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Open access provides readers with easy and barrier-free access to the articles. The cost of publication is shared by the publisher and the authors, their institutions, or their support funds.    <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: none;" cellspacing="0" border="1"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 230.45pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: windowtext;" width="384" valign="center">Countries classifiedby the World Bank*</td><td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 93.3pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;" width="155" valign="center">Basic charge(for up to 15 pages)</td><td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 88.95pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;" width="148" valign="center">Additional pages</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 230.45pt; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;" width="384" valign="center">High-income countries (Table 1)</td><td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 93.3pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;" width="155" valign="center">$300</td><td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 88.95pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;" width="148" valign="center">$50/page</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 230.45pt; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;" width="384" valign="center">Upper-middle-income countries (Table 2)</td><td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 93.3pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;" width="155" valign="center">$225</td><td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 88.95pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;" width="148" valign="center">$40/page</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 230.45pt; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;" width="384" valign="center">Lower-middle-income countries (Table 3)</td><td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 93.3pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;" width="155" valign="center">$180</td><td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 88.95pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;" width="148" valign="center">$20/page</td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 230.45pt; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;" width="384" valign="center">Low-income countries (Table 4)</td><td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 93.3pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;" width="155" valign="center">$100</td><td style="padding: 0pt 5.4pt; width: 88.95pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;" width="148" valign="center">$20/page</td></tr></tbody></table> Table 4 Low-income countries<table class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 3.15pt;" cellspacing="2" border="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.75pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;" width="229" valign="center"><table class="MsoNormalTable" cellspacing="2" border="0" style="margin-bottom: 50px; margin-left: 3.15pt; width: 740px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><tbody><tr><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.75pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Afghanistan</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Guinea-Bissau</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Sierra Leone</td></tr><tr><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.75pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Benin</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Haiti</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Somalia</td></tr><tr><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.75pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Burkina Faso</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Korea, Dem. People's Rep.</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">South Sudan</td></tr><tr><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.75pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Burundi</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Liberia</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Syrian Arab Republic</td></tr><tr><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.75pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Central African Republic</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Madagascar</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Tajikistan</td></tr><tr><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.75pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Chad</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Malawi</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Tanzania</td></tr><tr><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.75pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Congo, Dem. Rep</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Mali</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Togo</td></tr><tr><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.75pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Eritrea</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Mozambique</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Uganda</td></tr><tr><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.75pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Ethiopia</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Nepal</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Yemen, Rep.</td></tr><tr><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.75pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Gambia, The</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Niger</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;"> </td></tr><tr><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.75pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Guinea</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Rwanda</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;" width="229" valign="center"></td><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;" width="223" valign="center"></td></tr></tbody></table>Table 3 lower-middle-income countries  <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 3.15pt;" cellspacing="2" border="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 136.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;" width="227" valign="center"><table class="MsoNormalTable" cellspacing="2" border="0" style="margin-bottom: 50px; margin-left: 3.15pt; width: 740px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><tbody><tr><td width="227" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 136.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Angola</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">India</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Papua New Guinea  </td></tr><tr><td width="227" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 136.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Bangladesh</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Indonesia</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Philippines</td></tr><tr><td width="227" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 136.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Bhutan</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Kenya</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">São Tomé and Principe</td></tr><tr><td width="227" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 136.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Bolivia</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Kiribati</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Senegal</td></tr><tr><td width="227" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 136.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Cabo Verde</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Kyrgyz Republic</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Solomon Islands</td></tr><tr><td width="227" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 136.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Cambodia</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Lao PDR</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Sudan</td></tr><tr><td width="227" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 136.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Cameroon</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Lesotho</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Timor-Leste</td></tr><tr><td width="227" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 136.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Comoros</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Mauritania</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Tunisia</td></tr><tr><td width="227" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 136.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Congo, Rep.</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Micronesia, Fed. Sts.</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Ukraine</td></tr><tr><td width="227" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 136.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Côte d'Ivoire</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Moldova</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Uzbekistan</td></tr><tr><td width="227" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 136.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Djibouti</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Mongolia</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Vanuatu</td></tr><tr><td width="227" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 136.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Egypt, Arab Rep.</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Morocco</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Vietnam</td></tr><tr><td width="227" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 136.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">El Salvador</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Myanmar</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">West Bank and Gaza</td></tr><tr><td width="227" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 136.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Eswatini</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Nicaragua</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Zambia</td></tr><tr><td width="227" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 136.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Ghana</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Nigeria  </td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Zimbabwe</td></tr><tr><td width="227" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 136.