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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Context_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cognitive bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_attractiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_attractiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Role of attractiveness</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_of_attractiveness-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role of attractiveness subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_of_attractiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>On personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics_and_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics_and_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Academics and intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academics_and_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Political effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_judicial_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_judicial_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>The judicial context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_judicial_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Gender differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Possible causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_reverse_halo_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_reverse_halo_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The reverse halo effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_reverse_halo_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_horn_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_horn_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The horn effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_horn_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Observations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_research_findings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_research_findings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further research findings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_research_findings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Halo effect</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9" title="تأثير الهالة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تأثير الهالة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kng-kho%C3%A2n-h%C4%81u-%C3%A8ng" title="Kng-khoân-hāu-èng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kng-khoân-hāu-èng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Халоефект – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Халоефект" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecte_halo" title="Efecte halo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Efecte halo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal%C3%B3_efekt" title="Haló efekt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Haló efekt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloeffekt" title="Haloeffekt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Haloeffekt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo-Effekt" title="Halo-Effekt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Halo-Effekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_halo" title="Efecto halo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Efecto halo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_efektu" title="Halo efektu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Halo efektu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="خطای هاله‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خطای هاله‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effet_de_halo" title="Effet de halo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Effet de halo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EA%B4%91_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC" title="후광 효과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후광 효과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efek_halo" title="Efek halo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Efek halo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effetto_alone" title="Effetto alone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Effetto alone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" title="אפקט ההילה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפקט ההילה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Ореол әсері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ореол әсері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_effect" title="Halo effect – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="Halo effect" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreola_efekts" title="Oreola efekts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oreola efekts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureol%C4%97s_efektas" title="Aureolės efektas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aureolės efektas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holdudvarhat%C3%A1s" title="Holdudvarhatás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Holdudvarhatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo-effect" title="Halo-effect – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Halo-effect" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="ह्यालो प्रभाव – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ह्यालो प्रभाव" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="ハロー効果 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハロー効果" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo-Effekt" title="Halo-Effekt – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Halo-Effekt" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efekt_aureoli_(psychologia)" title="Efekt aureoli (psychologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Efekt aureoli (psychologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeito_Aur%C3%A9ola" title="Efeito Auréola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Efeito Auréola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Гало-эффект – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гало-эффект" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efekti_halo" title="Efekti halo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Efekti halo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_effect" title="Halo effect – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Halo effect" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal%C3%B3_efekt" title="Haló efekt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Haló efekt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_u%C4%8Dinek" title="Halo učinek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Halo učinek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Хало ефекат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хало ефекат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4dekeh%C3%A4vaikutus" title="Sädekehävaikutus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sädekehävaikutus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloeffekt" title="Haloeffekt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Haloeffekt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99" title="กระบวนการคิดเชิงเทิดทูน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระบวนการคิดเชิงเทิดทูน" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Halo_Effect_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Halo Effect (disambiguation)">The Halo Effect</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/54px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/72px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Halo_effect" title="Special:EditPage/Halo effect">editing it</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>halo effect</b> (sometimes called the <b>halo error</b>) is the proclivity for positive impressions of a person, company, country, brand, or product in one area to positively influence one's opinion or feelings.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ries2006_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ries2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The halo effect is "the name given to the phenomenon whereby evaluators tend to be influenced by their previous judgments of performance or personality."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The halo effect is a <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive bias</a> which can prevent someone from forming an image of a person, a product or a brand based on the sum of all objective circumstances at hand. </p><p>The term was coined by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a>. A simplified example of the halo effect is when a person, after noticing that an individual in a photograph is attractive, well groomed, and properly attired, then assumes, using a mental <a href="/wiki/Heuristic" title="Heuristic">heuristic</a>, that the person in the photograph is a good person based upon the rules of their own social concept.