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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="مداوي شعبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مداوي شعبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95" title="লোক-চিকিৎসক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লোক-চিকিৎসক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaridor" title="Guaridor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guaridor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanador" title="Sanador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sanador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendalari" title="Sendalari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sendalari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A9risseur" title="Guérisseur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guérisseur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95" title="लोक चिकित्सक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लोक चिकित्सक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyanga_yabantu" title="Inyanga yabantu – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Inyanga yabantu" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaritore" title="Guaritore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guaritore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healer" title="Healer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Healer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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searchaux" style="display:none">Unlicensed traditional health practitioner</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curandera_performing_a_limpieza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Curandera_performing_a_limpieza.jpg/220px-Curandera_performing_a_limpieza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Curandera_performing_a_limpieza.jpg/330px-Curandera_performing_a_limpieza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Curandera_performing_a_limpieza.jpg/440px-Curandera_performing_a_limpieza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1908" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Curandera" class="mw-redirect" title="Curandera">Curandera</a> performing a limpieza in Cuenca, Ecuador</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For healing through belief in divine intervention, see <a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">faith healing</a>.</div> <p>A <b>folk healer</b> is an unlicensed person who practices the art of healing using <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional practices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal remedies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Power_of_suggestion" class="mw-redirect" title="Power of suggestion">power of suggestion</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_healer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "folk" was traditionally associated with medical and healing practices that weren't explicitly approved by the dominant <a href="/wiki/Religious_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious institution">religious institution</a>. People who didn't seek help from an approved priest or religious figure would seek the help of the local folk healer. Folk healers, despite their technical illegitimacy, were often viewed as being more involved with the healing process and made their patients more comfortable than other practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With modern medicine being preferred, some look towards folk healers to get consoled from the sacred use of traditional medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Region-specific_names_and_practices">Region-specific names and practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_healer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Region-specific names and practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although common across the globe, each region has its own unique cultural practices and names for their folk healers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_Appalachian_Mountain_region">US Appalachian Mountain region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_healer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: US Appalachian Mountain region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Granny women</i> are purported to be <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">healers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwives</a> in Southern <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ozarks" title="Ozarks">Ozarks</a>, claimed by a few academics as practicing from the 1880s to the 1930s. They are theorized to be usually elder women in the community and may have been the only practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> in the poor rural areas of Appalachia. They are often thought not to have expected or received payment and were respected as authorities on herbal healing and childbirth. They are mentioned by <a href="/wiki/John_C._Campbell" title="John C. Campbell">John C. Campbell</a> in <i>The Southern Highlander and His Homeland</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is something magnificent in many of the older women with their stern theology – part mysticism, part fatalism – and their deep understanding of life. ..."Granny" – and one may be a grandmother young in the mountains – if she has survived the labor and tribulation of her younger days, has gained freedom and a place of irresponsible authority in the home hardly rivaled by the men of the family. ...Though superstitious she has a fund of common sense, and she is a shrewd judge of character. In sickness, she is the first to be consulted, for she is generally something of an herb doctor, and her advice is sought by the young people of half the countryside in all things from a love affair to putting a new web in the loom.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Foxfire_(magazine)#Books" title="Foxfire (magazine)"><i>Foxfire</i> books</a>, consisting of 12 original books, is a collection of written entries that have been comprised to preserve <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachian culture</a>. Inside these books, readers can find a variety of recipes, how-tos, and descriptions of what it was like to live in rural Appalachia before technology was widely adopted. These books have been viewed as a source of the very intimate daily life of rural Appalachians throughout history and are believed to perpetuate the values and belief systems of the people of the time, and, arguably, of the region today. </p><p><i>Foxfire</i> volume 11 specifically elaborates on common herbal remedies and healing procedures of historic Appalachia, all of which had been created and passed down through families and folk healers. Book 11 also details tasks such as how to grow a successful garden, <a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">beekeeping</a>, and the effective and proper ways to <a href="/wiki/Preserved_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Preserved food">preserve food</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Folk medicine in Appalachia has historically included non-traditional methods of treating <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancer</a>. In the early 1900s, for example, a Virginia man named Thomas Raleigh Carter became renowned for his prowess in healing skin cancer in addition to his midwifery.