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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Oral diphthongs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasal_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasal_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Nasal vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasal_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasal_diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasal_diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Nasal diphthongs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasal_diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_alternation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_alternation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Vowel alternation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_alternation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unstressed_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unstressed_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Unstressed vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unstressed_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epenthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epenthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Epenthesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epenthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_notes_on_the_oral_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_notes_on_the_oral_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 Further notes on the oral vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_notes_on_the_oral_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Sandhi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sandhi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sandhi subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonant_sandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_sandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Consonant sandhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_sandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_sandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_sandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Vowel sandhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_sandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sounds and pronunciation of Portuguese</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more detailed information on regional accents, see <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">Portuguese dialects</a>, and for historical sound changes see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese#Historical_sound_changes" title="History of Portuguese">History of Portuguese § Historical sound changes</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Portuguese for Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">Help:IPA/Portuguese</a>.</div> The phonology of Portuguese varies <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">among dialects</a>, in extreme cases leading to some difficulties in <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>. This article on <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> focuses on the <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciations</a> that are generally regarded as standard. Since <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric language</a>, and differences between <a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European Portuguese</a> (EP), <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a> (BP), and <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Portuguese" title="Angolan Portuguese">Angolan Portuguese</a> (AP) can be considerable, varieties are distinguished whenever necessary. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonants">Consonants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> The consonant inventory of Portuguese is fairly conservative.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The medieval <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a> system of seven sibilants (/ts dz/, /ʃ ʒ/, /tʃ/, and <a href="/wiki/Apicoalveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Apicoalveolar">apicoalveolar</a> /s̺ z̺/) is still distinguished in spelling (intervocalic c/ç z, x g/j, ch, ss -s- respectively), but is reduced to the four fricatives /s z ʃ ʒ/ by the merger of /tʃ/ into /ʃ/ and apicoalveolar /s̺ z̺/ into either /s z/ or /ʃ ʒ/ (depending on dialect and syllable position), except in parts of northern Portugal (most notably in the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A1s-os-Montes_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trás-os-Montes (region)">Trás-os-Montes region</a>). These changes are known as <a href="/wiki/Deaffrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaffrication">deaffrication</a>. Other than this, there have been no other significant changes to the consonant phonemes since Old Portuguese. However, several consonant phonemes have special <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> at <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> boundaries (often varying quite significantly between European and Brazilian Portuguese), and a few also undergo allophonic changes at word boundaries. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Portuguese<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbosaAlbano2004228–9-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-labialized_velar_-_Carvalho-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-labialized_velar_-_Bisol-4">[4]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labial</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Phonetic notes <ul><li>Semivowels contrast with unstressed high vowels in verbal conjugation, as in (eu) rio /ˈʁi.u/ 'I laugh' and (ele) riu /ˈʁiw/ 'he (has) laughed.'<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Phonologists debate whether their nature is vocalic or consonantal.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In intervocalic position semivowels are ambisyllabic, they are associated to both the previous syllable and the following syllable onset.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li>In Brazil and Angola, the consonant hereafter denoted as /ɲ/ is realized as a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">nasal palatal approximant</a> [<a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">j̃</a>], which <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalizes</a> the vowel that precedes it: ninho ([ˈnij̃u ~ ˈnʲij̃u ~ ˈɲij̃u] in Brazil, [ˈnĩj̃u] in Angola) 'nest'.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li>[nʲ ~ ɲ] is often the pronunciation of a sequence of /n/ followed by /i/ in a rising diphthong in Brazil, forming a minimal pair between sonha [ˈsoj̃ɐ] and Sônia [ˈsoniɐ ~ ˈsonʲɐ ~ ˈsoɲɐ]; menina, "girl" [miˈninɐ ~ miˈnʲinɐ ~ miˈɲinɐ].<a href="#cite_note-J._L._Leite-10">[10]</a></li> <li>[lʲ ~ ʎ] is often the pronunciation of a sequence of /l/ followed by /i/ in a rising diphthong in Brazil; e.g. limão, "lemon" [liˈmɐ̃w̃ ~ lʲiˈmɐ̃w̃ ~ ʎiˈmɐ̃w̃]; sandália, "sandal" [sɐ̃ˈdaliɐ ~ sɐ̃ˈdalʲɐ ~ sɐ̃ˈdaʎɐ].<a href="#cite_note-J._L._Leite-10">[10]</a></li> <li>The consonant hereafter denoted as /ʁ/ has a variety of realizations depending on dialect. In Europe, it is typically a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">voiced uvular fricative</a> [ʁ]. There is also a realization as a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">voiceless uvular fricative</a> [χ], and the original pronunciation as an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> [r] also remains very common in various dialects.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> A common realization of the word-initial /ʁ/ in the Lisbon accent is a voiced uvular fricative trill [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced uvular fricative trill">ʀ̝</a>].<a href="#cite_note-gr157-12">[12]</a> In Brazil, /ʁ/ can be <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">glottal</a> and may be voiceless unless between voiced sounds;<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> it is usually pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> [x], a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">voiceless glottal fricative</a> [h] or <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">voiceless uvular fricative</a> [χ]. See also <a href="/wiki/Guttural_R#Portuguese" title="Guttural R">Guttural R in Portuguese</a>. All those variants are transcribed with ⟨ʁ⟩ in this article.</li> <li>/s/ and /z/ are normally <a href="/wiki/Lamino-alveolar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamino-alveolar consonant">lamino-alveolar</a>, as in English. However, a number of dialects in northern Portugal pronounce /s/ and /z/ as <a href="/wiki/Apico-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Apico-alveolar">apico-alveolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilants</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_apico-alveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless apico-alveolar fricative">s̺</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_apico-alveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced apico-alveolar fricative">z̺</a>] which are exactly the same as the ones found in Catalan and Northern European Spanish. Those apico-alveolars sound like duller versions of /s/ and /z/, but they are kept apart from /ʃ, ʒ/ (written ch/x and j/g) which are laminal postalveolar. A small number of northeastern Portugal dialects still retain the medieval distinction between apical and laminal sibilants (written s/ss and c/ç/z, respectively), a distinction also found in <a href="/wiki/Mirandese" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirandese">Mirandese</a> and analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Distinci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Distinción">distinción</a> of European Spanish.</li> <li>As phonemes, /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ occur only in loanwords (e.g. tchau and dee jay), with a tendency for speakers to substitute into fricatives in Portugal. However, in most Brazilian dialects d and t are pronounced as [dʒ] and [tʃ] before [i] and [ĩ].</li> <li>In northern and central Portugal, the voiced stops /b/, /d/, /ɡ/ are usually lenited to <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a> [β], [ð], and [ɣ] respectively, except at the beginning of words, or after nasal vowels;<a href="#cite_note-Cruz-Ferreira92-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology#Lenition" title="Spanish phonology">similar process</a> occurs in Spanish.</li> <li>In large parts of northern Portugal, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Terras_de_Tr%C3%A1s-os-Montes" title="Terras de Trás-os-Montes">Trás-os-Montes</a>, and also in <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> and the islands of <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a>, /b/ and /v/ are merged, both pronounced /b ~ β/, as in Spanish.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonant_elision">Consonant elision</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consonant elision">edit</a>]</div> There is a variation in the pronunciation of the first consonant of certain clusters, most commonly C or P in cç, ct, pç and pt. These consonants may be variably elided or conserved. For some words, this variation may exist inside a country, sometimes in all of them; for others, the variation is dialectal, with the consonant being always pronounced in one country and always elided in the other. This variation affects 0.5% of the language's vocabulary, or 575 words out of 110,000.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In most cases, Brazilians variably conserve the consonant while speakers elsewhere have invariably ceased to pronounce it (for example, detector in Brazil versus detetor in Portugal). The inverse situation is rarer, occurring in words such as fa(c)to and conta(c)to (consonants never pronounced in Brazil, pronounced elsewhere). Until <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Language_Orthographic_Agreement_of_1990" title="Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990">2009</a>, this reality could not be apprehended from the spelling: while Brazilians did not write consonants that were no longer pronounced, the spelling of the other countries retained them in many words as <a href="/wiki/Silent_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent letters">silent letters</a>, usually when there was still a vestige of their presence in the pronunciation of the preceding vowel. This could give the false impression that European Portuguese was phonologically more conservative in this aspect, when in fact it was Brazilian Portuguese that retained more consonants in pronunciation. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Example </th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>fa(c)to</td> <td>[ˈfa(k)tu]</td> <td>'fact' </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>pacto</td> <td>[ˈpaktu]</td> <td>'pact' </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>ta(c)to</td> <td>[ˈta(k)tu]</td> <td>'tact' </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>ca(c)to</td> <td>[ˈka(k)tu]</td> <td>'cactus' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonant_phonotactics">Consonant phonotactics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonant phonotactics">edit</a>]</div> Syllables have the maximal structure of (C)(C)V(C). The only possible codas in European Portuguese are /ʃ/, /l/ and /ɾ/ and in Brazilian Portuguese /s/ and /ʁ/ (or, in a minority of dialects, /ʃ, ɾ/ or any combination of the former with the latter). <ul><li>The consonants /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/ almost always occur in the middle of a word and between vowels and rarely occur before /i/.</li></ul> <ul><li>Although <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal consonants</a> do not normally occur at the end of syllables, syllable-final /n/ may be present in rare learned words, such as abdómen ([abˈdɔmɛn] 'abdomen'). In Brazilian varieties, these words have a nasal diphthong ([abˈdõmẽj̃], spelled as abdômen).<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Word-initial /ɲ/ occurs in very few loanwords.<a href="#cite_note-Cruz-Ferreira92-14">[14]</a></li> <li>While the <a href="/wiki/Sibilant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilant consonant">sibilant consonants</a> (/s z ʃ ʒ/) contrast word-initially and intervocalically, they appear in <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a> in the syllable coda. For many dialects (i.e., those of Portugal and of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> and the northeast of Brazil and certain other areas in Brazil), the sibilant is a postalveolar in coda position (e.g., pasto [ˈpaʃtu] 'pasture'; futurismo [futuˈɾiʒmu] 'futurism'; paz [pa(j)ʃ] 'peace'). In many other dialects of Brazil (e.g., some of the Southeast, Northeast, and North), the postalveolar variant occurs in some or all cases when directly preceding a consonant, including across word boundaries, but not word-finally (e.g., [ˈpaʃtu ~ ˈpastu], [futuˈɾiʒmu ~ futuˈɾizmu], [pa(j)s]). In a number of Brazilian dialects, this "palatalization" is absent entirely (e.g., [ˈpastu], [ˈizmu], [pa(j)s]).