki/Current%E2%80%93voltage_characteristic" title="Current–voltage characteristic">current–voltage curve</a> of 4 common diodes.</figcaption></figure> <p>A diode's behavior is often simplified as having a <i>forward threshold voltage</i> or <i>turn-on voltage</i> or <i>cut-in voltage</i>, above which there is significant current and below which there is almost no current, which depends on a diode's composition: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Forward threshold voltage for various semiconductor diodes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Diode Type </th> <th>Forward threshold voltage </th></tr> <tr> <td>Silicon <a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky</a> </td> <td>0.15 V to 0.45 V </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germanium <a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_diode" title="P–n diode">p–n</a> </td> <td>0.25 V to 0.3 V </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silicon p–n </td> <td>0.6 V to 0.7 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">GaAs</a>) p–n </td> <td>~1.2 V </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diodes</a> (LEDs) </td> <td>1.6 V (red) to 4 V (violet). <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode_physics#Materials" title="Light-emitting diode physics">Light-emitting diode physics § Materials</a> has a complete list. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This voltage may loosely be referred to simply as the diode's <i>forward voltage drop</i> or just <i>voltage drop</i>, since a consequence of the steepness of the exponential is that a diode's voltage drop will not significantly exceed the threshold voltage under normal forward bias operating conditions. <a href="/wiki/Datasheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Datasheets">Datasheets</a> typically quote a typical or maximum <i>forward voltage</i> (V<sub>F</sub>) for a specified current and temperature (e.g. 20 mA and 25 <b>°</b>C for LEDs),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the user has a guarantee about when a certain amount of current will kick in. At higher currents, the forward voltage drop of the diode increases. For instance, a drop of 1 V to 1.5 V is typical at full rated current for silicon power diodes. (See also: <a href="/wiki/Rectifier#Rectifier_voltage_drop" title="Rectifier">Rectifier § Rectifier voltage drop</a>) </p><p>However, a semiconductor diode's <a href="/wiki/Exponential_function" title="Exponential function">exponential</a> <a href="/wiki/Current%E2%80%93voltage_characteristic" title="Current–voltage characteristic">current–voltage characteristic</a> is really more gradual than this simple on–off action.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although an exponential function may appear to have a definite "<a href="/wiki/Knee_of_a_curve" title="Knee of a curve">knee</a>" around this threshold when viewed on a linear scale, the knee is an illusion that depends on the scale of y-axis representing current. In a <a href="/wiki/Semi-log_plot" title="Semi-log plot">semi-log plot</a> (using a <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic scale</a> for current and a linear scale for voltage), the diode's exponential curve instead appears more like a straight line. </p><p>Since a diode's forward-voltage drop varies only a little with the current, and is more so a function of temperature, this effect can be used as a <a href="#Temperature_measurements">temperature sensor</a> or as a somewhat imprecise <a href="/wiki/Voltage_reference" title="Voltage reference">voltage reference</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reverse_breakdown">Reverse breakdown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reverse breakdown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A diode's high resistance to current flowing in the reverse direction suddenly drops to a low resistance when the reverse voltage across the diode reaches a value called the <a href="/wiki/Breakdown_voltage" title="Breakdown voltage">breakdown voltage</a>. This effect is used to regulate voltage (<a href="/wiki/Zener_diode" title="Zener diode">Zener diodes</a>) or to protect circuits from high voltage surges (<a href="/wiki/Avalanche_diode" title="Avalanche diode">avalanche diodes</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_functions">Other functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A semiconductor diode's current–voltage characteristic can be tailored by selecting the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor materials">semiconductor materials</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Doping_(semiconductor)" title="Doping (semiconductor)">doping</a> impurities introduced into the materials during manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These techniques are used to create special-purpose diodes that perform many different functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, to electronically tune radio and TV receivers (<a href="/wiki/Varactor_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Varactor diode">varactor diodes</a>), to generate <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio-frequency</a> <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">oscillations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tunnel_diode" title="Tunnel diode">tunnel diodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunn_diode" title="Gunn diode">Gunn diodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/IMPATT_diode" title="IMPATT diode">IMPATT diodes</a>), and to produce light (<a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a>). Tunnel, Gunn and IMPATT diodes exhibit <a href="/wiki/Negative_resistance" title="Negative resistance">negative resistance</a>, which is useful in <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> and switching circuits. </p><p>Diodes, both vacuum and semiconductor, can be used as <a href="/wiki/Noise_generator#Shot_noise_generator" title="Noise generator">shot-noise generators</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube#History_and_development" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tube § History and development</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diode-english-text.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Diode-english-text.svg/250px-Diode-english-text.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Diode-english-text.svg/330px-Diode-english-text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Diode-english-text.svg/500px-Diode-english-text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>Structure of a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> diode. The filament itself may be the cathode, or more commonly (as shown here) used to heat a separate metal tube which serves as the cathode.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thermionic (<a href="/wiki/Vacuum-tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum-tube">vacuum-tube</a>) diodes and <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state (electronics)">solid-state</a> (semiconductor) diodes were developed separately, at approximately the same time, in the early 1900s, as radio receiver <a href="/wiki/Detector_(radio)" title="Detector (radio)">detectors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 1950s, vacuum diodes were used more frequently in radios because the early point-contact semiconductor diodes were less stable. In addition, most receiving sets had vacuum tubes for amplification that could easily have the thermionic diodes included in the tube (for example the <a href="/wiki/12SQ7" class="mw-redirect" title="12SQ7">12SQ7</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_diode_triode" title="Double diode triode">double diode triode</a>), and vacuum-tube rectifiers and gas-filled rectifiers were capable of handling some high-voltage/high-current rectification tasks better than the semiconductor diodes (such as <a href="/wiki/Selenium_rectifier" title="Selenium rectifier">selenium rectifiers</a>) that were available at that time. </p><p>In 1873, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Guthrie_(scientist)" title="Frederick Guthrie (scientist)">Frederick Guthrie</a> observed that a grounded, white-hot metal ball brought in close proximity to an electroscope would discharge a positively charged electroscope, but not a negatively charged electroscope.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880, Thomas Edison observed unidirectional current between heated and unheated elements in a bulb, later called <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission#History" title="Thermionic emission">Edison effect</a>, and was granted a patent on application of the phenomenon for use in a <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> <a href="/wiki/Voltmeter" title="Voltmeter">voltmeter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 20 years later, <a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a> (scientific adviser to the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a> and former Edison employee) realized that the Edison effect could be used as a <a href="/wiki/Detector_(radio)" title="Detector (radio)">radio detector</a>. Fleming patented the first true thermionic diode, the <a href="/wiki/Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a>, in Britain on 16 November 1904<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (followed by <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US803684">U.S. patent 803,684</a></span> in November 1905). Throughout the vacuum tube era, valve diodes were used in almost all electronics such as radios, televisions, sound systems, and instrumentation. They slowly lost market share beginning in the late 1940s due to selenium rectifier technology and then to semiconductor diodes during the 1960s. Today they are still used in a few high power applications where their ability to withstand transient voltages and their robustness gives them an advantage over semiconductor devices, and in musical instrument and audiophile applications. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Crystal_diode"></span>In 1874, German scientist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Karl Ferdinand Braun</a> discovered the "unilateral conduction" across a contact between a metal and a <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian scientist <a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a> was the first to use a crystal for detecting radio waves in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Crystal_detector" title="Crystal detector">crystal detector</a> was developed into a practical device for <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Greenleaf_Whittier_Pickard" title="Greenleaf Whittier Pickard">Greenleaf Whittier Pickard</a>, who invented a <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> crystal detector in 1903 and received a patent for it on 20 November 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other experimenters tried a variety of other minerals as detectors. Semiconductor principles were unknown to the developers of these early rectifiers. During the 1930s understanding of physics advanced and in the mid-1930s researchers at Bell Telephone Laboratories recognized the potential of the crystal detector for application in microwave technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Scaff_Ohl_01_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scaff_Ohl_01-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purdue" class="mw-redirect" title="Purdue">Purdue</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a> intensively developed point-contact diodes (<i>crystal rectifiers</i> or <i>crystal diodes</i>) during World War II for application in radar.<sup id="cite_ref-Scaff_Ohl_01_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scaff_Ohl_01-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II, AT&T used these in its microwave towers that criss-crossed the United States, and many radar sets use them even in the 21st century. In 1946, Sylvania began offering the 1N34 crystal diode.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early 1950s, junction diodes were developed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">Rectifier</a></div> <p>At the time of their invention, asymmetrical conduction devices were known as <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectifiers</a>. In 1919, the year <a href="/wiki/Tetrode" title="Tetrode">tetrodes</a> were invented, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Eccles" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Eccles">William Henry Eccles</a> coined the term <i>diode</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_and_Latin_roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek and Latin roots">Greek roots</a> <i>di</i> (from <i>δί</i>), meaning 'two', and <i>ode</i> (from <i>οδός</i>), meaning 'path'. The word <i>diode</i> however was already in use, as were <i><a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">triode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrode" title="Tetrode">tetrode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentode" title="Pentode">pentode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexode" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexode">hexode</a></i>, as terms of <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">multiplex</a> <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraphy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although all diodes <i>rectify</i>, <i>"rectifier"</i> usually applies to diodes used for <a href="/wiki/Power_supply" title="Power supply">power supply</a>, to differentiate them from diodes intended for <a href="/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (electrical engineering)">small signal</a> circuits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vacuum_tube_diodes">Vacuum tube diodes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vacuum tube diodes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Thermionic diode</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2-50A_2_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2-50A_2_%282%29.JPG/250px-2-50A_2_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2-50A_2_%282%29.JPG/500px-2-50A_2_%282%29.