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Treść dostępna w 21 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="International Cometary Explorer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISEE-3/ICE" title="ISEE-3/ICE – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ISEE-3/ICE" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="International Cometary Explorer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISEE_3" title="ISEE 3 – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ISEE 3" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISEE_3" title="ISEE 3 – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="ISEE 3" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taisc%C3%A9ala%C3%AD_Idirn%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta_C%C3%B3im%C3%A9ad" title="Taiscéalaí Idirnáisiúnta Cóiméad – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Taiscéalaí Idirnáisiúnta Cóiméad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISEE_3" title="ISEE 3 – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="ISEE 3" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%98%9C%EC%84%B1_%ED%83%90%EC%82%AC%EC%84%A0" title="국제 혜성 탐사선 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제 혜성 탐사선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="International Cometary Explorer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="International Cometary Explorer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="International Cometary Explorer" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Sun-Earth_Explorer" title="International Sun-Earth Explorer – luksemburski" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="International Sun-Earth Explorer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISEE_3" title="ISEE 3 – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ISEE 3" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISEE-3/ICE" title="ISEE-3/ICE – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ISEE-3/ICE" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="International Cometary Explorer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="International Cometary Explorer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Международный исследователь комет – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Международный исследователь комет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="International Cometary Explorer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="International Cometary Explorer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Міжнародний дослідник комет – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міжнародний дослідник комет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F%E6%8E%A2%E9%9A%AA%E8%80%85%E8%99%9F" title="國際彗星探險者號 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國際彗星探險者號" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1475301#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox"> <caption class="naglowek" style="background-color:#C2D9F0; color:#000000;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65781301">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">International Cometary Explorer</div> </caption> <tbody><tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:ISEE-3.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/ISEE-3.gif/188px-ISEE-3.gif" decoding="async" width="188" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/ISEE-3.gif/283px-ISEE-3.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/ISEE-3.gif/377px-ISEE-3.gif 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="666" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Inne nazwy </th> <td> <p>ISEE-3, ICE, Explorer 59 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Zaangażowani </th> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone"><img alt="Stany Zjednoczone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Indeks COSPAR </th> <td> <p>1978-079A </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Rakieta nośna </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Delta_2000" title="Delta 2000">Delta 2914</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Miejsce startu </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone">Stany Zjednoczone</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cel misji </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/21P/Giacobini-Zinner" title="21P/Giacobini-Zinner">21P/Giacobini-Zinner</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cel misji </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Kometa_Halleya" title="Kometa Halleya">Kometa Halleya</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#C2D9F0; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <td colspan="2">Orbita (docelowa, początkowa) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Okrążane ciało niebieskie </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82o%C5%84ce" title="Słońce">Słońce</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perycentrum </th> <td> <p>0,93 AU </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Apocentrum </th> <td> <p>1,03 AU </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Okres obiegu </th> <td> <p>355 dni </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nachylenie </th> <td> <p>0,1<a href="/wiki/Stopie%C5%84_(geografia)" title="Stopień (geografia)">°</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#C2D9F0; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <td colspan="2">Czas trwania </td></tr> <tr> <th>Początek misji </th> <td> <p>12 sierpnia 1978 (15:12 UTC) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Koniec misji </th> <td> <p>maj 1997 </p> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#C2D9F0; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <td colspan="2">Wymiary </td></tr> <tr> <th>Masa całkowita </th> <td> <p>390 kg </p> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:ISEE-3/ICE" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:ISEE-3/ICE" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:ISEE-3/ICE">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>International Cometary Explorer</b> (<b>ICE</b>) – <a href="/wiki/Sonda_kosmiczna" title="Sonda kosmiczna">sonda kosmiczna</a>, która była pierwotnie nazywana <i>International Sun / Earth Explorer 3</i> (<i>ISEE-3</i>). Jej misja rozpoczęła się 12 sierpnia 1978 roku. Sonda stanowiła część międzynarodowego programu współpracy pomiędzy <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> i <a href="/wiki/Europejska_Agencja_Kosmiczna" title="Europejska Agencja Kosmiczna">ESA</a>, który miał posłużyć do badania interakcji między <a href="/wiki/Ziemskie_pole_magnetyczne" title="Ziemskie pole magnetyczne">ziemskim polem magnetycznym</a> a <a href="/wiki/Wiatr_s%C5%82oneczny" title="Wiatr słoneczny">wiatrem słonecznym</a>. W programie wykorzystano trzy <a href="/wiki/Statek_kosmiczny" title="Statek kosmiczny">statki kosmiczne</a>: <b>ISEE 1</b> i <b>ISEE 2</b> oraz <b>ISEE 3</b> na <a href="/wiki/Orbita_heliocentryczna" title="Orbita heliocentryczna">heliocentrycznej orbicie</a> (później przemianowany na <b>ICE</b>). </p><p><b>ICE</b> jako pierwszy statek kosmiczny poruszał się po orbicie przechodzącej przez <a href="/wiki/Punkt_libracyjny" title="Punkt libracyjny">punkty libracyjne</a>. Został on później wysłany w kierunku <a href="/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa">komety</a> <a href="/wiki/21P/Giacobini-Zinner" title="21P/Giacobini-Zinner">21P/Giacobini-Zinner</a> i stał się pierwszym statkiem kosmicznym, który bezpośrednio badał kometę. 