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_&_Gore_2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_&_Gore_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This constant error in judgment is reflective of the individual's preferences, <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>, aspirations, and social perception.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_&_Gore_2016_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_&_Gore_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenwald_1995_4–27_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwald_1995_4–27-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context_and_applications">Context and applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context and applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology">Psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The halo effect is a perception distortion (or cognitive bias) that affects the way people interpret the information about someone with whom they have formed a positive <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">gestalt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of the halo effect is when a person finds out someone they have formed a positive gestalt with has cheated on their taxes. Because of the positive gestalt, the person may dismiss the significance of this behavior. They may even think that the person simply made a mistake. The person would justify the behavior and connect it with the other person's positive gestalt. The halo effect refers to the tendency of evaluating an individual positively on many traits because of a shared belief.<sup id="cite_ref-MCCbook_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCCbook-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a type of immediate judgment discrepancy, or <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive bias</a>, in which a person making an initial assessment of another person, place, or thing will assume ambiguous information based upon <a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">concrete</a> information.<sup id="cite_ref-Kahneman_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahneman-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RosenBook_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RosenBook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. xi">: p. xi </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The halo effect is an evaluation by an individual and can affect the perception of a decision, action, idea, business, person, group, entity, or other whenever concrete data is <a href="/wiki/Generalization" title="Generalization">generalized</a> or influences ambiguous information.<sup id="cite_ref-Kahneman_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahneman-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RosenBook_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RosenBook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. xi">: p. xi </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenwald_1995_4–27_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwald_1995_4–27-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The halo effect can also be explained as the behavior (usually unconscious) of using evaluations based on unrelated criteria, to make judgments about something or someone. The halo effect is sometimes used to refer specifically to when this behavior has a positive correlation, such as viewing someone who is attractive as likely to be successful and popular. When this judgment has a negative connotation, such as when someone unattractive is more readily blamed for a crime than someone attractive, it is sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Horn_effect" title="Horn effect">horn effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBdang_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBdang-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing">Marketing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>halo effect</i> is used in <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> to explain consumer bias toward certain products because of favorable experience with other products made by the same company.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used in the part of <a href="/wiki/Brand_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand marketing">brand marketing</a> called "<a href="/wiki/Product_line_extension" title="Product line extension">line extensions</a>". One common halo effect is when the perceived positive features of a particular item extend to a broader brand. A notable example is the manner in which the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a> generated enthusiasm for the corporation's other products.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advertising often makes use of television shows, movies and those who star in them, to promote products via the halo effect.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the automotive industry, exotic, limited-production luxury models or low-volume sports cars made by a manufacturer's racing, motorsports, or in-house modification teams, are sometimes referred to as "<b>halo cars</b>" for the effect they are intended to produce on selling other vehicles within the make.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To contrast this with the automotive terminology "flagship model", see <a href="/wiki/Flagship#Automobiles" title="Flagship">here</a>. </p><p>Advertising in one channel has been shown to have a <i>halo effect</i> on advertising in another channel.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A halo effect with regard to health, dubbed a "health halo", is used in <a href="/wiki/Food_marketing" title="Food marketing">food marketing</a> to increase sales of a product; it can result in increased consumption of the product in the halo which may be unhealthy.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "halo effect" has also been applied to <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights organization">human rights organizations</a> that have used their status to move away from their stated goals. Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Steinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald Steinberg">Gerald Steinberg</a> has claimed that <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">non-governmental organizations (NGOs)</a> take advantage of the halo effect and are "given the status of impartial moral watchdogs" by governments and the <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">news media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ronald_McDonald_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald McDonald House">Ronald McDonald House</a>, a widely known NGO, openly celebrates the positive outcomes it receives from the halo effect. The web page for the Ronald McDonald House in Durham, North Carolina, states that 95% of survey participants were aware of Ronald McDonald House Charities. This awareness is attributed to the halo effect, as employees, customers, and stakeholders are more likely to be involved in a charity that they recognize and trust, with a name and logo that are familiar.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A brand's halo effect can protect its reputation in the event of a crisis. An event that is detrimental to a brand that is viewed favorably would not be as threatening or damaging to a brand that consumers view unfavorably.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-psychology/business use of the term "halo effect" describes the monetary value of the spillover effect<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when an organization's marketing budget is subsequently reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was first demonstrated to students via the 1966 version of a textbook and a software package named "The Marketing Game."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The halo effect can also be used in the case of institutions as one's favorable perceptions regarding an aspect of an organization could determine a positive view of its entire operations.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if a hospital is known for its excellent open heart and cardiac program, then the community would expect it to excel in other areas as well. This can also be demonstrated in the positive perceptions of financial institutions that gained favorable coverage in the media due to meteoric growth but eventually failed afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "halo effect" is also used in metal detecting <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to denote the enhanced detectability of a metal item or coin when it has been left undisturbed for some period of time in wet soil. The object can leach some metallic properties into the soil, making it more detectable. The area surrounding the object is called its "halo." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The halo effect was originally identified in 1907 by the American psychologist Frederick L. Wells (1884–1964).