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="1564" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A high power vacuum diode used in radio equipment as a <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectifier</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tube</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Working principle<span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">Thermionic emission</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Invention year</th><td class="infobox-data">1904<span class="noprint">; 121 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1904</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Pin names</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Plate_electrode" title="Plate electrode">Plate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hot_cathode" title="Hot cathode">hot cathode</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_symbol" title="Electronic symbol">Electronic symbol</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vacuum_diode.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vacuum_diode.svg/100px-Vacuum_diode.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vacuum_diode.svg/150px-Vacuum_diode.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vacuum_diode.svg/200px-Vacuum_diode.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><br />The symbol for an indirectly heated vacuum tube diode. From top to bottom, the element names are: <i>plate</i>, <i>cathode</i>, and <i>heater</i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>thermionic diode</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermionic valve">thermionic valve</a> device consisting of a sealed, evacuated glass or metal envelope containing two <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Hot_cathode" title="Hot cathode">cathode</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Plate_electrode" title="Plate electrode">plate</a>. The cathode is either <i>indirectly heated</i> or <i>directly heated</i>. If indirect heating is employed, a heater is included in the envelope. </p><p>In operation, the cathode is heated to <a href="/wiki/Red_heat" title="Red heat">red heat</a>, around 800–1,000 °C (1,470–1,830 °F). A directly heated cathode is made of tungsten wire and is heated by a current passed through it from an external voltage source. An indirectly heated cathode is heated by infrared radiation from a nearby heater that is formed of <a href="/wiki/Nichrome" title="Nichrome">Nichrome</a> wire and supplied with current provided by an external voltage source. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5U4GB.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/5U4GB.agr.jpg/120px-5U4GB.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/5U4GB.agr.jpg/250px-5U4GB.agr.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="2882" /></a><figcaption>A vacuum tube containing two power diodes</figcaption></figure> <p>The operating temperature of the cathode causes it to release <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> into the vacuum, a process called <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">thermionic emission</a>. The cathode is coated with <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth metals</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a>. These have a low <a href="/wiki/Work_function" title="Work function">work function</a>, meaning that they more readily emit electrons than would the uncoated cathode. </p><p>The plate, not being heated, does not emit electrons; but is able to absorb them. </p><p>The alternating voltage to be rectified is applied between the cathode and the plate. When the plate voltage is positive with respect to the cathode, the plate <a href="/wiki/Electrostatically" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatically">electrostatically</a> attracts the electrons from the cathode, so a current of electrons flows through the tube from cathode to plate. When the plate voltage is negative with respect to the cathode, no electrons are emitted by the plate, so no current can pass from the plate to the cathode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semiconductor_diodes">Semiconductor diodes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Semiconductor diodes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EFD108_Point_Contact_Germanium_Diode.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/EFD108_Point_Contact_Germanium_Diode.jpg/250px-EFD108_Point_Contact_Germanium_Diode.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/EFD108_Point_Contact_Germanium_Diode.jpg/330px-EFD108_Point_Contact_Germanium_Diode.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/EFD108_Point_Contact_Germanium_Diode.jpg/500px-EFD108_Point_Contact_Germanium_Diode.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3179" data-file-height="2754" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of an EFD108 germanium point-contact diode in DO7 glass package, showing the sharp metal wire (<i>cat whisker</i>) that forms the semiconductor junction.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Point-contact_diodes">Point-contact diodes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Point-contact diodes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Point-contact diodes were developed starting in the 1930s, out of the early <a href="/wiki/Crystal_detector" title="Crystal detector">crystal detector</a> technology, and are now generally used in the 3 to 30 gigahertz range.<sup id="cite_ref-Scaff_Ohl_01_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scaff_Ohl_01-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SG_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AS_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MB_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MB-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Point-contact diodes use a small diameter metal wire in contact with a semiconductor crystal, and are of either <i>non-welded</i> contact type or <i>welded contact</i> type. Non-welded contact construction utilizes the Schottky barrier principle. The metal side is the pointed end of a small diameter wire that is in contact with the semiconductor crystal.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the welded contact type, a small P region is formed in the otherwise N-type crystal around the metal point during manufacture by momentarily passing a relatively large current through the device.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Point contact diodes generally exhibit lower capacitance, higher forward resistance and greater reverse leakage than junction diodes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Junction_diodes">Junction diodes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Junction diodes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="p–n_junction_diode"><span id="p.E2.80.93n_junction_diode"></span>p–n junction diode</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: p–n junction diode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_diode" title="P–n diode">p–n diode</a></div> <p>A p–n junction diode is made of a crystal of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a>, usually silicon, but <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">gallium arsenide</a> are also used. Impurities are added to it to create a region on one side that contains negative <a href="/wiki/Charge_carrier" title="Charge carrier">charge carriers</a> (electrons), called an <a href="/wiki/N-type_semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="N-type semiconductor">n-type semiconductor</a>, and a region on the other side that contains positive charge carriers (<a href="/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">holes</a>), called a <a href="/wiki/P-type_semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="P-type semiconductor">p-type semiconductor</a>. When the n-type and p-type materials are attached together, a momentary flow of electrons occurs from the n to the p side resulting in a third region between the two where no charge carriers are present. This region is called the <a href="/wiki/Depletion_region" title="Depletion region">depletion region</a> because there are no charge carriers (neither electrons nor holes) in it. The diode's terminals are attached to the n-type and p-type regions. The boundary between these two regions, called a <a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junction" title="P–n junction">p–n junction</a>, is where the action of the diode takes place. When a sufficiently higher <a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">electrical potential</a> is applied to the P side (the <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a>) than to the N side (the <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a>), it allows electrons to flow through the depletion region from the N-type side to the P-type side. The junction does not allow the flow of electrons in the opposite direction when the potential is applied in reverse, creating, in a sense, an electrical <a href="/wiki/Check_valve" title="Check valve">check valve</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schottky_diode">Schottky diode</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Schottky diode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diode</a></div> <p>Another type of junction diode, the <a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diode</a>, is formed from a <a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93semiconductor_junction" title="Metal–semiconductor junction">metal–semiconductor junction</a> rather than a p–n junction, which reduces capacitance and increases switching speed.<sup id="cite_ref-skyworks_01_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skyworks_01-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current–voltage_characteristic"><span id="Current.E2.80.93voltage_characteristic"></span>Current–voltage characteristic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Current–voltage characteristic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A semiconductor diode's behavior in a circuit is given by its <a href="/wiki/Current%E2%80%93voltage_characteristic" title="Current–voltage characteristic">current–voltage characteristic</a>. The shape of the curve is determined by the transport of charge carriers through the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Depletion_region" title="Depletion region">depletion layer</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Depletion_region" title="Depletion region">depletion region</a></i> that exists at the <a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junction" title="P–n junction">p–n junction</a> between differing semiconductors. When a p–n junction is first created, conduction-band (mobile) electrons from the N-<a href="/wiki/Dopant" title="Dopant">doped</a> region diffuse into the P-<a href="/wiki/Dopant" title="Dopant">doped</a> region where there is a large population of holes (vacant places for electrons) with which the electrons "recombine". When a mobile electron recombines with a hole, both hole and electron vanish, leaving behind an immobile positively charged donor (dopant) on the N side and negatively charged acceptor (dopant) on the P side. The region around the p–n junction becomes depleted of <a href="/wiki/Charge_carrier" title="Charge carrier">charge carriers</a> and thus behaves as an <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">insulator</a>. </p><p>However, the width of the depletion region (called the <a href="/wiki/Depletion_width" class="mw-redirect" title="Depletion width">depletion width</a>) cannot grow without limit. For each <a href="/wiki/Electron%E2%80%93hole_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron–hole pair">electron–hole pair</a> recombination made, a positively charged <a href="/wiki/Dopant" title="Dopant">dopant</a> ion is left behind in the N-doped region, and a negatively charged dopant ion is created in the P-doped region. As recombination proceeds and more ions are created, an increasing electric field develops through the depletion zone that acts to slow and then finally stop recombination. At this point, there is a "built-in" potential across the depletion zone. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PN_band.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PN_band.gif/620px-PN_band.gif" decoding="async" width="620" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/PN_band.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junction" title="P–n junction">p–n junction</a> diode in low forward bias mode. The <a href="/wiki/Depletion_width" class="mw-redirect" title="Depletion width">depletion width</a> decreases as voltage increases. Both p and n junctions are doped at a 1e15/cm3 <a href="/wiki/Doping_(semiconductor)" title="Doping (semiconductor)">doping</a> level, leading to built-in potential of ~0.59V. Observe the different <a href="/wiki/Quasi_Fermi_level" title="Quasi Fermi level">quasi Fermi levels</a> for conduction band and valence band in n and p regions (red curves).