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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Asquith government: 1908–1915 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Asquith_government:_1908–1915-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-President_of_the_Board_of_Trade:_1908–1910" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_the_Board_of_Trade:_1908–1910"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 President of the Board of Trade: 1908–1910 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_of_the_Board_of_Trade:_1908–1910-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_Secretary:_1910–1911" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_Secretary:_1910–1911"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Home Secretary: 1910–1911 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_Secretary:_1910–1911-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 First Lord of the Admiralty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outbreak_of_the_First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak_of_the_First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Outbreak of the First World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_of_the_First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_service,_1915–1916" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_service,_1915–1916"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Military service, 1915–1916 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_service,_1915–1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lloyd_George_government:_1916–1922" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lloyd_George_government:_1916–1922"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Lloyd George government: 1916–1922 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lloyd_George_government:_1916–1922-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Lloyd George government: 1916–1922 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Lloyd_George_government:_1916–1922-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Munitions:_1917–1919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Munitions:_1917–1919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Minister of Munitions: 1917–1919 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Munitions:_1917–1919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_Air:_1919–1921" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_Air:_1919–1921"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Secretary of State for War and Air: 1919–1921 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_Air:_1919–1921-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies:_1921–1922" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies:_1921–1922"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Secretary of State for the Colonies: 1921–1922 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies:_1921–1922-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Out_of_Parliament:_1922–1924" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Out_of_Parliament:_1922–1924"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Out of Parliament: 1922–1924 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Out_of_Parliament:_1922–1924-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Churchill_1904_Q_42037.jpg/150px-Churchill_1904_Q_42037.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Churchill_1904_Q_42037.jpg/225px-Churchill_1904_Q_42037.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Churchill_1904_Q_42037.jpg/300px-Churchill_1904_Q_42037.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> in 1904. He "<a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">crossed the floor</a>" in May that year.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> was first elected to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">1900 general election</a> as one of two <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">members</a> representing the <a href="/wiki/Oldham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Oldham (UK Parliament constituency)">Oldham constituency</a>. He took his seat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> in February 1901 but soon became critical of the Conservative government on a number of issues. On 31 May 1904, he formally <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">crossed the floor</a> of the Commons to join the opposition <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberals</a>, remaining a party member until March 1924. Churchill was less prolific as a writer through this period; he completed a <a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill_(book)" title="Lord Randolph Churchill (book)">two-volume biography of his father</a> in 1906 but did not begin his next major work, <a href="/wiki/The_World_Crisis" title="The World Crisis">The World Crisis</a>, until December 1921. He married <a href="/wiki/Clementine_Hozier" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine Hozier">Clementine Hozier</a> in September 1908 and their eldest child, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Churchill" title="Diana Churchill">Diana</a> was born in July 1909. As a Liberal, Churchill held several ministerial roles, most notably as <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> (1910–1911) and as <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a> at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. He took most of the blame for the failed <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a> in 1915 and resigned from the government in November of that year to rejoin the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">Army</a>. In January 1916, he was promoted temporarily to lieutenant-colonel of the 6th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Fusiliers" title="Royal Scots Fusiliers">Royal Scots Fusiliers</a> who were active near <a href="/wiki/Ploegsteert" title="Ploegsteert">Ploegsteert</a>. Following a merger of battalions, he relinquished command and returned to politics. He reverted to the rank of major on 16 May. In July 1917, Churchill was appointed <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Munitions" title="Minister of Munitions">Minister of Munitions</a> by the new prime minister, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, and voted to support the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a>. In January 1919, he became jointly the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Secretary of State for Air">Secretary of State for Air</a>. In February 1921, he became the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a>. Churchill suffered personal tragedies in 1921 with the deaths of both <a href="/wiki/Lady_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lady Randolph Churchill">his mother</a> and his two-year-old daughter, Marigold. His youngest child, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Soames" title="Mary Soames">Mary</a>, was born in September 1922 and, in the same month, he completed purchase of his family home, <a href="/wiki/Chartwell" title="Chartwell">Chartwell</a>, in Kent. Lloyd George's coalition splintered to necessitate the <a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">November 1922 general election</a>. Churchill <a href="/wiki/Dundee_in_the_1922_general_election" title="Dundee in the 1922 general election">lost his seat</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dundee_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dundee (UK Parliament constituency)">Dundee</a>, which he had represented since May 1908. Out of Parliament, he devoted himself to painting and writing <a href="/wiki/The_World_Crisis" title="The World Crisis">The World Crisis</a>. In December 1923, he stood for the Liberals at <a href="/wiki/Leicester_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Leicester West (UK Parliament constituency)">Leicester West</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> but lost. He was defeated again at the <a href="/wiki/1924_Westminster_Abbey_by-election" title="1924 Westminster Abbey by-election">Westminster Abbey by-election</a> the following March and became thoroughly disillusioned with the Liberal Party. In May 1924, he spoke at a Conservative meeting in Liverpool and, declaring that the Liberal Party was finished as a political force, he urged all Liberals to support the Conservatives to try and defeat the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and stop the spread of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. In October, following discussions with prime minister <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>, Churchill stood as a <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_(UK)" title="Constitutionalist (UK)">Constitutionalist</a> candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> at <a href="/wiki/Epping_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Epping (UK Parliament constituency)">Epping</a>. He won and Baldwin appointed him as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>. Churchill severed his ties with the Liberal Party and rejoined the Conservative Party. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liberal_MP:_1904–1908">Liberal MP: 1904–1908</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Liberal MP: 1904–1908">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_in_politics,_1900%E2%80%931939" title="Winston Churchill in politics, 1900–1939">Winston Churchill in politics, 1900–1939</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchill_und_Wilhelm_II._(1906).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Churchill_und_Wilhelm_II._%281906%29.jpg/220px-Churchill_und_Wilhelm_II._%281906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Churchill_und_Wilhelm_II._%281906%29.jpg/330px-Churchill_und_Wilhelm_II._%281906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Churchill_und_Wilhelm_II._%281906%29.jpg/440px-Churchill_und_Wilhelm_II._%281906%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2235" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption>Churchill and German Kaiser Wilhelm II during a military manoeuvre near <a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a>, Silesia, in 1906.</figcaption></figure> In the early 1900s, as an MP for the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, Churchill had been growing dissatisfied with the Conservative Party's approach on several key issues. On 31 May 1904, as Parliament resumed following its <a href="/wiki/Whitsun" title="Whitsun">Whitsun</a> recess, he <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">crossed the floor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, defecting from the Conservatives to sit as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200188-1">[1]</a> His cousin <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Guest,_1st_Viscount_Wimborne" title="Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne">Ivor Guest</a> followed him. Suggested reasons for Churchill's changing sides have included the prospect of a ministerial post and salary,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> : 27  a desire to eliminate poverty, and concerns for the working class, <a href="#cite_note-5">[nb 1]</a> but the immediately preceding events were the rift with the Conservative Party over trade tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991152–165-6">[5]</a> He may simply have been more sympathetic to the Liberals, despite being personally conservative and traditionalist; in 1962 he reportedly told another MP "I'm a Liberal. Always have been."<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> : 24  As a Liberal, he continued to campaign for <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[nb 2]</a> In December 1905, Balfour resigned as prime minister and King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> invited the Liberal leader <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a> to take his place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991173–174Jenkins2001103-10">[8]</a> Hoping to secure a <a href="/wiki/Working_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Working majority">working majority</a> in the House of Commons, Campbell-Bannerman called a <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">general election for January 1906</a>, which the Liberals won.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991174,_176-11">[9]</a> Having had a previous invitation from the Manchester Liberals to stand in their constituency,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991162–163-12">[10]</a> Churchill did so, winning the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_North_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Manchester North West (UK Parliament constituency)">Manchester North West</a> seat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991175Jenkins2001109-13">[11]</a> January also saw the publication of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill_(book)" title="Lord Randolph Churchill (book)">Churchill's biography of his father</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197016Gilbert1991175-14">[12]</a> he received an <a href="/wiki/Advance_payment" title="Advance payment">advance payment</a> of £8000 for the book, the highest ever paid for a political biography in Britain to that point.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991171Jenkins2001100-15">[13]</a> It was generally well received.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001102–103-16">[14]</a> It was also at this time that the first biography of Churchill himself, written by the Liberal <a href="/wiki/Alexander_MacCallum_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander MacCallum Scott">Alexander MacCallum Scott</a>, was published.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991172-17">[15]</a> In the new government, Churchill became <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Under-Secretary of State">Under-Secretary of State</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>, a position that he had requested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197023Gilbert1991174Jenkins2001104-18">[16]</a> He worked beneath the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Bruce,_9th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin">Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001104–105-19">[17]</a> and took Edward Marsh as his secretary; the latter remained Churchill's secretary for 25 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991174Jenkins2001105-20">[18]</a> In this <a href="/wiki/Junior_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior minister">junior ministerial</a> position, Churchill was first tasked with helping to draft a constitution for the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991176Jenkins2001113–115,_120-21">[19]</a> In 1906, he helped oversee the granting of a government to the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991182-22">[20]</a> In dealing with southern Africa, he sought to ensure equality between the British and Boer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991177-23">[21]</a> He also announced a gradual phasing out of the use of Chinese indentured labourers in South Africa; he and the government decided that a sudden ban would cause too much upset in the colony and might damage the economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991177Jenkins2001111–113-24">[22]</a> He expressed concerns about the relations between European settlers and the black African population; after <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a>, he complained of Europeans' "disgusting butchery of the natives".