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was only officially recognized in 1920 with empirical evidence provided by the psychologist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a> (1874–1949).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward Thorndike was the first to say the halo effect is a specific cognitive bias in which one aspect of the person, brand, product, or institution affects one's thoughts or judgment of the entity's other aspects or dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thorndike, an early behaviorist, was an important contributor to the study of the psychology of learning. He gave the phenomenon its name in his 1920 article "A Constant Error in Psychological Ratings".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In "Constant Error", Thorndike set out to replicate the study in hopes of pinning down the bias that he thought was present in these ratings. Subsequent researchers have studied it in relation to <a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">attractiveness</a> and its bearing on the judicial and educational systems.<sup id="cite_ref-BBdang_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBdang-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thorndike originally coined the term referring only to people; however, its use has been greatly expanded, especially in the area of brand marketing.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supporting_evidence">Supporting evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Supporting evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Thorndike's words, "Ratings were apparently affected by a marked tendency to think of the person in general as rather good or rather inferior and to color the judgments of the qualities by this general feeling."<sup id="cite_ref-Edward2004_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward2004-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In "A Constant Error in Psychological Ratings", Thorndike asked two commanding officers to evaluate their soldiers in terms of physical qualities (neatness, voice, <a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">physique</a>, bearing, and energy), intellect, leadership skills, and personal qualities (including dependability, loyalty, responsibility, selflessness, and cooperation).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Thorndike's study, attractiveness plays an important role in how people tend to consider a person, such as whether a person is friendly or not based on his or her physical appearance. His goal was to see how the ratings of one characteristic affected other characteristics. </p><p>Thorndike's study showed how there was too great a <a href="/wiki/Correlation_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation (statistics)">correlation</a> in the commanding officers' responses. In his review, he stated, "The correlations are too high and too even. For example, for the three raters next studied[,] the average correlation for physique with intelligence is .31; for physique with leadership, .39; and for physique with character, .28".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorndike192027_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorndike192027-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ratings of one of the special qualities of an officer often started a trend in the rating results. The halo effect is not an indication of the existence of a correlation, but instead indicates that the correlation is too high. Thorndike used the halo effect to describe both a positive and negative halo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cognitive_bias">Cognitive bias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cognitive bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cognitive bias is a pattern in perception, interpretation, or judgment that consistently leads to an individual misunderstanding something about themselves or their social environment, leading to poor decision-making or irrational behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The halo effect is classified as a cognitive bias because the halo effect is a perception error that distorts the way a person sees someone, and cognitive bias is a perception error that distorts the way that people see themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-MCCbook_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCCbook-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "halo" is used in analogy with the religious concept: a glowing circle crowning the heads of saints in countless medieval and Renaissance paintings, bathing the saint's face in heavenly light. The observer may be subject to overestimating the worth of the observed by the presence of a quality that adds light on the whole like a halo. In other words, observers tend to bend their judgement according to one patent characteristic of the person (the "halo") or a few of his traits,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> generalizing toward a judgement of that person's character (e.g., in the literal hagiologic case, "entirely good and worthy"). </p><p>The effect works in both positive and negative directions (and is hence sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Bias#Horn_effect" title="Bias">horns and halo effect</a>). If the observer likes one aspect of something, they will have a positive predisposition toward everything about it. If the observer dislikes one aspect of something, they will have a negative predisposition toward everything about it.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_attractiveness">Role of attractiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Role of attractiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness_stereotype" title="Physical attractiveness stereotype">Physical attractiveness stereotype</a></div> <p>A person's attractiveness has also been found to produce a halo effect. Attractiveness provides a valuable aspect of the halo effect to consider because it can be influenced by several specific traits.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These perceptions of attractiveness may affect judgments tied to personality traits. Physical attributes contribute to perceptions of attractiveness (e.g., physique, hair, eye color). For example, someone who is perceived as attractive, due in part to physical traits, may be more likely to be perceived as kind or intelligent. The role of attractiveness in producing the halo effect has been illustrated through a number of studies. Recent research, for example, has revealed that attractiveness may affect perceptions tied to life success and personality.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this study, attractiveness was correlated with weight, indicating that attractiveness itself may be influenced by various specific traits. Included in the personality variables were trustworthiness and friendliness.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People perceived as being more attractive were more likely to be perceived as trustworthy and friendly. What this suggests is that perceptions of attractiveness may influence a variety of other traits, which supports the concept of the halo effect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_personality">On personality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: On personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People's first impressions of others influence their later decision to either approach or avoid those individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When people first encounter someone, the information present about that individual is limited; therefore, people will use the information available to assume other characteristics about that person; for instance, observable behaviors such as eye contact, leaning forward, smiling and positive hand gestures (ex. steepling hands) are linked to positive emotions, while avoiding eye contact, leaning back, avoiding touch, and defensive hand gestures (ex. hands in pockets) or no gestures at all are linked to feelings of detachment.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides that, another popular example used when referring to the halo effect is the phenomenon called the <i>attractiveness stereotype</i><sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_&_Gore_2016_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_&_Gore_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or when encountering individuals who are similar to others in some aspects, like personality or life history like the school they attended.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People tend to assume that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be more healthy, successful, courteous, containing higher moral standards, and greater social competence than other people; on the other hand, the attractiveness stereotype can also carry a negative connotation as some people may think of attractive people as less honest and more conceited than others.