<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa_2004_229-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Voicing contrast is also neutralized, with [ʒ] or [z] occurring before voiced consonants and [ʃ] or [s] appearing before voiceless consonants and before a pause (e.g., pasta [ˈpaʃtɐ] or [ˈpastɐ], 'paste'; Islão (or Islã) [iʒˈlɐ̃w̃] or [izˈlɐ̃], 'Islam'). In the vast majority of dialects, however, word-final "s" and "z" are pronounced /z/ before vowels (e.g. os ovos [uz ˈɔvuʃ, -s], "the eggs", temos hoje [ˈtemuz ˈoʒɨ], "we have today", faz isso [ˈfaz ˈisu], "do that"). In European dialects, the postalveolar fricatives are only weakly fricated in the syllable coda.<a href="#cite_note-Cruz-Ferreira92-14">[14]</a></li> <li>The consonant /l/ is <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarized</a> [<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>] in all positions in European Portuguese, even before front vowels. In Portugal, the unvelarized lateral appears only in non-standard dialects.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In most Brazilian dialects, /l/ is <a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">vocalized</a> to [w] at the end of syllables,<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa_2004_229-18">[18]</a> but in the dialects of the extreme south, mainly along the frontiers with other countries (especially <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>), it has the full pronunciation or the velarized pronunciation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In some caipira registers, there is a <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism_(sound_change)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotacism (sound change)">rhotacism</a> of coda /l/ to retroflex [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a>]. In casual BP, unstressed il can be realized as [ju], as in fácil [ˈfasju] ('easy').<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li>For speakers who realize /ʁ/ as an alveolar trill [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>], the sequence [ʒr] (as in e.g., os rins) can <a href="/wiki/Fusion_(phonetics)" title="Fusion (phonetics)">coalesce</a> into a voiced alveolar fricative trill [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar fricative trill">r̝</a>].<a href="#cite_note-gr157-12">[12]</a></li> <li>Regarding Brazilian Portuguese, <a href="#CITEREFBisol2005">Bisol (2005</a>:122) analyzes the phonetic clusters at the start of words like qual and guardar as separate phonemes, /kʷ/ and /ɡʷ/, rather than as /k/ or /g/ followed by /w/ in phonemic sequence.<a href="#cite_note-labialized_velar_-_Bisol-4">[4]</a> This is because when /k/ or /g/ is combined with a different approximant or when /w/ is combined with a different initial consonant, the relevant approximant can always be alternatively realized as a full vowel in Brazilian Portuguese: quiabo [ˈkjabu ~ kiˈabu], guiar [ˈɡja(h) ~ ɡiˈa(h)], suar [ˈswa(h) ~ suˈa(h)]. However, this alternation can never apply to the phonetic clusters [kw] and [gw]: qual and guardar in Brazilian Portuguese are always [ˈkwaw] and [ɡwaɦˈda(h)], never *[kuˈaw] or *[ɡu.aɦˈda(h)].</li> <li>The semivowels /j/ and /w/ do not occur before /i/ and /u/ respectively, and only contrast in some diphthongs like in pai [ˈpaj] versus pau [ˈpaw]. Otherwise they are the non-syllabic allophones of /i/ and /u/ in unstressed syllables.</li> <li>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Spanish_and_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Spanish and Portuguese">its neighbor and relative</a> Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese lacks a tendency to elide any <a href="/wiki/Stop_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop (linguistics)">stop</a>, including those that may become a <a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">continuant</a> by lenition (/b/ > [β], /d/ > [ð], /ɡ/ > [ɣ]), but it has a number of allophones to it.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhotics">Rhotics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rhotics">edit</a>]</div> The occurrence of the two <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic</a> phonemes /ʁ/ and /ɾ/ is mostly predictable by <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_environment" title="Phonetic environment">context</a>, with dialectal variations in realization. The rhotic is predicted to be hard in the following circumstances: <ul><li>Syllable-initially when not following an oral vowel (e.g., rosa 'rose', guelra 'gill', Israel)</li> <li>Following a nasal vowel (e.g., honrar 'to honor')</li> <li>Syllable-finally, in most Brazilian and some African dialects</li></ul> The rhotic is predicted to be "soft" (i.e., /ɾ/) when it occurs in <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">syllable onset</a> clusters (e.g., atributo) or, in some dialects, syllable-finally.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The rhotic phonemes /ʁ/ and /ɾ/ contrast only between an oral vowel and a vowel, similar to Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In this context, they are spelled "rr" and "r", respectively. This restricted variation has prompted several authors to postulate a single rhotic phoneme. <a href="#CITEREFCâmara1953">Câmara (1953)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFMateusd'Andrade2000">Mateus & d'Andrade (2000)</a> see the soft as the unmarked realization and that instances of intervocalic [ʁ] result from gemination and a subsequent deletion rule (i.e., carro /ˈkaro/ > [ˈkaɾʁu] > [ˈkaʁu]). Conversely, <a href="#CITEREFBonetMascaró1997">Bonet & Mascaró (1997)</a> argue that the hard is the unmarked realization. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazilian_rhotics">Brazilian rhotics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Brazilian rhotics">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the phonemic variation between /ʁ/ and /ɾ/ between vowels, up to four allophones of the "merged" phoneme /R/ are found in other positions: <ol><li>A "soft" allophone /ɾ/ in syllable-onset clusters, as described above;</li> <li>A default "hard" allophone in most other circumstances;</li> <li>In some dialects, a special allophone <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">syllable-finally</a> (i.e., preceded but not followed by a vowel);</li> <li>Commonly in all dialects, deletion of the rhotic word-finally.</li></ol> The default hard allophone is some sort of voiceless fricative in most dialects, e.g., [χ] [h] [x], although other variants are also found. For example, an alveolar trill [r] is found in certain conservative dialects down São Paulo, of Italian-speaking, Spanish-speaking, Arabic-speaking, or Slavic-speaking influence. A uvular trill [ʀ] is found in areas of German-speaking, French-speaking, and Portuguese-descended influence throughout coastal Brazil down Espírito Santo, most prominently Rio de Janeiro. The syllable-final allophone shows the greatest variation: <ul><li>Many dialects (mainly in Brasília, Minas Gerais and Brazilian North and Northeast) use the same voiceless fricative as in the default allophone. This may become voiced before a voiced consonant, esp. in its weaker variants (e.g., dormir [doɦˈmi(h)] 'to sleep').</li> <li>The soft [ɾ] occurs for many speakers in Southern Brazil and São Paulo city.</li> <li>An English-like approximant [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a>] or vowel (<a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">R-colored vowel</a>) occurs elsewhere in São Paulo as well as Mato Grosso do Sul, southern Goiás, central and southern Mato Grosso and bordering regions of Minas Gerais, as well as in the urban areas in the <a href="/wiki/Sinos_River_Valley" title="Sinos River Valley">Sinos river valley</a>. This pronunciation is stereotypically associated with the rural "<a href="/wiki/Caipira_dialect" title="Caipira dialect">caipira</a>" dialect.</li></ul> Throughout Brazil, deletion of the word-final rhotic is common, regardless of the "normal" pronunciation of the syllable-final allophone. This pronunciation is particularly common in lower <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a>, although found in most registers in some areas, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Brazil">Northeast Brazil</a>, and in the more formal and standard <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a>. It occurs especially in verbs, which always end in R in their infinitive form; in words other than verbs, the deletion is rarer<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and seems not to occur in monosyllabic non-verb words, such as mar.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Evidence of this allophone is often encountered in writing that attempts to approximate the speech of communities with this pronunciation, e.g., the rhymes in the popular poetry (<a href="/wiki/Cordel_literature" title="Cordel literature">cordel literature</a>) of the Northeast and phonetic spellings (e.g., amá, sofrê in place of amar, sofrer) in <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Amado" title="Jorge Amado">Jorge Amado</a>'s novels (set in the Northeast) and Gianfrancesco Guarnieri's play Eles não usam black tie (about <a href="/wiki/Favela" title="Favela">favela</a> dwellers in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The soft realization is often maintained across word boundaries in close syntactic contexts (e.g., mar azul [ˈmaɾ aˈzuw] 'blue sea').<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/European_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg/220px-European_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/European_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg/330px-European_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/European_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg/440px-European_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Monophthongs of European Portuguese as they are pronounced in Lisbon, from <a href="#CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995">Cruz-Ferreira (1995</a>:91). The vowel transcribed /ɯ/ on this chart appears only in unstressed syllables and corresponds to the symbol /ɨ/ in this article.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazilian_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Brazilian_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg/220px-Brazilian_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Brazilian_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg/330px-Brazilian_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Brazilian_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg/440px-Brazilian_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Monophthongs of Brazilian Portuguese as they are pronounced in São Paulo, from <a href="#CITEREFBarbosaAlbano2004">Barbosa & Albano (2004</a>:229). The vowels [ɪ, ʊ, ë] appear only in unstressed syllables.</figcaption></figure> Portuguese has one of the richest vowel phonologies of all <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, having both oral and nasal vowels, diphthongs, and triphthongs. A phonemic distinction is made between close-mid vowels /e o/ and the open-mid vowels /ɛ ɔ/, as in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, though there is a certain amount of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_alternation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel alternation">vowel alternation</a>. European Portuguese has also two <a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">central vowels</a>, one of which tends to be <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a> like the e caduc of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. The central closed vowel [ɨ] only occurs in European Portuguese when e is unstressed, e.g. presidente [pɾɨziˈðẽtɨ], as well as in Angola; where unlike Portugal, it only occurs in final syllables, e.g. presidente [pɾeziˈdẽtɨ]. However, [ɨ] does not exist in Brazil, e.g. presidente [pɾeziˈdẽtʃi]. In Angola, /ɐ/ and /a/ merge to [a], and /ɐ/ appears only in final syllables rama /ˈʁamɐ/. The nasal /ɐ̃/ becomes open [ã].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUndolo2014183-30">[30]</a> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Oral vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close near-back unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Nasal vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɐ̃</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Oral diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Endpoint </th></tr> <tr> <th>/j/ </th> <th>/w/ </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8">Start point </th> <th>/a/ </th> <td>aj </td> <td>aw </td></tr> <tr> <th>/ɐ/ </th> <td>ɐj </td> <td>ɐw </td></tr> <tr> <th>/ɛ/ </th> <td>ɛj </td> <td>ɛw </td></tr> <tr> <th>/e/ </th> <td>ej </td> <td>ew </td></tr> <tr> <th>/i/ </th> <td style="background:gray"> </td> <td>iw </td></tr> <tr> <th>/ɔ/ </th> <td>ɔj </td> <td style="background:gray"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>/o/ </th> <td>oj </td> <td>ow </td></tr> <tr> <th>/u/ </th> <td>uj </td> <td style="background:gray"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Nasal diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Endpoint </th></tr> <tr> <th>/j̃/ </th> <th>/w̃/ </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Start point </th> <th>/ɐ̃/ </th> <td>ɐ̃j̃ </td> <td>ɐ̃w̃ </td></tr> <tr> <th>/ẽ/ </th> <td>ẽj̃ </td> <td style="background:gray"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>/õ/ </th> <td>õj̃ </td> <td>õw̃ </td></tr> <tr> <th>/ũ/ </th> <td>ũj̃ </td> <td style="background:gray"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_classification">Vowel classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowel classification">edit</a>]</div> In some cases, Portuguese uses <a href="/wiki/Vowel#Height" title="Vowel">vowel height</a> to contrast stressed syllables with unstressed syllables: <ul><li>In Portugal, unstressed /a e o/ tend to be raised to /ɐ ɨ u/, whereas /ɛ ɔ/ remain unchanged. In final syllables, only /ɐ ɨ u/ appear.</li> <li>In the Southern, Central-West and Southeast regions of Brazil, unstressed /ɛ ɔ/ are raised to /e o/, whereas in Northern and Northeast regions, they remain open. However, stressed /a e o/ remain unchanged throughout the whole territory. In final syllables, only /ɐ i u/ appear.</li> <li>In Angola, unstressed /a ɛ e ɔ o/ remain unchanged. In final syllables, only /ɐ ɨ u/ appear.</li></ul> See <a href="#Unstressed_vowels">below</a> for details. The dialects of Portugal are characterized by <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">reducing vowels</a> to a greater extent than others. Falling diphthongs are composed of a vowel followed by one of the high vowels /i/ or /u/; although rising diphthongs occur in the language as well, they can be interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatuses</a>. European Portuguese possesses quite a wide range of vowel allophones: <ul><li>All vowels are lowered and retracted before /l/: [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">u̞</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ë̞</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ̈</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-Cruz-Ferreira92-14">[14]</a></li> <li>All vowels are raised and advanced before alveolar, palato-alveolar and palatal consonants: [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ̽</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ̝</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä̝</a>]. Those are the vowels shown on the chart. The diphthong [ɐj] is an exception to that as it is often pronounced [ʌj] in Lisbon, with a back onset.<a href="#cite_note-Cruz-Ferreira92-14">[14]</a></li></ul> Furthermore, Cruz-Ferreira gives voiceless allophones of /ɨ/, /u/, /ɐ/ in the unstressed word-final position.