28 marca 1986 wykonał najdalszy przelot obok <a href="/wiki/Kometa_Halleya" title="Kometa Halleya">komety Halleya</a> (odległość od jądra komety wyniosła 28 mln km). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:ISEE3-ICE-trajectory.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ISEE3-ICE-trajectory.gif/550px-ISEE3-ICE-trajectory.gif" decoding="async" width="550" height="431" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/ISEE3-ICE-trajectory.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Trajektoria lotu sondy ICE</figcaption></figure> <p><br style="clear:left;" /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odzyskanie_łączności_z_sondą_w_2014_roku"><span id="Odzyskanie_.C5.82.C4.85czno.C5.9Bci_z_sond.C4.85_w_2014_roku"></span>Odzyskanie łączności z sondą w 2014 roku</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Cometary_Explorer&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Odzyskanie łączności z sondą w 2014 roku" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Cometary_Explorer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Odzyskanie łączności z sondą w 2014 roku"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gdy zakończono zadanie związane z kometą Halleya, na początku lat 90. postanowiono ponownie wykorzystać sondę do badania Słońca. Przedsięwzięcie realizowano w latach 1991-1997, w międzyczasie wystąpiły jednak problemy z łącznością, po raz ostatni nawiązano krótki kontakt z pojazdem w 1999 w celu sprawdzenia stanu technicznego nadajnika. W 2014 roku nadarzyła się okazja na odzyskanie kontroli nad sondą, która zbliżyła się wówczas ponownie do Ziemi. Wymagało to jednak użycia radiowego <a href="/wiki/Pasmo_S" title="Pasmo S">pasma S</a>, które niemal zupełnie wyszło z użycia, a sieć <a href="/wiki/Radioteleskop" title="Radioteleskop">radioteleskopowa</a> <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" title="Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> pozbyła się już przestarzałych urządzeń radiowych. Zespół z Applied Physics Laboratory <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Johnsa_Hopkinsa" title="Uniwersytet Johnsa Hopkinsa">Uniwersytetu Johnsa Hopkinsa</a> zaproponował <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> pomoc w przechwyceniu pojazdu. Postanowiono wykorzystać w tym celu będącą w posiadaniu instytutu 18-metrową antenę oraz radio programowalne. Sprzęt wymagał jednak drogiej modyfikacji, której koszt sięgał około 125 000 <a href="/wiki/Dolar_ameryka%C5%84ski" title="Dolar amerykański">USD</a>. W celu zdobycia pieniędzy zorganizowano akcję <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfundingową</a>, darczyńcy wpłacili niemal 160 000 USD, co z dużą nawiązką pozwoliło sfinansować projekt. 29 maja 2014 roku ogłoszono, że próba odzyskania łączności zakończyła się pełnym sukcesem – przełączono system komunikacyjny sondy w dwukierunkowy tryb serwisowy, a dane zdołał odebrać szereg stacji na całym świecie. W przypadku stwierdzenia wystarczającej sprawności technicznej pojazdu, stojący na czele akcji Skycorp planuje skierować sondę w pobliże Księżyca, aby wykorzystać jego <a href="/wiki/Asysta_grawitacyjna" title="Asysta grawitacyjna">asystę grawitacyjną</a> do skierowania pojazdu na użyteczną <a href="/wiki/Orbita" title="Orbita">orbitę</a> heliocentryczną i tym samym umożliwienia ponownego prowadzenia badań. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Cometary_Explorer&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Cometary_Explorer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bibliografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1978-079A">NSSDC Master Catalog</a> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kosmonauta.net/2014/04/sonda-z-1978-roku-znowu-w-akcji/">Sonda z 1978 roku znowu w akcji?</a> <span class="lang-list tylko-pl">(<abbr title="Treść w języku polskim">pol.</abbr>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kosmonauta.net/2014/06/isee-3-nawiazano-lacznosc-z-sonda/">ISEE-3: nawiązano łączność z sondą</a> <span class="lang-list tylko-pl">(<abbr title="Treść w języku polskim">pol.</abbr>)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output 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.opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}</style><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Misje_do_komet" title="Szablon:Misje do komet"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja_szablonu:Misje_do_komet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Misje do komet (strona nie istnieje)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Misje_do_komet&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption">Misje sond kosmicznych do <a href="/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa">komet</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">Dalekie przeloty</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Cometary Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(sonda_kosmiczna)" title="Ulysses (sonda kosmiczna)">Ulysses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">Bliskie przeloty</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Program_Wega" title="Program Wega">Program Wega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(sonda_kosmiczna)" title="Giotto (sonda kosmiczna)">Giotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisei" title="Suisei">Suisei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a> (<i>nieudana</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(sonda_kosmiczna)" title="Stardust (sonda kosmiczna)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact" title="Deep Impact">Deep Impact</a>/EPOXI</li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">Orbitery</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(sonda_kosmiczna)" title="Rosetta (sonda kosmiczna)">Rosetta</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a4"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">Pobranie próbek</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(sonda_kosmiczna)" title="Stardust (sonda