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991183-25">[23]</a> In August 1906, Churchill holidayed on a yacht in <a href="/wiki/Deauville" title="Deauville">Deauville</a>, France, spending much of his time playing polo or gambling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991180Jenkins2001121-26">[24]</a> From there he proceeded to Paris and then Switzerland—where he climbed the <a href="/wiki/Eggishorn" title="Eggishorn">Eggishorn</a>—and then to Berlin and <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, where he was a guest of Kaiser <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991181Jenkins2001121-27">[25]</a> He went then to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, and from there toured Italy by motorcar with his friend, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild_(born_1882)" title="Lionel de Rothschild (born 1882)">Lionel Rothschild</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991181-28">[26]</a> In May 1907, he holidayed at the home of another friend, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Forest" title="Maurice de Forest">Maurice de Forest</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Biarritz" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991185-29">[27]</a> In the autumn, he embarked on a tour of Europe and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991185-29">[27]</a> He travelled through France, Italy, Malta, and Cyprus, before moving through the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991185–186-30">[28]</a> Sailing to <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, he travelled by rail through the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya Colony</a>—stopping for <a href="/wiki/Big_game_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Big game hunting">big game hunting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Simba,_Kenya" title="Simba, Kenya">Simba</a>—before heading through the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda Protectorate</a> and then sailing up the <a href="/wiki/River_Nile" class="mw-redirect" title="River Nile">River Nile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991186–188-31">[29]</a> He wrote about his experiences for <a href="/wiki/Strand_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Strand Magazine">Strand Magazine</a> and later published them in book form as My African Journey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991188-32">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asquith_government:_1908–1915">Asquith government: 1908–1915</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Asquith government: 1908–1915">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_of_the_Board_of_Trade:_1908–1910">President of the Board of Trade: 1908–1910</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: President of the Board of Trade: 1908–1910">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_(1874-1965)_with_fianc%C3%A9e_Clementine_Hozier_(1885-1977)_shortly_before_their_marriage_in_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Winston_Churchill_%281874-1965%29_with_fianc%C3%A9e_Clementine_Hozier_%281885-1977%29_shortly_before_their_marriage_in_1908.jpg/170px-Winston_Churchill_%281874-1965%29_with_fianc%C3%A9e_Clementine_Hozier_%281885-1977%29_shortly_before_their_marriage_in_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Winston_Churchill_%281874-1965%29_with_fianc%C3%A9e_Clementine_Hozier_%281885-1977%29_shortly_before_their_marriage_in_1908.jpg/255px-Winston_Churchill_%281874-1965%29_with_fianc%C3%A9e_Clementine_Hozier_%281885-1977%29_shortly_before_their_marriage_in_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Winston_Churchill_%281874-1965%29_with_fianc%C3%A9e_Clementine_Hozier_%281885-1977%29_shortly_before_their_marriage_in_1908.jpg/340px-Winston_Churchill_%281874-1965%29_with_fianc%C3%A9e_Clementine_Hozier_%281885-1977%29_shortly_before_their_marriage_in_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Churchill and his fiancée <a href="/wiki/Clementine_Churchill,_Baroness_Spencer-Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine Churchill, Baroness Spencer-Churchill">Clementine Hozier</a> shortly before their marriage in 1908.</figcaption></figure> When Asquith succeeded Campbell-Bannerman in 1908, Churchill was promoted to the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197033Gilbert1991194Jenkins2001129-33">[31]</a> Aged 33, he was the youngest Cabinet member since 1866.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001129-34">[32]</a> Newly appointed Cabinet ministers were legally obliged to seek re-election at a by-election; in April, Churchill lost the <a href="/wiki/1908_Manchester_North_West_by-election" title="1908 Manchester North West by-election">Manchester North West by-election</a> to the Conservative candidate by 429 votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991194–195Jenkins2001130-35">[33]</a> The Liberals then stood him in <a href="/wiki/1908_Dundee_by-election" title="1908 Dundee by-election">a by-election</a> in the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Safe_seat" title="Safe seat">safe seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dundee_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dundee (UK Parliament constituency)">Dundee</a>, where he won comfortably.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991195Jenkins2001130–131-36">[34]</a> In his Cabinet role, Churchill worked with Liberal politician <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> to champion <a href="/wiki/Liberal_welfare_reforms" title="Liberal welfare reforms">social reform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001143-37">[35]</a> In one speech Churchill stated that although the "vanguard" of the British people "enjoys all the delights of all the ages, our rearguard struggles out into conditions which are crueller than barbarism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991203-38">[36]</a> To deal with this, he promoted what he called a "network of State intervention and regulation" akin to that in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991193–194-39">[37]</a> His speeches on these issues were published in the volumes Liberalism and the Social Problem and The People's Rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991209Jenkins2001167-40">[38]</a> One of the first tasks he faced was in arbitrating an industrial dispute among ship-workers and their employers on the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991195-41">[39]</a> He then established a Standing Court of Arbitration to deal with future industrial disputes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991199-42">[40]</a> establishing a reputation as a conciliator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991200-43">[41]</a> Arguing that workers should have their working hours reduced, Churchill promoted the <a href="/wiki/Coal_Mines_Regulation_Act_1908" title="Coal Mines Regulation Act 1908">Mines Eight Hours Bill</a>—which legally prohibited miners working more than an <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour day</a>—introducing its second reading in the House of Commons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991196-44">[42]</a> In 1908, he introduced the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Boards_Act_1909" title="Trade Boards Act 1909">Trade Boards Bill</a> to parliament, which would establish a Board of Trade which could prosecute exploitative employers, establish the principle of <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>, and the right of workers to have meal breaks. The bill passed with a large majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991203–204Jenkins2001150-45">[43]</a> In May, he proposed the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Exchanges_Act_1909" title="Labour Exchanges Act 1909">Labour Exchanges Bill</a> which sought to establish over 200 Labour Exchanges through which the unemployed would be assisted in finding employment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991204Jenkins2001150–151-46">[44]</a> He also promoted the idea of an unemployment insurance scheme, which would be part-funded by the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991201Jenkins2001151-47">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St-Margaret%27s-_Westminster.P1130954-PS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St-Margaret%27s-_Westminster.P1130954-PS.jpg/220px-St-Margaret%27s-_Westminster.P1130954-PS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St-Margaret%27s-_Westminster.P1130954-PS.jpg/330px-St-Margaret%27s-_Westminster.P1130954-PS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St-Margaret%27s-_Westminster.P1130954-PS.jpg/440px-St-Margaret%27s-_Westminster.P1130954-PS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3976" data-file-height="3366" /></a><figcaption>Churchill and Clementine were married at St Margaret's in Westminster.</figcaption></figure> To ensure funding for these social reforms, he and Lloyd George denounced <a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">Reginald McKennas</a>' expansion of warship production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001154–157Toye200754–55-48">[46]</a> Churchill openly ridiculed those who thought war with Germany was inevitable<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991198–199Jenkins2001154–155-49">[47]</a>—according to biographer <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a> he was going through "a pro-German phase"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001155-50">[48]</a>—and in autumn 1909 he visited Germany, spending time with the Kaiser and observing <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">German Army</a> manoeuvres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991207–208Jenkins2001151-51">[49]</a> In his personal life, Churchill proposed marriage to <a href="/wiki/Clementine_Churchill" title="Clementine Churchill">Clementine Hozier</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991198Jenkins2001139-52">[50]</a> they were married in September at <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's, Westminster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991200Jenkins2001140-53">[51]</a> They <a href="/wiki/Honeymoon" title="Honeymoon">honeymooned</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baveno" title="Baveno">Baveno</a>, Venice, and <a href="/wiki/Veve%C5%99%C3%AD_Castle" title="Veveří Castle">Veveří Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991200Jenkins2001142-54">[52]</a> before settling into a London home at 33 <a href="/wiki/Eccleston_Square" title="Eccleston Square">Eccleston Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991204Jenkins2001203-55">[53]</a> The following July they had a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Churchill" title="Diana Churchill">Diana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991205Jenkins2001203-56">[54]</a> To pass its social reforms into law, Asquith's Liberal government presented them in the form of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">People's Budget</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001157–159-57">[55]</a> Conservative opponents of the reform set up the <a href="/wiki/Budget_Protest_League" title="Budget Protest League">Budget Protest League</a>; supporters of it established the <a href="/wiki/Budget_League" title="Budget League">Budget League</a>, of which Churchill became president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001161-58">[56]</a> The budget passed in the House of Commons but was rejected by the Conservative <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">peers</a> who dominated the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>; this threatened Churchill's social reforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991205,_210Jenkins2001164-59">[57]</a> Churchill warned that such upper-class obstruction would anger working-class Britons and could lead to <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991206-60">[58]</a> To deal with the deadlock, the government called a <a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">January 1910 general election</a>, which resulted in a narrow Liberal victory; Churchill retained his seat at Dundee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991211Jenkins2001167-61">[59]</a> After the election, he proposed the abolition of the House of Lords in a cabinet memorandum, suggesting that it be replaced either by a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> system or by a new, smaller second chamber that lacked an in-built advantage for the Conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001167–168-62">[60]</a> In April, the Lords relented and the budget was passed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991216–217-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_Secretary:_1910–1911">Home Secretary: 1910–1911</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Home Secretary: 1910–1911">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> ... I wanted to draw the attention of the country, by means of cases perfectly legitimate in themselves, to the evil by which 7,000 lads of the poorer classes are sent to <a href="/wiki/Gaol" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaol">gaol</a> every year for offences for which, if the noble Lord had committed them at College, he would not have been subjected to the slightest degree of inconvenience. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Winston Churchill in the House of Commons, 1910<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991225Jenkins2001182-64">[62]</a></cite> </div> In February 1910, Churchill was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, giving him control over the police and prison services,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz,_Jr.1958429Gilbert1991211Jenkins2001169-65">[63]</a> and he implemented a prison reform programme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz,_Jr.1958428–429Gilbert1991212Jenkins2001179-66">[64]</a> He introduced a distinction between criminal and <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>, with prison rules for the latter being relaxed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz,_Jr.1958434Gilbert1991212-67">[65]</a> He tried to establish libraries for prisoners,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991212Jenkins2001181-68">[66]</a> and introduced a measure ensuring that each prison must put on either a lecture or a concert for the entertainment of prisoners four times a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz,_Jr.1958434Gilbert1991215-69">[67]</a> He reduced the length of <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a> for first offenders to one month and for recidivists to three months,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz,_Jr.1958434Gilbert1991212Jenkins2001181-70">[68]</a> and spoke out against what he regarded as the excessively lengthy sentences meted out to perpetrators of certain crimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz,_Jr.1958436Gilbert1991212-71">[69]</a> He proposed the abolition of automatic imprisonment of those who failed to pay fines,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991213-72">[70]</a> and put a stop to the imprisonment of those aged between 16 and 21 except in cases where they had committed the most serious offences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz,_Jr.1958433Gilbert1991213–214-73">[71]</a> Of the 43 <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Capital punishment in the United Kingdom">capital sentences</a> passed while he was Home Secretary, he commuted 21 of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001183-74">[72]</a> One of the major domestic issues in Britain was <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">that of women's suffrage</a>. By this point, Churchill supported giving women the vote, although would only back a bill to that effect if it had majority support from the (male) electorate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991221–222-75">[73]</a> His proposed solution was a referendum on the issue, but this found no favour with Asquith and women's suffrage remained unresolved until 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001186-76">[74]</a> Many Suffragettes took Churchill for a committed opponent of women's suffrage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991221-77">[75]</a> and targeted his meetings for protest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001186-76">[74]</a> In November 1910, the suffragist <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Franklin_(suffragist)" title="Hugh Franklin (suffragist)">Hugh Franklin</a> attacked Churchill with a whip; Franklin was arrested and imprisoned for six weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991221-77">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Sidney_Street_%E2%80%93_Churchill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Siege_of_Sidney_Street_%E2%80%93_Churchill.jpg/260px-Siege_of_Sidney_Street_%E2%80%93_Churchill.