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Honduras</td><td width="229" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Pakistan  </td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.7pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;" width="229" valign="center"></td><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;" width="224" valign="center"></td></tr></tbody></table>Table 2 Upper-middle-income countries<table class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 3.15pt;" cellspacing="2" border="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;" width="228" valign="center"><table class="MsoNormalTable" cellspacing="2" border="0" style="margin-bottom: 50px; margin-left: 3.15pt; width: 740px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><tbody><tr><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;"></td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Albania</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Gabon</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Nauru</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Algeria</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Georgia</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">North Macedonia</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">American Samoa</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Grenada</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Paraguay</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Argentina</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Guatemala</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Peru</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Armenia</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Guyana</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Romania</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Azerbaijan</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Iran, Islamic Rep.</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Russian Federation</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Belarus</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Iraq</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Samoa</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Belize</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Jamaica</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Serbia</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Bosnia and Herzegovina</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Jordan</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Sri Lanka</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Botswana</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Kazakhstan</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">South Africa</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Brazil</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Kosovo</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">St. Lucia</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Bulgaria</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Lebanon</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Colombia</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Libya</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Suriname</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Costa Rica</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Malaysia</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Thailand</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Cuba</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Maldives</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Tonga</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Dominica</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Marshall Islands</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Turkey</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Dominican Republic</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Mauritius</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Turkmenistan</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Equatorial Guinea</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Mexico</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Tuvalu</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Ecuador</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Montenegro</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Venezuela, RB</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Fiji</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Namibia</td><td width="224" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;" width="228" valign="center"></td><td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 134.55pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;" width="224" valign="center"></td></tr></tbody></table>Table 1 High-income-countries<table class="MsoNormalTable" cellspacing="2" border="0" style="margin-bottom: 50px; margin-left: 3.15pt; width: 740px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><tbody><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Andorra</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Gibraltar</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Panama</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Antigua and Barbuda</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Greece</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Poland</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Aruba</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Greenland</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Portugal</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Australia</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Guam</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Puerto Rico</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Austria</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Hong Kong SAR, China</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Qatar</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Bahamas, The</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Hungary</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">San Marino</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Bahrain</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Iceland</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Saudi Arabia</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Barbados</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Ireland</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Seychelles</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Belgium</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Isle of Man</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Singapore</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Bermuda</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Israel</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Sint Maarten</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">British Virgin Islands</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Italy</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Slovak Republic</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Brunei Darussalam</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Japan</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Slovenia</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Canada</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Korea, Rep.</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Spain</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Cayman Islands</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Kuwait</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">St. Kitts and Nevis</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Channel Islands</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Latvia</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">St. Martin</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Chile</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Liechtenstein</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Sweden</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">China</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Lithuania</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Switzerland</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Croatia</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Luxembourg</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Taiwan, China</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Curaçao</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Macao SAR, China</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Trinidad and Tobago</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Cyprus</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Malta</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Turks and Caicos Islands</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Czech Republic</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Monaco</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">United Arab Emirates</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Denmark</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Netherlands</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Estonia</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">New Caledonia</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">United States</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Faroe Islands</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">New Zealand</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Uruguay</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Finland</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Northern Mariana Islands</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Virgin Islands (U.S.)</td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">France</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Norway</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;"> </td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">French Polynesia</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Oman</td><td width="223" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 133.95pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;"> </td></tr><tr><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.15pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Germany</td><td width="228" valign="center" style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 137.1pt; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;">Palau</td></tr></tbody></table>*Countries classified by the World Bank<a href="https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups">https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups</a> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div class="footer"> <div class="foot_nav"><a href="/Index" title="Home">Home</a>　|　<a href="/Journals" title="Journals">Journals</a>　|　<a href="/Books" title="Books">Books</a>　|　<a href="/ForAuthors" title="For Authors and Reviewers">For Authors and Reviewers</a>　|　<a href="/OnlineSubmission" title="Online Submission">Online Submission</a>　|　<a href="ContactUs" title="Contact Us">Contact Us</a>　|　<a href="/AboutUs" title="About Us">About Us</a></div> Copyright © 2023 Hill Publishing Group Inc. 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