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_&_Gore_2016_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_&_Gore_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#CITEREFDionBerscheidWalster1972">Dion, Berscheid & Walster (1972)</a> conducted a study on the relationship between attractiveness and the halo effect. Sixty students, thirty males and thirty females from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> took part in the experiment. Each subject was given three different photos to examine: one of an attractive individual, one of an individual of average attractiveness, and one of an unattractive individual.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The participants judged the photos' subjects along 27 different personality traits (including altruism, conventionality, self-assertiveness, stability, emotionality, trustworthiness, <a href="/wiki/Extraversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraversion">extraversion</a>, kindness, and sexual promiscuity). Participants were then asked to predict the overall happiness the photos' subjects would feel for the rest of their lives, including marital happiness (least likely to get divorced), parental happiness (most likely to be a good parent), social and professional happiness (most likely to experience life fulfillment), and overall happiness. Finally, participants were asked if the subjects would hold a job of high status, medium status, or low status.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Results showed that most of the participants overwhelmingly believed more attractive subjects have more socially desirable personality traits than either averagely attractive or unattractive subjects, would lead happier lives in general, have happier marriages, and have more career success, including holding more secure, prestigious jobs. Participants, however, believed that attractive individuals would be worse parents than both averagely-attractive and unattractive individuals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academics_and_intelligence">Academics and intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Academics and intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study by <a href="#CITEREFLandySigall1974">Landy & Sigall (1974)</a> demonstrated the Halo Effect, looking at male judgments of female intelligence and competence on academic tasks. Sixty male undergraduate students rated the quality of essays which included both well- and poorly-written samples. One third were presented with a photo of an attractive female as author, another third with that of an unattractive female as author, and the last third were shown neither. On average, most of the participants gave significantly better writing evaluations for the more attractive author. On a scale of 1 to 9, the well-written essay by the attractive author received an average of 6.7 while the unattractive author received a 5.9 (with a 6.6 as a control). The gap was larger on the poor essay: the attractive author received an average of 5.2, the control a 4.7, and the unattractive author a 2.7, suggesting male readers are generally more willing to give physically attractive females the benefit of the doubt when performance is below standard than those not considered attractive. </p><p>Research conducted by <a href="#CITEREFMooreFilippouPerrett2011">Moore, Filippou & Perrett (2011)</a> sought residual cues to <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a> in female and male faces while attempting to control for the <a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">attractiveness</a> halo effect. Over 300 photographs of Caucasian British college students were rated for perceived intelligence. The photographs that were scored lowest in perceived intelligence were used to create a low-intelligence composite face and those photographs that were scored highest in perceived intelligence were used to create a high-intelligence composite face. Both female and male faces of high- and low-perceived intelligence were created, resulting in four groups of composite faces. Participants for the study were recruited online; 164 female and 92 male <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">heterosexual</a> residents of the UK rated each of the composite faces for intelligence and attractiveness. Of the female composites, attractiveness seemed to be controlled as both the high- and low-perceived intelligence groups were rated as equally attractive. However, of the male face composites, the high-perceived intelligence group was rated as significantly more attractive than the low-perceived intelligence group, suggesting that either the authors could not adequately control for the attractiveness halo effect for the male composite photographs or that intelligence is an integral factor of attractiveness in high-intelligence male faces. The second part of the study found that the composites in the high-perceived intelligence group were rated highest in the factors of <i>friendly</i> and <i>funny</i> as markers of intelligence in both the female and male groups. While intelligence does not seem to be a factor that contributes to attractiveness in women, with regards to men, attractive faces are perceived to be more intelligent, friendly, and funny by women and men. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_effects">Political effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Officeholders who create what <i>The New York Times</i> called "a living legacy" benefit from a halo effect when their overall accomplishments are subsequently evaluated.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers have shown that perceived physical and vocal attractiveness (or their opposite) lead to bias in judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2010 study<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that attractiveness and familiarity are strong predictors of decisions regarding who is put in a position of leadership. Judgments made following one-second exposures to side-by-side photos of two US congressional candidates were reasonably predictive of election outcomes. Similar studies (<a href="#CITEREFPalmerPeterson2012">Palmer & Peterson 2012</a>) found that even when taking factual knowledge into account, candidates who were rated as more attractive were still perceived as more knowledgeable. Thus, beauty evaluations also emerge as major predictors of electoral success.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_judicial_context">The judicial context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The judicial context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Study results showing the influence of the halo effect in the judicial context exist: </p> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFEfran1974">Efran (1974)</a> found subjects were more lenient when sentencing attractive individuals than unattractive ones, even though exactly the same crime was committed. The researchers attributed the result to a societal perception that people with a high level of attractiveness are seen as more likely to have successful futures due to corresponding socially desirable traits.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMonahan1941">Monahan (1941)</a> studied social workers who were accustomed to interacting with a diverse range of people and found that the majority experienced difficulty when asked to consider that a beautiful person was guilty of a crime.</li> <li>A study presented two hypothetical crimes: a <a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">burglary</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">swindle</a>. The burglary involved a woman illegally obtaining a key and stealing $2,200 (equivalent to $12,000 today); the swindle involved a woman manipulating a man to invest $2,200 in a nonexistent corporation. The results showed that when the offense was not related to attractiveness (as in the burglary) the unattractive defendant was punished more severely than the attractive one. However, when the offense was related to attractiveness (the swindle), the attractive defendant was punished more severely than the unattractive one. The study imputes that the usual leniency given to the attractive woman (as a result of the halo effect) was negated or reversed when the nature of the crime involved her looks.<sup id="cite_ref-BBdang_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBdang-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_differences">Gender differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gender differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="#CITEREFKaplan1978">Kaplan (1978)</a> found that some women were influenced by the halo effect on attractiveness only when presented with members of the opposite sex. <a href="#CITEREFDermerThiel1975">Dermer & Thiel (1975)</a> continued this line of research, going on to demonstrate that jealousy of an attractive individual has a slight effect in evaluation of that person. These works showed these halo effect more prevalent among females than males. Later research by <a href="#CITEREFMooreFilippouPerrett2011">Moore, Filippou & Perrett (2011)</a> was able to control for attractiveness in composite photographs of females who were perceived to be of high or low intelligence, while showing that the attractiveness halo effect was seen in high intelligent male composite faces by heterosexual residents of the UK. Either the halo effect is negated by feelings of jealousy in women<sup id="cite_ref-:6_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the halo effect is lessened when women are looking at same sex individuals<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the attractiveness halo effect can be controlled for in women.