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Siege_of_Sidney_Street_%E2%80%93_Churchill.jpg/390px-Siege_of_Sidney_Street_%E2%80%93_Churchill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Siege_of_Sidney_Street_%E2%80%93_Churchill.jpg/520px-Siege_of_Sidney_Street_%E2%80%93_Churchill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="2482" /></a><figcaption>Churchill (second left) photographed at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sidney_Street" title="Siege of Sidney Street">Siege of Sidney Street</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the summer of 1910, Churchill spent two months on de Forest's yacht in the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991217Jenkins2001186-78">[76]</a> Back in Britain, he was tasked with dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Tonypandy_riots" title="Tonypandy riots">Tonypandy Riot</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Coal_miners" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal miners">coal miners</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rhondda" title="Rhondda">Rhondda</a> Valley violently protested against their working conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991219Jenkins2001195-79">[77]</a> The Chief Constable of Glamorgan requested troops to help police quell the rioting. Churchill, learning that the troops were already travelling, allowed them to go as far as <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, but blocked their deployment; he was concerned that the use of troops could lead to bloodshed. Instead he sent 270 London police—who were not equipped with firearms—to assist their Welsh counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991219Jenkins2001198-80">[78]</a> As the riots continued, he offered the protesters an interview with the government's chief industrial arbitrator, which they accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991220-81">[79]</a> Privately, Churchill regarded both the mine owners and striking miners as being "very unreasonable".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991221-77">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> and other media outlets accused him of being too soft on the rioters;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001199-82">[80]</a> conversely, many in the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, which was linked to the trade unions, regarded him as having been too heavy-handed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197038-83">[81]</a> Asquith called a <a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">general election for December 1910</a>, in which the Liberals were re-elected and Churchill again secured his Dundee seat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991222Jenkins2001190–191,_193-84">[82]</a> In January 1911, Churchill became involved with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sidney_Street" title="Siege of Sidney Street">Siege of Sidney Street</a>; three Latvian burglars had killed several police officers and hidden in a house in London's <a href="/wiki/East_End" class="mw-redirect" title="East End">East End</a>, which was surrounded by police.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991222Jenkins2001194-85">[83]</a> Churchill joined the police although did not direct their operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991224Jenkins2001195-86">[84]</a> After the house caught on fire, he told the fire brigade not to proceed into the house because of the threat that the armed Latvians posed to them. After the event, two of the burglars were found dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991224Jenkins2001195-86">[84]</a> Although he faced criticism for his decision, he stated that he "thought it better to let the house burn down rather than spend good British lives in rescuing those ferocious rascals".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991224-87">[85]</a> In March 1911, he introduced the second reading of the <a href="/wiki/Coal_Mines_Act_1911" title="Coal Mines Act 1911">Coal Mines Bill</a> to parliament, which—when implemented into law—introduced stricter safety standards to coal mines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991226Jenkins2001177–178-88">[86]</a> He also formulated the <a href="/wiki/Shops_Act_1911" title="Shops Act 1911">Shops Bill</a> to improve the working conditions of shop workers; it faced opposition from shop owners and only passed into law in a much emasculated form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991226Jenkins2001178-89">[87]</a> To maintain pressure on this issue, he became president of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Closing_Association" title="Early Closing Association">Early Closing Association</a> and remained in that position until the early 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001178-90">[88]</a> In April, Lloyd George introduced the first health and unemployment insurance legislation, the <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Act_1911" title="National Insurance Act 1911">National Insurance Act 1911</a>; Churchill had been instrumental in drafting it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991226Jenkins2001178-89">[87]</a> In May, his wife gave birth to their second child, <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Churchill" title="Randolph Churchill">Randolph</a>, named after Churchill's father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991227Jenkins2001203-91">[89]</a> In 1911, he was tasked with dealing with escalating civil strife, sending troops into Liverpool to <a href="/wiki/1911_Liverpool_general_transport_strike" title="1911 Liverpool general transport strike">quell protesting dockers</a> and rallying against <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_strike_of_1911" title="National Railway strike of 1911">a national railway strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991230–233Jenkins2001200–201-92">[90]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> emerged, which threatened the outbreak of war between Germany and France, Churchill suggested that—should negotiations fail—the UK should form an alliance with France and Russia and safeguard the independence of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Denmark in the face of possible German expansionism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991235-93">[91]</a> The Agadir Crisis had a dramatic effect on Churchill and his views about the need for naval expansion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001202-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Lord of the Admiralty">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiralty_House_-_Music_Room.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Admiralty_House_-_Music_Room.jpeg/220px-Admiralty_House_-_Music_Room.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Admiralty_House_-_Music_Room.jpeg/330px-Admiralty_House_-_Music_Room.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Admiralty_House_-_Music_Room.jpeg/440px-Admiralty_House_-_Music_Room.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>As First Lord of the Admiralty, Churchill's London residency became Admiralty House (music room pictured).</figcaption></figure> In October 1911, Asquith appointed Churchill <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_First_Lords_of_the_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the First Lords of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991239Jenkins2001205Bell2011335-95">[93]</a> He settled into his official London residence at <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_House,_London" title="Admiralty House, London">Admiralty House</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991249Jenkins2001207-96">[94]</a> and established his new office aboard the admiralty yacht, the Enchantress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991240Jenkins2001207-97">[95]</a> Over the next two and a half years he focused on naval preparation, visiting naval stations and dockyards, seeking to improve naval morale, and scrutinising German naval developments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199123-98">[96]</a> After the German government passed the <a href="/wiki/German_Naval_Laws" title="German Naval Laws">German Navy Law</a> to increase warship production, Churchill vowed that Britain would do the same and that for every new battleship built by the Germans, Britain would build two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991243Bell2011336-99">[97]</a> Believing an <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a> of "the landlord ascendancy" had taken over Germany, he hoped that war would be averted if Germany's "democratic forces" could re-assert control of its government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991241–242-100">[98]</a> To discourage conflict, he invited Germany to engage in a mutual de-escalation of the two countries naval building projects, but his offer was rebuffed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991243–45-101">[99]</a> As part of his naval reforms, he pushed for higher pay and greater recreational facilities for naval staff,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991247-102">[100]</a> an increase in the building of submarines,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991242Bell2011249–251-103">[101]</a> and a renewed focus on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service" title="Royal Naval Air Service">Royal Naval Air Service</a>, encouraging them to experiment with how aircraft could be used for military purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991240-104">[102]</a> He coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplane</a>" and ordered 100 to be constructed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991251-105">[103]</a> In 1913 he began taking flying lessons at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Eastchurch" title="RAF Eastchurch">Eastchurch air station</a>, although close friends urged him to stop given the dangers involved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991248,_253-106">[104]</a> Some Liberals objected to his levels of naval expenditure; in December 1913 he threatened to resign if his proposal for four new battleships in 1914–15 was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991253–254Bell2011342–343-107">[105]</a> In June 1914, he convinced the House of Commons to authorise the government purchase of a 51 per cent share in the profits of oil produced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>, to secure continued oil access for the Royal Navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991260–261-108">[106]</a> As a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>, he participated in the drafting of the <a href="/wiki/Mental_Deficiency_Act_1913" title="Mental Deficiency Act 1913">Mental Deficiency Act 1913</a>; however, the Act, in the form eventually passed, rejected his preferred method of <a href="/wiki/Human_sterilisation_(surgical_procedure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sterilisation (surgical procedure)">sterilisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Feeble-minded" title="Feeble-minded">feeble-minded</a> in favour of their confinement in institutions.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> I admit that the perfectly genuine apprehensions of the majority of the people of North-East Ulster constitute the most serious obstacle to a thoroughly satisfactory settlement ... But whatever Ulster's rights may be, she cannot stand in the way of the whole of the rest of Ireland. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Winston Churchill, introducing the second reading of the Home Rule Bill, April 1912<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197044-110">[108]</a></cite> </div> Taking centre stage was the issue of how Britain's government should respond to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_home_rule_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish home rule movement">Irish home rule movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991256Jenkins2001233-111">[109]</a> In 1912, Asquith's government forwarded the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule Bill</a>, which if passed into law would grant Irish home rule. Churchill supported the bill and urged <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Ulster Unionists</a>—a largely Protestant community who desired continued political unity with Britain—to accept it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197044–45Gilbert1991249–250Jenkins2001233–234-112">[110]</a> He opposed partition of Ireland, and in 1913 suggested that Ulster have some autonomy from an independent Irish government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991250-113">[111]</a> Many Ulster Unionists rejected any option that left them under the jurisdiction of a Dublin-based government and the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteers</a> threatened an uprising to establish an independent Protestant state in Ulster.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991254–255-114">[112]</a> Churchill was the Cabinet minister tasked with giving an ultimatum to those threatening violence, doing so in a <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a> speech in March 1914.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991255-115">[113]</a> Following a Cabinet decision, he boosted the naval presence in Ireland to deal with any Unionist uprising; Conservatives accused him of trying to initiate an "Ulster Pogrom".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197047–49Gilbert1991256–257-116">[114]</a> Seeking further compromise to calm the Ulster Volunteers, Churchill suggested that Ireland remain part of a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a> United Kingdom; this in turn angered Liberals and Irish nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991257–258-117">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outbreak_of_the_First_World_War">Outbreak of the First World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Outbreak of the First World War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> I cannot feel that we in this island [i.e. Britain] are in any serious degree responsible for the wave of madness which has swept the mind of Christendom. No one can measure the consequences. I wondered whether those stupid Kings and Emperors could not assemble together and revivify kingship by saving the nations from hell but we all drift on in a kind of dull cataleptic trance. As if it was somebody else's operations. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Winston Churchill to his wife, July 1914<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197052Gilbert1991268-118">[116]</a></cite> </div> Following the June 1914 <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria</a> there was growing talk of war in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991261-119">[117]</a> Churchill began readying the navy for conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991266–267-120">[118]</a> Although there was strong opposition within the Liberal Party to involvement in the conflict,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991269-121">[119]</a> the British Cabinet declared war when <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">Germany invaded Belgium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991273–275-122">[120]</a> Churchill was tasked with overseeing Britain's naval warfare effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991277-123">[121]</a> In two weeks, the navy transported 120,000 British troops across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> to France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991277-123">[121]</a> In August, he oversaw a naval blockade of German North Sea ports to prevent them from transporting food by sea;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991278-124">[122]</a> he also sent submarines to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> to assist the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a> against German warships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991278-124">[122]</a> Also in August, he sent the Marine Brigade to <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> to force the Germans to reallocate some of their troops away from their main southward thrust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991279-125">[123]</a> In September, Churchill took over full responsibility for Britain's aerial defence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991279-125">[123]</a> making several visits to France to oversee the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991280–282-126">[124]</a> While in Britain, he spoke at all-party recruiting rallies in London and Liverpool,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991280–281-127">[125]</a> and his wife gave birth to their third child, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Churchill_(actress)" title="Sarah Churchill (actress)">Sarah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991285-128">[126]</a> In October he visited <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> to observe <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1914)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1914)">Belgian defences against the besieging Germans</a>; he promised Belgian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Broqueville" title="Charles de Broqueville">Charles de Broqueville</a> that Britain would provide