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reverse_bias">Reverse bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reverse bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_diode#Reverse_bias" title="P–n diode">p–n diode § Reverse bias</a></div> <p>If an external voltage is placed across the diode with the same polarity as the built-in potential, the depletion zone continues to act as an insulator, preventing any significant electric current flow (unless <a href="/wiki/Electron%E2%80%93hole_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron–hole pair">electron–hole pairs</a> are actively being created in the junction by, for instance, light; see <a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">photodiode</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forward_bias">Forward bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Forward bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_diode#Forward_bias" title="P–n diode">p–n diode § Forward bias</a></div> <p>However, if the polarity of the external voltage opposes the built-in potential, recombination can once again proceed, resulting in a substantial electric current through the p–n junction (i.e. substantial numbers of electrons and holes recombine at the junction) that increases exponentially with voltage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operating_regions">Operating regions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Operating regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diode_current_wiki.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Diode_current_wiki.png/330px-Diode_current_wiki.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Diode_current_wiki.png/500px-Diode_current_wiki.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Diode_current_wiki.png/960px-Diode_current_wiki.png 2x" data-file-width="4371" data-file-height="3343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Current%E2%80%93voltage_characteristic" title="Current–voltage characteristic">Current–voltage characteristic</a> of a p–n junction diode showing three regions: <b>breakdown</b>, <b>reverse</b> biased, <b>forward</b> biased. The exponential's "knee" is at <i>V</i><sub>d</sub>. The leveling off region which occurs at larger forward currents is not shown.</figcaption></figure> <p>A diode's <a href="/wiki/Current%E2%80%93voltage_characteristic" title="Current–voltage characteristic">current–voltage characteristic</a> can be approximated by four operating regions. From lower to higher bias voltages, these are: </p> <ul><li><b>Breakdown</b>: At very large reverse bias, beyond the <a href="/wiki/Peak_inverse_voltage" title="Peak inverse voltage">peak inverse voltage</a> (PIV), a process called reverse <a href="/wiki/Avalanche_breakdown" title="Avalanche breakdown">breakdown</a> occurs that causes a large increase in current (i.e., a large number of electrons and holes are created at, and move away from the p–n junction) that usually damages the device permanently. The <a href="/wiki/Avalanche_diode" title="Avalanche diode">avalanche diode</a> is deliberately designed for use in that manner. In the <a href="/wiki/Zener_diode" title="Zener diode">Zener diode</a>, the concept of PIV is not applicable. A Zener diode contains a heavily doped p–n junction allowing electrons to tunnel from the valence band of the p-type material to the conduction band of the n-type material, such that the reverse voltage is "clamped" to a known value (called the <i>Zener voltage</i>), and avalanche does not occur. Both devices, however, do have a limit to the maximum current and power they can withstand in the clamped reverse-voltage region. Also, following the end of forwarding conduction in any diode, there is reverse current for a short time. The device does not attain its full blocking capability until the reverse current ceases.</li> <li><b>Reverse biased</b>: For a bias between breakdown and 0 V, the reverse current is very small and asymptotically approaches -<i>I</i><sub>s</sub>. For a normal P–N rectifier diode, the reverse current through the device is in the micro-ampere (μA) range. However, this is temperature dependent, and at sufficiently high temperatures, a substantial amount of reverse current can be observed (mA or more). There is also a tiny surface leakage current caused by electrons simply going around the diode as though it were an imperfect insulator.<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiodeGenCharacteristics1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DiodeGenCharacteristics1.jpg/500px-DiodeGenCharacteristics1.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DiodeGenCharacteristics1.jpg/750px-DiodeGenCharacteristics1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DiodeGenCharacteristics1.jpg/1000px-DiodeGenCharacteristics1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Semi-log" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-log">Semi-log</a> I–V (logarithmic current vs. linear voltage) graph of various diodes.</figcaption></figure></li> <li><b>Forward biased</b>: The current–voltage curve is <a href="/wiki/Exponential_function" title="Exponential function">exponential</a>, approximating the <a href="/wiki/Shockley_diode_equation" title="Shockley diode equation">Shockley diode equation</a>. When plotted using a linear current scale, a smooth "<a href="/wiki/Knee_of_a_curve" title="Knee of a curve">knee</a>" appears, but no clear threshold voltage is visible on a semi-log graph.</li> <li><b>Leveling off</b>: At larger forward currents the current–voltage curve starts to be dominated by the ohmic resistance of the bulk semiconductor. The curve is no longer exponential, it is asymptotic to a straight line whose slope is the bulk resistance. This region is particularly important for power diodes and can be modeled by a <i>Shockley ideal diode</i> in series with a fixed resistor.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shockley_diode_equation">Shockley diode equation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Shockley diode equation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shockley_diode_equation" title="Shockley diode equation">Shockley diode equation</a></div> <p>The <i>Shockley ideal diode equation</i> or the <i>diode law</i> (named after the <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">bipolar junction transistor</a> co-inventor <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Bradford Shockley</a>) <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_model" title="Conceptual model">models</a> the <a href="/wiki/Exponential_function" title="Exponential function">exponential</a> <a href="/wiki/Current%E2%80%93voltage_characteristic" title="Current–voltage characteristic">current–voltage (I–V) relationship</a> of diodes in moderate forward or reverse bias. The article <a href="/wiki/Shockley_diode_equation" title="Shockley diode equation">Shockley diode equation</a> provides details. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small-signal_behavior">Small-signal behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Small-signal behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At forward voltages less than the saturation voltage, the voltage versus current characteristic curve of most diodes is not a straight line. The current can be approximated by <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I=I_{\text{S}}e^{V_{\text{D}}/(nV_{\text{T}})}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>S</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>D</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>T</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I=I_{\text{S}}e^{V_{\text{D}}/(nV_{\text{T}})}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/594c79efab4174974a2833273be1f6f3af0de103" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.071ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I=I_{\text{S}}e^{V_{\text{D}}/(nV_{\text{T}})}}" /></span> as explained in the <a href="/wiki/Shockley_diode_equation" title="Shockley diode equation">Shockley diode equation</a> article. </p><p>In detector and mixer applications, the current can be estimated by a Taylor's series.<sup id="cite_ref-Giacoletto_1977_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giacoletto_1977-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The odd terms can be omitted because they produce frequency components that are outside the pass band of the mixer or detector. Even terms beyond the second derivative usually need not be included because they are small compared to the second order term.<sup id="cite_ref-Giacoletto_1977_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giacoletto_1977-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The desired current component is approximately proportional to the square of the input voltage, so the response is called <i><a href="/wiki/Square-law_detector" title="Square-law detector">square law</a></i> in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 3">: p. 3 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reverse-recovery_effect">Reverse-recovery effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reverse-recovery effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the end of forwarding conduction in a p–n type diode, a reverse current can flow for a short time. The device does not attain its blocking capability until the mobile charge in the junction is depleted. </p><p>The effect can be significant when switching large currents very quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A certain amount of "reverse recovery time" <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">t</span><sub>r</sub> (on the order of tens of nanoseconds to a few microseconds) may be required to remove the reverse recovery charge <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Q</span><sub>r</sub> from the diode. During this recovery time, the diode can actually conduct in the reverse direction. This might give rise to a large current in the reverse direction for a short time while the diode is reverse biased. The magnitude of such a reverse current is determined by the operating circuit (i.e., the series resistance) and the diode is said to be in the storage-phase.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In certain real-world cases it is important to consider the losses that are incurred by this non-ideal diode effect.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when the <a href="/wiki/Slew_rate" title="Slew rate">slew rate</a> of the current is not so severe (e.g. Line frequency) the effect can be safely ignored. For most applications, the effect is also negligible for <a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diodes</a>. </p><p>The reverse current ceases abruptly when the stored charge is depleted; this abrupt stop is exploited in <a href="/wiki/Step_recovery_diode" title="Step recovery diode">step recovery diodes</a> for the generation of extremely short pulses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_semiconductor_diode">Types of semiconductor diode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Types of semiconductor diode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forward_and_Reverse_Characteristics_for_diodes-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Forward_and_Reverse_Characteristics_for_diodes-en.svg/310px-Forward_and_Reverse_Characteristics_for_diodes-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Forward_and_Reverse_Characteristics_for_diodes-en.svg/465px-Forward_and_Reverse_Characteristics_for_diodes-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Forward_and_Reverse_Characteristics_for_diodes-en.svg/620px-Forward_and_Reverse_Characteristics_for_diodes-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Current%E2%80%93voltage_characteristic" title="Current–voltage characteristic">Current–voltage curves</a> of several types of diodes</figcaption></figure> <p>Normal (p–n) diodes, which operate as described above, are usually made of doped <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>. Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, <a href="/wiki/Cuprous_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuprous oxide">cuprous oxide</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> was used. Their low efficiency required a much higher forward voltage to be applied (typically 1.4 to 1.7 V per "cell", with multiple cells stacked so as to increase the peak inverse voltage rating for application in high voltage rectifiers), and required a large heat sink (often an extension of the diode's metal <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(semiconductor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (semiconductor)">substrate</a>), much larger than the later silicon diode of the same current ratings would require. The vast majority of all diodes are the p–n diodes found in <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated circuits">integrated circuits</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which include two diodes per pin and many other internal diodes. </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_diode" title="Avalanche diode">Avalanche diodes</a></dt> <dd>These are diodes that conduct in the reverse direction when the reverse bias voltage exceeds the breakdown voltage. These are electrically very similar to Zener diodes (and are often mistakenly called Zener diodes), but break down by a different mechanism: the <i>avalanche effect</i>. This occurs when the reverse electric field applied across the p–n junction causes a wave of ionization, reminiscent of an avalanche, leading to a large current. Avalanche diodes are designed to break down at a well-defined reverse voltage without being destroyed. The difference between the avalanche diode (which has a reverse breakdown above about 6.2 V) and the Zener is that the channel length of the former exceeds the mean free path of the electrons, resulting in many collisions between them on the way through the channel. The only practical difference between the two types is they have temperature coefficients of opposite polarities.