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_causes">Possible causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Possible causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rating error effect, mistakes made by raters when they use a rating scale, reflect the task competence of the rater, as well as the rater's sex, social position, race, religion, and age. Researchers showed that halo effect is one component of this error.<sup id="cite_ref-Edward2004_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward2004-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisicaro and Lance introduced three explanatory models.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first model named the <i>general impression model</i> states that global evaluation affects the rating of individual characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>salient dimension model</i> states that how people perceive an individual characteristic affects their evaluation of other characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>inadequate discrimination model</i> refers to the rater's failure to identify different behaviors of the person being evaluated.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_reverse_halo_effect">The reverse halo effect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The reverse halo effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reverse halo effect occurs when positive evaluations of an individual cause negative consequences. Rater errors pose special problems for the issues of "reliability and validity".<sup id="cite_ref-Edward2004_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward2004-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, ratings that differ in time may accurately reflect a change in behavior even though this difference would demonstrate an artificial lack of reliability. A follow-up study with both men and women participants supported this, as well as showing that attractive women were expected to be conceited and have a higher socioeconomic status. Eagly et al. (1991) also commented on this phenomenon, showing that more attractive individuals of both sexes were expected to be higher in vanity and possibly egotistic.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applied instances of the reverse halo effect include negative evaluations of criminals who use their attractiveness to their advantage<sup id="cite_ref-BBdang_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBdang-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rating a philosophical essay lower when written by a young female than an old male.<sup id="cite_ref-BBdang_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBdang-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_horn_effect">The horn effect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The horn effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Horn_effect" title="Horn effect">Horn effect</a></div> <p>A negative form of the halo effect, called the horn effect, the devil effect, or the reverse halo effect, allows one a disliked trait or aspect of a person or product to negatively influence globally.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychologists call it a "<a href="/wiki/Bias_blind_spot" title="Bias blind spot">bias blind spot</a>:"<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Individuals believe (that negative) traits are inter-connected."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to a negative first impression.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nisbett_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nisbett-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> wrote of the devil effect in relation to <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Chavez" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugo Chavez">Hugo Chavez</a>: "Some leaders can become so demonized that it's impossible to assess their achievements and failures in a balanced way."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those seen in a negative light, anything they do that is negative is exemplified, while the positive things they do are not seen, or are doubted.<sup id="cite_ref-BBdang_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBdang-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="#CITEREFAbikoffCourtneyPelhamKoplewicz1993">Abikoff et al. (1993)</a> found the halo effect is also present in the classroom. In this study, both regular and <a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">special education</a> elementary school teachers watched videotapes of what they believed to be children in regular 4th-grade classrooms. In reality, the children were actors, depicting behaviors present in <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD), <a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">oppositional defiant disorder</a> (ODD), or standard behavior. The teachers were asked to rate the frequency of hyperactive behaviors observed in the children. Teachers rated hyperactive behaviors accurately for children with ADHD; however, the ratings of hyperactivity were much higher for the children with ODD-like behaviors, showing a horn effect for children who appeared to have ODD. </p><p><a href="#CITEREFFosterYsseldyke1976">Foster & Ysseldyke (1976)</a> also found the halo effect present in teachers' evaluations of children. Regular and special education elementary school teachers watched videos of a normal child whom they were told was either "emotionally disturbed", possessing a learning disorder, "<a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">mentally retarded</a>", or "normal". The teachers then completed referral forms based on the child's behavior. The results showed that teachers held negative expectancies toward emotionally disturbed children, maintaining these expectancies even when presented with normal behavior. In addition, the "mentally retarded" label showed a greater degree of negative bias than the "emotionally disturbed" or "learning disabled" label. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observations">Observations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"In the classroom, teachers are subject to the halo effect rating error when evaluating their students. For example, a teacher who sees a well-behaved student might tend to assume this student is also bright, diligent, and engaged before that teacher has objectively evaluated the student's capacity in these areas. When these types of halo effects occur, they can affect students' approval ratings in certain areas of functioning and can even affect students' grades." (Rasmussen, Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology, Volume 1, 2008) </p><p>"In the work setting, the halo effect is most likely to show up in a supervisor's appraisal of a subordinate's <a href="/wiki/Job_performance" title="Job performance">job performance</a>. In fact, the halo effect is probably the most common bias in <a href="/wiki/Performance_appraisal" title="Performance appraisal">performance appraisal</a>. Think about what happens when a supervisor evaluates the performance of a subordinate. The supervisor may give prominence to a single characteristic of the employee, such as enthusiasm, and allow the entire evaluation to be colored by how he or she judges the employee on that one characteristic. Even though the employee may lack the requisite knowledge or ability to perform the job successfully, if the employee's work shows enthusiasm, the supervisor may very well give him or her a higher performance rating than is justified by knowledge or ability." (Schneider, F.W., Gruman, J. A., & Coutts, L. M., Applied Social Psychology, 2012) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_research_findings">Further research findings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further research findings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="#CITEREFMurphyJakoAnhalt1993">Murphy, Jako & Anhalt (1993)</a> argue: "Since 1980, there have been a large number of studies dealing directly or indirectly with halo error in rating. Taken together, these studies suggest that all seven of the characteristics that have defined halo error for much of its history are problematic and that the assumptions that underlie some of them are demonstrably wrong." Their work claims that the assumption that the halo effect is always detrimental is incorrect, with some halo effects resulting in an increase in the accuracy of the rating, in their opinion. Additionally, they discuss the idea of "true halo"—the actual correlation