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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сезон бира – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сезон бира" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saison" title="Saison – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saison" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saison" title="Saison – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saison" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saison_(bi%C3%A8re)" title="Saison (bière) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saison (bière)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saison" title="Saison – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Saison" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%A2%85_(%EB%A7%A5%EC%A3%BC)" title="세종 (맥주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세종 (맥주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saison" title="Saison – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saison" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saison" title="Saison – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saison" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%82%BE%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="セゾンビール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セゾンビール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saison_(ale)" title="Saison (ale) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saison (ale)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saison" title="Saison – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saison" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сезонное пиво – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сезонное пиво" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saison" title="Saison – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saison" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saison" title="Saison – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of beer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saison_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saison (disambiguation)">Saison (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saison_Dupont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Saison_Dupont.jpg/220px-Saison_Dupont.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Saison_Dupont.jpg/330px-Saison_Dupont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Saison_Dupont.jpg/440px-Saison_Dupont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dupont_Brewery" title="Dupont Brewery">Saison Dupont Vieille Provision</a>, the archetype for modern saisons</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Saison</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, "season," <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[sɛzɔ̃]</a></span>) is a pale-colored <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">ale</a> that is highly carbonated, <a href="/wiki/Dryness_(taste)" title="Dryness (taste)">dry</a>, fruity, spicy, and often <a href="/wiki/Bottle_conditioned" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottle conditioned">bottle conditioned</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bjcp-saison_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjcp-saison-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was historically brewed with low alcohol levels, but modern productions of the style have moderate to high levels of alcohol. Along with several other varieties, it is generally classified as a <a href="/wiki/Farmhouse_ale" title="Farmhouse ale">farmhouse ale</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saison&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'Bière de saison' is first mentioned in the early 19th century. It was most widely known as a beer from the industrial city of <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, where it was brewed by professional breweries as a keepable version of the city's spelt beer that had been produced for a few centuries. It was made with malted <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>, unmalted <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and only a small amount of barley malt. It was typically brewed in winter and drunk after four to six months.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Liège's saison disappeared after the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, it continued to be brewed, generally as a barley-only beer, by professional breweries in the province of <a href="/wiki/Hainaut_Province" title="Hainaut Province">Hainaut</a>, who sold it as a 'cuvée réservée' luxury beer, which was 'to be served at room temperature like a good wine' and 'to be poured with care'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1980s, <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">American</a> importer Don Feinberg was urged by beer writer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(writer)" title="Michael Jackson (writer)">Michael Jackson</a> to import <a href="/wiki/Brasserie_Dupont" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasserie Dupont">Brasserie Dupont</a>'s saison to the United States. It was Feinberg who re-styled saison as a 'farmhouse ale':<i> 'People asked: is it a wheat beer? Is it a lambic? I told them it was a hoppy farmhouse ale.' </i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saison's reputation was further cemented by Phil Markowski's 2004 book <i>Farmhouse ales</i> and has since become a popular beer style worldwide. It was however only these developments in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s that cemented saison's reputation as a 'farmhouse ale': in older sources it is never indicated as such and though there has been a limited tradition in Belgium of brewing on farms or brewing for farm workers, it seems to have been conflated with saison only from the 1980s onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern saisons are not exclusively brewed seasonally anymore. Generally they are highly carbonated, fruity and spicy — sometimes from the addition of spices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saison&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The type of <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a> determines the color of the saison, and although most saisons are of a cloudy golden color as result of the grist being mostly pale or <a href="/wiki/Pilsner" title="Pilsner">pilsner</a> malt, the use of darker malts results in some saisons being reddish-amber. Some recipes also use <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>. </p><p>Spices such as orange zest, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a> may be used. Some spice character may come through due to the production of <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenols</a> during <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a> at warm temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkowski2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLutJAAAAYAAJqSaisonspicecharacter_166]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkowski2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLutJAAAAYAAJqSaisonspicecharacter_166]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern examples brewed in the US tend to copy the yeast used by the <a href="/wiki/Dupont_Brewery" title="Dupont Brewery">Dupont Brewery</a>, which ferments better at warmer temperatures like 29 to 35 °C (84 to 95 °F) than the standard 18 to 24 °C (64 to 75 °F) fermenting temperature used by other Belgian ales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkowski2004168–173_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkowski2004168–173-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fermentation">Fermentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saison&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fermentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saisons are a particularly dry style of beer, due to the highly attenuating strain of <a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">saccharomyces cerevisiae</a> yeast typically used to ferment them. These strains, referred to as "diastatic strains," can break down more sugars that are normally unfermentable by conventional strains. The activation of the STA1 gene in these strains causes them to produce glucoamylase enzymes, facilitating this extra attenuation.