<a href="#cite_note-Cruz-Ferreira92-14">[14]</a> The exact realization of the /ɐ/ varies somewhat amongst dialects. In Brazil, the vowel can be as high as [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] in any environment. It is typically closer in stressed syllables before intervocalic nasals /m, n, ɲ/ than word-finally, reaching as open a position as [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>] in the latter case, and open-mid [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a>] before nasals,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> where /ɐ/ can be nasalized. In European Portuguese, the general situation is similar, except that in some regions the two vowels form <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> in some European dialects.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In central European Portuguese this contrast occurs in a limited morphological context, namely in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">verb conjugation</a> between the first person plural present and past perfect indicative forms of verbs such as pensamos ('we think') and pensámos ('we thought'; spelled ⟨pensamos⟩ in Brazil). Spahr<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> proposes that it is a kind of <a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">crasis</a> rather than phonemic distinction of /a/ and /ɐ/. It means that in falamos 'we speak' there is the expected prenasal /a/-raising: [fɐˈlɐmuʃ], while in falámos 'we spoke' there are phonologically two /a/ in crasis: /faˈlaamos/ > [fɐˈlamuʃ] (however, in Brazil both merge, falamos [faˈlɐ̃mus]. In Angola, on the other hand, both merge as well, but spelling keeps differentiated: falamos/falámos [faˈlamuʃ]). <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">open-mid vowels</a> (/e ~ ɛ/ and /o ~ ɔ/) contrast only when they are stressed.<a href="#cite_note-Major7-34">[34]</a> In unstressed syllables, they occur in complementary distribution. In Brazilian Portuguese, they are raised to close /i, u/ after a stressed syllable,<a href="#cite_note-Major7-34">[34]</a> or in some accents and in general casual speech, also before it. According to Mateus and d'Andrade (2000:19),<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> in European Portuguese, the stressed /ɐ/ only occurs in the following three contexts: <ul><li>Before a palatal consonant (such as telha /ˈtɐʎɐ/)</li> <li>Before the palatal front glide (such as lei /ˈlɐj/)</li> <li>Before a nasal consonant (such as cama /ˈkɐmɐ/)</li></ul> English loanwords containing stressed /ʌ/ or /ɜːr/ are usually associated with pre-nasal ⟨a⟩ as in rush,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> or are influenced by orthography as in clube (club),<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> or both, as in surf/surfe.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Portuguese_"e_caduc"">European Portuguese "e caduc"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: European Portuguese "e caduc"">edit</a>]</div> European Portuguese possesses a <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close near-back unrounded vowel">near-close near-back unrounded vowel</a>, transcribed /ɨ/ in this article. It occurs in unstressed syllables such as in pegar /pɨˈɡaɾ/ ('to grip').<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1">[1]</a> <ul><li>Traditionally, all instances of /ɨ/ are pronounced; e.g. verdade [vɨɾˈðaðɨ], perigo [pɨˈɾiɣu], estado [ɨʃˈtaðu].</li> <li>In modern European Portuguese, the initial /ɨ/ is fronted to [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]; e.g. energia /ɨnɨɾˈʒiɐ/ → [inɨɾˈʒiɐ].</li> <li>In traditional EP, /i/ was never retracted to [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]. In modern EP, it happens when it is surrounded by /i, ĩ, ɲ, ʎ, ʃ, ʒ/, so that ministro /miˈniʃtɾu/, príncipe /ˈpɾĩsipɨ/ and artilhar /ɐɾtiˈʎaɾ/ are usually pronounced [mɨˈniʃtɾu], [ˈpɾĩsɨpɨ] and [ɐɾtɨˈʎaɾ].</li> <li>When "e" is surrounded by another vowel, it becomes [i]; e.g. real [ˈʁjal].</li> <li>However, when the e caduc is preceded by a semi-vowel, it may be given the unreduced pronunciation of the letter ⟨e⟩, that is [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]: poesia [pweˈziɐ], quietude [kjɛˈtuðɨ].</li> <li>Regardless of the underlying phoneme, a phonetic [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>] can be <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a>, affecting <a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">syllabification</a> and sometimes even producing a <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic consonant</a>; e.g. verdade /vɨɾˈda.dɨ/ → [vr̩ˈðað], perigo /pɨˈɾi.ɡu/ → [ˈpɾi.ɣu], estado /ɨʃˈta.du/ → [ˈʃta.ðu], energia /ɨ.nɨɾˈʒi.ɐ/ → [i.nr̩ˈʒi.ɐ], ministro /miˈniʃ.tɾu/ → [ˈmniʃ.tɾu], príncipe /ˈpɾĩ.si.pɨ/ → [ˈpɾĩsp], artilhar /ɐɾ.tiˈʎaɾ/ → [ɐɾtˈʎaɾ], caminhar /kɐ.miˈɲaɾ/ → [kɐmˈɲaɾ], pistola /piʃˈtɔ.lɐ/ → [ˈpʃ̩tɔ.lɐ] (here, ⟨r̩⟩ stands for a syllabic alveolar trill with one contact, the syllabic counterpart of [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]). This can result in complex syllable onsets that are typical of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>.</li> <li>Whenever [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>] is elided, obstruents in the resulting consonant cluster often agree in voicing, so that the most reduced form of desistiu /dɨziʃˈtiu/ '(he) gave up' surfaces as [tsʃtiu]. /ʁ/, a phonological sonorant, behaves like an obstruent in this case and can also be devoiced in voiceless clusters, as in reconhecer [χkuɲɨˈseɾ] 'to recognize' (phonemically /ʁɨkuɲɨˈseɾ/).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira1999129–130-41">[41]</a></li></ul> There are very few minimal pairs for this sound, including pregar /pɾɨˈɡaɾ/ ('to nail') vs. pregar /pɾɛˈɡaɾ/ ('to preach'; the latter stemming from earlier preegar < Latin praedicāre)<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> as well as jure /ˈʒuɾɨ/ ('I swear', subjunctive) vs. júri /ˈʒuɾi/ ('jury'). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_diphthongs">Oral diphthongs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Oral diphthongs">edit</a>]</div> Diphthongs are not considered independent phonemes in Portuguese, but knowing them can help with spelling and pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Diphthong </th> <th>Usual spelling </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Notes and variants </th></tr> <tr> <td>/aj/</td> <td>ai, ái</td> <td>pai</td> <td>'father'</td> <td>In Brazil, it may be realized as [a] before a post-alveolar fricative /ʃ, ʒ/,<a href="#cite_note-Major14-44">[44]</a> making baixo realized as [ˈbaʃu]. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/ɐj/</td> <td>ai, âi</td> <td>plaina</td> <td>'jointer'</td> <td>In several Brazilian dialects; it occurs before nasal consonants and can be nasalised, as in plaina [ˈplɐ̃jnɐ ~ ˈplɐjnɐ ~ ˈplajnɐ]. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ei, éi, êi</td> <td>leite</td> <td>'milk'</td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Grande_Lisboa" title="Grande Lisboa">Greater Lisbon</a> (except by <a href="/wiki/Set%C3%BAbal" title="Setúbal">Setúbal</a>) /e, ɛ/ can be centralized to [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>] before palatals /j, ɲ, ʃ, ʒ, ʎ/.; e.g. roupeiro [ʁowˈpejɾu - ʁoˈpɐjɾu], brenha [ˈbɾeɲɐ - ˈbɾɐ(j)ɲɐ], texto [ˈteʃtu - ˈtɐ(j)ʃtu], vejo [ˈveʒu - ˈvɐ(j)ʒu], coelho [kuˈeʎu - kuˈɐ(j)ʎu], anéis [ɐˈnɛjʃ - ɐˈnɐjʃ]. Before /j/, it is often a back vowel [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>]: [ɐˈnʌjʃ] etc.<a href="#cite_note-Cruz-Ferreira92-14">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ej/</td> <td>ei, êi</td> <td>rei</td> <td>'king'</td> <td>In several vernacular dialects (most of Portugal, Brazil and Lusophone Africa), "ei" may be realized essentially as [e] in unstressed syllables.<a href="#cite_note-Major14-44">[44]</a> Words ending on either -eiro or -eira (like roupeiro [ʁoˈpeɾu], bandeira [bɐ̃ˈdeɾɐ], brasileiro [bɾaziˈleɾu], brasileira [bɾaziˈleɾɐ], etc.), when ei precedes a palatal sound (like queijo [ˈkeʒu], deixa [ˈdeʃɐ], etc.), or when ei precedes a consonant in general (like manteiga [mɐ̃ˈteɡɐ], beiço [ˈbesu]) are optionally monophthongized, depending on the speaker and region (comparable to Spanish ropero, bandera, brasilero, brasilera, queso, deja, manteca, bezo). However, notice that when ei makes up part of a Greco-Latin loanword (like diarreico, anarreico, etc.), as well as nouns ending on -ei (like rei [ˈʁej], lei [ˈlej]) and seis, reino keep their palatal sound /ej/ (/ɛj/, in case of -eico ending nouns and adjectives). In most stressed syllables, the pronunciation is /ej/. There are very few minimal pairs for /ej/ and /ɛj/, all of which occur in <a href="/wiki/Oxytone" title="Oxytone">oxytonic</a> words. In <a href="/wiki/Grande_Lisboa" title="Grande Lisboa">Greater Lisbon</a>, however, it is always pronounced [ɐj]. </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɛj/</td> <td>ei, éi</td> <td>geleia, anéis</td> <td>'jelly', 'rings'</td> <td>It only occurs in -el plurals like anéis (plural of anel 'ring'). In <a href="/wiki/Grande_Lisboa" title="Grande Lisboa">Greater Lisbon</a>, however, it is always pronounced [ɐj]. </td></tr> <tr> <td>/oj/</td> <td>oi, ôi</td> <td>dois</td> <td>'two' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɔj/</td> <td>oi, ói</td> <td>dói, destrói</td> <td>'hurts', 'destroys'</td> <td>Pronounced as /ɔj/ mostly on -oi ending words like herói 'hero', as well as some verbal conjugations. </td></tr> <tr> <td>/uj/</td> <td>ui</td> <td>fui</td> <td>'I went'</td> <td>Usually stressed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>/aw/</td> <td>au, áu</td> <td>mau</td> <td>'bad'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɐw/</td> <td>au, âu</td> <td>saudade, trauma</td> <td>'to miss', 'trauma'</td> <td>In EP, when unstressed. In several Brazilian dialects; it occurs before nasal consonants and can be nasalised, as in trauma [ˈtɾɐ̃wmɐ ~ ˈtɾɐwmɐ ~ ˈtɾawmɐ]. </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ew/</td> <td>eu, êu</td> <td>seu</td> <td>'your'/'yours' </td> <td rowspan="2">There are very few minimal pairs for /eu/ and /ɛu/, all occurring in <a href="/wiki/Oxytone" title="Oxytone">oxytonic</a> words. </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɛw/</td> <td>eu, éu</td> <td>céu</td> <td>'sky' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/iw/</td> <td>iu</td> <td>viu</td> <td>'he saw'</td> <td>Usually stressed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ow/</td> <td>ou</td> <td>ouro</td> <td>'gold'</td> <td>Merges optionally with /o/ in most of modern Portuguese dialects, excluding some regions in northern Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-Major14-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> There are also some words with two vowels occurring next to each other like in iate and sábio may be pronounced both as rising diphthongs or hiatus.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In these and other cases, other diphthongs, diphthong-hiatus or hiatus-diphthong combinations might exist depending on speaker, such as [uw] or even [uw.wu] for suo ('I sweat'), and in BP [ij] or even [ij.ji] for fatie ('slice it'). [j] and [w] are non-syllabic counterparts of the vowels /i/ and /u/, respectively. At least in European Portuguese, the diphthongs [ɛj, aj, ɐj, ɔj, oj, uj, iw, ew, ɛw, aw] tend to have more central second elements [ɛɪ̯, aɪ̯, ʌɪ̯, ɔɪ̯, oɪ̯, uɪ̯, iʊ̯, eʊ̯, ɛʊ̯, aʊ̯] (as stated above, the starting point of /ɐi/ is typically back) – note that [ʊ̯] is also more weakly rounded than the [u] monophthong.<a href="#cite_note-Cruz-Ferreira92-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nasal_vowels">Nasal vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nasal vowels">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nasal vowel </th> <th>Usual spelling </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>/ɐ̃/</td> <td>ã, am, an</td> <td>rã, canto</td> <td>'frog', 'I sing' or 'corner' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ẽ/</td> <td>em, en</td> <td>entro</td> <td>'I enter' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ĩ/</td> <td>im, in</td> <td>vim</td> <td>'I came' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/õ/</td> <td>õ, om, on</td> <td>sombra</td> <td>'shadow' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ũ/</td> <td>um, un</td> <td>mundo</td> <td>'world' </td></tr></tbody></table> Portuguese also has a series of nasalized vowels. <a href="#CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995">Cruz-Ferreira (1995)</a> analyzes European Portuguese with five monophthongs and five diphthongs, all phonemic: /ĩ ẽ ɐ̃ õ ũ ɐ̃j̃ õj̃ ũj̃ ɐ̃w̃ õw̃/. Nasal diphthongs occur mostly at the end of words (or followed by a final sibilant), and in a few compounds. As in French, the nasal consonants represented by the letters ⟨m n⟩ are deleted in <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Coda" title="Syllable">coda</a> position, and in that case the preceding vowel becomes <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemically</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasalization#Nasal_vowels" title="Nasalization">nasal</a>, e.g. in genro /ˈʒẽʁu/ ('son-in-law'). But a nasal consonant subsists when it is followed by a plosive, e.g. in cantar [kɐ̃nˈtaɾ] ('to sing').<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Vowel nasalization has also been observed non-phonemically as result of <a href="/wiki/Coarticulation" title="Coarticulation">coarticulation</a>, before heterosyllabic nasal consonants, e.g. in soma [ˈsõmɐ] ('sum').<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa_2004_229-18">[18]</a> Hence, there is a difference between phonemic nasal vowels and those that are allophonically nasalized. Additionally, a nasal <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthong</a> /ɐ̃/ written ⟨ã⟩ exists independently of these processes, e.g. in romã /ʁoˈmɐ̃/ ('pomegranate'). Brazilian Portuguese is seen as being more nasal than European Portuguese due to the presence of these nasalized vowels. Some linguists[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] consider them to be a result of external influences, including the common language spoken at Brazil's coast at time of the European invasion, <a href="/wiki/Old_Tupi" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tupi">Tupi</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The /e-ɛ/ and /o-ɔ/ distinction does not happen in nasal vowels; ⟨em om⟩ are pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">close-mid</a>. In BP, the vowel /a/ (which the letter ⟨a⟩ otherwise represents) is sometimes phonemically raised to /ɐ/ when it is nasal, and also in stressed syllables before heterosyllabic nasal consonants (even if the speaker does not nasalize vowels in this position):<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> compare for instance dama sã [ˈdɐmɐ ˈsɐ̃] (PT) or [ˈdɐ̃mɐ ˈsɐ̃] (BR) ('healthy lady') and dá maçã [ˈda mɐˈsɐ̃] (PT) or [ˈda maˈsɐ̃] (BR) ('it gives apples'). /a/ may also be raised slightly in word-final unstressed syllables. Nasalization and height increase noticeably with time during the production of a single nasal vowel in BP in those cases that are written with nasal consonants ⟨m n⟩, so that /ˈʒẽʁu/ may be realized as [ˈʒẽj̃ʁu] or [ˈʒẽɰ̃ʁu].<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> This creates a significant difference between the realizations of ⟨am⟩ and ⟨ã⟩ for some speakers: compare for instance ranço real [ˈʁɐ̃su ˈʁjal] (PT) or [ˈʁɐ̃ɰ̃su ʁeˈaw] (BR) ('royal rancidness') and rã surreal [ˈʁɐ̃ suˈʁjal] (PT) or [ˈʁɐ̃ suʁeˈaw] (BR) ('surreal frog'). (Here [ɰ̃] means a velar <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant#Nasal_approximants" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">nasal approximant</a>.) At the end of a word ⟨em⟩ is always pronounced [ẽj̃] with a clear <a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">nasal palatal approximant</a> (<a href="#Nasal_diphthongs">see below</a>). Whenever a nasal vowel is pronounced with a nasal coda (approximant or occlusive) the (phonetic) nasalization of the vowel itself is optional.