between, for example, attractiveness and performance as an instructor—and "illusory halo" that refers to cognitive distortions, errors in observation and judgement, and the rating tendencies of the individual rater. They claim that any true differentiation between true and illusory halos is impossible in a real-world setting, because the different ratings are strongly influenced by the specific behaviors of the person observed by the raters. </p><p>A study by <a href="#CITEREFForgas2011">Forgas (2011)</a> states that one's mood can affect the degree of the halo effect's influence. When someone is in a favorable mood, the halo effect is more likely to be influential—this was demonstrated by study participants choosing between pictures of an elderly man with a beard and a young woman, and deciding which subject possessed more philosophical attributes. Additionally, when asked to list the happy, neutral, or negative times in their life, the halo effect was more evident in the perceptions of the participants who chose to write about happy prior experiences. Forgas's study suggests that when one is gauging the extent of the halo effect in a situation, one must consider the emotional state of the person making the judgment. </p><p>A 2013 report on "the link between disease and leader preferences" claimed that "congressional districts with a higher incidence of disease" were more likely to show a halo effect "on electoral outcomes."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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href="/wiki/Dr._Fox_effect" title="Dr. Fox effect">Dr. Fox effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect" title="Dunning–Kruger effect">Dunning–Kruger effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusory_superiority" title="Illusory superiority">Illusory superiority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">List of cognitive biases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Lookism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_error" title="Team error">Team error</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">related to <a href="/wiki/Net_Present_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Net Present Value">Net Present Value</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The loss of <i>recency</i> is compensated from the <a href="/wiki/Frequency_(marketing)#Effective_frequency" title="Frequency (marketing)">effective frequency</a> of advertising expenditures of prior periods.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The textbook has been revised more than once, and the mainframe program from 1966 is now a PC program.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times was referring to F. D. Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802083537/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/halo_effect">"Halo Effect | Definition of Halo Effect by Lexico"</a>. 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"Expectancy and halo effects as a result of artificially induced teacher bias". <i>Contemporary Educational Psychology</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 37–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0361-476X%2876%2990005-9">10.1016/0361-476X(76)90005-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Educational+Psychology&rft.atitle=Expectancy+and+halo+effects+as+a+result+of+artificially+induced+teacher+bias&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-45&rft.date=1976-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0361-476X%2876%2990005-9&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft.au=Ysseldyke%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalo+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanazawaKobar2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kanazawa, Satoshi; Kobar, Jody L. (May 2004). "Why beautiful people are more intelligent". <i>Intelligence</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 227–243. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.106.8858">10.1.1.106.8858</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intell.2004.03.003">10.1016/j.intell.2004.03.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence&rft.atitle=Why+beautiful+people+are+more+intelligent&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=227-243&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.106.8858%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.intell.2004.03.003&rft.aulast=Kanazawa&rft.aufirst=Satoshi&rft.au=Kobar%2C+Jody+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalo+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandySigall1974" class="citation journal cs1">Landy, David; Sigall, Harold (1974). "Beauty is talent: Task evaluation as a function of the performer's physical attractiveness". <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 299–304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0036018">10.1037/h0036018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Beauty+is+talent%3A+Task+evaluation+as+a+function+of+the+performer%27s+physical+attractiveness.&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=299-304&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0036018&rft.aulast=Landy&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Sigall%2C+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalo+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonahan1941" class="citation book cs1">Monahan, F. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wg4iAAAAMAAJ"><i>Women in Crime</i></a>. New York: Washburn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Crime&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Washburn&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Monahan&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWg4iAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalo+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyJakoAnhalt1993" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Kevin R.; Jako, Robert A.; Anhalt, Rebecca L. (April 1993). "Nature and consequences of halo error: A critical analysis". <i>Journal of Applied Psychology</i>. <b>78</b> (2): 218–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0021-9010.78.2.218">10.1037/0021-9010.78.2.218</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6394309">6394309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Psychology&rft.atitle=Nature+and+consequences+of+halo+error%3A+A+critical+analysis.&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=218-225&rft.date=1993-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0021-9010.78.2.218&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6394309%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Kevin+R.&rft.au=Jako%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Anhalt%2C+Rebecca+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalo+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerPeterson2012" class="citation conference cs1">Palmer, Carl L.; Peterson, Rolfe D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309023825/http://cas.illinoisstate.edu/clpalme/research/documents/Beauty_and_the_Pollster_revision.pdf"><i>Beauty and the Pollster: Interviewer Bias in Subjective Evaluations of Respondent Characteristics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association. Chicago IL. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cas.illinoisstate.edu/clpalme/research/documents/Beauty_and_the_Pollster_revision.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-03-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Beauty+and+the+Pollster%3A+Interviewer+Bias+in+Subjective+Evaluations+of+Respondent+Characteristics&rft.place=Chicago+IL&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Carl+L.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Rolfe+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcas.illinoisstate.edu%2Fclpalme%2Fresearch%2Fdocuments%2FBeauty_and_the_Pollster_revision.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalo+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorndike1920" class="citation journal cs1">Thorndike, E.L. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1429134">"A constant error in psychological ratings"</a>. <i>Journal of Applied Psychology</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 25–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0071663">10.1037/h0071663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Psychology&rft.atitle=A+constant+error+in+psychological+ratings.&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-29&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0071663&rft.aulast=Thorndike&rft.aufirst=E.