reinforcements for the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197062Gilbert1991282–285Jenkins2001249-129">[127]</a> The German assault continued, and shortly after Churchill left the city he agreed to a British retreat, allowing the Germans to take Antwerp; many in the press criticised Churchill for this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197062Gilbert1991286Jenkins2001250–251-130">[128]</a> Churchill maintained that his actions prolonged the resistance, thus enabling the Allies to secure Calais and Dunkirk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197062-131">[129]</a> In November, Asquith called a War Council, consisting of himself, Lloyd George, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Edward Grey</a>, Kitchener, and Churchill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991289-132">[130]</a> Churchill proposed a plan to seize the island of <a href="/wiki/Borkum" title="Borkum">Borkum</a> and use it as a post from which to attack Germany's northern coastline, believing that this strategy should shorten the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991290Jenkins2001255-133">[131]</a> Churchill also encouraged the development of the <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a>, which he believed would be useful in overcoming the problems of trench warfare, and financed its creation with admiralty funds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991293,_298–99-134">[132]</a> To relieve Turkish pressure on the Russians in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a>, Churchill was part of a plan to distract the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Turkish Army</a> by attacking in the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>, with the hope that if successful the British could seize <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197064–67Gilbert1991291–292Jenkins2001255,_261-135">[133]</a> In March, a fleet of 13 battleships attacked in the Dardanelles but faced severe problems from submerged mines; in April, the 29th Division began its <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">assault at Gallipoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197072–74Gilbert1991304,_310-136">[134]</a> Many MPs, particularly Conservatives, blamed Churchill for the failure of these campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197078Gilbert1991309-137">[135]</a> Amid growing Conservative pressure, in May, Asquith agreed to form an all-party <a href="/wiki/Asquith_coalition_ministry" title="Asquith coalition ministry">coalition government</a>; the Conservatives' one condition of entry was that Churchill be demoted from his position at the Admiralty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197079Gilbert1991316–316Jenkins2001273–274-138">[136]</a> Churchill pleaded his case with both Asquith and Conservative leader <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a>, but ultimately accepted his demotion to the position of <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991319–320Jenkins2001276-139">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_service,_1915–1916">Military service, 1915–1916</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military service, 1915–1916">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WinstonChurchill1916Army.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/WinstonChurchill1916Army.gif/220px-WinstonChurchill1916Army.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/WinstonChurchill1916Army.gif/330px-WinstonChurchill1916Army.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/WinstonChurchill1916Army.gif/440px-WinstonChurchill1916Army.gif 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1453" /></a><figcaption>Churchill commanding the 6th Battalion, the Royal Scots Fusiliers, 1916. His second-in-command, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso" title="Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso">Archibald Sinclair</a>, is sitting on his right.</figcaption></figure> In November 1915, Churchill resigned from the government, although he remained an MP; Asquith rejected his request to be appointed <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_Kenya" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of Kenya">Governor-General</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">British East Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991328-140">[138]</a> Moving into his brother's home in <a href="/wiki/South_Kensington" title="South Kensington">South Kensington</a>, he and his family spent weekends at a Tudor farmhouse near <a href="/wiki/Godalming" title="Godalming">Godalming</a>, where he took up painting, which became a lifelong hobby.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991320–322-141">[139]</a> In November Churchill joined the 2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">Grenadier Guards</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991329–332-142">[140]</a> After a brief trip back to London for Christmas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991339-143">[141]</a> in January 1916 he was promoted temporarily to lieutenant-colonel and placed in command of the 6th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Fusiliers" title="Royal Scots Fusiliers">Royal Scots Fusiliers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991340–341-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> After a period of training, the Battalion was moved to a sector of the Front near <a href="/wiki/Ploegsteert" title="Ploegsteert">Ploegsteert</a> in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991342–245-146">[144]</a> Churchill spent three and a half months at the Front; his Battalion faced continual shelling although no German offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991346-147">[145]</a> He narrowly escaped death when, during a visit by his staff officer cousin the 9th Duke of Marlborough, a large piece of <a href="/wiki/Shrapnel_shell" title="Shrapnel shell">shrapnel</a> fell between them.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> In March he returned home briefly, making a speech on naval issues to the House of Commons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197088Gilbert1991350–355-149">[147]</a> In May, the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers were merged into the 15th Division. Churchill did not request a new command, instead securing permission to leave active service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991360-150">[148]</a> His temporary promotion ended on 16 May, when he returned to the rank of major.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Back in the House of Commons, Churchill spoke out on war issues, calling for conscription to be extended to the Irish, greater recognition of soldiers' bravery, and for the introduction of steel helmets for troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991361,_364–365-152">[150]</a> He nevertheless was frustrated that there was little for him to do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991363-153">[151]</a> The failure of the Dardanelles hung over him, with the issue repeatedly being raised by the Conservatives and pro-Conservative press.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197086Gilbert1991361,_363,_367-154">[152]</a> He argued his case before the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Commission" title="Dardanelles Commission">Dardanelles Commission</a>, whose published report placed no blame on him for the campaign's failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197089Gilbert1991366,_370-155">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lloyd_George_government:_1916–1922">Lloyd George government: 1916–1922</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lloyd George government: 1916–1922">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Munitions:_1917–1919">Minister of Munitions: 1917–1919</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Minister of Munitions: 1917–1919">edit</a>]</div> Asquith resigned and Lloyd George became Prime Minister in October 1916; in May 1917, the latter sent Churchill to inspect the French war effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991373-156">[154]</a> In July, Lloyd George appointed Churchill <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Munitions" title="Minister of Munitions">Minister of Munitions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197090Gilbert1991374-157">[155]</a> In this position, Churchill made a commitment to increase munitions production, streamlined the organisation of the department, and soon negotiated an end to a strike in munitions factories along the <a href="/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde">Clyde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991376,_377-158">[156]</a> He ended a second strike, in June 1918, by threatening to conscript strikers into the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991392–393-159">[157]</a> He made repeated trips to France, visiting the Front and meeting with French political leaders, including its Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991378–397-160">[158]</a> In the House of Commons, he voted in support of the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a>, which first gave some British women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991379–380-161">[159]</a> Following British military gains, in November, Germany surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991400-162">[160]</a> Four days later, Churchill's fourth child, Marigold, was born.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991403-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_Air:_1919–1921">Secretary of State for War and Air: 1919–1921</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Secretary of State for War and Air: 1919–1921">edit</a>]</div> After the war, Lloyd George called a new election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197091Gilbert1991403-164">[162]</a> During the election campaign, Churchill called for the nationalisation of the railways, a control on monopolies, tax reform, and the creation of a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> to prevent future wars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991404-165">[163]</a> In the election, Churchill was returned as MP for Dundee and Lloyd George retained as Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991404-165">[163]</a> In January 1919, Lloyd George then moved Churchill to the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> as both <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Secretary of State for Air">Secretary of State for Air</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970100Gilbert1991404–405-166">[164]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Industry_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War_Q84077.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/War_Industry_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War_Q84077.jpg/220px-War_Industry_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War_Q84077.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/War_Industry_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War_Q84077.jpg/330px-War_Industry_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War_Q84077.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/War_Industry_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War_Q84077.jpg/440px-War_Industry_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War_Q84077.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Churchill meets female workers at Georgetown's filling works near <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> in October 1918.</figcaption></figure> Churchill was responsible for demobilising the British Army,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970101Gilbert1991406-167">[165]</a> although he convinced Lloyd George to keep a million men conscripted to use as a <a href="/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine" title="British Army of the Rhine">British Army of the Rhine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991406–407-168">[166]</a> Churchill was one of the few government figures who opposed harsh measures against the defeated Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991403-163">[161]</a> He stated that he opposed any punitive measures that would reduce "the mass of the working-class population of Germany to a condition of sweated labour and servitude".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991404-165">[163]</a> He also cautioned against demobilising the German Army, warning that they may be needed as a bulwark against threats from the newly established <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991401-169">[167]</a> Churchill was an outspoken opponent of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s new <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> government in Russia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970105–106Gilbert1991411-170">[168]</a> stating that "of all the tyrannies in history, the Bolshevik tyranny is the worst".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991411-171">[169]</a> British troops were already in parts of the former <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, assisting the anti-Communist <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White forces</a> amid the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970102,_104Gilbert1991405-172">[170]</a> On 27 August 1919, British aerial attacks began on the village of <a href="/wiki/Emtsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emtsa">Emtsa</a>, using a weapon called the "M Device", an exploding shell with a toxic gas known as <a href="/wiki/Adamsite" title="Adamsite">diphenylaminechlorarsine</a>. The attacks continued into September on the villages of Chunova, Vikhtova, Pocha, Chorga, Tavoigor, and Zapolki.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> Although initially committed to British involvement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970106-174">[172]</a> Churchill concluded there was insufficient British desire for another war, and convinced Lloyd George to bring the British troops home, albeit continuing to provide the Whites with arms and supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970107–108Gilbert1991408,_410-175">[173]</a> In his words, "if Russia is to be saved [from the Communists], as I pray she may be saved, she must be saved by Russians", not by foreign troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991410-176">[174]</a> He took responsibility for evacuating the 14,000 British troops from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991411–412-177">[175]</a> After the Soviets won the civil war, Churchill proposed a <a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(international_relations)" title="Cordon sanitaire (international relations)">cordon sanitaire</a> around the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970123Gilbert1991420-178">[176]</a> Churchill's attentions were also turned to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>, where he supported the use of the para-military <a href="/wiki/Black_and_Tans" title="Black and Tans">Black and Tans</a> to combat Irish revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970126–127Gilbert1991422,_425Jordan199570–75-179">[177]</a> After British troops in Iraq clashed with <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> rebels, Churchill authorised two squadrons to the area, proposing that they be equipped with <a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">mustard gas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas in Mesopotamia">use against the rebels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991424–425Douglas2009861-180">[178]</a> More broadly, he saw the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">occupation of Iraq</a> as a drain on Britain and proposed, unsuccessfully, that the government should hand control of central and northern Iraq back to Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991428-181">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies:_1921–1922">Secretary of State for the Colonies: 1921–1922</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Secretary of State for the Colonies: 1921–1922">edit</a>]</div> Churchill became <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> in February 1921.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991431-182">[180]</a> The following month, the first exhibit of his paintings was held; it took place in Paris, with Churchill exhibiting under a pseudonym.