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The following examples exhaustively demonstrate the general situation for BP. <ul><li>romã ('pomegranate') : [ʁoˈmɐ̃] : final vowel is (phonemically) "nasal" and nasal approximants may not be pronounced.</li> <li>genro ('son-in-law') : [ˈʒẽʁu] or [ˈʒẽj̃ʁu] or [ˈʒẽɰ̃ʁu] : nasal consonant deleted; preceding vowel is (phonemically) "nasal" and nasal approximants may be pronounced.</li> <li>cem ('a hundred') : [ˈsẽj̃] : nasal approximant must be pronounced.</li> <li>cantar ('to sing') : [kɐ̃nˈtaɾ]: nasal consonant remains because of the following plosive; preceding vowel is raised and nasalized non-phonemically. (This is traditionally considered a "nasal" vowel by textbooks.)</li> <li>cano ('pipe') : [ˈkɐ̃nu] or [ˈkɐnu] : first vowel is necessarily raised, and may be nasalized non-phonemically.</li> <li>tomo ('I take') : [ˈtomu] or [ˈtõmu] : first vowel may be nasalized non-phonemically.</li></ul> It follows from these observations that the vowels of BP can be described simply in the following way. <ul><li>BP has eight monophthongs—/a ɐ e ɛ i o ɔ u/—whose phonetic realizations may be affected by a nasal archiphoneme /N/.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The vowel /ɐ/ is typically nasalized (in every position), but this is not phonemic.</li> <li>All eight vowels are differentiated in stressed and unstressed positions. But in word-final unstressed position and not followed by /N/, they reduce to three vowels—/a i u/—in most dialects. In this position, /a/ has a free variation [ɐ] and this fatally impairs /a-ɐ/ distinction. (For instance: the word ímã ('magnet') is effectively pronounced as either ima or ímam, depending on speaker.)</li> <li>Like the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ん">ん</a> of Japanese, the archiphoneme /N/ is a nasal archiphoneme of syllabic codas and its actual place of articulation is determined by the following sound: <ul><li>/VNp, VNb/=[Ṽmp, Ṽmb];</li> <li>/VNt, VNd/=[Ṽnt, Ṽnd];</li> <li>/VNk, VNg/=[Ṽŋk, Ṽŋg];</li> <li>otherwise it becomes a nasal approximant [ɰ̃] (as in Japanese kan'i <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E6%98%93#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:簡易">簡易</a> [かんい], etc.). After the vowels /e i/ this approximant may also be pronounced as [j̃]; and after /o u/ as [w̃] (free variations).</li></ul></li> <li>The system of eight monophthongs reduces to five—/ɐ e i o u/—before /N/ and also in stressed syllables before heterosyllabic nasal consonants. The grapheme ⟨a⟩ stands for /ɐ/ in these cases.</li> <li>/eN/ is not allowed at word-final position because ⟨em⟩ stands for /ẽj/ in this case. (Here /j̃/ means the same phoneme that ⟨nh⟩ represents; and /e/ may be nasalized non-phonemically.) This is the only case of /j̃/ in coda-position.</li></ul> With this description, the examples from before are simply /ʁoˈmɐ/, /ˈʒeNʁu/, /sej̃/, /kaNˈtaɾ/, /ˈkɐnu/, /ˈtomu/. Note that the aforementioned description may only apply to Southern-Southeastern dialects of Brazilian Portuguese. But there is no commonly accepted transcription for Brazilian Portuguese phonology. Vowel nasalization in some dialects of Brazilian Portuguese is very different from that of French, for example. In French, the nasalization extends uniformly through the entire vowel, whereas in the Southern-Southeastern dialects of Brazilian Portuguese, the nasalization begins almost imperceptibly and then becomes stronger toward the end of the vowel. In this respect it is more similar to the nasalization of <a href="/wiki/Hindi-Urdu_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi-Urdu phonology">Hindi-Urdu</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">Anusvara</a>). In some cases, the nasal <a href="/wiki/Archiphoneme" class="mw-redirect" title="Archiphoneme">archiphoneme</a> even entails the insertion of a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal consonant</a> such as [m, n, ŋ, ȷ̃, w̃, ɰ̃] (compare <a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology#Open" title="Polish phonology">Polish phonology § Open</a>), as in the following examples: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li>banco [ˈbɐ̃ku ~ ˈbɐ̃ŋku ~ ˈbɐ̃ɰ̃ku]</li> <li>tempo [ˈtẽpu ~ ˈtẽmpu ~ ˈtẽȷ̃pu ~ ˈtẽɰ̃pu]</li> <li>pinta [ˈpĩtɐ ~ ˈpĩntɐ ~ ˈpĩȷ̃tɐ ~ ˈpĩɰ̃tɐ]</li> <li>sombra [ˈsõbɾɐ ~ ˈsõmbɾɐ ~ ˈsõw̃bɾɐ ~ ˈsõɰ̃bɾɐ]</li> <li>mundo [ˈmũdu ~ ˈmũndu ~ ˈmũw̃du ~ ˈmũɰ̃du]</li> <li>fã [ˈfɐ̃ ~ ˈfɐ̃ŋ ~ ˈfɐ̃ɰ̃]</li> <li>bem [ˈbẽȷ̃ ~ ˈbẽĩ̠̯ɰ̃ ~ ˈbẽɰ̃]</li> <li>vim [ˈvĩ ~ ˈvĩĩ̠̯ɰ̃ ~ ˈvĩŋ ~ ˈvĩj̃ ~ ˈvĩɰ̃]</li> <li>bom [ˈbõ ~ ˈbõw̃ ~ ˈbõɰ̃ ~ ˈbõŋ]</li> <li>um [ˈũ ~ ˈũŋ ~ ˈũw̃ ~ ˈũɰ̃]</li> <li>mãe [ˈmɐ̃ȷ̃]</li> <li>pão [ˈpɐ̃w̃]</li> <li>põe [ˈpõȷ̃]</li> <li>muito [ˈmũj̃tu ~ ˈmũj̃ntu]</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nasal_diphthongs">Nasal diphthongs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nasal diphthongs">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nasal diphthong </th> <th>Usual spelling </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Notes and variants </th></tr> <tr> <td>/ɐ̃w̃/</td> <td>am, ão</td> <td>falam, mão</td> <td>'they speak', 'hand'</td> <td>The spelling am is used in unstressed syllables (falaram [fɐˈlaɾɐ̃w̃], 'they spoke'), whereas ão is for stressed syllables (falarão [fɐlɐˈɾɐ̃w̃], 'they will speak') </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɐ̃j̃/</td> <td>ãe, ãi</td> <td>mãe, cãibra</td> <td>'mom', 'cramp'</td> <td>In Central and Southern Portugal, it is also the colloquial pronunciation of /ẽj/, which means mãe and bem rhyme. </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ẽj̃/</td> <td>em</td> <td>bem</td> <td>'well'</td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Grande_Lisboa" title="Grande Lisboa">Greater Lisbon</a>, it merges to [ɐ̃j], which means mãe and bem rhyme.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>/õw̃ ~ õ/<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></td> <td>om</td> <td>bom</td> <td>'good'</td> <td>The diphthongization of such nasal vowel is controversial. </td></tr> <tr> <td>/õj̃/</td> <td>õe</td> <td>põe</td> <td>'(he/she) puts'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ũj̃/</td> <td>ui</td> <td>muito</td> <td>'very', 'much'</td> <td>Only nasalized in words derived from muito (including mui). </td></tr></tbody></table> Most times nasal diphthongs occur at the end of the word. They are: <ul><li>-ãe [ɐ̃j̃]. It occurs in mãe(s) ('mother[s]') and in the plural of some words ending in -ão, e.g., cães ('dogs'), pães ('breads'); and exceptionally non-finally in cãibra ('cramp'). In Central European Portuguese, it occurs also in all words ending in -em, like tem ('he/she/it has'), bem ('well', 'good', as a noun), mentem (they lie), etc.</li> <li>-em [ẽj̃]. It occurs, both stressed and unstressed, in Brazilian Portuguese and in European Portuguese (both northern and southern) in word-final syllables ending in -em or -ém, like bem, sem, and além, as well as in verbs ending in -em (the 3rd person plural present indicative of verbs whose infinitives end in -er or -ir).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Greater Lisbon, [ẽj̃] has merged with [ɐ̃j̃]; and it occurs duplicated in têm [ˈtẽj̃ẽj̃][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] or [ˈtɐ̃j̃ɐ̃j̃] (3rd person plural present indicative of ter, originally tẽem), which in Brazilian is homophonous with tem (the 3rd person singular).</li> <li>-õe [õj̃]. It occurs: <ul><li>in the present indicative of pôr and its derivatives; in the 2nd person singular (pões [põj̃s], opões, compões, pressupões), in the 3rd person singular (põe [põj̃], opõe etc.), and non-finally in the 3rd person plural (põem [ˈpõẽj̃ ~ ˈpõj̃ẽj̃ ~ ˈpõj̃], opõem etc.).</li> <li>in the plural of many words ending in-ão, e.g., limões ('lemons'), anões ('dwarfs'), espiões ('spies'), iões ('ions'), catiões ('cations'), aniões ('anions'), eletrões ('electrons'), neutrões ('neutrons'), protões ('protons'), fotões ('photons'), positrões ('positrons') and the plurals of all words with the suffix -ção (compare English -tion, like in communication), like comunicações ('communications'), provocações ('provocations').</li></ul></li> <li>-uim or -uin [w̃ĩ] Example: pinguim ('penguin').</li> <li>ui [ũj̃] occurs only in the words muito [ˈmũj̃tu] and the uncommon mui [mũj̃]. The nasalisation here may be interpreted as allophonic, bleeding over from the previous m (compare mãe with the same bleeding of nasality).</li> <li>-ão or -am. [ɐ̃w̃]. Examples: pão ('bread'), cão ('dog'), estão ('they are'), vão ('they go'), limão ('lemon'), órgão ('organ'), Estêvão ('Steven'). When in the -am form (unstressed) they are always the 3rd person of the plural of a verb, like estavam ('they were'), contam ('they account'), escreveram ('they wrote'), partiram ('they left').</li> <li>-om [õw̃]. It occurs in word-final syllables ending in -om like bom and som. However, it may be also monophthongized to [õ].</li></ul> [j̃] and [w̃] are nasalized, non-syllabic counterparts of the vowels /i/ and /u/, respectively. In European Portuguese, they are normally not fully close, being closer to [ɪ̯̃ ʊ̯̃]. As with the oral [ʊ̯], the nasal [ʊ̯̃] is not only more central but also more weakly rounded than the [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>] monophthong. This is not transcribed in this article.<a href="#cite_note-Cruz-Ferreira92-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_alternation">Vowel alternation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vowel alternation">edit</a>]</div> The stressed relatively <a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">open vowels</a> /a, ɛ, ɔ/ contrast with the stressed relatively <a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">close vowels</a> /ɐ, e, o/ in several kinds of grammatically meaningful <a href="/wiki/Metaphony_(Romance_languages)" title="Metaphony (Romance languages)">alternation</a>: <ul><li>Between the base form of a noun or adjective and its inflected forms: ovo /o/ ('egg'), ovos /ɔ/ ('eggs'); novo /o/, nova /ɔ/, novos /ɔ/, novas /ɔ/ ('new': masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine plural, feminine plural);</li> <li>Between some nouns or adjectives and related verb forms: adj. seco /e/ ('dry'), v. seco /ɛ/ ('I dry'); n. gosto /o/ ('taste'), v. gosto /ɔ/ ('I like'); n. governo /e/ ('government') v. governo /ɛ/ ('I govern');</li> <li>Between different forms of some verbs: pôde /o/ ('he could'), pode /ɔ/ ('he can');</li> <li>Between some pairs of related words: avô /o/ ('grandfather'), avó /ɔ/ ('grandmother');</li> <li>In regular verbs, the <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stressed vowel</a> is normally low /a, ɛ, ɔ/, but high /ɐ, e, o/ before the nasal consonants /m/, /n/, /ɲ/ (the high vowels are also nasalized, in BP);</li> <li>Some stem-changing verbs alternate stressed high vowels with stressed low vowels in the present tense, according to a regular pattern: cedo, cedes, cede, cedem /e-ɛ-ɛ-ɛ/; movo, moves, move, movem /o-ɔ-ɔ-ɔ/ (present indicative); ceda, cedas, ceda, cedam /e/; mova, movas, mova, movam /o/ (present subjunctive). (There is another class of stem-changing verbs which alternate /i, u/ with /ɛ, ɔ/ according to the same scheme);</li> <li>In central Portugal, the 1st. person plural of verbs of the 1st. conjugation (with infinitives in -ar) has the stressed vowel /ɐ/ in the present indicative, but /a/ in the preterite, cf. pensamos ('we think') with pensámos ('we thought'). In BP, the stressed vowel is /ɐ̃/ in both, so they are written without accent mark.</li></ul> There are also pairs of unrelated words that differ in the height of these vowels, such as besta /e/ ('beast') and besta /ɛ/ ('crossbow'); mexo /e/ ('I move') and mecho /ɛ/ ('I highlight [hair]'); molho /o/ ('sauce') and molho /ɔ/ ('bunch'); corte /ɔ/ ('cut') and corte /o/ ('court'); meta /e/ ('I put' subjunctive) and meta /ɛ/ ('goal'); and (especially in Portugal) para /ɐ/ ('for') and para /a/ ('he stops'); forma /o/ ('mold') and forma /ɔ/ ('shape'). There are several minimal pairs in which a <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a> containing the vowel /ɐ/ contrasts with a <a href="/wiki/Monosyllable" title="Monosyllable">monosyllabic</a> stressed word containing /a/: da vs. dá, mas vs. más, a vs. à /a/, etc. In BP, however, these words may be pronounced with /a/ in some environments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unstressed_vowels">Unstressed vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Unstressed vowels">edit</a>]</div> Some isolated vowels (meaning those that are neither nasal nor part of a diphthong) tend to change quality in a fairly predictable way when they become <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">unstressed</a>. In the examples below, the stressed syllable of each word is in boldface. The term "final" should be interpreted here as at the end of a word or before word-final -s. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Spelling </th> <th colspan="2">Stressed </th> <th colspan="2">Unstressed, not final </th> <th colspan="2">Unstressed and final </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>a</td> <td>/a/ or /ɐ/ (BR, EP) /a/ (AP)</td> <td>parto /a/ pensamos /ɐ/ (BR, EP); /a/ (AP)</td> <td>/ɐ/ or /a/ (EP) /a/ (AP, BP)</td> <td>partir /a/ (BR, AP); /ɐ/ (EP) ação /a/</td> <td>/ɐ/</td> <td>pensa /ɐ/ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>ai</td> <td>/aj/ or /aj ~ ɐj/ (BR) /aj/ (EP, AP)</td> <td>pai /aj/ plaina /aj ~ ɐj/ (BR); /aj/ (EP, AP)</td> <td>/aj/ (BR, AP) /ɐj/ (EP)</td> <td>apaixonar /aj/ (BR, AP); /ɐj/ (EP)</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>au</td> <td>/aw/ or /aw ~ ɐw/ (BR) /aw/ (EP, AP)</td> <td>pau /aw/ fauna /aw ~ ɐw/ (BR); /aw/ (EP, AP)</td> <td>/aw/ (BR, AP) /ɐw/ (EP)</td> <td>saudade /aw/ (BR, AP); /ɐw/ (EP)</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>e</td> <td>/e/ or /ɛ/</td> <td>mover /e/ pega /ɛ/</td> <td>/e/ (BR) /ɨ/ or /ɛ/ (EP) /e/ or /ɛ/ (AP)</td> <td>pregar /e/ (BP, AP); /ɨ/ (EP) (to nail) pregar /e/ (BP); /ɛ/ (EP, AP) (to preach, to advocate)</td> <td>/i/ (BR) /ɨ/ (EP, AP)</td> <td>move /i/ (BP); /ɨ/ (EP, AP) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>ei</td> <td>/ej ~ e/ or /ɛj/ /ɐj/ (Lisbon)</td> <td>peixe /ej ~ e/; /ɐj/ (Lisbon) anéis /ɛj/; /ɐj/ (Lisbon)</td> <td>/ej ~ e/ /ɐj/ (Lisbon)</td> <td>eleição /ej ~ e/; /ɐj/ (Lisbon)</td> <td>/ej ~ e/ /ɐj/ (Lisbon)</td> <td>possíveis /ej ~ e/; /ɐj/ (Lisbon) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>eu</td> <td>/ew/ or /ɛw/</td> <td>meu /ew/ céu /ɛw/</td> <td>/ew/</td> <td>europeu /ew/</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>o</td> <td>/o/ or /ɔ/</td> <td>pôde /o/ pode /ɔ/</td> <td>/o/ (BP) /u/ or /ɔ/ (EP) /o/ or /ɔ/ (AP)</td> <td>poder /o/ (BP, AP); /u/ (EP) você /o/ (BP); /ɔ/ (EP, AP)</td> <td>/u/</td> <td>pato /u/ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>oi</td> <td>/oj/ or /ɔj/</td> <td>coisa /oj/ dói /ɔj/</td> <td>/oj/</td> <td>oitavo /oj/</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>ou</td> <td>/ow ~ o/</td> <td>ouro /ow ~ o/</td> <td>/ow ~ o/</td> <td>dourado /ow ~ o/</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> With a few exceptions mentioned in the previous sections, the vowels /a/ and /ɐ/ occur in complementary distribution when stressed, the latter before nasal consonants followed by a