kosmiczna)">Stardust</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a5"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">Impaktor / <a href="/wiki/L%C4%85downik" title="Lądownik">lądownik</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact" title="Deep Impact">Deep Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philae_(l%C4%85downik)" title="Philae (lądownik)">Philae (lądownik sondy Rosetta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(sonda_kosmiczna)" title="Rosetta (sonda kosmiczna)">Rosetta</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a6"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">Proponowane i przyszłe misje</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESTINY%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DESTINY+ (strona nie istnieje)">DESTINY+</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAESAR_(sonda_kosmiczna)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAESAR (sonda kosmiczna) (strona nie istnieje)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayabusa_Mk2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayabusa Mk2 (strona nie istnieje)">Hayabusa Mk2</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="hlist navbox-below below"> <ul><li><b>Pogrubieniem</b> zaznaczono misje aktualnie prowadzone</li></ul> </div></div></div> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r74983602"><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Program_Explorer" title="Szablon:Program Explorer"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja_szablonu:Program_Explorer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Program Explorer (strona nie istnieje)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Program_Explorer&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption"><a href="/wiki/Program_Explorer" title="Program Explorer">Program Explorer</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lata_50._XX_wieku" title="Lata 50. XX wieku">Lata 50. XX wieku</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Explorer_2" title="Explorer 2">2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_3" title="Explorer 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_4" title="Explorer 4">4</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Explorer_5" title="Explorer 5">5</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_6" title="Explorer 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_7" title="Explorer 7">7</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lata_60._XX_wieku" title="Lata 60. XX wieku">Lata 60. XX wieku</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/S-46" title="S-46">S-46</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_8" title="Explorer 8">8</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Explorer_9#Nieudana_próba" title="Explorer 9">S-56</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_9" title="Explorer 9">9</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Explorer_10#Nieudane_próby" title="Explorer 10">S-45</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_10" title="Explorer 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_11" title="Explorer 11">11</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Explorer_10#Nieudane_próby" title="Explorer 10">S-45A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S-55" title="S-55">S-55</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_12" title="Explorer 12">12 (EPE-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_13" title="Explorer 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_14" title="Explorer 14">14 (EPE-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_15" title="Explorer 15">15 (EPE-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_16" title="Explorer 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_17" title="Explorer 17">17 (AE-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_18" title="Explorer 18">18 (IMP-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_19" title="Explorer 19">19 (AD-A)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Explorer_A" title="Beacon Explorer A">S-66</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_20" title="Explorer 20">20 (IE-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_21" title="Explorer 21">21 (IMP-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_22" title="Explorer 22">22 (BE-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_23" title="Explorer 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_24" title="Explorer 24">24 (AD-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_25" title="Explorer 25">25 (IE-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_26" title="Explorer 26">26 (EPE-D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_27" title="Explorer 27">27 (BE-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_28" title="Explorer 28">28 (IMP-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEOS_1" title="GEOS 1">29 (GEOS 1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLRAD_8" title="SOLRAD 8">30 (Solrad 8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DME-A" title="DME-A">31 (DME-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AE-B" title="AE-B"> 32 (AE-B)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Explorer_33" title="Explorer 33">33 (IMP-D)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explorer_34&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Explorer 34 (strona nie istnieje)">34 (IMP-F)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_35" title="Explorer 35">35 (IMP-E)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GEOS_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GEOS 2 (strona nie istnieje)">36 (GEOS-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explorer_37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Explorer 37 (strona nie istnieje)">37 (Solrad 9)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explorer_38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Explorer 38 (strona nie istnieje)">38 (RAE-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explorer_39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Explorer 39 (strona nie istnieje)">39 (AD-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explorer_40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Explorer 40 (strona nie istnieje)">40 (IE-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explorer_41&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Explorer 41 (strona nie istnieje)">41 (IMP-G)</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lata_70._XX_wieku" title="Lata 70. XX wieku">Lata 70. XX wieku</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_42" title="Explorer 42">42 (Uhuru)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interplanetary_Monitoring_Platform-H&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-H (strona