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991431-182">[180]</a> In May, his mother died, followed in August by his daughter Marigold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991438,_439-183">[181]</a> A key issue that year was the ongoing Irish War of Independence. To end it, Churchill pushed for a truce, which came into effect in July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970129–130Gilbert1991440-184">[182]</a> In October, he was among the seven British negotiators who met <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> leaders in Downing Street.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991441-185">[183]</a> He suggested Ireland be given home rule within the Empire but with the six Protestant-majority counties of Ulster having some autonomy from a Dublin government: the Ulster Unionists rejected this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991441-185">[183]</a> It was then agreed that Ireland would be partitioned; most of the country would form the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, while the Protestant-majority areas would form <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and remain part of the UK. This was written into the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a>, which Churchill helped draft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991441-185">[183]</a> After the treaty, Churchill successfully called for Sinn Féin members who were guilty of murder to have their death penalties waived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991441-185">[183]</a> As Ireland <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">descended into civil war</a> between supporters and republican opponents of the treaty, Churchill supplied weapons to the forces of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a>' pro-treaty government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970131–132Gilbert1991448,_449-186">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartwell02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chartwell02.JPG/220px-Chartwell02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chartwell02.JPG/330px-Chartwell02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chartwell02.JPG/440px-Chartwell02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Churchill's main home was <a href="/wiki/Chartwell" title="Chartwell">Chartwell</a> in Kent. He purchased it in 1922 after his daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Churchill">Mary</a> was born.</figcaption></figure> Churchill was responsible for reducing the cost of occupying the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991431-182">[180]</a> He urged removing most British troops from Iraq and installing an Arab government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991431-182">[180]</a> In March he met British officials responsible for governing Iraq in Cairo. They agreed to install <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal</a> as King of Iraq and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Abdullah</a>, as King of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970133Gilbert1991432–434-187">[185]</a> From there he travelled to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, where Arab Palestinians petitioned him not to allow further Jewish migration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991434–435-188">[186]</a> A supporter of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, he dismissed this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991435-189">[187]</a> Churchill believed that he could encourage Jewish migration to Palestine while allaying Arab fears that they would become a dominated minority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991432-190">[188]</a> Only following the <a href="/wiki/1921_Jaffa_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1921 Jaffa riots">1921 Jaffa riots</a> did he agree to temporary restrictions on Jewish migration to Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991437-191">[189]</a> With Turkey seeking to expand into areas lost during the First World War, Churchill backed Lloyd George in holding British control of Constantinople. Turkish troops advanced towards the British, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a>, with Churchill calling on British troops to stay firm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970139–146Gilbert1991450–453-192">[190]</a> In late 1921 Lloyd George made Churchill chair of a Cabinet Committee on Defence Estimates, which met in January 1922 to determine how much military expenditure could be cut without jeopardising national security.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991442-193">[191]</a> In December 1921 he holidayed in the south of France, where he began writing a book about his experiences during the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991443-194">[192]</a> In September 1922 his fifth child, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Churchill">Mary</a>, was born, and that month he purchased a new house, <a href="/wiki/Chartwell" title="Chartwell">Chartwell</a>, in Kent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991450-195">[193]</a> In October 1922 Churchill underwent an <a href="/wiki/Appendectomy" title="Appendectomy">operation for appendicitis</a>. While this was occurring, the Conservatives withdrew from Lloyd George's coalition government, precipitating the <a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">November 1922 general election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970147Gilbert1991453-196">[194]</a> in which Churchill <a href="/wiki/Dundee_in_the_1922_general_election" title="Dundee in the 1922 general election">lost his Dundee seat</a> to <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prohibition_Party" title="Scottish Prohibition Party">prohibitionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Scrymgeour" title="Edwin Scrymgeour">Edwin Scrymgeour</a>, coming fourth in terms of vote share.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970148–149Gilbert1991456-197">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Out_of_Parliament:_1922–1924">Out of Parliament: 1922–1924</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Out of Parliament: 1922–1924">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchill_with_children_Randolph_and_Diana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Churchill_with_children_Randolph_and_Diana.jpg/220px-Churchill_with_children_Randolph_and_Diana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Churchill_with_children_Randolph_and_Diana.jpg/330px-Churchill_with_children_Randolph_and_Diana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Churchill_with_children_Randolph_and_Diana.jpg/440px-Churchill_with_children_Randolph_and_Diana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Churchill with children <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Churchill" title="Randolph Churchill">Randolph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diana_Churchill" title="Diana Churchill">Diana</a> in 1923.</figcaption></figure> Churchill spent the next six months largely at the Villa Rêve d'Or near <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a>, where he devoted himself to painting and writing his memoirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991457-198">[196]</a> He produced a five-volume series of books about the war, its build-up, and its aftermath, titled The World Crisis; the first volume appeared in April 1923 and the others over the course of ten years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991456-199">[197]</a> After a <a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923 general election</a> was called, seven Liberal associations asked Churchill to stand as their candidate, and he selected that at <a href="/wiki/Leicester_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Leicester West (UK Parliament constituency)">Leicester West</a>. He did not win the seat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970150–151Gilbert1991459Jenkins2001382–384-200">[198]</a> A Labour government led by <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> took power, although Churchill had hoped they would be kept out of office by a coalition of the Conservatives and Liberals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991460-201">[199]</a> He strongly opposed the MacDonald government's decision to loan money to Soviet Russia and feared the signing of an Anglo-Soviet Treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991462–463-202">[200]</a> In 1924, Churchill stood as an independent candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1924_Westminster_Abbey_by-election" title="1924 Westminster Abbey by-election">Westminster Abbey by-election</a> but was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970151–153Gilbert1991460–461-203">[201]</a> In May he then addressed a Conservative meeting in Liverpool—the first time he had spoken to a Conservative group for twenty years—in which he declared that there was no longer a place for the Liberal Party in British politics and that Liberals must therefore back the Conservatives to stop Labour and ensure "the successful defeat of Socialism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970154Gilbert1991462-204">[202]</a> In July, he agreed with Conservative leader <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> that he would be selected as the Conservative candidate for a seat—in September he was chosen for <a href="/wiki/Epping_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Epping (UK Parliament constituency)">Epping</a>—but that he did not have to stand under the Conservative banner, instead describing himself as a "<a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_(UK)" title="Constitutionalist (UK)">Constitutionalist</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970154Gilbert1991462–463Ball2001311-205">[203]</a> The general election occurred in October, with Churchill winning in Epping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970154Gilbert1991464Ball2001311-206">[204]</a> The Conservatives were victorious, with Baldwin forming the new government. Although Churchill had no background in finance or economics, Baldwin appointed him as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> on 6 November 1924.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970155,_158Gilbert1991465-207">[205]</a> Churchill moved into <a href="/wiki/11_Downing_Street" title="11 Downing Street">11 Downing Street</a> and formally rejoined the Conservative Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991467-208">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Hill sees Churchill’s position on free trade land taxation as being the way to remove poverty as correct.<a href="#cite_note-hill-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> He published For Free Trade, a collection of his speeches on the topic.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200188-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins200188_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCannadine2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cannadine" title="David Cannadine">Cannadine, David</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aristocraticadve0000cann/mode/2up">The Aristocratic Adventurer</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-141-02215-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-141-02215-9"><bdi>0-141-02215-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aristocratic+Adventurer&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-141-02215-9&rft.aulast=Cannadine&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faristocraticadve0000cann%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"> Originally an essay entitled "Churchill: The Aristocratic Adventurer" in Aspects of Aristocracy. Penguin 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-hill-3"><a href="#cite_ref-hill_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1999" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Malcolm (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchillhisradi0000hill/mode/2up">Churchill: His Radical Decade</a>. London: Othila Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901647-18-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-901647-18-8"><bdi>1-901647-18-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%3A+His+Radical+Decade&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Othila+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-901647-18-8&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchillhisradi0000hill%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrafstein1993" class="citation speech cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Grafstein" title="Jerry Grafstein">Grafstein, Jerry S.</a> (27 October 1993). Churchill as Liberal (Speech). University Club of Toronto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Churchill+as+Liberal&rft.place=University+Club+of+Toronto&rft.date=1993-10-27&rft.aulast=Grafstein&rft.aufirst=Jerry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991152–165-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991152–165_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 152–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson, Paul</a> (2010). Churchill. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-43117-99-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-01-43117-99-5"><bdi>978-01-43117-99-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-01-43117-99-5&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savrola.co.uk/worksofwsc.php?article=fft">"The Works of WSC – For Free Trade"</a>. Savrola. Retrieved 24 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+WSC+%E2%80%93+For+Free+Trade&rft.pub=Savrola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.savrola.co.uk%2Fworksofwsc.php%3Farticle%3Dfft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991173–174Jenkins2001103-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991173–174Jenkins2001103_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 173–174; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991174,_176-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991174,_176_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 174, 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991162–163-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991162–163_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 162–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991175Jenkins2001109-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991175Jenkins2001109_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 175; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197016Gilbert1991175-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197016Gilbert1991175_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991171Jenkins2001100-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991171Jenkins2001100_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 171; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001102–103-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001102–103_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, pp. 102–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991172-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991172_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197023Gilbert1991174Jenkins2001104-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197023Gilbert1991174Jenkins2001104_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 174; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001104–105-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001104–105_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991174Jenkins2001105-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991174Jenkins2001105_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 174; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991176Jenkins2001113–115,_120-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991176Jenkins2001113–115,_120_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 176; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, pp. 113–115, 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991182-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991182_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991177-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991177_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991177Jenkins2001111–113-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991177Jenkins2001111–113_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 177; 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<a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 212; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz,_Jr.1958434Gilbert1991212-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoritz,_Jr.1958434Gilbert1991212_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoritz,_Jr.1958">Moritz, Jr. 