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he was a minister, his treatments focused on the application or ingestion of specific herbs and plants rather than on faith in a higher power. Carter kept his formula secret, even from his immediate family, and treated many people for lesions and skin conditions believed to be cancerous.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gendered_profession">Gendered profession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_healer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gendered profession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, women have taken on roles of communal folk healers. While some men learned the practices associated with healing, women tended to dominate the field because of their association with child care and at-home remedies. Women were assigned the responsibility of caring for sick loved ones because of their historic restriction to other professions and tasks in society. Particularly in African-American communities, due to their extended <a href="/wiki/Marginalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalization">marginalization</a> from society, it was not unfamiliar to have a designated female healer in the community to provide healing and medicinal treatment because of their exclusion from white medical practices and institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women throughout history were typically the ones who were concerned with the physical demands of pregnancy and childbirth. A large majority of the earliest forms of folk healing focused on a woman's body during these life stages. Because of this, folk healers have come to be associated with women's <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>, something the religious institutions at the time grew dissatisfied with. The men who dominated these religious spaces wanted to have the main control over fertility as a way to exert their power. However, folk healers did not stop their work with pregnancy and childbirth and often became very well-versed in the needs and potential complications that could come from childbirth in early history. Since folk healers refused to abandon this area of medicine, they were recognized as a negative force by religious institutions. This is why folk healers were often viewed as <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witches</a> and became connected to the earliest forms of <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> care.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_healer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curandero" title="Curandero">Curandero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk medicine">Folk medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_remedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Home remedy">Home remedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">Medicine man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_healers_of_Southern_Africa" title="Traditional healers of Southern Africa">Traditional healers of Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft#Witchcraft_and_folk_healers" title="Witchcraft">White witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">Witch doctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witcher_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Witcher (mythology)">Witcher (mythology)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_healer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/folk-healers-and-healing">"Folk Healers and Healing | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Folk+Healers+and+Healing+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fsocial-sciences%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Ffolk-healers-and-healing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+healer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SEVER, M. (2015). Folk Medicine, Folk Healing. Journal of Gazi Academic View, 9(17), 181–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Campbell, <i>The Southern Highlander and his Homeland</i>, Russell Sage foundation, 1921, pg. 140. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/southernhighland00camp">https://archive.org/details/southernhighland00camp</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lehmans.com/product/the-foxfire-books-volume-11/">"The Foxfire Books - Volume 11"</a>. <i>Lehman's</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lehman%27s&rft.atitle=The+Foxfire+Books+-+Volume+11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lehmans.com%2Fproduct%2Fthe-foxfire-books-volume-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+healer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavender1996" class="citation journal cs1">Cavender, Anthony (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01702788">"Local unorthodox healers of cancer in the Appalachian South"</a>. <i>Journal of Community Health</i>. <b>21</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">359–</span>374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01702788">10.1007/bf01702788</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-5145">0094-5145</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8894962">8894962</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36676325">36676325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Community+Health&rft.atitle=Local+unorthodox+healers+of+cancer+in+the+Appalachian+South&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E374&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0094-5145&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36676325%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8894962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf01702788&rft.aulast=Cavender&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fbf01702788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+healer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_healer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Thomas_(historian)" title="Keith Thomas (historian)">Keith Thomas</a>, <i>Religion and the Decline of Magic</i> (1971), p. 534.</li> <li>Ryan Stark, <i>Rhetoric, Science, and Magic in Seventeenth-Century England</i> (2009), 123-27.</li> <li>Anthony P. Cavender. <i>Folk Medicine in Southern Appalachia</i> (2003).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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