nie istnieje)">43 (IMP-H)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteoroid_Technology_Satellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteoroid Technology Satellite (strona nie istnieje)">46 (MTS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interplanetary_Monitoring_Platform-I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-I (strona nie istnieje)">47 (IMP-I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_2" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 2">48 (SAS B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_49" title="Explorer 49">49 (RAE-B)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interplanetary_Monitoring_Platform-J&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-J (strona nie istnieje)">50 (IMP-J)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explorer_52&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Explorer 52 (strona nie istnieje)">52 (Hawkeye 1)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Small_Astronomy_Satellite_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 3 (strona nie istnieje)">53 (SAS C)</a></li> <li>56 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSE-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSE-1 (strona nie istnieje)">ISSE-1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSE-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSE-2 (strona nie istnieje)">ISSE-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">57 (IUE)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_Capacity_Mapping_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (strona nie istnieje)">58 (HCMM)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">59 (ICE)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stratospheric_Aerosol_and_Gas_Experiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (strona nie istnieje)">60 (SAGE)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAGSAT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MAGSAT (strona nie istnieje)">61 (MAGSAT)</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a4"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lata_80._XX_wieku" title="Lata 80. XX wieku">Lata 80. XX wieku</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_Explorer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dynamics Explorer (strona nie istnieje)">62/63 (DE 1/DE 2)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Mesosphere_Explorer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar Mesosphere Explorer (strona nie istnieje)">64 (SME)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_Explorer" title="Program Explorer">65 (CCE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBE" title="COBE">66 (COBE)</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a5"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lata_90._XX_wieku" title="Lata 90. XX wieku">Lata 90. XX wieku</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EUVE" title="EUVE">67 (EUVE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer" title="Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer">68 (SAMPEX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">69 (RXTE)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fast_Auroral_Snapshot_Explorer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer (strona nie istnieje)">70 (FAST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer">71 (ACE)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Student_Nitric_Oxide_Explorer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (strona nie istnieje)">72 (SNOE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRACE" title="TRACE">73 (TRACE)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submillimeter_Wave_Astronomy_Satellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (strona nie istnieje)">74 (SWAS)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer (strona nie istnieje)">75 (WIRE)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopic_Explorer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (strona nie istnieje)">77 (FUSE)</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a6"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/XXI_wiek" title="XXI wiek">XXI wiek</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAGE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IMAGE (strona nie istnieje)">78 (IMAGE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HETE-2" title="HETE-2">79 (HETE-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">80 (WMAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reuven_Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (strona nie istnieje)">81 (RHESSI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIPSat" title="CHIPSat">82 (CHIPSat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Evolution_Explorer" title="Galaxy Evolution Explorer">83 (GALEX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(satelita)" title="Swift (satelita)">84 (Swift)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS_(satelity)" title="THEMIS (satelity)">85 – 89 (THEMIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere" title="Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere">90 (AIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Boundary_Explorer" title="Interstellar Boundary Explorer">91 (IBEX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">92 (WISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Spectroscopic_Telescope_Array" title="Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array">93 (NuSTAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph">94 (IRIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">95 (TESS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionospheric_Connection_Explorer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionospheric Connection Explorer (strona nie istnieje)">96 (ICON)</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a7"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">Planowane</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imaging_X-ray_Polarimetry_Explorer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (strona nie istnieje)">IXPE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PUNCH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PUNCH (strona nie istnieje)">PUNCH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRACERS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRACERS (strona nie istnieje)">TRACERS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="hlist navbox-below below"> <ul><li><i>Kursywa oznacza misję zakończoną niepowodzeniem</i></li></ul> </div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a> (<span class="description"><a href="/wiki/Sonda_kosmiczna" title="Sonda kosmiczna">sonda kosmiczna</a></span>):</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" 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