<sup id="cite_ref-krogerus-gibson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krogerus-gibson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cross-contamination of diastatic strains has been known to cause beer spoilage in breweries.<sup id="cite_ref-krogerus-gibson_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krogerus-gibson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, the resulting unexpected over-fermentation has caused over-carbonated bottles and cans, necessitating recalls.<sup id="cite_ref-lallemand_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lallemand-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saison&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPhil_Markowski2011" class="citation book cs1">Phil Markowski (9 Sep 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gYVLHMmplRcC&pg=PA711"><i>The Oxford Companion to Beer</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 711. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195367133" title="Special:BookSources/9780195367133"><bdi>9780195367133</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Beer&rft.pages=711&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-09&rft.isbn=9780195367133&rft.au=Phil+Markowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgYVLHMmplRcC%26pg%3DPA711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bjcp-saison-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bjcp-saison_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bjcp.org/style/2021/25/25B/saison/">"Beer Judge Certification Program"</a>. <i>BJCP</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BJCP&rft.atitle=Beer+Judge+Certification+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjcp.org%2Fstyle%2F2021%2F25%2F25B%2Fsaison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges Lacambre, <i>Traité complet de la fabrication de bières et de la distillation des grains, pommes de terre, vins, betteraves, mélasses, etc.</i>, Brussel 1851, p. 376-378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jacquestrifin.be/etiqanciennes/etiqanciennes-hainaut/brasseries-hainaut.php">Jacques Trifin - Anciennes brasseries du Hainaut et leurs étiquettes</a>, cf. labels by breweries like Delbruyère, Tillier, Fauconnier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drinkbelgianbeer.com/breweries/brussels-and-wallonia/the-brasserie-dupont-story/6">"The Brasserie Dupont Story - Page 6 of 10"</a>. 10 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brasserie+Dupont+Story+-+Page+6+of+10&rft.date=2013-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdrinkbelgianbeer.com%2Fbreweries%2Fbrussels-and-wallonia%2Fthe-brasserie-dupont-story%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Pinon, ‘Recettes de bières de ménage en Wallonie et subsidiairement en Picardie’, in: Studium et museum. Mélanges Edouard Remouchamps, volume I, Liège 1996, p. 103-122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkowski2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLutJAAAAYAAJqSaisonspicecharacter_166]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkowski2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLutJAAAAYAAJqSaisonspicecharacter_166]_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkowski2004">Markowski 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LutJAAAAYAAJ&q=Saison+spice+character">166</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkowski2004168–173-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkowski2004168–173_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkowski2004">Markowski 2004</a>, pp. 168–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krogerus-gibson-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krogerus-gibson_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krogerus-gibson_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrogerusGibson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Krogerus, Kristoffer; Gibson, Brian (1 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-020-10531-0">"A re-evaluation of diastatic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and their role in brewing"</a>. <i>Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</i>. <b>104</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">3745–</span>3756. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-020-10531-0">10.1007/s00253-020-10531-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-0614">1432-0614</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7162825">7162825</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=A+re-evaluation+of+diastatic+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+strains+and+their+role+in+brewing&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3745-%3C%2Fspan%3E3756&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7162825%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1432-0614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00253-020-10531-0&rft.aulast=Krogerus&rft.aufirst=Kristoffer&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00253-020-10531-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lallemand-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lallemand_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://admin.lallemandbrewing.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/LAL-bestpractices-Saison_solutions-ENG-A4.pdf">"Best Practices Saison Solutions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lallemand Brewing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lallemand+Brewing&rft.atitle=Best+Practices+Saison+Solutions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadmin.lallemandbrewing.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F06%2FLAL-bestpractices-Saison_solutions-ENG-A4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNurin2018" class="citation news cs1">Nurin, Tara (7 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.sevenfifty.com/new-test-may-prevent-exploding-beer-bottles/">"New Test May Prevent Exploding Beer Bottles"</a>. <i>SevenFifty Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Craft+Beer+%26+Brewing&rft.atitle=Left+Hand+Sues+White+Labs+Over+Contaminated+Yeast&rft.aulast=Holl&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeerandbrewing.com%2Fleft-hand-sues-white-labs-over-contaminated-yeast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.denverpost.com/2016/09/12/left-hand-brewing-recalls-milk-stout-nitro/">"Left Hand Brewing recalls Milk Stout Nitro, says foreign yeast put too much fizz in the bottle"</a>. <i>The Denver Post</i>. 12 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Denver+Post&rft.atitle=Left+Hand+Brewing+recalls+Milk+Stout+Nitro%2C+says+foreign+yeast+put+too+much+fizz+in+the+bottle&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverpost.com%2F2016%2F09%2F12%2Fleft-hand-brewing-recalls-milk-stout-nitro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodbeerhunting.com/sightlines/2017/12/11/its-fairly-widespread-yeast-contamination-in-the-wake-of-left-hands-lawsuit">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"It's Fairly Widespread" — Yeast Contamination in the Wake of Left Hand's Lawsuit"</a>. <i>Good Beer Hunting</i>. 11 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Good+Beer+Hunting&rft.atitle=%22It%27s+Fairly+Widespread%22+%E2%80%94+Yeast+Contamination+in+the+Wake+of+Left+Hand%27s+Lawsuit&rft.date=2017-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodbeerhunting.com%2Fsightlines%2F2017%2F12%2F11%2Fits-fairly-widespread-yeast-contamination-in-the-wake-of-left-hands-lawsuit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>All About Beer</i> Magazine, Volume 24 Number 4, September 2003</li> <li><i>The Beers of Wallonia</i>, John Woods and Keith Rigley, Stourside Press (1996), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9529238-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9529238-0-7">0-9529238-0-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkowski2004" class="citation book cs1">Markowski, Phil (2004). <i>Farmhouse ales: culture and craftsmanship in the Belgian tradition</i> (Print). Boulder, Colorado: Brewers Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-937381-84-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-937381-84-7"><bdi>978-0-937381-84-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farmhouse+ales%3A+culture+and+craftsmanship+in+the+Belgian+tradition&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Brewers+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-937381-84-7&rft.aulast=Markowski&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaison" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saison&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saison_beers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saison beers">Saison beers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000017.html">A seasonal search for the phantom of brewing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(writer)" title="Michael Jackson (writer)">Michael Jackson</a>, BeerHunter.