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Constant-current_diode" title="Constant-current diode">Constant-current diodes</a></dt> <dd>These are actually <a href="/wiki/JFET" title="JFET">JFETs</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the gate shorted to the source, and function like a two-terminal current-limiting analog to the voltage-limiting Zener diode. They allow a current through them to rise to a certain value, and then level off at a specific value. Also called <i>CLDs</i>, <i>constant-current diodes</i>, <i>diode-connected transistors</i>, or <i>current-regulating diodes</i>.</dd> <dt><a href="#Point-contact_diodes">Crystal rectifiers or crystal diodes</a></dt> <dd>These are point-contact diodes.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1N21 series and others are used in mixer and detector applications in radar and microwave receivers.<sup id="cite_ref-SG_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AS_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MB_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MB-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1N34A is another example of a crystal diode.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Gunn_diode" title="Gunn diode">Gunn diodes</a></dt> <dd>These are similar to tunnel diodes in that they are made of materials such as GaAs or InP that exhibit a region of <a href="/wiki/Negative_resistance" title="Negative resistance">negative differential resistance</a>. With appropriate biasing, dipole domains form and travel across the diode, allowing high frequency <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_oscillator" title="Electronic oscillator">oscillators</a> to be built.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diodes</a> (LEDs)</dt> <dd>In a diode formed from a <a href="/wiki/Direct_bandgap" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct bandgap">direct band-gap</a> semiconductor, such as <a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">gallium arsenide</a>, charge carriers that cross the junction emit <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> when they recombine with the majority carrier on the other side. Depending on the material, <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> (or colors)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> to the near <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> may be produced.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first LEDs were red and yellow, and higher-frequency diodes have been developed over time. All LEDs produce incoherent, narrow-spectrum light; <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#White" title="Light-emitting diode">"white" LEDs</a> are actually a blue LED with a yellow <a href="/wiki/Scintillator" title="Scintillator">scintillator</a> coating, or combinations of three LEDs of a different color. LEDs can also be used as low-efficiency photodiodes in signal applications. An LED may be paired with a photodiode or phototransistor in the same package, to form an <a href="/wiki/Opto-isolator" title="Opto-isolator">opto-isolator</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diodes</a></dt> <dd>When an LED-like structure is contained in a <a href="/wiki/Optical_cavity" title="Optical cavity">resonant cavity</a> formed by polishing the parallel end faces, a <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> can be formed. Laser diodes are commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Optical_storage" title="Optical storage">optical storage</a> devices and for high speed <a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">optical communication</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Thermal_diode" title="Thermal diode">Thermal diodes</a></dt> <dd>This term is used both for conventional p–n diodes used to monitor temperature because of their varying forward voltage with temperature, and for <a href="/wiki/Peltier%E2%80%93Seebeck_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Peltier–Seebeck effect">Peltier heat pumps</a> for <a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric_cooling" title="Thermoelectric cooling">thermoelectric heating and cooling</a>. Peltier heat pumps may be made from semiconductors, though they do not have any rectifying junctions, they use the differing behavior of charge carriers in N and P-type semiconductor to move heat.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">Photodiodes</a></dt> <dd>All semiconductors are subject to optical <a href="/wiki/Charge_carrier" title="Charge carrier">charge carrier</a> generation. This is typically an undesired effect, so most semiconductors are packaged in light-blocking material. Photodiodes are intended to sense light (<a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">photodetector</a>), so they are packaged in materials that allow light to pass, and are usually PIN (the kind of diode most sensitive to light).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A photodiode can be used in <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cells</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(optics)" title="Photometry (optics)">photometry</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">optical communications</a>. Multiple photodiodes may be packaged in a single device, either as a linear array or as a two-dimensional array. These arrays should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled devices</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/PIN_diode" title="PIN diode">PIN diodes</a></dt> <dd>A PIN diode has a central un-doped, or <i>intrinsic</i>, layer, forming a p-type/intrinsic/n-type structure.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are used as radio frequency switches and attenuators. They are also used as large-volume, ionizing-radiation detectors and as <a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">photodetectors</a>. PIN diodes are also used in <a href="/wiki/Power_electronics" title="Power electronics">power electronics</a>, as their central layer can withstand high voltages. Furthermore, the PIN structure can be found in many <a href="/wiki/Power_semiconductor_device" title="Power semiconductor device">power semiconductor devices</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/IGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="IGBT">IGBTs</a>, power <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFETs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thyristor" title="Thyristor">thyristors</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diodes</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Schottky" title="Walter H. Schottky">Schottky</a> diodes are constructed from metal to semiconductor contact. They have a lower forward voltage drop than p–n junction diodes. Their forward voltage drop at forward currents of about 1 mA is in the range 0.15 V to 0.45 V, which makes them useful in voltage <a href="/wiki/Clamper_(electronics)" title="Clamper (electronics)">clamping applications</a> and prevention of transistor saturation. They can also be used as low loss <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectifiers</a>, although their reverse leakage current is in general higher than that of other diodes. Schottky diodes are <a href="/wiki/Majority_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority carrier">majority carrier</a> devices and so do not suffer from minority carrier storage problems that slow down many other diodes—so they have a faster reverse recovery than p–n junction diodes. They also tend to have much lower junction capacitance than p–n diodes, which provides for high switching speeds and their use in high-speed circuitry and RF devices such as <a href="/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply" title="Switched-mode power supply">switched-mode power supply</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frequency_mixer" title="Frequency mixer">mixers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Detector_(radio)" title="Detector (radio)">detectors</a>.</dd> <dt>Super barrier diodes</dt> <dd>Super barrier diodes are rectifier diodes that incorporate the low forward voltage drop of the Schottky diode with the surge-handling capability and low reverse leakage current of a normal p–n junction diode.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a>-doped diodes</dt> <dd>As a dopant, gold (or <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>) acts as recombination centers, which helps the fast recombination of minority carriers. This allows the diode to operate at higher signal frequencies, at the expense of a higher forward voltage drop. Gold-doped diodes are faster than other p–n diodes (but not as fast as Schottky diodes). They also have less reverse-current leakage than Schottky diodes (but not as good as other p–n diodes).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical example is the 1N914.</dd> <dt>Snap-off or <a href="/wiki/Step_recovery_diode" title="Step recovery diode">step recovery diodes</a></dt> <dd>The term <i>step recovery</i> relates to the form of the reverse recovery characteristic of these devices. After a forward current has been passing in an <a href="/wiki/Step_recovery_diode" title="Step recovery diode">SRD</a> and the current is interrupted or reversed, the reverse conduction will cease very abruptly (as in a step waveform). SRDs can, therefore, provide very fast voltage transitions by the very sudden disappearance of the charge carriers.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Stabistor" title="Stabistor">Stabistors</a> or <i>forward reference diodes</i></dt> <dd>The term <i>stabistor</i> refers to a special type of diodes featuring extremely stable <a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junction#Forward_bias" title="P–n junction">forward voltage</a> characteristics. These devices are specially designed for low-voltage stabilization applications requiring a guaranteed voltage over a wide current range and highly stable over temperature.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Transient_voltage_suppression_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient voltage suppression diode">Transient voltage suppression diode</a> (TVS)</dt> <dd>These are avalanche diodes designed specifically to protect other semiconductor devices from high-voltage <a href="/wiki/Transient_(oscillation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient (oscillation)">transients</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their p–n junctions have a much larger cross-sectional area than those of a normal diode, allowing them to conduct large currents to ground without sustaining damage.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_diode" title="Tunnel diode">Tunnel diodes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki diodes</a></dt> <dd>These have a region of operation showing <a href="/wiki/Negative_resistance" title="Negative resistance">negative resistance</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunneling" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum tunneling">quantum tunneling</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing amplification of signals and very simple bistable circuits. Because of the high carrier concentration, tunnel diodes are very fast, may be used at low (mK) temperatures, high magnetic fields, and in high radiation environments.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of these properties, they are often used in spacecraft.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a> or varactor diodes</dt> <dd>These are used as voltage-controlled <a href="/wiki/Capacitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Capacitors">capacitors</a>. These are important in PLL (<a href="/wiki/Phase-locked_loop" title="Phase-locked loop">phase-locked loop</a>) and FLL (<a href="/wiki/Frequency-locked_loop" title="Frequency-locked loop">frequency-locked loop</a>) circuits, allowing tuning circuits, such as those in television receivers, to lock quickly on to the frequency. They also enabled tunable oscillators in the early discrete tuning of radios, where a cheap and stable, but fixed-frequency, crystal oscillator provided the reference frequency for a <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_oscillator" title="Voltage-controlled oscillator">voltage-controlled oscillator</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Zener_diode" title="Zener diode">Zener diodes</a></dt> <dd>These can be made to conduct in reverse bias (backward), and are correctly termed reverse breakdown diodes. This effect called <a href="/wiki/Zener_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Zener breakdown">Zener breakdown</a>, occurs at a precisely defined voltage, allowing the diode to be used as a precision voltage reference. The term Zener diodes is colloquially applied to several types of breakdown diodes, but strictly speaking, Zener diodes have a breakdown voltage of below 5 volts, whilst avalanche diodes are used for breakdown voltages above that value. In practical voltage reference circuits, Zener and switching diodes are connected in series and opposite directions to balance the temperature coefficient response of the diodes to near-zero. Some devices labeled as high-voltage Zener diodes are actually avalanche diodes (see above). Two (equivalent) Zeners in series and in reverse order, in the same package, constitute a transient absorber (or <a href="/wiki/Transorb" class="mw-redirect" title="Transorb">Transorb</a>, a registered trademark).