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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Zobacz_też" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zobacz_też"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Zobacz też</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zobacz_też-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Promień Ziemi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 33 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 języki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardradius" title="Aardradius – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aardradius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="نصف قطر الأرض – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نصف قطر الأرض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="পৃথিবীর ব্যাসার্ধ – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পৃথিবীর ব্যাসার্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Земен радиус – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Земен радиус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi_de_la_Terra" title="Radi de la Terra – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Radi de la Terra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdradius" title="Erdradius – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erdradius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A2%C7%B5_edla_T%C3%A8ra" title="Râǵ edla Tèra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Râǵ edla Tèra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Earth radius" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_terrestre" title="Radio terrestre – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radio terrestre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera_radiuso" title="Tera radiuso – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tera radiuso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="شعاع زمین – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شعاع زمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon_de_la_Terre" title="Rayon de la Terre – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rayon de la Terre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC_%EB%B0%98%EA%B2%BD" title="지구 반경 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지구 반경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पृथ्वी त्रिज्या – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पृथ्वी त्रिज्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jari-jari_Bumi" title="Jari-jari Bumi – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jari-jari Bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggio_terrestre" title="Raggio terrestre – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Raggio terrestre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84erdradius" title="Äerdradius – luksemburski" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Äerdradius" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejari_bumi" title="Jejari bumi – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jejari bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ကမ္ဘာ အချင်းဝက် – birmański" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကမ္ဘာ အချင်းဝက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="地球半径 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地球半径" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yer_radiusi" title="Yer radiusi – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yer radiusi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raio_terrestre" title="Raio terrestre – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raio terrestre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raza_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" title="Raza Pământului – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Raza Pământului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Радиус Земли – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радиус Земли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Earth radius" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljin_polmer" title="Zemljin polmer – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zemljin polmer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Jupiter_Earth_Comparison.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jupiter_Earth_Comparison.png/220px-Jupiter_Earth_Comparison.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jupiter_Earth_Comparison.png/330px-Jupiter_Earth_Comparison.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jupiter_Earth_Comparison.png/440px-Jupiter_Earth_Comparison.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Porównanie rozmiarów Ziemi i <a href="/wiki/Jowisz" title="Jowisz">Jowisza</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Promień Ziemi</b> (R🜨) – pozaukładowa jednostka długości, używana w <a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">astronomii</a> do określania rozmiarów <a href="/wiki/Planeta_pozas%C5%82oneczna" title="Planeta pozasłoneczna">planet pozasłonecznych</a>, najczęściej <a href="/wiki/Superziemia" title="Superziemia">superziemi</a>. Odpowiada ona średniemu <a href="/wiki/Promie%C5%84_r%C3%B3wnikowy" title="Promień równikowy">promieniowi równikowemu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ziemia" title="Ziemia">Ziemi</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1\ \operatorname {R} _{\oplus }={\text{6378,14}}\ \operatorname {km} \approx {\text{6,4}}\cdot 10^{6}\ \operatorname {m} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊕</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>6378,14</mtext> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>km</mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>6,4</mtext> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1\ \operatorname {R} _{\oplus }={\text{6378,14}}\ \operatorname {km} \approx {\text{6,4}}\cdot 10^{6}\ \operatorname {m} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f96920757f29c5b50a7e5fa2828a8c7f7e6c8ae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:34.235ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1\ \operatorname {R} _{\oplus }={\text{6378,14}}\ \operatorname {km} \approx {\text{6,4}}\cdot 