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Beer_styles" title="Template:Beer styles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beer_styles" title="Template talk:Beer styles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beer_styles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beer styles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beer_styles_(list)210" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Beer_style" title="Beer style">Beer styles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_beer_styles" title="List of beer styles">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altbier" title="Altbier">Altbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Amber ale">Amber ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_pale_ale" title="American pale ale">American pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_pale_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian pale ale">Australian pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitter_(beer)" title="Bitter (beer)">Bitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_ale" title="Brown ale">Brown ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_ale" title="Burton ale">Burton ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_ale" title="Copper ale">Copper ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_ale" title="Cream ale">Cream ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbel" title="Dubbel">Dubbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse_ale" title="Farmhouse ale">Farmhouse ale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%A8re_de_Garde" title="Bière de Garde">Bière de Garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisette_(beer)" title="Grisette (beer)">Grisette</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_pale_ale" title="India pale ale">India pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_red_ale" title="Irish red ale">Irish red ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gose" title="Gose">Gose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodziskie" title="Grodziskie">Grodziskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_common_beer" title="Kentucky common beer">Kentucky common beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lsch_(beer)" title="Kölsch (beer)">Kölsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_ale" title="Mild ale">Mild ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_ale" title="Old ale">Old ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_ale" title="Pale ale">Pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_(beer)" title="Porter (beer)">Porter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic porter">Baltic porter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_ale" title="Pumpkin ale">Pumpkin ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrupel" title="Quadrupel">Quadrupel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahti" title="Sahti">Sahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch ale">Scotch ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_ale" title="Strong ale">Strong ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripel" title="Tripel">Tripel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_beer" title="Wheat beer">Wheat beer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">Lager</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lager" title="American lager">American lager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_lager" title="Australian lager">Australian lager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bock" title="Bock">Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmunder_Export" title="Dortmunder Export">Dortmunder Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkel" title="Dunkel">Dunkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helles" title="Helles">Helles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellerbier" title="Kellerbier">Kellerbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rzen" title="Märzen">Märzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">Pale lager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilsner" title="Pilsner">Pilsner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzbier" title="Schwarzbier">Schwarzbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoigl" title="Zoigl">Zoigl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sour_beer13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sour_beer" title="Sour beer">Sour beer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_wild_ale" title="American wild ale">American wild ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Weisse" title="Berliner Weisse">Berliner Weisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanders_red_ale" title="Flanders red ale">Flanders red ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambic" title="Lambic">Lambic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Framboise" title="Framboise">Framboise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gueuze" title="Gueuze">Gueuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriek_lambic" title="Kriek lambic">Kriek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud_bruin" title="Oud bruin">Oud bruin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_beer" title="Corn beer">Corn beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_beer" title="Fruit beer">Fruit beer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_soda" title="Hard soda">Hard soda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_beer" title="Hemp beer">Hemp beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_beer" title="Ice beer">Ice beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podpiwek" title="Podpiwek">Podpiwek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_beer" title="Light beer">Light beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_beer" title="Malt beer">Malt beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet_beer" title="Millet beer">Millet beer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pito_(beer)" title="Pito (beer)">Pito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">Root beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_beer" title="Rye beer">Rye beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_beer" title="Small beer">Small beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_beer" title="Smoked beer">Smoked beer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_beer#Bamberg_Rauchbier" title="Smoked beer">Rauchbier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_beer" title="Spruce beer">Spruce beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_beer" title="Steam beer">Steam beer / California Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tella" title="Tella">Tella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_beers" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey beers">Abbey beers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trappist_beer" title="Trappist beer">Trappist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjuncts" title="Adjuncts">Adjuncts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel-aged_beer" title="Barrel-aged beer">Barrel-aged beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_and_breweries_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer and breweries by region">Beer and breweries by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_sommelier" title="Beer sommelier">Beer sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_beer" title="Experimental beer">Experimental beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-alcohol_beer" title="Low-alcohol beer">Low-alcohol beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_ale" title="Real ale">Real ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_beer" title="Seasonal beer">Seasonal beer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/20px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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