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1429134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalo+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_effect&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerPeterson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Palmer, Carl L.; Peterson, Rolfe D. (March 2016). "Halo Effects and the Attractiveness Premium in Perceptions of Political Expertise". <i>American Politics Research</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 353–382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1532673x15600517">10.1177/1532673x15600517</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147048780">147048780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Politics+Research&rft.atitle=Halo+Effects+and+the+Attractiveness+Premium+in+Perceptions+of+Political+Expertise&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=353-382&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1532673x15600517&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147048780%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Carl+L.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Rolfe+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalo+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2004" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Ramesh (2004). <i>Social development in India</i>. Delhi, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">IN</a>: Isha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8205-024-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8205-024-2"><bdi>978-81-8205-024-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+development+in+India&rft.place=Delhi%2C+IN&rft.pub=Isha&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-8205-024-2&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Ramesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalo+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2007" class="citation web cs1">Dean, Jeremy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spring.org.uk/2007/10/halo-effect-when-your-own-mind-is.php">"The Halo Effect: When Your Own Mind is a Mystery"</a>. PsyBlog.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Halo+Effect%3A+When+Your+Own+Mind+is+a+Mystery&rft.pub=PsyBlog&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spring.org.uk%2F2007%2F10%2Fhalo-effect-when-your-own-mind-is.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalo+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2009" class="citation news cs1">Steinberg, Gerald M (30 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/articles/122209/human-rights-ngos-need-a-monitor">"Human Rights NGOs Need a Monitor"</a>. <i>The Jewish Daily Forward</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Daily+Forward&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+NGOs+Need+a+Monitor&rft.date=2009-12-30&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerald+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Farticles%2F122209%2Fhuman-rights-ngos-need-a-monitor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalo+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2007" class="citation book cs1">Sutherland, Stuart (2007). <i>Irrationality</i> (reprint ed.). London: Pinter & Martin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905177-07-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905177-07-3"><bdi>978-1-905177-07-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irrationality&rft.place=London&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Pinter+%26+Martin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-905177-07-3&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalo+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Affinity bias">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchoring_(cognitive_bias)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchoring (cognitive bias)">Anchoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attentional_bias" title="Attentional bias">Attentional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attribution_bias" title="Attribution bias">Attribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor%E2%80%93observer_asymmetry" title="Actor–observer asymmetry">Actor–observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_attribution_error" title="Fundamental attribution error">Correspondence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority_bias" title="Authority bias">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automation_bias" title="Automation bias">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Availability_heuristic" title="Availability heuristic">Availability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief_bias" title="Belief bias">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_blind_spot" title="Bias blind spot">Blind spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice-supportive_bias" title="Choice-supportive bias">Choice-supportive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalation_of_commitment" title="Escalation of commitment">Commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_perception" title="Selective perception">Selective perception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_fade" title="Compassion fade">Compassion fade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congruence_bias" title="Congruence bias">Congruence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declinism" title="Declinism">Declinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinction_bias" title="Distinction bias">Distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect" title="Dunning–Kruger effect">Dunning–Kruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egocentric_bias" title="Egocentric bias">Egocentric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_knowledge" title="Curse of knowledge">Curse of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrinsic_incentives_bias" title="Extrinsic incentives bias">Extrinsic incentives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fading_affect_bias" title="Fading affect bias">Fading affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_effect_(psychology)" title="Framing effect (psychology)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_illusion" title="Frequency illusion">Frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_pond_effect" title="Frog pond effect">Frog pond effect</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Halo effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindsight_bias" title="Hindsight bias">Hindsight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_effect" title="Horn effect">Horn effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_attribution_bias" title="Hostile attribution bias">Hostile attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_bias" title="Impact bias">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_stereotype" title="Implicit stereotype">Implicit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionality_bias" title="Intentionality bias">Intentionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion_of_transparency" title="Illusion of transparency">Illusion of transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere-exposure_effect" title="Mere-exposure effect">Mere-exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_bias" title="Narrative bias">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">Negativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalcy_bias" title="Normalcy bias">Normalcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omission_bias" title="Omission bias">Omission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism_bias" title="Optimism bias">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-group_homogeneity" title="Out-group homogeneity">Out-group homogeneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcome_bias" title="Outcome bias">Outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_bias" title="Precision bias">Precision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_bias" title="Present bias">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-innovation_bias" title="Pro-innovation bias">Pro-innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximity_bias" title="Proximity bias">Proximity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Response_bias" title="Response bias">Response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_bias" title="Restraint bias">Restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-serving_bias" title="Self-serving bias">Self-serving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_comparison_bias" title="Social comparison bias">Social comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence_bias" title="Social influence bias">Social influence bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_effect" title="Spotlight effect">Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_bias" title="Status quo bias">Status quo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attribute_substitution" title="Attribute substitution">Substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-saving_bias" title="Time-saving bias">Time-saving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_ascription_bias" title="Trait ascription bias">Trait ascription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_illusion" title="Turkey illusion">Turkey illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Restorff_effect" title="Von Restorff effect">von Restorff effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-risk_bias" title="Zero-risk