vowel, and the former elsewhere. In Brazilian Portuguese, the general pattern in the southern and western accents is that the stressed vowels /a, ɐ/, /e, ɛ/, /o, ɔ/ <a href="/wiki/Phoneme#Neutralization.2C_archiphoneme.2C_underspecification" title="Phoneme">neutralize</a> to /a/, /e/, /o/, respectively, in unstressed syllables, as is common in Romance languages. In final unstressed syllables, however, they are raised to /ɐ/, /i/, /u/. In casual BP (as well as in the fluminense dialect), unstressed /e/ and /o/ may be raised to /i/, /u/ on any unstressed syllable,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> as long as it has no <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Coda" title="Syllable">coda</a>. However, in the dialects of Northeastern Brazilian (as spoken in the states of Bahia and Pernambuco), non-final unstressed vowels are often open-mid /a/, /ɛ/, /ɔ/, independent of vowel harmony with surrounding lower vowels. European Portuguese has taken this process one step further, raising /a, ɐ/, /e, ɛ/, /o, ɔ/ to /ɐ/, /ɨ/, /u/ in almost all unstressed syllables. The vowels /ɐ/ and /ɨ/ are also more <a href="/wiki/Mid-centralized_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-centralized vowel">centralized</a> than their Brazilian counterparts. The three unstressed vowels /ɐ, ɨ, u/ are <a href="/wiki/Reduced_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced vowel">reduced</a> and often <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> or <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a> in fast speech. However, Angolan Portuguese has been more conservative, raising /a/, /e, ɛ/, /o, ɔ/ to /a/, /e/, /o/ in unstressed syllables; and to /ɐ/, /ɨ/, /u/ in final unstressed syllables. Which makes it almost similar to Brazilian Portuguese (except by final /ɨ/, which is inherited from European Portuguese). There are some exceptions to the rules above. For example, /i/ occurs instead of unstressed /e/ or /ɨ/, word-initially or before another vowel in <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a> (teatro, reúne, peão). /ɨ/ is often deleted entirely word-initially in the combination /ɨsC/ becoming [ʃC ~ ʒC]. Also, /a/, /ɛ/ or /ɔ/ appear in some unstressed syllables in EP, being marked in the lexicon, like espetáculo (spectacle) [ʃpɛˈtakulu]; these occur from deletion of the final consonant in a closed syllable and from crasis. And there is some dialectal variation in the unstressed sounds: the northern and eastern accents of BP have low vowels in unstressed syllables, /ɛ, ɔ/, instead of the high vowels /e, o/. However, the Brazilian media tends to prefer the southern pronunciation. In any event, the general paradigm is a useful guide for pronunciation and spelling. Nasal vowels, vowels that belong to falling diphthongs, and the high vowels /i/ and /u/ are not affected by this process, nor is the vowel /o/ when written as the digraph ⟨ou⟩ (pronounced /ow/ in conservative EP). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epenthesis">Epenthesis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Epenthesis">edit</a>]</div> In BP, an <a href="/wiki/Epenthetic_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Epenthetic vowel">epenthetic vowel</a> [i] is sometimes inserted between consonants, to break up consonant clusters that are not native to Portuguese, in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">learned words</a> and in borrowings.<a href="#cite_note-epenthesis-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-epenthesis2-58">[58]</a> This also happens at the ends of words after consonants that cannot occur word-finally (e.g., /d/, /k/, /f/). For example, psicologia ('psychology') may be pronounced [pisikoloˈʒiɐ]; adverso ('adverse') may be pronounced [adʒiˈvɛʁsu]; McDonald's may be pronounced [mɛkiˈdõnawdʒis]. In northern Portugal, an epenthetic [ɨ] may be used instead, [pɨsikuluˈʒiɐ], [ɐðɨˈβɛɾsu], but in southern Portugal there is often no epenthesis, [psikuluˈʒiɐ], [ɐdˈvɛɾsu]. Epenthesis at the end of a word does not normally occur in Portugal. The native Portuguese consonant clusters, where there is not epenthesis, are sequences of a non-sibilant oral consonant followed by the liquids /ɾ/ or /l/,<a href="#cite_note-epenthesis-57">[57]</a> and the complex consonants /ks, kw, ɡw/.<a href="#cite_note-epenthesis2-58">[58]</a> Some examples: flagrante /flɐˈɡɾɐ̃tɨ/, complexo /kõˈplɛksu/, fixo /ˈfiksu/ (but not ficção /fikˈsɐ̃w/), latex /ˈlatɛks/, quatro /ˈkʷatɾu/, guaxinim /ɡʷɐʃiˈnĩ/, /ɡʷaʃiˈnĩ/ <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Further_notes_on_the_oral_vowels">Further notes on the oral vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further notes on the oral vowels">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Some words with /ɛ ɔ/ in EP have /e o/ in BP. This happens when those vowels are stressed before the nasal consonants /m/, /n/, followed by another vowel, in which case both types may occur in European Portuguese, but Brazilian Portuguese for the most part allows only mid or close-mid vowels. This can affect spelling: cf. EP tónico, BP tônico "tonic".</li> <li>In most BP, stressed vowels have <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal</a> allophones, [ɐ̃], [ẽ], [ĩ], [õ], [ũ], etc. (see below) before one of the nasal consonants /m/, /n/, /ɲ/, followed by another vowel. In São Paulo, Southern Brazil,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and EP, nasalization is nearly absent in this environment, other than in compounds such as connosco, comummente (spelled conosco, comumente in BP).</li> <li>Most BP speakers also <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongize</a> stressed vowels in oxytones to [aj], [ɛj], [ej], [oj], [ɔj], [uj], etc. (sometimes /ij/), before a sibilant coda (written s or z). For instance, Jesus [ʒeˈzujs] ('Jesus'), faz [fajs] ('he does'), dez [dɛjs] ('ten'). This has led to the use of meia (from meia dúzia 'half a dozen") instead of seis [sejs] ('six') when making enumerations, to avoid any confusion with três [tɾejs] ('three') on the telephone.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>In Greater Lisbon, /e/ is pronounced [ɐ(j)] when it comes before a palatal consonant /j/, /ʎ/, /ɲ/ or a palato-alveolar /ʃ/, /ʒ/, followed by another vowel; as well as [ẽj̃] is pronounced [ɐ̃j̃].</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sandhi">Sandhi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sandhi">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Portuguese_phonology" title="Special:EditPage/Portuguese phonology">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (April 2013) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> When two words belonging to the same phrase are pronounced together, or two <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> are joined in a word, the last sound in the first may be affected by the first sound of the next (<a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a>), either coalescing with it, or becoming shorter (a semivowel), or being deleted. This affects especially the sibilant consonants /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, and the unstressed final vowels /ɐ/, /i, ɨ/, /u/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonant_sandhi">Consonant sandhi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Consonant sandhi">edit</a>]</div> As was mentioned above, the dialects of Portuguese can be divided into two groups, according to whether syllable-final sibilants are pronounced as postalveolar consonants /ʃ/, /ʒ/ or as alveolar /s/, /z/. At the end of words, the default pronunciation for a sibilant is voiceless, /ʃ, s/, but in connected speech the sibilant is treated as though it were within a word (<a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a>): <ul><li>If the next word begins with a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless consonant</a>, the final sibilant remains voiceless /s, ʃ/; bons tempos [bõʃ ˈtẽpuʃ] or [bõs ˈtẽpus] ('good times').</li> <li>If the next word begins with a voiced consonant, the final sibilant becomes voiced as well /z, ʒ/; bons dias [bõʒ ˈdiɐʃ] or [bõz ˈdʒiɐs] ('good days').</li> <li>If the next word begins with a vowel, the final sibilant is treated as intervocalic, and pronounced [z]; bons amigos [bõz ɐˈmiɣuʃ] or [bõz aˈmiɡus] ('good friends').</li></ul> When two identical sibilants appear in sequence within a word, they reduce to a single consonant. For example, nascer, desço, excesso, exsudar are pronounced with [s] by speakers who use alveolar sibilants at the end of syllables, and disjuntor is pronounced with [ʒ] by speakers who use postalveolars. But if the two sibilants are different they may be pronounced separately, depending on the dialect. Thus, the former speakers will pronounce the last example with [zʒ], whereas the latter speakers will pronounce the first examples with [s] if they are from Brazil or [ʃs] if from Portugal (although in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relaxed_pronunciation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relaxed pronunciation (page does not exist)">relaxed pronunciation</a> one of the siblants may be dropped). This applies also to words that are pronounced together in connected speech: <ul><li>sibilant + /s/, e.g., as sopas: either [s] (most of Brazil); [ʃs] (Portugal, standard)</li> <li>sibilant + /z/, e.g., as zonas: either [z] (mostly in Brazil); [ʒz] (Portugal, standard)</li> <li>sibilant + /ʃ/, e.g., as chaves: always [ʃ];</li> <li>sibilant + /ʒ/, e.g., os genes: always [ʒ].</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_sandhi">Vowel sandhi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vowel sandhi">edit</a>]</div> Normally, only the three vowels /ɐ/, /i/ (in BP) or /ɨ/ (in EP), and /u/ occur in <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">unstressed</a> final position. If the next word begins with a similar vowel, they merge with it in connected speech, producing a single vowel, possibly <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">crasis</a>). Here, "similar" means that nasalization can be disregarded, and that the two central vowels /a, ɐ/ can be identified with each other. Thus, <ul><li>/aa, aɐ, ɐa, ɐɐ/ → [a(ː)] (henceforth transcribed [a (a)]); toda a noite [ˈtoða (a) ˈnojtɨ] or [ˈtoda (a) ˈnojtʃi] ('all night'), nessa altura [ˈnɛs awˈtuɾɐ] or [ˈnɛs alˈtuɾɐ] ('at that point').</li> <li>/aɐ̃, ɐɐ̃/ → [ã(ː)]) (henceforth transcribed [ã (ã)]); a antiga ('the ancient one') and à antiga ('in the ancient way'), both pronounced [ã (ã)ˈtʃiɡɐ] or [ã (ã)ˈtiɣɐ]. The open nasalized [ã] appears only in this environment.</li> <li>/ii, iĩ/ → [i(ː), ĩ(ː)] (henceforth transcribed [i (i), ĩ (ĩ)]); de idade [dʒi (i)ˈdadʒi] or [di (i)ˈðaðɨ] ('aged').</li> <li>/ɨɨ/ → [ɨ]; fila de espera [ˈfilɐ ðɨʃˈpɛɾɐ] ('waiting line') (EP only).</li> <li>/uu, uũ/ → [u(ː), ũ(ː)] (henceforth transcribed [u (u), ũ (ũ)]); todo o dia [ˈtodu (u) ˈdʒiɐ] or [ˈtoðu (u) ˈðiɐ] ('all day').</li></ul> If the next word begins with a dissimilar vowel, then /i/ and /u/ become <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximants</a> in Brazilian Portuguese (<a href="/wiki/Synaeresis" title="Synaeresis">synaeresis</a>): <ul><li>/i/ + V → [jV]; durante o curso [duˈɾɐ̃tʃju ˈkuɾsu] ('during the course'), mais que um [majs kjũ] ('more than one').</li> <li>/u/ + V → [wV]; todo este tempo [ˈtoˈdwestʃi ˈtẽpu] ('all this time') do objeto [dwobiˈʒɛtu] ('of the object').</li></ul> In careful speech and in with certain function words, or in some phrase stress conditions (see Mateus and d'Andrade, for details), European Portuguese has a similar process: <ul><li>/ɨ/ + V → [jV]; se a vires [sjɐ ˈviɾɨʃ] ('if you see her'), mais que um [majʃ kjũ] ('more than one').</li> <li>/u/ + V → [wV]; todo este tempo [ˈtoˈðweʃtɨ ˈtẽpu] ('all this time'), do objeto [dwɔbˈʒɛtu] ('of the object').</li></ul> But in other <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosodic</a> conditions, and in relaxed pronunciation, EP simply drops final unstressed /ɨ/ and /u/ (<a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a>), though this is subject to significant dialectal variation: <ul><li>durante o curso [duˈɾɐ̃tu ˈkuɾsu] ('during the course'), este inquilino [ˈeʃtĩkɨˈlinu] ('this tenant').</li> <li>todo este tempo [toˈðeʃtɨ ˈtẽpu] ('all this time'), disto há muito [diʃta ˈmũjtu] ('there's a lot of this').</li></ul> Aside from historical set <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contractions</a> formed by prepositions plus <a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiners</a> or pronouns, like à/dà, ao/do, nesse, dele, etc., on one hand and combined <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a> pronouns such as mo/ma/mos/mas (it/him/her/them to/for me), and so on, on the other, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese spelling">Portuguese spelling</a> does not reflect vowel sandhi. In poetry, however, an apostrophe may be used to show <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a> such as in d'água. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stress">Stress</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Stress">edit</a>]</div> Primary <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> may fall on any of the three final syllables of a word, but most commonly on the last two, as antepenultimate stress is relatively less frequent in the language. There is a partial correlation between the position of the stress and the final vowel; for example, the final syllable is usually stressed when it contains a nasal phoneme, a diphthong, or a <a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">close vowel</a>—this is especially relevant given the influence of Indigenous languages in Brazil, as indigenous words often have final stress: urubu 'vulture', açaí 'açai', both of which originate from Tupi and have final stress. The orthography of Portuguese takes advantage of this correlation to minimize the number of diacritics, but orthographic rules vary in different regions (e.g., Brazil and Portugal), and should not be used as a reliable guide to stress, despite the existing correlations found in the grapheme-phoneme conversion of Portuguese data.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> As in English, stress in verbs and non-verbs is computed differently.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-63">[63]</a> For verbs, stress is deterministic, as different morphemes determine the location of stress in a given word based on tense, mood, person and number. For this reason, the few examples one can find of minimal pairs of lexical stress involve either different verb forms for a given stem, such as ruíram /ʁuˈiɾɐ̃w̃/ 'they collapsed' vs. ruirão /ʁuiˈɾɐ̃w̃/ 'they will collapse', or a noun-verb pair, such as dúvida /ˈduvidɐ/ 'doubt' vs. duvida /duˈvidɐ/ 's/he doubts'. For example, regardless of which verb one considers, stress is always final for the first person singular in the future simple tense (indicative): (eu) falarei 'I will speak'. For nouns and adjectives (i.e., non-verbs), stress is mostly affected by phonological factors such as syllable weight,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> although morphology also plays a role, as different suffixes may affect the location of stress in a given word. In simple terms, the algorithm for stress in non-verbs is similar to that of English and Latin (modulo the extrametricality of the final syllable, which is absent in Portuguese): stress is final if the final syllable is heavy and penultimate otherwise. A heavy syllable contains a diphthong or a coda consonant. All other patterns are considered to be irregular in most approaches in the literature, even though subregularities have been determined and discussed in recent studies.