</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphic_symbols">Graphic symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Graphic symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_symbol" title="Electronic symbol">Electronic symbol</a></div> <p>The symbol used to represent a particular type of diode in a <a href="/wiki/Circuit_diagram" title="Circuit diagram">circuit diagram</a> conveys the general electrical function to the reader. There are alternative symbols for some types of diodes, though the differences are minor. The triangle in the symbols points to the forward direction, i.e. in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Conventional_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional current">conventional current</a> flow. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diode_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diode"><img alt="Diode" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Diode_symbol.svg/120px-Diode_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Diode_symbol.svg/180px-Diode_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Diode_symbol.svg/240px-Diode_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diode</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LED_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Light-emitting diode (LED)"><img alt="Light-emitting diode (LED)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/LED_symbol.svg/120px-LED_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/LED_symbol.svg/180px-LED_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/LED_symbol.svg/240px-LED_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="118" data-file-height="38" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diode</a> (LED)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Photodiode_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photodiode"><img alt="Photodiode" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Photodiode_symbol.svg/120px-Photodiode_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Photodiode_symbol.svg/180px-Photodiode_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Photodiode_symbol.svg/240px-Photodiode_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="45" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">Photodiode</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schottky_diode_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schottky diode"><img alt="Schottky diode" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Schottky_diode_symbol.svg/120px-Schottky_diode_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Schottky_diode_symbol.svg/180px-Schottky_diode_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Schottky_diode_symbol.svg/240px-Schottky_diode_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diode</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transient_voltage_suppression_diode_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transient-voltage-suppression diode (TVS)"><img alt="Transient-voltage-suppression diode (TVS)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Transient_voltage_suppression_diode_symbol.svg/120px-Transient_voltage_suppression_diode_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Transient_voltage_suppression_diode_symbol.svg/250px-Transient_voltage_suppression_diode_symbol.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Transient-voltage-suppression_diode" title="Transient-voltage-suppression diode">Transient-voltage-suppression diode</a> (TVS)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunnel_diode_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tunnel diode"><img alt="Tunnel diode" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tunnel_diode_symbol.svg/120px-Tunnel_diode_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tunnel_diode_symbol.svg/180px-Tunnel_diode_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tunnel_diode_symbol.svg/240px-Tunnel_diode_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_diode" title="Tunnel diode">Tunnel diode</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Varicap_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Varicap"><img alt="Varicap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Varicap_symbol.svg/120px-Varicap_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Varicap_symbol.svg/180px-Varicap_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Varicap_symbol.svg/240px-Varicap_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zener_diode_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zener diode"><img alt="Zener diode" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Zener_diode_symbol.svg/120px-Zener_diode_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Zener_diode_symbol.svg/180px-Zener_diode_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Zener_diode_symbol.svg/240px-Zener_diode_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zener_diode" title="Zener diode">Zener diode</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diode_pinout_en_fr.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Typical diode packages in same alignment as diode symbol. The thin bar depicts the cathode."><img alt="Typical diode packages in same alignment as diode symbol. The thin bar depicts the cathode." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Diode_pinout_en_fr.svg/120px-Diode_pinout_en_fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Diode_pinout_en_fr.svg/250px-Diode_pinout_en_fr.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Typical diode packages in same alignment as diode symbol. The thin bar depicts the <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbering_and_coding_schemes">Numbering and coding schemes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Numbering and coding schemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of common, standard and manufacturer-driven numbering and coding schemes for diodes; the two most common being the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Industries_Alliance" title="Electronic Industries Alliance">EIA</a>/<a href="/wiki/JEDEC" title="JEDEC">JEDEC</a> standard and the European <a href="/wiki/Pro_Electron" title="Pro Electron">Pro Electron</a> standard: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="EIA/JEDEC"><span id="EIA.2FJEDEC"></span>EIA/JEDEC</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: EIA/JEDEC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standardized 1N-series numbering <i><a href="/wiki/JEDEC#Origins" title="JEDEC">EIA370</a></i> system was introduced in the US by EIA/JEDEC (Joint Electron Device Engineering Council) about 1960. Most diodes have a 1-prefix designation (e.g., 1N4003). Among the most popular in this series were: 1N34A/1N270 (germanium signal), 1N914/<a href="/wiki/1N4148_signal_diode" title="1N4148 signal diode">1N4148</a> (silicon signal), <a href="/wiki/1N400x_general-purpose_diodes" class="mw-redirect" title="1N400x general-purpose diodes">1N400x</a> (silicon 1A power rectifier), and <a href="/wiki/1N58xx_schottky_diodes" class="mw-redirect" title="1N58xx schottky diodes">1N580x</a> (silicon 3A power rectifier).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="JIS">JIS</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: JIS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/JIS_semiconductor_designation" title="JIS semiconductor designation">JIS semiconductor designation</a> system has all semiconductor diode designations starting with "1S". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pro_Electron">Pro Electron</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Pro Electron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The European <a href="/wiki/Pro_Electron" title="Pro Electron">Pro Electron</a> coding system for active components was introduced in 1966 and comprises two letters followed by the part code. The first letter represents the semiconductor material used for the component (A = germanium and B = silicon) and the second letter represents the general function of the part (for diodes, A = low-power/signal, B = variable capacitance, X = multiplier, Y = rectifier and Z = voltage reference); for example: </p> <ul><li>AA-series germanium low-power/signal diodes (e.g., AA119)</li> <li>BA-series silicon low-power/signal diodes (e.g., BAT18 silicon RF switching diode)</li> <li>BY-series silicon rectifier diodes (e.g., BY127 1250V, 1A rectifier diode)</li> <li>BZ-series silicon Zener diodes (e.g., BZY88C4V7 4.7V Zener diode)</li></ul> <p>Other common numbering/coding systems (generally manufacturer-driven) include: </p> <ul><li>GD-series germanium diodes (e.g., GD9) – this is a very old coding system</li> <li>OA-series germanium diodes (e.g., OA47) – a <a href="/wiki/Mullard%E2%80%93Philips_tube_designation" title="Mullard–Philips tube designation">coding sequence</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Mullard" title="Mullard">Mullard</a>, a UK company</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_devices">Related devices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Related devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">Rectifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyristor" title="Thyristor">Thyristor</a> or silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIAC" title="TRIAC">TRIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIAC" title="DIAC">DIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varistor" title="Varistor">Varistor</a></li></ul> <p>In optics, an equivalent device for the diode but with laser light would be the <a href="/wiki/Optical_isolator" title="Optical isolator">optical isolator</a>, also known as an optical diode, that allows light to only pass in one direction. It uses a <a href="/wiki/Faraday_rotator" title="Faraday rotator">Faraday rotator</a> as the main component.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_demodulation">Radio demodulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Radio demodulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_envelope_detector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Simple_envelope_detector.svg/300px-Simple_envelope_detector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Simple_envelope_detector.svg/450px-Simple_envelope_detector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Simple_envelope_detector.svg/600px-Simple_envelope_detector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="88" /></a><figcaption>A simple <a href="/wiki/Envelope_detector" title="Envelope detector">envelope demodulator</a> circuit.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first use for the diode was the demodulation of <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulated</a> (AM) radio broadcasts. The history of this discovery is treated in depth in the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_detector" title="Crystal detector">crystal detector</a> article. In summary, an AM signal consists of alternating positive and negative peaks of a radio carrier wave, whose <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> or envelope is proportional to the original audio signal. The diode <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectifies</a> the AM radio frequency signal, leaving only the positive peaks of the carrier wave. The audio is then extracted from the rectified carrier wave using a simple <a href="/wiki/Electronic_filter" title="Electronic filter">filter</a> and fed into an audio amplifier or <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducer</a>, which generates sound waves via <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">audio speaker</a>. </p><p>In microwave and millimeter wave technology, beginning in the 1930s, researchers improved and miniaturized the crystal detector. <a href="#Point-contact_diodes">Point contact diodes</a> (<i>crystal diodes</i>) and <a href="#Junction_diodes">Schottky diodes</a> are used in radar, microwave and millimeter wave detectors.<sup id="cite_ref-skyworks_01_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skyworks_01-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_conversion">Power conversion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Power conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">Rectifier</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ACtoDCpowersupply.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ACtoDCpowersupply.png/250px-ACtoDCpowersupply.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ACtoDCpowersupply.png/500px-ACtoDCpowersupply.