bias">Zero-risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias_in_animals" title="Cognitive bias in animals">In animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bias_(statistics)" title="Bias (statistics)">Statistical biases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias_of_an_estimator" title="Bias of an estimator">Estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecast_bias" title="Forecast bias">Forecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_user_bias" title="Healthy user bias">Healthy user</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_bias_(epidemiology)" title="Information bias (epidemiology)">Information</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_bias_(psychology)" title="Information bias (psychology)">Psychological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_time_bias" title="Lead time bias">Lead time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_time_bias" title="Length time bias">Length time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_bias" title="Participation bias">Non-response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observer_bias" title="Observer bias">Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omitted-variable_bias" title="Omitted-variable bias">Omitted-variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_bias" title="Participation bias">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_bias" title="Recall bias">Recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_bias" title="Selection bias">Selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-selection_bias" title="Self-selection bias">Self-selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-desirability_bias" title="Social-desirability bias">Social desirability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_bias" title="Spectrum bias">Spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivorship_bias" title="Survivorship bias">Survivorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic error">Systematic error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_bias" title="Verification bias">Verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bias" title="Wet bias">Wet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other biases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basking_in_reflected_glory" title="Basking in reflected glory">Basking in reflected glory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9formation_professionnelle" title="Déformation professionnelle">Déformation professionnelle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FUTON_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="FUTON bias">FUTON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_bias" title="Inductive bias">Inductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_bias" title="Infrastructure bias">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_bias" title="Inherent bias">Inherent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_in_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Bias in education">In education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liking_gap" title="Liking gap">Liking gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_news_media_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States news media and the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_South_Asia" title="Media bias in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_the_Ukrainian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publication_bias" title="Publication bias">Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reporting_bias" title="Reporting bias">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hat_bias" title="White hat bias">White hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bias reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias_mitigation" title="Cognitive bias mitigation">Cognitive bias mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debiasing" title="Debiasing">Debiasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuristic_(psychology)" title="Heuristic (psychology)">Heuristics in judgment and decision-making</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Lists: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases#Memory_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">Memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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Template:Short_description"," 5.89% 60.383 1 Template:Sfnp"," 5.80% 59.546 1 Template:Copy_edit"," 5.53% 56.686 14 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.623","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8612588,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbikoffCourtneyPelhamKoplewicz1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl_Ries2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_Edward_WhiteDouglas_T._Kenrick2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnthony_Crupi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerggrenJordahlPoutvaara2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethelKnapp2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandra2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoombsHolladay2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel_Kahneman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDean2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDermerThiel1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDion1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDionBerscheidWalster1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaglyAshmoreMakhijaniLongo1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEfran1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeeley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForgas2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFosterYsseldyke1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibsonGore2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlennie2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwaldBanaji1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGräfUnkelbach2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuha2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrmannShikano2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeni_Mcray2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanazawaKobar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinDawar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurian2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLachmanBass1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandySigall1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLasky2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeClaire2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevyDugan1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLonge2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCornack\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelanie_Abrams2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonahan1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreFilippouPerrett2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphyJakoAnhalt1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaftali_Balanson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNancy_Borkowski2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNancy_Jones\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathan_Jeffray2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNisbettWilson1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmerPeterson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmerPeterson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhil_Rosenzweig2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_M._Rosenzweig2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolivy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoutvaaraJordahlBerggren2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProvencherJacob2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_E_NisbettTimothy_D_Wilson1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoeckelein2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowsonThompsonBerry2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSMES2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSigallOstrove1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurawskiOssoff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorndike1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimothy_CoombsHolladay2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerhulstLodgeLavine2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWadeDiMaria2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZhangPoucke2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Biases\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Copy edit\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 12,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Text\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lwkv4","timestamp":"20241122140719","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Halo 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