1958</a>, p. 434; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991212Jenkins2001181-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991212Jenkins2001181_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 212; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz,_Jr.1958434Gilbert1991215-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoritz,_Jr.1958434Gilbert1991215_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoritz,_Jr.1958">Moritz, Jr. 1958</a>, p. 434; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz,_Jr.1958434Gilbert1991212Jenkins2001181-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoritz,_Jr.1958434Gilbert1991212Jenkins2001181_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoritz,_Jr.1958">Moritz, Jr. 1958</a>, p. 434; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 212; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz,_Jr.1958436Gilbert1991212-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoritz,_Jr.1958436Gilbert1991212_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoritz,_Jr.1958">Moritz, Jr. 1958</a>, p. 436; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991213-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991213_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz,_Jr.1958433Gilbert1991213–214-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoritz,_Jr.1958433Gilbert1991213–214_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoritz,_Jr.1958">Moritz, Jr. 1958</a>, p. 433; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 213–214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001183-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001183_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991221–222-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991221–222_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 221–222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001186-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001186_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001186_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991221-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991221_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991221_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991221_77-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991217Jenkins2001186-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991217Jenkins2001186_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 217; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991219Jenkins2001195-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991219Jenkins2001195_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 219; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991219Jenkins2001198-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991219Jenkins2001198_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 219; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991220-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991220_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001199-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001199_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197038-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197038_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991222Jenkins2001190–191,_193-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991222Jenkins2001190–191,_193_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 222; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, pp. 190–191, 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991222Jenkins2001194-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991222Jenkins2001194_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 222; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991224Jenkins2001195-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991224Jenkins2001195_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991224Jenkins2001195_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 224; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991224-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991224_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991226Jenkins2001177–178-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991226Jenkins2001177–178_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 226; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, pp. 177–178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991226Jenkins2001178-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991226Jenkins2001178_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991226Jenkins2001178_89-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 226; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001178-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001178_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991227Jenkins2001203-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991227Jenkins2001203_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 227; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991230–233Jenkins2001200–201-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991230–233Jenkins2001200–201_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 230–233; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, pp. 200–201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991235-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991235_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001202-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001202_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991239Jenkins2001205Bell2011335-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991239Jenkins2001205Bell2011335_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 239; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 205; <a href="#CITEREFBell2011">Bell 2011</a>, p. 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991249Jenkins2001207-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991249Jenkins2001207_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 249; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991240Jenkins2001207-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991240Jenkins2001207_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 240; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199123-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199123_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991243Bell2011336-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991243Bell2011336_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 243; <a href="#CITEREFBell2011">Bell 2011</a>, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991241–242-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991241–242_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 241–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991243–45-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991243–45_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 243–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991247-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991247_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991242Bell2011249–251-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991242Bell2011249–251_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 242; <a href="#CITEREFBell2011">Bell 2011</a>, pp. 249–251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991240-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991240_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991251-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991251_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991248,_253-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991248,_253_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 248, 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991253–254Bell2011342–343-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991253–254Bell2011342–343_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 253–254; <a href="#CITEREFBell2011">Bell 2011</a>, pp. 342–343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991260–261-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991260–261_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 260–261. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (31 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour-extras/churchill-and-eugenics-1/">"Churchill and Eugenics"</a>. Chicago: The International Churchill Society. Retrieved 3 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Churchill+and+Eugenics&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+International+Churchill+Society&rft.date=2009-05-31&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinstonchurchill.org%2Fpublications%2Ffinest-hour-extras%2Fchurchill-and-eugenics-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197044-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197044_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991256Jenkins2001233-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991256Jenkins2001233_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 256; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197044–45Gilbert1991249–250Jenkins2001233–234-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197044–45Gilbert1991249–250Jenkins2001233–234_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, pp. 44–45; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 249–250; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, pp. 233–234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991250-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991250_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991254–255-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991254–255_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 254–255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991255-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991255_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197047–49Gilbert1991256–257-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197047–49Gilbert1991256–257_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, pp. 47–49; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 256–257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991257–258-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991257–258_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 257–258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197052Gilbert1991268-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197052Gilbert1991268_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 52; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991261-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991261_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991266–267-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991266–267_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 266–267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991269-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991269_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991273–275-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991273–275_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 273–275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991277-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991277_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991277_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991278-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991278_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991278_124-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991279-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991279_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991279_125-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991280–282-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991280–282_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 280–282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991280–281-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991280–281_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 280–281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991285-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991285_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197062Gilbert1991282–285Jenkins2001249-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197062Gilbert1991282–285Jenkins2001249_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 62; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 282–285; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197062Gilbert1991286Jenkins2001250–251-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197062Gilbert1991286Jenkins2001250–251_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 62; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 286; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, pp. 250–251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197062-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197062_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991289-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991289_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991290Jenkins2001255-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991290Jenkins2001255_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 290; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991293,_298–99-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991293,_298–99_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 293, 298–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197064–67Gilbert1991291–292Jenkins2001255,_261-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197064–67Gilbert1991291–292Jenkins2001255,_261_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, pp. 64–67; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 291–292; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, pp. 255, 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197072–74Gilbert1991304,_310-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197072–74Gilbert1991304,_310_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, pp. 72–74; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 304, 310. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197078Gilbert1991309-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197078Gilbert1991309_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 78; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197079Gilbert1991316–316Jenkins2001273–274-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197079Gilbert1991316–316Jenkins2001273–274_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 79; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 316–316; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, pp. 273–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991319–320Jenkins2001276-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991319–320Jenkins2001276_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 319–320; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991328-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991328_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 328. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991320–322-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991320–322_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 320–322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991329–332-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991329–332_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 329–332. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991339-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991339_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991340–341-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991340–341_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 340–341. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette29520" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29520/supplement/3260">"No. 29520"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 24 March 1916. p. 3260.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+29520&rft.pages=3260&rft.date=1916-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F29520%2Fsupplement%2F3260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991342–245-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991342–245_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 342–245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991346-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991346_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1980" class="citation book cs1">Green, David (1980). Guide to Blenheim Palace. Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire: The Blenheim Estate Office. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Blenheim+Palace&rft.place=Blenheim+Palace%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=The+Blenheim+Estate+Office&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988">The piece was subsequently displayed at Blenheim Palace. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197088Gilbert1991350–355-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197088Gilbert1991350–355_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 88; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 350–355. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991360-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991360_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 360. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette29753" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29753/supplement/9100">"No. 29753"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 16 September 1916. p. 9100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+29753&rft.pages=9100&rft.date=1916-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F29753%2Fsupplement%2F9100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991361,_364–365-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991361,_364–365_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 361, 364–365. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991363-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991363_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197086Gilbert1991361,_363,_367-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197086Gilbert1991361,_363,_367_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 86; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 361, 363, 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197089Gilbert1991366,_370-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197089Gilbert1991366,_370_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 366, 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991373-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991373_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197090Gilbert1991374-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197090Gilbert1991374_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 90; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991376,_377-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991376,_377_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 376, 377. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991392–393-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991392–393_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 392–393. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991378–397-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991378–397_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 378–397. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991379–380-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991379–380_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 379–380. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991400-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991400_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 400. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991403-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991403_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991403_163-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 403. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197091Gilbert1991403-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197091Gilbert1991403_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 91; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 403. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991404-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991404_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991404_165-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991404_165-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970100Gilbert1991404–405-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970100Gilbert1991404–405_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 100; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 404–405. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970101Gilbert1991406-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970101Gilbert1991406_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 101; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 406. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991406–407-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991406–407_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 406–407. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991401-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991401_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 401. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970105–106Gilbert1991411-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970105–106Gilbert1991411_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, pp. 105–106; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 411. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991411-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991411_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 411. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970102,_104Gilbert1991405-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970102,_104Gilbert1991405_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, pp. 102, 104; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 405. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giles_Milton" title="Giles Milton">Milton, Giles</a> (1 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2013/sep/01/winston-churchill-shocking-use-chemical-weapons">"Winston Churchill's shocking use of chemical weapons"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 22 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Winston+Churchill%27s+shocking+use+of+chemical+weapons&rft.date=2013-09-01&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Fshortcuts%2F2013%2Fsep%2F01%2Fwinston-churchill-shocking-use-chemical-weapons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970106-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970106_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970107–108Gilbert1991408,_410-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970107–108Gilbert1991408,_410_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, pp. 107–108; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 408, 410. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991410-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991410_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 410. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991411–412-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991411–412_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 411–412. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970123Gilbert1991420-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970123Gilbert1991420_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 123; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 420. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970126–127Gilbert1991422,_425Jordan199570–75-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970126–127Gilbert1991422,_425Jordan199570–75_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, pp. 126–127; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 422, 425; <a href="#CITEREFJordan1995">Jordan 1995</a>, pp. 70–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991424–425Douglas2009861-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991424–425Douglas2009861_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 424–425; <a href="#CITEREFDouglas2009">Douglas 2009</a>, p. 861. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991428-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991428_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 428. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991431-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991431_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991431_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991431_182-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991431_182-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 431. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991438,_439-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991438,_439_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 438, 439. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970129–130Gilbert1991440-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970129–130Gilbert1991440_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, pp. 129–130; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 440. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991441-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991441_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991441_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991441_185-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991441_185-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 441. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970131–132Gilbert1991448,_449-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970131–132Gilbert1991448,_449_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, pp. 131–132; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 448, 449. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970133Gilbert1991432–434-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970133Gilbert1991432–434_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 133; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 432–434. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991434–435-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991434–435_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 434–435. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991435-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991435_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 435. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991432-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991432_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991437-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991437_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 437. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970139–146Gilbert1991450–453-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970139–146Gilbert1991450–453_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, pp. 139–146; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 450–453. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991442-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991442_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 442. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991443-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991443_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 443. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991450-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991450_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970147Gilbert1991453-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970147Gilbert1991453_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 147; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 453. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970148–149Gilbert1991456-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970148–149Gilbert1991456_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, pp. 148–149; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 456. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991457-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991457_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 457. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991456-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991456_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 456. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970150–151Gilbert1991459Jenkins2001382–384-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970150–151Gilbert1991459Jenkins2001382–384_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, pp. 150–151; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 459; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, pp. 382–384. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991460-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991460_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 460. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991462–463-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991462–463_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 462–463. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970151–153Gilbert1991460–461-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970151–153Gilbert1991460–461_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, pp. 151–153; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 460–461. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970154Gilbert1991462-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970154Gilbert1991462_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 154; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 462. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970154Gilbert1991462–463Ball2001311-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970154Gilbert1991462–463Ball2001311_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 154; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 462–463; <a href="#CITEREFBall2001">Ball 2001</a>, p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970154Gilbert1991464Ball2001311-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970154Gilbert1991464Ball2001311_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 154; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 464; <a href="#CITEREFBall2001">Ball 2001</a>, p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970155,_158Gilbert1991465-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970155,_158Gilbert1991465_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, pp. 155, 158; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 465. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991467-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991467_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 467. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ball" title="Stuart Ball">Ball, Stuart</a> (2001). "Churchill and the Conservative Party". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 11. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 307–330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0080440101000160">10.1017/S0080440101000160</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679426">3679426</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153860359">153860359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Churchill+and+the+Conservative+Party&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=307-330&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153860359%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679426%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0080440101000160&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Christopher M. (2011). "Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution Reconsidered: Winston Churchill at the Admiralty, 1911–1914". War in History. 18 (3): 333–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344511401489">10.1177/0968344511401489</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159573922">159573922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Sir+John+Fisher%27s+Naval+Revolution+Reconsidered%3A+Winston+Churchill+at+the+Admiralty%2C+1911%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-356&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0968344511401489&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159573922%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Boadle, Donald Graeme. Winston Churchill and the German Question in British Foreign Policy 1918–1922 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).</li> <li>Churchill, Randolph S. Winston S. Churchill: I, Youth, 1874-1900 (Heineman, 1966) 608pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winstonschurchil0001rand_u9w5/page/n7/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Churchill, Randolph S. Winston S. Churchill: II, Young Statesman, 1901-1914 (Heineman, 1967) 775pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winstonschurchil0002unse_h5x6/page/n7/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Churchill, Randolph S. ed. Winston S. Churchill: Companion volume 1 part 1 1874-1896 (1967)</li> <li>Churchill, Randolph S. ed. Winston S. Churchill: Companion volume 2 part 1 1901–1907 (1967) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winstonschurchil0000chur_r0k6/page/n6/mode/1up">documents and primary sources online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Churchill, Randolph S. ed. Winston S. Churchill: Companion volume 2 part 2 1907-1911 (1967) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winstonschurchil0002chur_y9m8/page/n6/mode/thumb">documents and primary sources</a></li> <li>Dockter, A. Warren. "‘A Great Turkish Policy’: Winston Churchill, the Ottoman Empire and the Origins of the Dardanelles Campaign." History 102.349 (2017): 68-91. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.aber.ac.uk/portal/files/31354591/DOCKTER_2017_History.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas2009" class="citation journal cs1">Douglas, R. M. (2009). "Did Britain Use Chemical Weapons in Mandatory Iraq?". The Journal of Modern History. 81 (4): 859–887. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F605488">10.1086/605488</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154708409">154708409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Did+Britain+Use+Chemical+Weapons+in+Mandatory+Iraq%3F&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=859-887&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F605488&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154708409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchilllife0000gilb_y5x6/mode/2up">Churchill: A Life</a>. London: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-04-34291-83-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-04-34291-83-0"><bdi>978-04-34291-83-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%3A+A+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-04-34291-83-0&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchilllife0000gilb_y5x6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li>Hyam, Ronald. "Winston Churchill Before 1914." The Historical Journal 12.1 (1969): 164-173. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0018246X00004167">link</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins, Roy</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchill0000jenk/mode/2up">Churchill</a>. London: Macmillan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-78290-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-78290-9"><bdi>0-333-78290-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-333-78290-9&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchill0000jenk%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Jordan" title="Anthony J. Jordan">Jordan, Anthony J.</a> (1995). Churchill, A Founder of Modern Ireland. Westport, Mayo: Westport Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-09-52444-70-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-09-52444-70-1"><bdi>978-09-52444-70-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%2C+A+Founder+of+Modern+Ireland&rft.place=Westport%2C+Mayo&rft.pub=Westport+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-09-52444-70-1&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoritz,_Jr.1958" class="citation journal cs1">Moritz, Jr., Edward (1958). "Winston Churchill – Prison Reformer". The Historian. 20 (4). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley: 428–440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1958.tb01990.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1958.tb01990.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24437567">24437567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=Winston+Churchill+%E2%80%93+Prison+Reformer&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=428-440&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1958.tb01990.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24437567%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Moritz%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li>Reguer, Sara. Winston S. Churchill and the Shaping of the Middle East, 1919-1922 (Academic Studies Press, 2021).</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes_James1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rhodes_James" title="Robert Rhodes James">Rhodes James, Robert</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchillstudyin0000jame/page/n5/mode/2up">Churchill: A Study in Failure 1900–1939</a>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-17944-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-17944-6"><bdi>0-297-17944-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%3A+A+Study+in+Failure+1900%E2%80%931939&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-297-17944-6&rft.aulast=Rhodes+James&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchillstudyin0000jame%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li>Ruotsila, Markku. "The Churchill-Mannerheim collaboration in the Russian intervention, 1919-1920." Slavonic and East European Review 80.1 (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/427/article/819305/summary">excerpt</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToye2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Toye" title="Richard Toye">Toye, Richard</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lloydgeorgechurc0000toye/mode/2up">Lloyd George and Churchill: Rivals for Greatness</a>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-14-05048-96-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-14-05048-96-5"><bdi>978-14-05048-96-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lloyd+George+and+Churchill%3A+Rivals+for+Greatness&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-14-05048-96-5&rft.aulast=Toye&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flloydgeorgechurc0000toye%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill%27s+Liberal+Party+years%2C+1904%E2%80%931924" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li>Toye, Richard. "'I am a Liberal as much as a Tory': Winston Churchill and the memory of 1906." (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/18285/Liberal%20as%20much%20as%20a%20Tory.pdf?sequence=1">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Early life of Winston Churchill">Early life, 1874–1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_in_politics,_1900%E2%80%931939" title="Winston Churchill in politics, 1900–1939">In politics, 1900–1939</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberal Party, 1904–1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellorship_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Chancellorship of Winston Churchill">Chancellor, 1924–1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_%22Wilderness%22_years,_1929%E2%80%931939" title="Winston Churchill's "Wilderness" years, 1929–1939">"Wilderness" years, 1929–1939</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Winston Churchill in the Second World War">World War II, 1939–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_life_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Later life of Winston Churchill">Later life, 1945–1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Electoral history of Winston Churchill">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_as_a_painter" title="Winston Churchill as a painter">As a painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_as_a_writer" title="Winston Churchill as a writer">As a writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Racial views of Winston Churchill">Racial views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_pets" title="Winston Churchill's pets">His pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Death and state funeral of Winston Churchill">Death and funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry" title="Churchill war ministry">Churchill war ministry, 1940–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Winston_Churchill%27s_first_premiership" title="Timeline of Winston Churchill's first premiership">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">conferences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_caretaker_ministry" title="Churchill caretaker ministry">Churchill caretaker ministry, 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Churchill_ministry" title="Third Churchill ministry">Churchill's third ministry, 1951–1955</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Malakand_Field_Force" title="The Story of the Malakand Field Force">The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savrola" title="Savrola">Savrola (1899 novel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_River_War" title="The River War">The River War (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_to_Ladysmith_via_Pretoria" title="London to Ladysmith via Pretoria">London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hamilton%27s_March" title="Ian Hamilton's March">Ian Hamilton's March (1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill_(book)" title="Lord Randolph Churchill (book)">Lord Randolph Churchill (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_Crisis" title="The World Crisis">The World Crisis (1923–1931, five volumes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Early_Life" title="My Early Life">My Early Life (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough:_His_Life_and_Times" title="Marlborough: His Life and Times">Marlborough: His Life and Times (1933–1938, four volumes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Contemporaries" title="Great Contemporaries">Great Contemporaries (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_and_the_Covenant" title="Arms and the Covenant">Arms and the Covenant (1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Are_There_Men_on_the_Moon%3F" title="Are There Men on the Moon?">"Are There Men on the Moon?" (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(book_series)" title="The Second World War (book series)">The Second World War (1948–1953, six volumes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_English-Speaking_Peoples" title="A History of the English-Speaking Peoples">A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (1956–1958, four volumes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_total_and_unmitigated_defeat" title="A total and unmitigated defeat">A total and unmitigated defeat</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Blood,_toil,_tears_and_sweat" title="Blood, toil, tears and sweat">Blood, toil, tears and sweat</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Be_ye_men_of_valour" title="Be ye men of valour">Be ye men of valour</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_shall_fight_on_the_beaches" title="We shall fight on the beaches">We shall fight on the beaches</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/This_was_their_finest_hour" title="This was their finest hour">This was their finest hour</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_was_so_much_owed_by_so_many_to_so_few" title="Never was so much owed by so many to so few">Never was so much owed by so many to so few</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain#Churchill_speech" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Bibliography of Winston Churchill">Bibliography of Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honours_of_Winston_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Honours of Winston Churchill">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Churchill_Society" title="International Churchill Society">International Churchill Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_War_Rooms" title="Churchill War Rooms">Churchill War Rooms and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Churchill_Museum" title="National Churchill Museum">National Churchill Museum</a> (Fulton, Missouri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_College,_Cambridge" title="Churchill College, Cambridge">Churchill College, Cambridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_Archives_Centre" title="Churchill Archives Centre">Churchill Archives Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_Memorial_Trusts" title="Winston Churchill Memorial Trusts">Memorial Trusts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_School_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Winston Churchill School (disambiguation)">Schools and higher education (various)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_Boulevard" title="Winston Churchill Boulevard">Boulevard in Mississauga, Ontario</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monuments_and_memorials_to_Winston_Churchill" title="Category:Monuments and memorials to Winston Churchill">others</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Winston_Churchill_(Epstein)" title="Bust of Winston Churchill (Epstein)">Epstein busts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Winston_Churchill,_Mishkenot_Sha%27ananim" title="Bust of Winston Churchill, Mishkenot Sha'ananim">Mishkenot Sha'ananim bust, Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roaring_Lion" title="The Roaring Lion">The Roaring Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Winston_Churchill_(Sutherland)" title="Portrait of Winston Churchill (Sutherland)">Sutherland portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Cultural depictions of Winston Churchill">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Churchillian_Drift" title="Churchillian Drift">Churchillian Drift</a>"</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Statues" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>London <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Palace_of_Westminster" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Woodford" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Woodford">Woodford</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Paris" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill_(Toronto)" title="Statue of Winston Churchill (Toronto)">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of Winston Churchill (Washington, D.C.)">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartwell" title="Chartwell">Chartwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway_Debate" title="Norway Debate">Norway Debate</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_political_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Winston Churchill's political ideology">Political ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sidney_Street" title="Siege of Sidney Street">Siege of Sidney Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Bladon" title="St Martin's Church, Bladon">St Martin's Church, Bladon</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Stalingrad" title="Sword of Stalingrad">Sword of Stalingrad</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Terminological_inexactitude" title="Terminological inexactitude">Terminological inexactitude</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Other_Club" title="The Other Club">The Other Club</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonypandy_riots" title="Tonypandy riots">Tonypandy riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_British_war_cabinet_crisis" title="1940 British war cabinet crisis">1940 British war cabinet crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizenship_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary citizenship of the United States">Honorary U.S. citizenship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Family of Winston Churchill">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_Churchill" title="Clementine Churchill">Clementine Churchill</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Churchill" title="Diana Churchill">Diana Churchill</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Churchill" title="Randolph Churchill">Randolph Churchill</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Churchill_(actress)" title="Sarah Churchill (actress)">Sarah Churchill</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Marigold_Churchill" title="Tomb of Marigold Churchill">Marigold Churchill</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Soames" title="Mary Soames">Mary Soames</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_(1940%E2%80%932010)" title="Winston Churchill (1940–2010)">Winston Churchill</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">Lord Randolph Churchill</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lady Randolph Churchill">Jennie Jerome, Lady Randolph Churchill</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Churchill_(1880%E2%80%931947)" title="Jack Churchill (1880–1947)">Jack Churchill</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer-Churchill,_7th_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough">John Spencer-Churchill</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Anne_Spencer-Churchill,_Duchess_of_Marlborough" title="Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough">Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jerome" title="Leonard Jerome">Leonard Jerome</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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