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of basic AC-to-DC power supply</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">Rectifiers</a> are constructed from diodes, where they are used to convert <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC) electricity into <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> (DC). Automotive <a href="/wiki/Alternator_(auto)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternator (auto)">alternators</a> are a common example, where the diode, which rectifies the AC into DC, provides better performance than the <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a> or earlier, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">dynamo</a>. Similarly, diodes are also used in <i><a href="/wiki/Cockcroft-Walton_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockcroft-Walton generator">Cockcroft–Walton</a> <a href="/wiki/Voltage_multiplier" title="Voltage multiplier">voltage multipliers</a></i> to convert AC into higher DC voltages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reverse-voltage_protection">Reverse-voltage protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Reverse-voltage protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since most electronic circuits can be damaged when the polarity of their power supply inputs are reversed, a series diode is sometimes used to protect against such situations. This concept is known by multiple naming variations that mean the same thing: reverse voltage protection, reverse polarity protection, and reverse battery protection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Over-voltage_protection">Over-voltage protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Over-voltage protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diodes are frequently used to conduct damaging high voltages away from sensitive electronic devices. They are usually reverse-biased (non-conducting) under normal circumstances. When the voltage rises above the normal range, the diodes become forward-biased (conducting). For example, diodes are used in (<a href="/wiki/Stepper_motor" title="Stepper motor">stepper motor</a> and <a href="/wiki/H-bridge" title="H-bridge">H-bridge</a>) <a href="/wiki/Motor_controller" title="Motor controller">motor controller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relay</a> circuits to de-energize coils rapidly without the damaging <a href="/wiki/Voltage_spike" title="Voltage spike">voltage spikes</a> that would otherwise occur. (A diode used in such an application is called a <a href="/wiki/Flyback_diode" title="Flyback diode">flyback diode</a>). Many <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated circuits">integrated circuits</a> also incorporate diodes on the connection pins to prevent external voltages from damaging their sensitive <a href="/wiki/Transistors" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistors">transistors</a>. Specialized diodes are used to protect from over-voltages at higher power (see <a href="#Types_of_semiconductor_diode">Diode types</a> above). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logic_gates">Logic gates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Logic gates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diode_logic" title="Diode logic">Diode logic</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diode_logic" title="Diode logic">Diode–resistor logic</a> constructs <a href="/wiki/Logical_conjunction" title="Logical conjunction">AND</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logical_disjunction" title="Logical disjunction">OR</a> <a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">logic gates</a>. <a href="/wiki/Functional_completeness" title="Functional completeness">Functional completeness</a> can be achieved by adding an active device to provide <a href="/wiki/Inverter_(logic_gate)" title="Inverter (logic gate)">inversion</a> (as done with <a href="/wiki/Diode%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Diode–transistor logic">diode–transistor logic</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ionizing_radiation_detectors">Ionizing radiation detectors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ionizing radiation detectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to light, mentioned above, <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> diodes are sensitive to more <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energetic</a> radiation. In <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a> and other sources of ionizing radiation cause <a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a> <a href="/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">pulses</a> and single and multiple bit errors. This effect is sometimes exploited by <a href="/wiki/Particle_detector" title="Particle detector">particle detectors</a> to detect radiation. A single particle of radiation, with thousands or millions of <a href="/wiki/Electron_volt" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron volt">electron volt</a>, s of energy, generates many charge carrier pairs, as its energy is deposited in the semiconductor material. If the depletion layer is large enough to catch the whole shower or to stop a heavy particle, a fairly accurate measurement of the particle's energy can be made, simply by measuring the charge conducted and without the complexity of a magnetic spectrometer, etc. These semiconductor radiation detectors need efficient and uniform charge collection and low leakage current. They are often cooled by <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a>. For longer-range (about a centimeter) particles, they need a very large depletion depth and large area. For short-range particles, they need any contact or un-depleted semiconductor on at least one surface to be very thin. The back-bias voltages are near breakdown (around a thousand volts per centimeter). Germanium and silicon are common materials. Some of these detectors sense position as well as energy. They have a finite life, especially when detecting heavy particles, because of radiation damage. Silicon and germanium are quite different in their ability to convert <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> to electron showers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_detector" title="Semiconductor detector">Semiconductor detectors</a> for high-energy particles are used in large numbers. Because of energy loss fluctuations, accurate measurement of the energy deposited is of less use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature_measurements">Temperature measurements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Temperature measurements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A diode can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> measuring device, since the forward voltage drop across the diode depends on temperature, as in a <a href="/wiki/Silicon_bandgap_temperature_sensor" title="Silicon bandgap temperature sensor">silicon bandgap temperature sensor</a>. From the Shockley ideal diode equation given above, it might <i>appear</i> that the voltage has a <i>positive</i> temperature coefficient (at a constant current), but usually the variation of the <a href="/wiki/Saturation_current" title="Saturation current">reverse saturation current</a> term is more significant than the variation in the thermal voltage term. Most diodes therefore have a <i>negative</i> temperature coefficient, typically −2 mV/°C for silicon diodes. The temperature coefficient is approximately constant for temperatures above about 20 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>. Some graphs are given for 1N400x series,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and CY7 cryogenic temperature sensor.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_steering">Current steering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Current steering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diodes will prevent currents in unintended directions. To supply power to an electrical circuit during a power failure, the circuit can draw current from a <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply" title="Uninterruptible power supply">uninterruptible power supply</a> may use diodes in this way to ensure that the current is only drawn from the battery when necessary. Likewise, small boats typically have two circuits each with their own battery/batteries: one used for engine starting; one used for domestics. Normally, both are charged from a single alternator, and a heavy-duty split-charge diode is used to prevent the higher-charge battery (typically the engine battery) from discharging through the lower-charge battery when the alternator is not running. </p><p>Diodes are also used in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboards" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic keyboards">electronic musical keyboards</a>. To reduce the amount of wiring needed in electronic musical keyboards, these instruments often use <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_matrix_circuit" title="Keyboard matrix circuit">keyboard matrix circuits</a>. The keyboard controller scans the rows and columns to determine which note the player has pressed. The problem with matrix circuits is that, when several notes are pressed at once, the current can flow backward through the circuit and trigger "<a href="/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)#Control_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard (computing)">phantom keys</a>" that cause "ghost" notes to play. To avoid triggering unwanted notes, most keyboard matrix circuits have diodes soldered with the switch under each key of the <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">musical keyboard</a>. The same principle is also used for the switch matrix in solid-state <a href="/wiki/Pinball_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinball machine">pinball machines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waveform_clipper">Waveform clipper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Waveform clipper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clipper_(electronics)" title="Clipper (electronics)">Clipper (electronics)</a></div> <p>Diodes can be used to limit the positive or negative excursion of a signal to a prescribed voltage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clamper">Clamper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Clamper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clamper_(electronics)" title="Clamper (electronics)">Clamper (electronics)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiodeClamp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/DiodeClamp.png/250px-DiodeClamp.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/DiodeClamp.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>This simple diode clamp will clamp the negative peaks of the incoming waveform to the common rail voltage</figcaption></figure> <p>A diode <a href="/wiki/Clamper_(electronics)" title="Clamper (electronics)">clamp circuit</a> can take a periodic alternating current signal that oscillates between positive and negative values, and vertically displace it such that either the positive or the negative peaks occur at a prescribed level. The clamper does not restrict the peak-to-peak excursion of the signal, it moves the whole signal up or down so as to place the peaks at the reference level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computing_exponentials_and_logarithms">Computing exponentials and logarithms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Computing exponentials and logarithms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diode's exponential current–voltage relationship is exploited to evaluate <a href="/wiki/Exponentiation" title="Exponentiation">exponentiation</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Inverse_function" title="Inverse function">inverse function</a> the <a href="/wiki/Logarithm" title="Logarithm">logarithm</a> using analog voltage signals (see Operational amplifier applications §§ <a href="/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications#Exponential_output" title="Operational amplifier applications">Exponential output</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications#Logarithmic_output" title="Operational amplifier applications">Logarithmic output</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oscillator">Oscillator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Oscillator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible to modify a regular semiconductor diode like 1N4148 to give it a negative differential resistance by injection of calibrated current pulses ,the diode being reversely biased  near its avalanche zone .After this treatment the diode associated with an L/C circuit can oscillate , the frequency set by the L/C circuit .The maximum frequency depends on the diode used .With a 1N4148 oscillation can go up to 100 Mhz (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384043395_Another_way_to_create_negative_differential_resistance_Author">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384043395_Another_way_to_create_negative_differential_resistance_Author</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abbreviations">Abbreviations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Abbreviations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diodes are usually referred to as <i>D</i> for diode on <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">PCBs</a>. Sometimes the abbreviation <i>CR</i> for <i>crystal rectifier</i> is used.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/60px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_rectification" title="Active rectification">Active rectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diode-connected_transistor" title="Diode-connected transistor">Diode-connected transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diode_modelling" title="Diode modelling">Diode modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_diode" title="Fast diode">Fast/ultrafast diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_rectification" title="Flame rectification">Flame rectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_diode" title="Lambda diode">Lambda diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lr-diode" title="Lr-diode">Lr-diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junction" title="P–n junction">p–n junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-signal_model" title="Small-signal model">Small-signal model</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTooley2013" class="citation book cs1">Tooley, Mike (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NunPn6R__TAC&pg=PA81"><i>Electronic Circuits: Fundamentals and Applications, 3rd Ed</i></a>. Routledge. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-40731-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-40731-4"><bdi>978-1-136-40731-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+Circuits%3A+Fundamentals+and+Applications%2C+3rd+Ed.&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-40731-4&rft.aulast=Tooley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNunPn6R__TAC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crecraft-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crecraft_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrecraftStephen_Gergely2002" class="citation book cs1">Crecraft, Filip Mincic; Stephen Gergely (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lS7qN6iHyBYC&pg=PA110"><i>Analog Electronics: Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing</i></a>. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-5095-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-5095-8"><bdi>0-7506-5095-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analog+Electronics%3A+Circuits%2C+Systems+and+Signal+Processing&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7506-5095-8&rft.aulast=Crecraft&rft.aufirst=Filip+Mincic&rft.au=Stephen+Gergely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlS7qN6iHyBYC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horowitz-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horowitz_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorowitzWinfield_Hill1989" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, Paul; Winfield Hill (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bkOMDgwFA28C&pg=PA44"><i>The Art of Electronics, 2nd Ed</i></a>. 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(1962-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1033487/">"Tunnel Diode Circuit Analysis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2172%2F4715062">10.2172/4715062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tunnel+Diode+Circuit+Analysis&rft.date=1962-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2172%2F4715062&rft.aulast=Roddick&rft.aufirst=R.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc1033487%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiode" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digikey.com/Web%20Export/Supplier%20Content/Vishay_8026/PDF/Vishay_CurrentRegulatorDiodes.pdf">Current regulator diodes</a>. Digikey.com (2009-05-27). Retrieved 2013-12-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nteinc.com/specs/original/1N34A.pdf">"NTE data sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NTE+data+sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nteinc.com%2Fspecs%2Foriginal%2F1N34A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digikey.com/Web%20Export/Supplier%20Content/Vishay_8026/PDF/Vishay_ClassificationOfComponents.pdf">Classification of components</a>. Digikey.com (2009-05-27). Retrieved 2013-12-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516081713/http://www.element-14.com/community/docs/DOC-22517/l/component-construction--vishay-optoelectronics">"Component Construction"</a>. 2010-05-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.element-14.com/community/docs/DOC-22517/l/component-construction--vishay-optoelectronics">the original</a> on 2016-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Component+Construction&rft.date=2010-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.element-14.com%2Fcommunity%2Fdocs%2FDOC-22517%2Fl%2Fcomponent-construction--vishay-optoelectronics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digikey.com/Web%20Export/Supplier%20Content/Vishay_8026/PDF/Vishay_ComponentConstruction.pdf">Component Construction</a>. Digikey.com (2009-05-27). Retrieved 2013-12-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516081725/http://www.element-14.com/community/docs/DOC-22516/l/physics-and-technology--vishay-optoelectronics">"Physics and Technology"</a>. 2010-05-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.element-14.com/community/docs/DOC-22516/l/physics-and-technology--vishay-optoelectronics">the original</a> on 2016-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Physics+and+Technology&rft.date=2010-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.element-14.com%2Fcommunity%2Fdocs%2FDOC-22516%2Fl%2Fphysics-and-technology--vishay-optoelectronics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ixyspower.com/images/technical_support/Application%20Notes%20By%20Topic/FREDs,%20Schottky%20and%20GaAS%20Diodes/IXAN0044.pdf">Fast Recovery Epitaxial Diodes (FRED) Characteristics – Applications – Examples</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326113147/http://www.ixyspower.com/images/technical_support/Application%20Notes%20By%20Topic/FREDs,%20Schottky%20and%20GaAS%20Diodes/IXAN0044.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (PDF). Retrieved 2013-12-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sze, S. M. (1998) <i>Modern Semiconductor Device Physics</i>, Wiley Interscience, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-15237-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-15237-4">0-471-15237-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digikey.com/Web%20Export/Supplier%20Content/Vishay_8026/PDF/Vishay_ProtectingLowCurrentLoads.pdf">Protecting Low Current Loads in Harsh Electrical Environments</a>. Digikey.com (2009-05-27). Retrieved 2013-12-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonscher,_A._K.1961" class="citation journal cs1">Jonscher, A. K. (1961). "The physics of the tunnel diode". <i>British Journal of Applied Physics</i>. <b>12</b> (12): 654. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961BJAP...12..654J">1961BJAP...12..654J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0508-3443%2F12%2F12%2F304">10.1088/0508-3443/12/12/304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Applied+Physics&rft.atitle=The+physics+of+the+tunnel+diode&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=654&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0508-3443%2F12%2F12%2F304&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1961BJAP...12..654J&rft.au=Jonscher%2C+A.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDowdey,_J._E.Travis,_C._M.1964" class="citation journal cs1">Dowdey, J. E.; Travis, C. M. (1964). "An Analysis of Steady-State Nuclear Radiation Damage of Tunnel Diodes". <i>IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science</i>. <b>11</b> (5): 55. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ITNS...11...55D">1964ITNS...11...55D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTNS2.1964.4315475">10.1109/TNS2.1964.4315475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Nuclear+Science&rft.atitle=An+Analysis+of+Steady-State+Nuclear+Radiation+Damage+of+Tunnel+Diodes&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=55&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTNS2.1964.4315475&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964ITNS...11...55D&rft.au=Dowdey%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Travis%2C+C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jedec.org/Home/about_jedec.cfm">"About JEDEC"</a>. Jedec.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+JEDEC&rft.pub=Jedec.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jedec.org%2FHome%2Fabout_jedec.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011133032/http://news.elektroda.net/introduction-dates-of-common-transistors-and-diodes-t94332.html">"Introduction dates of common transistors and diodes?"</a>. EDAboard.com. 2010-06-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.elektroda.net/introduction-dates-of-common-transistors-and-diodes-t94332.html">the original</a> on October 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+dates+of+common+transistors+and+diodes%3F&rft.pub=EDAboard.com&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.elektroda.net%2Fintroduction-dates-of-common-transistors-and-diodes-t94332.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFI.D.E.A" class="citation web cs1">I.D.E.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://semiconductormuseum.com/Museum_Index.htm">"Transistor Museum Construction Projects Point Contact Germanium Western Electric Vintage Historic Semiconductors Photos Alloy Junction Oral History"</a>. Semiconductormuseum.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transistor+Museum+Construction+Projects+Point+Contact+Germanium+Western+Electric+Vintage+Historic+Semiconductors+Photos+Alloy+Junction+Oral+History&rft.pub=Semiconductormuseum.com&rft.au=I.D.E.A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsemiconductormuseum.com%2FMuseum_Index.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHui2020" class="citation book cs1">Hui, Rongqing (2020). "Passive optical components". <i>Introduction to Fiber-Optic Communications</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">209–</span>297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-805345-4.00006-8">10.1016/B978-0-12-805345-4.00006-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-805345-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-805345-4"><bdi>978-0-12-805345-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Passive+optical+components&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Fiber-Optic+Communications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-805345-4.00006-8&rft.isbn=978-0-12-805345-4&rft.aulast=Hui&rft.aufirst=Rongqing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524153406/http://www.cliftonlaboratories.com/1n400x_diode_family_forward_voltage.htm">"1N400x Diode Family Forward Voltage"</a>. <i>cliftonlaboratories.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cliftonlaboratories.com/1n400x_diode_family_forward_voltage.htm">the original</a> on 2013-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cliftonlaboratories.com&rft.atitle=1N400x+Diode+Family+Forward+Voltage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cliftonlaboratories.com%2F1n400x_diode_family_forward_voltage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omega.com/Temperature/pdf/CY7.pdf">Cryogenic Temperature Sensors</a>. omega.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Ambrose_Fleming1919" class="citation book cs1">John Ambrose Fleming (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principleselect01flemgoog"><i>The Principles of Electric Wave Telegraphy and Telephony</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principleselect01flemgoog/page/n588">550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Electric+Wave+Telegraphy+and+Telephony&rft.place=London&rft.pages=550&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1919&rft.au=John+Ambrose+Fleming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprincipleselect01flemgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Historical circuit books</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>50 Simple LED Circuits</i>; 1st Ed; R.N. Soar; Babani Press; 62 pages; 1977; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0859340434" title="Special:BookSources/978-0859340434">978-0859340434</a>. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Bookshelf/Author-Groups/Babani/42-Soar-50-Simple-LED-circuits.pdf">(archive)</a></small></li> <li><i>38 Practical Tested Diode Circuits For the Home Constructor</i>; 1st Ed; Bernard Babani; Krisson Printing; 48 pages; 1972. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Bookshelf/Author-Groups/Bernards%20Radio%20Manuals/09-38-Practical-Tested-Diode-Circuits.pdf">(archive)</a></small></li> <li><i>Diode Circuits Handbook</i>; 1st Ed; Rufus Turner; Howard Sams & Co; 128 pages; 1963; LCCN 63-13904. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Bookshelf/Author-Groups/Rufus-Turner/Diode-Circuits-Handbook-Rufus-Turner.pdf">(archive)</a></small></li> <li><i>40 Uses for Germanium Diodes</i>; 2nd Ed; Sylvania Electric Products; 47 pages; 1949. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://n4trb.com/AmateurRadio/SemiconductorHistory/40%20Uses%20for%20Germanium%20Diodes.pdf">(archive)</a></small></li></ul> <dl><dt>Historical periodicals</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>Rectifier Applications Handbook</i>; On Semiconductor; 270 pages; 2001. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090407093106/http://www.ieeta.pt/~alex/docs/ApplicationNotes/Rectifier%20Applications%20Handbook.pdf">(archive)</a></small></li> <li><i>Silicon Rectifier Handbook</i>; 1st Ed; Bob Dale; Motorola; 213 pages; 1966. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RectifiersSCRsTriacs-MotorolaSiliconRectifierHandbook1966OCR/">(archive)</a></small></li> <li><i>Electronic Rectification</i>; F.G. Spreadbury; D. Van Nostrand Co; 1962.</li> <li><i>Zener Diode Handbook</i>; International Rectifier; 96 pages; 1960.</li> <li><i>F.T. Selenium Rectifier Handbook</i>; 2nd Ed; Federal Telephone and Radio; 80 pages; 1953. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Bookshelf/Technology/Federal-Selenium-Rectifier-2nd-1953.pdf">(archive)</a></small></li> <li><i>S.T. Selenium Rectifier Handbook</i>; 1st Ed; Sarkes Tarzian; 80 pages; 1950. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Selenium_Rectifier_Handbook_Sarkes-Tarzian_Company/">(archive)</a></small></li></ul> <dl><dt>Historical databooks</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_nationaldaDiscreteSemiconductorProducts_42478563">Discrete Databook</a>; 1989; National Semiconductor (now Texas Instruments)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_fairchilddldDiscreteDataBook_35122751">Discrete Databook</a>; 1985; Fairchild (now ON Semiconductor)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_sgsdataBooDevices5ed_46325378">Discrete Databook</a>; 1982; SGS (now STMicroelectronics)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1965MotorolaSemiconductorDataManual">Semiconductor Databook</a>; 1965; Motorola (now ON Semiconductor)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diode&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductor<br />devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMOS_logic" title="PMOS logic">PMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiCMOS" title="BiCMOS">BiCMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio-FET" title="Bio-FET">BioFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_field-effect_transistor" title="Chemical field-effect transistor">Chemical field-effect transistor</a> (ChemFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">Complementary MOS</a> (CMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depletion-load_NMOS_logic" title="Depletion-load NMOS logic">Depletion-load NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">Fin field-effect transistor</a> (FinFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">Floating-gate MOSFET</a> (FGMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor" title="Insulated-gate bipolar transistor">Insulated-gate bipolar transistor</a> (IGBT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISFET" title="ISFET">ISFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDMOS" title="LDMOS">LDMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multigate_device" title="Multigate device">Multi-gate field-effect transistor</a> (MuGFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-film_transistor" title="Thin-film transistor">Thin-film transistor</a> (TFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMOS" title="VMOS">VMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET#UMOS" title="Power MOSFET">UMOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Other <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">Bipolar junction transistor</a> (BJT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_transistor" title="Darlington transistor">Darlington transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffused_junction_transistor" title="Diffused junction transistor">Diffused junction transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-effect_transistor" title="Field-effect transistor">Field-effect transistor</a> (FET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JFET" title="JFET">Junction Gate FET (JFET)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_field-effect_transistor" title="Organic field-effect transistor">Organic FET (OFET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_transistor" title="Light-emitting transistor">Light-emitting transistor</a> (LET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">Organic LET (OLET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode_transistor" title="Pentode transistor">Pentode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-contact_transistor" title="Point-contact transistor">Point-contact transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_unijunction_transistor" title="Programmable unijunction transistor">Programmable unijunction transistor</a> (PUT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_transistor" title="Static induction transistor">Static induction transistor</a> (SIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode_transistor" title="Tetrode transistor">Tetrode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unijunction_transistor" title="Unijunction transistor">Unijunction transistor</a> (UJT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_diode" title="Avalanche diode">Avalanche diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-current_diode" title="Constant-current diode">Constant-current diode</a> (CLD, CRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunn_diode" title="Gunn diode">Gunn diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a> (LD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diode</a> (LED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">Organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">Photodiode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIN_diode" title="PIN diode">PIN diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Step_recovery_diode" title="Step recovery diode">Step recovery diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zener_diode" title="Zener diode">Zener diode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIAC" title="DIAC">DIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterostructure_barrier_varactor" title="Heterostructure barrier varactor">Heterostructure barrier varactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> (IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">Hybrid integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_emitting_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light emitting capacitor">Light emitting capacitor</a> (LEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memistor" title="Memistor">Memistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memtransistor" title="Memtransistor">Memtransistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-oxide_varistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-oxide varistor">Metal-oxide varistor</a> (MOV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS integrated circuit">MOS integrated circuit</a> (MOS IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_semiconductor" title="Organic semiconductor">Organic semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">Photodetector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_controlled_rectifier" title="Silicon controlled rectifier">Silicon controlled rectifier</a> (SCR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaristor" title="Solaristor">Solaristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_thyristor" title="Static induction thyristor">Static induction thyristor</a> (SITh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyristor" title="Thyristor">Thyristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trancitor" title="Trancitor">Trancitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIAC" title="TRIAC">TRIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">Voltage regulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_regulator" title="Linear regulator">Linear regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-dropout_regulator" title="Low-dropout regulator">Low-dropout regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switching_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Switching regulator">Switching regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_converter" title="Buck converter">Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_converter" title="Boost converter">Boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter" title="Buck–boost converter">Buck–boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-pi_topology" title="Split-pi topology">Split-pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%86uk_converter" title="Ćuk converter">Ćuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter" title="Single-ended primary-inductor converter">SEPIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_pump" title="Charge pump">Charge pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switched_capacitor" title="Switched capacitor">Switched capacitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_tube" title="Acorn tube">Acorn tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tetrode" title="Beam tetrode">Beam tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-wire_barretter" title="Hot-wire barretter">Barretter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compactron" title="Compactron">Compactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum diode">Diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Neutron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonode" title="Nonode">Nonode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuvistor" title="Nuvistor">Nuvistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagrid_converter" title="Pentagrid converter">Pentagrid</a> (Hexode, Heptode, Octode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode" title="Pentode">Pentode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier_tube" title="Photomultiplier tube">Photomultiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototube" title="Phototube">Phototube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode" title="Tetrode">Tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">Triode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">RF</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward-wave_oscillator" title="Backward-wave oscillator">Backward-wave oscillator</a> (BWO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">Cavity magnetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossed-field_amplifier" title="Crossed-field amplifier">Crossed-field amplifier</a> (CFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrotron" title="Gyrotron">Gyrotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_output_tube" title="Inductive output tube">Inductive output tube</a> (IOT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klystron" title="Klystron">Klystron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">Maser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_tube" title="Sutton tube">Sutton tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling-wave_tube" title="Traveling-wave tube">Traveling-wave tube</a> (TWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_tube" title="X-ray tube">X-ray tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_deflection_tube" title="Beam deflection tube">Beam deflection tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charactron" title="Charactron">Charactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_eye_tube" title="Magic eye tube">Magic eye tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectron_tube" title="Selectron tube">Selectron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_tube" title="Storage tube">Storage tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochotron">Trochotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">Video camera tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-filled_tube" title="Gas-filled tube">Gas-filled tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">Cold cathode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossatron" title="Crossatron">Crossatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignitron" title="Ignitron">Ignitron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krytron" title="Krytron">Krytron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-arc_valve" title="Mercury-arc valve">Mercury-arc valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">Thyratron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigatron" title="Trigatron">Trigatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-regulator_tube" title="Voltage-regulator tube">Voltage-regulator tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Adjustable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">Potentiometer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_potentiometer" title="Digital potentiometer">digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_capacitor" title="Variable capacitor">Variable capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Passive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Connector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Audio and video interfaces and connectors">audio and video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets" title="AC power plugs and sockets">electrical power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_connector" title="RF connector">RF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_detector" title="Electrolytic detector">Electrolytic detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrite_core" title="Ferrite core">Ferrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifuse" title="Antifuse">Antifuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">Fuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resettable_fuse" title="Resettable fuse">resettable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="EFUSE">eFUSE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">Thermistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varistor" title="Varistor">Varistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_wire" title="Wollaston wire">Wollaston wire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_reactance" title="Electrical reactance">Reactive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor_types" title="Capacitor types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_resonator" title="Ceramic resonator">Ceramic resonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">Crystal oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametron" title="Parametron">Parametron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">Relay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reed_relay" title="Reed relay">reed relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_relay" title="Mercury relay">mercury relay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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