<a href="#cite_note-:0-63">[63]</a> Finally, syllable weight has also been shown to affect the position of secondary stress in the language, whose location can vary in words with an odd number of pre-tonic syllables. In such words, there's some experimental evidence showing that the presence of a given syllable containing a coda leads to a preference for secondary stress in said syllable.<a href="#cite_note-:0-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prosody">Prosody</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prosody">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=20">adding to it</a>. (February 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a> is not lexically significant in Portuguese, but phrase- and sentence-level tones are important. As in most Romance languages, interrogation on yes–no questions is expressed mainly by sharply raising the tone at the end of the sentence. An exception to this is the word oi that is subject to meaning changes: an exclamation tone means 'hi/hello', and in an interrogative tone it means 'I didn't understand'. As for prosodic domains, the presence of metrical feet in Portuguese has been called into question in a recent study, which argues that no strong evidence exists in the language that supports this particular domain (at least Brazilian Portuguese)—despite the presence of stress and secondary stress, both of which are typically (albeit not always) associated with feet.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Differences_between_Spanish_and_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Differences between Spanish and Portuguese">Differences between Spanish and Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">History of Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">Portuguese dialects</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995">Cruz-Ferreira (1995</a>:91) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbosaAlbano2004228–9-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbosaAlbano2004228–9_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbosaAlbano2004">Barbosa & Albano 2004</a>, p. 228–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-labialized_velar_-_Carvalho-3"><a href="#cite_ref-labialized_velar_-_Carvalho_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carvalho, Joana (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151129081825/http://cl.up.pt/elingup/vol4n1/article/article_2.pdf">"Sobre os Ditongos do Português Europeu"</a> [About the diphthongs of European Portuguese] (PDF). ELingUp (in Portuguese). 4 (1): 20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cl.up.pt/elingup/vol4n1/article/article_2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2015-11-29. Retrieved 2015-07-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ELingUp&rft.atitle=Sobre+os+Ditongos+do+Portugu%C3%AAs+Europeu&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Joana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcl.up.pt%2Felingup%2Fvol4n1%2Farticle%2Farticle_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988">: "A conclusão será que nos encontramos em presença de dois segmentos fonológicos /kʷ/ e /ɡʷ/, respetivamente, com uma articulação vocálica. Bisol (2005:122), tal como Freitas (1997), afirma que não estamos em presença de um ataque ramificado. Neste caso, a glide, juntamente com a vogal que a sucede, forma um ditongo no nível pós-lexical. Esta conclusão implica um aumento do número de segmentos no inventário segmental fonológico do português." </li> <li id="cite_note-labialized_velar_-_Bisol-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-labialized_velar_-_Bisol_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-labialized_velar_-_Bisol_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBisol2005">Bisol (2005</a>:122): "A proposta é que a sequencia consoante velar + glide posterior seja indicada no léxico como uma unidade monofonemática /kʷ/ e /ɡʷ/. O glide que, nete caso, situa-se no ataque não-ramificado, forma com a vogal seguinte um ditongo crescente em nível pós lexical. Ditongos crescentes somente se formam neste nível. Em resumo, a consoante velar e o glide posterior, quando seguidos de a/o, formam uma só unidade fonológica, ou seja, um segmento consonantal com articulação secundária vocálica, em outros termos, um segmento complexo." </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2012">Rodrigues (2012</a>:39–40) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBisol2005">Bisol (2005</a>:123) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMateusd'Andrade2000">Mateus & d'Andrade (2000</a>:63–64) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1974">Thomas (1974</a>:8) </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerini2002">Perini (2002</a>:?) </li> <li id="cite_note-J._L._Leite-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-J._L._Leite_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-J._L._Leite_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeite1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leite, João Lucas (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicacoes.ufes.br/contexto/article/viewFile/7039/5174">"Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português"</a> [Considerations on the status of alveolo-palatals in Portuguese]. Contexto: Revista do Departamento de Línguas e Letras (in Portuguese) (1–2): 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contexto%3A+Revista+do+Departamento+de+L%C3%ADnguas+e+Letras&rft.atitle=Considera%C3%A7%C3%B5es+sobre+o+status+das+palato-alveolares+em+portugu%C3%AAs&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Leite&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o+Lucas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicacoes.ufes.br%2Fcontexto%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F7039%2F5174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMateusd'Andrade2000">Mateus & d'Andrade (2000</a>:5–6, 11) </li> <li id="cite_note-gr157-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gr157_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gr157_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrønnum2005">Grønnum (2005</a>:157) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbosaAlbano2004">Barbosa & Albano (2004</a>:228) </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruz-Ferreira92-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruz-Ferreira92_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruz-Ferreira92_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruz-Ferreira92_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruz-Ferreira92_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruz-Ferreira92_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruz-Ferreira92_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruz-Ferreira92_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruz-Ferreira92_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruz-Ferreira92_14-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995">Cruz-Ferreira (1995</a>:92) </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMateusd'Andrade2000">Mateus & d'Andrade (2000</a>:11) </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> according to the "Nota Explicativa do Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa", written by the Academia Brasileira de Letras and by the Academia de Ciências de Lisboa </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMateusd'Andrade2000">Mateus & d'Andrade (2000</a>:22) </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbosa_2004_229-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barbosa_2004_229_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbosa_2004_229_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbosa_2004_229_18-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbosaAlbano2004">Barbosa & Albano (2004</a>:229) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMateusd'Andrade2000">Mateus & d'Andrade (2000</a>:13) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEmiliano2009">Emiliano (2009)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/acerca-do-som-semivocalico-da-letra-l/29627">"Acerca do som semivocálico da letra l"</a> [About the semivocal sound of the letter l]. Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ciberd%C3%BAvidas+da+L%C3%ADngua+Portuguesa&rft.atitle=Acerca+do+som+semivoc%C3%A1lico+da+letra+l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt%2Fconsultorio%2Fperguntas%2Facerca-do-som-semivocalico-da-letra-l%2F29627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajor1992">Major (1992</a>:18) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonetMascaró1997">Bonet & Mascaró (1997</a>:104) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMateusd'Andrade2000">Mateus & d'Andrade (2000</a>:15) </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Oliveira1983" class="citation thesis cs1">de Oliveira, Marco Antônio (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI8406656/">Phonological variation and change in Brazilian Portuguese: the case of the liquids</a> (PhD thesis). University of Pennsylvania.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Phonological+variation+and+change+in+Brazilian+Portuguese%3A+the+case+of+the+liquids&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=de+Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Marco+Ant%C3%B4nio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fdissertations%2FAAI8406656%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallouMoraesLeite1998" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Callou, Dinah; Moraes, João; Leite, Yonne (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0102-44501998000300006">"Apagamento do R final no dialeto carioca: um estudo em tempo aparente e em tempo real"</a> [Erasing the final R in the Carioca dialect: a study in apparent time and in real time]. DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada (in Portuguese). 14 (spe): 61–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0102-44501998000300006">10.1590/S0102-44501998000300006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DELTA%3A+Documenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+Estudos+em+Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+Te%C3%B3rica+e+Aplicada&rft.atitle=Apagamento+do+R+final+no+dialeto+carioca%3A+um+estudo+em+tempo+aparente+e+em+tempo+real&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=spe&rft.pages=61-72&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0102-44501998000300006&rft.aulast=Callou&rft.aufirst=Dinah&rft.au=Moraes%2C+Jo%C3%A3o&rft.au=Leite%2C+Yonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS0102-44501998000300006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMateusd'Andrade2000">Mateus & d'Andrade (2000</a>:12) citing <a href="#CITEREFCallouLeite1990">Callou & Leite (1990</a>:72–76) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBisol2005">Bisol (2005</a>:215) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMateusd'Andrade2000">Mateus & d'Andrade (2000</a>:15–16) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUndolo2014183-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUndolo2014183_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUndolo2014">Undolo (2014)</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilveira2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Silveira, Regina Célia Pagliuchi da (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/signum/article/viewFile/3881/3120">"A Questão da Identidade Idiomática: A Pronúncia das Vogais Tônicas e Pretônicas na Variedade Padrão do Português Brasileiro"</a> [The Question of Idiomatic Identity: The Pronunciation of Tonic and Pretonic Vowels in the Standard Variety of Brazilian Portuguese], Signum: Estudos da Linguagem (in Portuguese), no. 7/1, p. 170</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signum%3A+Estudos+da+Linguagem&rft.atitle=A+Quest%C3%A3o+da+Identidade+Idiom%C3%A1tica%3A+A+Pron%C3%BAncia+das+Vogais+T%C3%B4nicas+e+Pret%C3%B4nicas+na+Variedade+Padr%C3%A3o+do+Portugu%C3%AAs+Brasileiro&rft.issue=7%2F1&rft.pages=170&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Silveira&rft.aufirst=Regina+C%C3%A9lia+Pagliuchi+da&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uel.br%2Frevistas%2Fuel%2Findex.php%2Fsignum%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F3881%2F3120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpahr2013">Spahr (2013</a>:2) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpahr2013">Spahr (2013</a>:6) </li> <li id="cite_note-Major7-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Major7_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Major7_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajor1992">Major (1992</a>:7) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMateusd'Andrade2000">Mateus & d'Andrade (2000</a>:19) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aulete.com.br/rush">rush</a> in Aulete dictionary </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.priberam.pt/DLPO/rush">rush</a> in Priberam dictionary </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aulete.com.br/clube">clube</a> in Aulete dictionary </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.priberam.pt/DLPO/clube">clube</a> in Priberam dictionary </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.priberam.pt/DLPO/surf">surf</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.priberam.pt/DLPO/surfe">surfe</a> in Priberam dictionary </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira1999129–130-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira1999129–130_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1999">Cruz-Ferreira (1999)</a>, pp. 129–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisVincent1988" class="citation cs2">Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (1988), The Romance Languages, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romance+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Vincent%2C+Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buala.org/pt/a-ler/o-angoles-uma-maneira-angolana-de-falar-portugues">"O Angolês, uma maneira angolana de falar português | BUALA"</a>. www.buala.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.buala.org&rft.atitle=O+Angol%C3%AAs%2C+uma+maneira+angolana+de+falar+portugu%C3%AAs+%26%23124%3B+BUALA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buala.org%2Fpt%2Fa-ler%2Fo-angoles-uma-maneira-angolana-de-falar-portugues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Major14-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Major14_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Major14_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Major14_44-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajor1992">Major (1992</a>:14) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> From the 1911 Orthographic Formulary: "No centro de Portugal o digrama ou, quando tónico, confunde-se na pronunciação com ô, fechado. A diferença entre os dois símbolos, ô, ou, é de rigor que se mantenha, não só porque, histórica e tradicionalmente, êles sempre foram e continuam a ser diferençados na escrita, mas tambêm porque a distinção de valor se observa em grande parte do país, do Mondego para norte." Available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.portaldalinguaportuguesa.org/acordo.php?action=acordo&version=1911">http://www.portaldalinguaportuguesa.org/acordo.php?action=acordo&version=1911</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho2007" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carvalho, Solange Carlos de (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/7791">Estudo variável do apagamento dos ditongos decrescentes orais em falares do Recife</a> [Variable study of the erasure of decreasing oral diphthongs in speech from Recife] (Master's thesis) (in Portuguese). Federal University of Pernambuco. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Estudo+vari%C3%A1vel+do+apagamento+dos+ditongos+decrescentes+orais+em+falares+do+Recife&rft.degree=Master%27s&rft.inst=Federal+University+of+Pernambuco&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Solange+Carlos+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.ufpe.br%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F7791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"> – The unique kind of diphthong which does not swap with hiatus is that preceded by velar stops such as that in quando and água. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> The syllabic separation given by the dictionaries of Portuguese indicates these vowels in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706155022/http://aulete.uol.com.br/site.php?mdl=aulete_digital&op=loadVerbete&pesquisa=1&palavra=iate">"iate"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aulete.uol.com.br/site.php?mdl=aulete_digital&op=loadVerbete&pesquisa=1&palavra=iate">the original</a> on 2011-07-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=iate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faulete.uol.com.br%2Fsite.php%3Fmdl%3Daulete_digital%26op%3DloadVerbete%26pesquisa%3D1%26palavra%3Diate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223215106/http://aulete.uol.com.br/site.php?mdl=aulete_digital">"sábio"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aulete.uol.com.br/site.php?mdl=aulete_digital&op=loadVerbete&palavra=s%E1bio">the original</a> on 2009-12-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=s%C3%A1bio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faulete.uol.com.br%2Fsite.php%3Fmdl%3Daulete_digital%26op%3DloadVerbete%26palavra%3Ds%25E1bio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"> can be pronounced both as diphthong or hiatus. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCagliari1977">Cagliari (1977</a>:5) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCagliari1977">Cagliari (1977</a>:12) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCagliari1977">Cagliari (1977</a>:34) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCagliari1977">Cagliari (1977</a>:24) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCagliari1977">Cagliari (1977</a>:4) </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Angelis2002">D'Angelis (2002</a>:15) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetzelsMenuzziCosta2016" class="citation book cs1">Wetzels, W. Leo; Menuzzi, Sergio; Costa, João, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=evznCwAAQBAJ&q=portuguese%2520nasal%2520diphthongs&pg=PA65">The Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics</a>. 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To Appear in Laboratory Phonology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=To+Appear+in+Laboratory+Phonology&rft.atitle=Weight+effects+and+the+parametrization+of+the+foot%3A+English+vs.+Portuguese&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Guilherme+D&rft.au=Goad%2C+Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosf.io%2Fpreprints%2Fosf%2Fpc6hg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbosaAlbano2004" class="citation cs2">Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. 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Mascaró, Joan (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mascaro-uab.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/9/2/40925737/on_the_representation_1997.pdf">"On the representation of contrasting rhotics"</a> (PDF), in Martínez-Gil, Fernando; Morales-Front, Alfonso (eds.), Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages, Georgetown University Press, pp. 103–126</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+representation+of+contrasting+rhotics&rft.btitle=Issues+in+the+Phonology+and+Morphology+of+the+Major+Iberian+Languages&rft.pages=103-126&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bonet&rft.aufirst=Eul%C3%A0lia&rft.au=Mascar%C3%B3%2C+Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmascaro-uab.weebly.com%2Fuploads%2F4%2F0%2F9%2F2%2F40925737%2Fon_the_representation_1997.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallouLeite1990" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Callou, Dinah; Leite, Yonne (1990), Iniciação à fonética e à fonologia [Introduction to phonetics and phonology] (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-7110-096-9" title="Special:BookSources/85-7110-096-9"><bdi>85-7110-096-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inicia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+%C3%A0+fon%C3%A9tica+e+%C3%A0+fonologia&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Jorge+Zahar&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=85-7110-096-9&rft.aulast=Callou&rft.aufirst=Dinah&rft.au=Leite%2C+Yonne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCâmara1953" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Câmara, Joaquim Mattoso Jr. (1953), Para o Estudo da Fonémica Portuguesa [For the study of Portuguese phonemics] (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Organização Simões</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Para+o+Estudo+da+Fon%C3%A9mica+Portuguesa&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Sim%C3%B5es&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=C%C3%A2mara&rft.aufirst=Joaquim+Mattoso+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995" class="citation cs2">Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_por_phon-1">"European Portuguese"</a>, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005223">10.1017/S0025100300005223</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249414876">249414876</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=European+Portuguese&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=90-94&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300005223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249414876%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cruz-Ferreira&rft.aufirst=Madalena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosettaproject_por_phon-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1999" class="citation book cs1">Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=33BSkFV_8PEC&pg=PA126">"Portuguese (European)"</a>. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63751-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63751-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63751-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Portuguese+%28European%29&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63751-0&rft.aulast=Cruz-Ferreira&rft.aufirst=Madalena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D33BSkFV_8PEC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCagliari1977" class="citation cs2">Cagliari, Luiz Carlos (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17275">An Experimental Study of Nasality with Particular Reference to Brazilian Portuguese</a> (thesis), University of Edinburgh, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1842%2F17275">1842/17275</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Experimental+Study+of+Nasality+with+Particular+Reference+to+Brazilian+Portuguese&rft.pub=University+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1842%2F17275&rft.aulast=Cagliari&rft.aufirst=Luiz+Carlos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F1842%2F17275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuestada_Luz1987" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cuesta, Vázquez; da Luz, Mendes (1987), Gramática portuguesa [Portuguese grammar] (in Portuguese) (3rd ed.), Gredos, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-249-1117-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-249-1117-2"><bdi>84-249-1117-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gram%C3%A1tica+portuguesa&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Gredos&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=84-249-1117-2&rft.aulast=Cuesta&rft.aufirst=V%C3%A1zquez&rft.au=da+Luz%2C+Mendes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Angelis2002" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">D'Angelis, Wilmar da Rocha (2002), "Sistema Fonológico do Português: Rediscutindo o Consenso" [Portuguese phonological system: Rediscussing the consensus], DELTA (in Portuguese), 18 (1): 1–24, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0102-44502002000100001">10.1590/S0102-44502002000100001</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DELTA&rft.atitle=Sistema+Fonol%C3%B3gico+do+Portugu%C3%AAs%3A+Rediscutindo+o+Consenso&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0102-44502002000100001&rft.aulast=D%27Angelis&rft.aufirst=Wilmar+da+Rocha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmiliano2009" class="citation cs2">Emiliano, António (2009), Fonética do português europeu: descrição e transcrição, Guimarães Editores, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-665-614-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-665-614-2"><bdi>978-972-665-614-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fon%C3%A9tica+do+portugu%C3%AAs+europeu%3A+descri%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+transcri%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.pub=Guimar%C3%A3es+Editores&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-972-665-614-2&rft.aulast=Emiliano&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia2017" class="citation cs2">Garcia, Guilherme D. (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gdgarcia.ca/thesis">Weight effects on stress: lexicon and grammar</a>, PhD thesis, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weight+effects+on+stress%3A+lexicon+and+grammar&rft.pub=PhD+thesis%2C+McGill+University%2C+Montr%C3%A9al%2C+Canada.&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Guilherme+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgdgarcia.ca%2Fthesis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia2017" class="citation cs2">Garcia, Guilherme D. (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gdgarcia.ca/garcia_phon_2017">"Weight gradience and stress in Portuguese"</a>, Phonology, 34 (1), Cambridge University Press.: 41–79, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952675717000033">10.1017/S0952675717000033</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794%2F105123">20.500.11794/105123</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phonology&rft.atitle=Weight+gradience+and+stress+in+Portuguese&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-79&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11794%2F105123&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0952675717000033&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Guilherme+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgdgarcia.ca%2Fgarcia_phon_2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia2024" class="citation cs2">Garcia, Guilherme D. (2024), "Current issues in Portuguese main and secondary stress", in Zampaulo, André (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003266648-9">The Routledge Handbook of Portuguese Phonology</a>, London: Routledge, pp. 115–141, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003266648-9">10.4324/9781003266648-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-26664-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-26664-8"><bdi>978-1-003-26664-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Current+issues+in+Portuguese+main+and+secondary+stress&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Portuguese+Phonology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=115-141&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003266648-9&rft.isbn=978-1-003-26664-8&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Guilherme+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781003266648-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrønnum2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nina_Gr%C3%B8nnum" title="Nina Grønnum">Grønnum, Nina</a> (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ">Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk</a> (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-500-3865-6" title="Special:BookSources/87-500-3865-6"><bdi>87-500-3865-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fonetik+og+fonologi%2C+Almen+og+Dansk&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Akademisk+Forlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=87-500-3865-6&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B8nnum&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RtCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor1992" class="citation cs2">Major, Roy C. (1992), "Stress and Rhythm in Brazilian Portuguese", in Koike, Dale April; Macedo, Donaldo P (eds.), Romance Linguistics: The Portuguese Context, vol. 61, Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, pp. 259–282, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F414145">10.2307/414145</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89789-297-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89789-297-6"><bdi>0-89789-297-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/414145">414145</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stress+and+Rhythm+in+Brazilian+Portuguese&rft.btitle=Romance+Linguistics%3A+The+Portuguese+Context&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=259-282&rft.pub=Bergin+%26+Garvey&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F414145%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F414145&rft.isbn=0-89789-297-6&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=Roy+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMateusd'Andrade2000" class="citation cs2">Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Onr9OFylajYC">The Phonology of Portuguese</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-823581-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-823581-X"><bdi>0-19-823581-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Portuguese&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-823581-X&rft.aulast=Mateus&rft.aufirst=Maria+Helena&rft.au=d%27Andrade%2C+Ernesto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOnr9OFylajYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerini2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_A._Perini" title="Mário A. Perini">Perini, Mário Alberto</a> (2002), Modern Portuguese (A Reference Grammar), New Haven: Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09155-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09155-7"><bdi>978-0-300-09155-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Portuguese+%28A+Reference+Grammar%29&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09155-7&rft.aulast=Perini&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1rio+Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrigues2012" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rodrigues, Marisandra Costa (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011052326/http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/doutorado/GomesMCR.pdf">Encontros Vocálicos Finais em Português: Descrição e Análise Otimalista</a> [Final vowel encounters in Portuguese: Optimalistic description and analysis] (PDF) (thesis) (in Portuguese), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/doutorado/GomesMCR.