10^{6}\ \operatorname {m} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Promień ten różni się od <a href="/wiki/Promie%C5%84_biegunowy" title="Promień biegunowy">promienia biegunowego</a> ze względu na <a href="/wiki/Sp%C5%82aszczenie" title="Spłaszczenie">spłaszczenie</a> planety. Ponadto nie jest on jednakowy we wszystkich kierunkach, gdyż Ziemia nie jest idealną <a href="/wiki/Elipsoida_obrotowa" title="Elipsoida obrotowa">elipsoidą obrotową</a>. Promień biegunowy ma długość 6357 km, zaś promień średni planety to 6371 km. </p><p>Promienie większych planet pozasłonecznych, w szczególności <a href="/wiki/Gazowy_olbrzym" title="Gazowy olbrzym">gazowych olbrzymów</a>, wyraża się raczej jako wielokrotność <a href="/wiki/Promie%C5%84_Jowisza" title="Promień Jowisza">promienia (równikowego) Jowisza</a>: </p> <dl><dd>1 R<sub>J</sub> = 11,21 R🜨</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zobacz_też"><span id="Zobacz_te.C5.BC"></span>Zobacz też</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promie%C5%84_Ziemi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zobacz też" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promie%C5%84_Ziemi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Zobacz też"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masa_Ziemi" title="Masa Ziemi">masa Ziemi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promie%C5%84_Ziemi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promie%C5%84_Ziemi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/John_Huchra" title="John Huchra">John Huchra</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~dfabricant/huchra/ay145/constants.html">Physical & Astronomical Constants</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Harvarda" title="Uniwersytet Harvarda">Harvard University</a>. [dostęp 2014-01-10]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin:auto;text-align:center;padding:3px;margin-top:1em;clear:both}.mw-parser-output table.navbox:not(.pionowy){width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{border-top:0;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy{width:250px;float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 0.4em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .before,.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .after{padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background:#ccf;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox.grupa-szablonów>.grupa-szablonów-nawigacyjnych>.navbox:first-child{margin-top:2px}@media(max-width:800px){.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .flex>.before,.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .flex>.after{display:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox .opis img,.mw-parser-output .navbox .opis .flagicon,.mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption>.flagicon,.mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption>.image{display:none}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści 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.opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}</style><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Jednostki_odleg%C5%82o%C5%9Bci" title="Szablon:Jednostki odległości"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja_szablonu:Jednostki_odleg%C5%82o%C5%9Bci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Jednostki odległości (strona nie istnieje)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Jednostki_odleg%C5%82o%C5%9Bci&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption">Jednostki <a href="/wiki/Odleg%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Odległość">odległości</a> i <a href="/wiki/D%C5%82ugo%C5%9B%C4%87_fizyczna" title="Długość fizyczna">długości</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_SI" title="Układ SI">metryczne</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femtometr" title="Femtometr">femtometr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikometr" title="Pikometr">pikometr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angstrem" title="Angstrem">angstrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanometr" title="Nanometr">nanometr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikrometr" title="Mikrometr">mikrometr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milimetr" title="Milimetr">milimetr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centymetr" title="Centymetr">centymetr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decymetr" title="Decymetr">decymetr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metr" title="Metr">metr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekametr" title="Dekametr">dekametr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hektometr" title="Hektometr">hektometr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilometr" title="Kilometr">kilometr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megametr" title="Megametr">megametr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigametr" title="Gigametr">gigametr</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fizyka" title="Fizyka">fizyczne</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%82ugo%C5%9B%C4%87_Plancka" title="Długość Plancka">długość Plancka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_(jednostka_d%C5%82ugo%C5%9Bci)" title="X (jednostka długości)">X</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia">geograficzno</a>-<br />-<a href="/wiki/Nawigacja" title="Nawigacja">nawigacyjne</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mila_morska" title="Mila morska">mila morska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liga_morska" title="Liga morska">liga morska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila_geograficzna" title="Mila geograficzna">mila geograficzna</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a4"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Astronomiczne_jednostki_odleg%C5%82o%C5%9Bci" title="Astronomiczne jednostki odległości">astronomiczne</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">promień Ziemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promie%C5%84_Jowisza" title="Promień Jowisza">promień Jowisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promie%C5%84_S%C5%82o%C5%84ca" title="Promień Słońca">promień Słońca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LD_(astronomia)" title="LD (astronomia)">LD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jednostka_astronomiczna" title="Jednostka astronomiczna">jednostka astronomiczna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsek" title="Parsek">parsek</a></li> <li>jednostki świetlne <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minuta_%C5%9Bwietlna" title="Minuta świetlna">minuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godzina_%C5%9Bwietlna" title="Godzina świetlna">godzina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzie%C5%84_%C5%9Bwietlny" title="Dzień świetlny">dzień</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rok_%C5%9Bwietlny" title="Rok świetlny">rok</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a5"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Jednostki_imperialne" title="Jednostki imperialne">imperialne</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mil_(jednostka_miary)" title="Mil (jednostka miary)">mil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linia_(jednostka)" title="Linia (jednostka)">linia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal" title="Cal">cal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_(jednostka_d%C5%82ugo%C5%9Bci)" title="U (jednostka długości)">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopa_angielska" title="Stopa angielska">stopa angielska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jard" title="Jard">jard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%99t_(miara)" title="Pręt (miara)">pręt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cuch_(miara_d%C5%82ugo%C5%9Bci)" title="Łańcuch (miara długości)">łańcuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">furlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila_mi%C4%99dzynarodowa" title="Mila międzynarodowa">mila międzynarodowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liga_l%C4%85dowa" title="Liga lądowa">liga lądowa</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a6"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Antropometria" title="Antropometria">antropometryczne</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digitus_(miara)" title="Digitus (miara)">digitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werszek" title="Werszek">werszek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%82o%C5%84_(miara)" title="Dłoń (miara)">dłoń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%86wier%C4%87_(miara)" title="Ćwierć (miara)">ćwierć</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C4%99d%C5%BA" title="Piędź">piędź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sztych_(miara)" title="Sztych (miara)">sztych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopa_(miara)" title="Stopa (miara)">stopa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stopa_polska" title="Stopa polska">polska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81okie%C4%87_(miara)" title="Łokieć (miara)">łokieć</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arszyn" title="Arszyn">arszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krok_(miara)" title="Krok (miara)">krok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skok_(miara)" title="Skok (miara)">skok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85%C5%BCe%C5%84" title="Sążeń">sążeń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%99ze%C5%82_(jednostka_d%C5%82ugo%C5%9Bci)" title="Węzeł (jednostka długości)">węzeł</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postaw" title="Postaw">postaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sznur_(miara)" title="Sznur (miara)">sznur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staja" title="Staja">staja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadion_(miara)" title="Stadion (miara)">stadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiorsta" title="Wiorsta">wiorsta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila_(jednostka_d%C5%82ugo%C5%9Bci)" title="Mila (jednostka długości)">mila</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mila_londy%C5%84ska" title="Mila londyńska">londyńska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila_polska" title="Mila polska">polska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila_pruska" title="Mila pruska">pruska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila_rzymska" title="Mila rzymska">rzymska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila_wroc%C5%82awska" title="Mila wrocławska">wrocławska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasanga" title="Parasanga">parasanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schojn_(starogrecka_jednostka_miary)" title="Schojn (starogrecka jednostka miary)">schojn grecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schojn_(staroegipska_jednostka_miary)" title="Schojn (staroegipska jednostka miary)">schojn egipski</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a7"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dawny_japo%C5%84ski_system_miar_i_wag" title="Dawny japoński system miar i wag">japońskie</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rin_(jednostka_miary)" title="Rin (jednostka miary)">rin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu_(jednostka_miary)" title="Bu (jednostka miary)">bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_(jednostka_miary)" title="Sun (jednostka miary)">sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaku_(jednostka_miary)" title="Shaku (jednostka miary)">shaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_(jednostka_miary)" title="Ken (jednostka miary)">ken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8D_(jednostka_miary)" title="Jō (jednostka miary)">jō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8D_(jednostka_miary)" title="Chō (jednostka miary)">chō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri_(jednostka_miary)" title="Ri (jednostka miary)">ri</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a8"><th 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