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2017-10-11, retrieved 2015-07-05</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encontros+Voc%C3%A1licos+Finais+em+Portugu%C3%AAs%3A+Descri%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+An%C3%A1lise+Otimalista&rft.pub=Universidade+Federal+do+Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Rodrigues&rft.aufirst=Marisandra+Costa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.letras.ufrj.br%2Fposverna%2Fdoutorado%2FGomesMCR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpahr2013" class="citation cs2">Spahr, Christopher (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://individual.utoronto.ca/spahr/spahr_crc_2013.pdf">Confronting the European Portuguese low vowel distinction</a> (PDF), Toronto: University of Toronto</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+the+European+Portuguese+low+vowel+distinction&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Spahr&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findividual.utoronto.ca%2Fspahr%2Fspahr_crc_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUndolo2014" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Undolo, Márcio (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/RFRM/article/view/51071/47414">"Caracterização do sistema vocálico do português culto falado em Angola"</a> [Characterization of the vowel system of learned Portuguese spoken in Angola], Revista de Filologia Romanica (in Portuguese), 31 (2), Évora, Portugal: Universidade de Évora, Portugal: 181–187</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Filologia+Romanica&rft.atitle=Caracteriza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+sistema+voc%C3%A1lico+do+portugu%C3%AAs+culto+falado+em+Angola&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-187&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Undolo&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1rcio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.ucm.es%2Findex.php%2FRFRM%2Farticle%2Fview%2F51071%2F47414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1974" class="citation cs2">Thomas, Earl W. (1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm8yS1ZKJ5gC">A Grammar of Spoken Brazilian Portuguese</a>, Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8265-1197-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8265-1197-X"><bdi>0-8265-1197-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Spoken+Brazilian+Portuguese&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-8265-1197-X&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Earl+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGm8yS1ZKJ5gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeloso2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Veloso, João (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/4748.pdf">"Considerações Sobre o Estatuto Fonológico de [ɨ] em Português"</a> [Considerations about the phonological status of [ɨ] in Portuguese] (PDF), Línguas e Literaturas, 2 (in Portuguese), vol. 22, Porto: Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, pp. 621–632</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%C3%ADnguas+e+Literaturas&rft.atitle=Considera%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Sobre+o+Estatuto+Fonol%C3%B3gico+de+%5B%C9%A8%5D+em+Portugu%C3%AAs&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=621-632&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Veloso&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fler.letras.up.pt%2Fuploads%2Fficheiros%2F4748.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+phonology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gdgarcia.ca/psl">The Portuguese Stress Lexicon</a> contains a comprehensive list of nouns and adjectives coded for numerous phonological variables.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gdgarcia.ca/fonology">The Fonology package</a> for R provides a wide range of functions to work with written data, especially in Portuguese.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/portuguese.htm">Omniglot's page on Portuguese</a> includes a recording of the phonemes and diphthongs (Brazilian Portuguese).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rudhar.com/foneport/en/foneport.htm">The pronunciation of the Portuguese of Portugal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rudhar.com/foneport/en/fonesumm.htm">Phoneme summary, with samples</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://european-portuguese.info/">The pronunciation of each vowel and consonant letter in European Portuguese</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonologies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Phonologies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_phonology" title="Abkhaz phonology">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_phonology" title="Acehnese phonology">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_phonology" title="Adyghe phonology">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_phonology" title="Afrikaans phonology">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">American Sign Language</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic_phonology" title="Hejazi Arabic phonology">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_phonology" title="Levantine Arabic phonology">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic#Phonology" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_phonology" title="Tunisian Arabic phonology">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_phonology" title="Avestan phonology">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_phonology" title="Belarusian phonology">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_phonology" title="Burmese phonology">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_phonology" title="Chukchi phonology">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_phonology" title="Cornish phonology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish</a></li> <li>Dutch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsmaal-Gussenhoven_dialect_phonology" title="Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology">Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">Regional North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">White South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_phonology" title="Old English phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_phonology" title="Middle English phonology">Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_phonology" title="Estonian phonology">Estonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_phonology" title="Faroese phonology">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">Parisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_phonology" title="Galician phonology">Galician</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German_phonology" title="Bernese German phonology">Bernese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greek <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_phonology" title="Greenlandic phonology">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_phonology" title="Gujarati phonology">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology" title="Hawaiian phonology">Hawaiian</a></li> <li>Hebrew <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" title="Ingrian phonology">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_phonology" title="Inuit phonology">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_phonology" title="Kiowa phonology">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_phonology" title="Konkani phonology">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_phonology" title="Kyrgyz phonology">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_phonology" title="Latgalian phonology">Latgalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian</a></li> <li>Limburgish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect_phonology" title="Maastrichtian dialect phonology">Maastrichtian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_phonology" title="Luxembourgish phonology">Luxembourgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M–S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_phonology" title="Maldivian phonology">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_phonology" title="Māori phonology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_phonology" title="Massachusett phonology">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_phonology" title="Medumba phonology">Medumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_phonology" title="Navajo phonology">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_phonology" title="Occitan phonology">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_phonology" title="Ojibwe phonology">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_phonology" title="Old Saxon phonology">Old Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_phonology" title="Oromo phonology">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_phonology" title="Ottawa phonology">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_phonology" title="Pashto phonology">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li>Ripuarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_phonology" title="Colognian phonology">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkrade_dialect_phonology" title="Kerkrade dialect phonology">Kerkrade dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_phonology" title="Sardinian phonology">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" title="Phonological history of Scots">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_phonology" title="Somali phonology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_phonology" title="Sotho phonology">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">T–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_phonology" title="Taos phonology">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_phonology" title="Ubykh phonology">Ubykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_phonology" title="Uyghur phonology">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_phonology" title="West Frisian phonology">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_phonology" title="Yiddish phonology">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_phonology" title="Zuni phonology">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_dialects" title="Template:Portuguese dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_dialects" title="Template talk:Portuguese dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Portuguese" title="Angolan Portuguese">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Portuguese" title="Cape Verdean Portuguese">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Portuguese" title="Guinean Portuguese">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Portuguese" title="Mozambican Portuguese">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tomean_Portuguese" title="São Tomean Portuguese">São Tomean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_the_Americas" title="Portuguese language in the Americas">Pan-American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amazofonia" title="Amazofonia">Amazofonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caipira_dialect" title="Caipira dialect">Caipira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_northeastern_Portuguese" title="Central northeastern Portuguese">Central Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianopolitan_dialect" title="Florianopolitan dialect">Florianopolitan/Manês</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%BAcho_dialect" title="Gaúcho dialect">Gaúcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_coast_Portuguese" title="North coast Portuguese">North Coast/Cearense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulistano_dialect" title="Paulistano dialect">Paulistano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sertanejo_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sertanejo dialect (page does not exist)">Sertanejo</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_sertanejo" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto sertanejo">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulista_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulista dialect (page does not exist)">Curitibano/Sulista</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_sulista" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto sulista">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carioca_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carioca dialect (page does not exist)">Carioca</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_carioca" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto carioca">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serra_amaz%C3%B4nica_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serra amazônica dialect (page does not exist)">Serra amazônica</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_da_serra_amaz%C3%B4nica" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto da serra amazônica">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brasiliense_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brasiliense dialect (page does not exist)">Brasiliense</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_brasiliense" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto brasiliense">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recifense_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recifense dialect (page does not exist)">Recifense</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_recifense" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto recifense">pt</a>]</li></ul> <ul><li>Outside Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_Portuguese" title="East Timorese Portuguese">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Goa" title="Portuguese language in Goa">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese" title="Macanese Portuguese">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%A7oriano_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Açoriano dialect (page does not exist)">Açoriano</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_a%C3%A7oriano" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto açoriano">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algarvio_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algarvio dialect (page does not exist)">Algarvio</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_algarvio" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto algarvio">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Nortenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmontano_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transmontano dialect (page does not exist)">Transmontano</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_transmontano" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto transmontano">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_distribution_of_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic distribution of Portuguese">Geographic distribution of Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_diaspora" title="Brazilian diaspora">Brazilian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese diaspora">Portuguese diaspora</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_vocabulary" title="Portuguese vocabulary">Portuguese vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portu%C3%B1ol" title="Portuñol">Portuñol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&oldid=1256414616">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_phonology&oldid=1256414616</a>"</div></div> <div 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