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duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Betiereko+mugimendu" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Betiereko+mugimendu" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Betiereko+mugimendu" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Betiereko+mugimendu" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oinarrizko_printzipioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oinarrizko_printzipioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Oinarrizko printzipioak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oinarrizko_printzipioak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Oinarrizko printzipioak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oinarrizko_printzipioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sailkapena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sailkapena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sailkapena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sailkapena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ezintasuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ezintasuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ezintasuna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ezintasuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teknikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teknikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Teknikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teknikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konspirazio-teoriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konspirazio-teoriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Konspirazio-teoriak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konspirazio-teoriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Betiereko mugimendu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 51 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewigdurende_beweging" title="Ewigdurende beweging – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ewigdurende beweging" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حركة أبدية – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة أبدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3vil_perpetuu" title="Móvil perpetuu – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Móvil perpetuu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimi_m%C3%BCh%C9%99rrik" title="Daimi mühərrik – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Daimi mühərrik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Вечны рухавік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вечны рухавік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Вечен двигател – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вечен двигател" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviment_perpetu" title="Moviment perpetu – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moviment perpetu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Перпетуум мобиле – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Перпетуум мобиле" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Αεικίνητο – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αεικίνητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Perpetual motion" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eterna_movado" title="Eterna movado – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eterna movado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3vil_perpetuo" title="Móvil perpetuo – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Móvil perpetuo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igiliikur" title="Igiliikur – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Igiliikur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%DB%8C" title="حرکت دائمی – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حرکت دائمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikiliikkuja" title="Ikiliikkuja – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ikiliikkuja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_perp%C3%A9tuel" title="Mouvement perpétuel – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement perpétuel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movemento_perpetuo" title="Movemento perpetuo – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Movemento perpetuo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תנועה נצחית – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תנועה נצחית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="शाश्वत गति – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शाश्वत गति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96r%C3%B6kmozg%C3%B3" title="Örökmozgó – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Örökmozgó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Հավերժական շարժիչ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հավերժական շարժիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerak_abadi" title="Gerak abadi – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerak abadi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moto_perpetuo" title="Moto perpetuo – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Moto perpetuo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%85%E6%A9%9F%E9%96%A2" title="永久機関 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="永久機関" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="მუდმივი ძრავა – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუდმივი ძრავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Мәңгілік қозғалтқыш – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәңгілік қозғалтқыш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಾರ್ವಕಾಲಿಕ ಚಲನಾ ಯಂತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾರ್ವಕಾಲಿಕ ಚಲನಾ ಯಂತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AC_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="영구 기관 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영구 기관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%B1%D3%A9%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%87" title="Түбөлүк кыймылдаткыч – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түбөлүк кыймылдаткыч" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C5%BEinasis_variklis" title="Amžinasis variklis – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amžinasis variklis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%AB%C5%BE%C4%ABgais_dzin%C4%93js" title="Mūžīgais dzinējs – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mūžīgais dzinējs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="നിലയ്ക്കാത്ത ചലനങ്ങൾ – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിലയ്ക്കാത്ത ചലനങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA" title="دائمی حرکت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دائمی حرکت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%90_%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%B3%DB%90_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA" title="تلپاتې يا پرله پسې حرکت – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تلپاتې يا پرله پسې حرکت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moto-cont%C3%ADnuo" title="Moto-contínuo – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Moto-contínuo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Вечный двигатель – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вечный двигатель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Perpetual motion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Перпетуум мобиле – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Перпетуум мобиле" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evig_r%C3%B6relse" title="Evig rörelse – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Evig rörelse" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இடையறா இயக்கம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடையறா இயக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Муҳаррики абадӣ – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муҳаррики абадӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เครื่องจักรนิรันดร์ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องจักรนิรันดร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walang_hanggang_mosyon" title="Walang hanggang mosyon – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Walang hanggang mosyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Вічний двигун – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вічний двигун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA" title="دائمی حرکت – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دائمی حرکت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadiy_dvigatel" title="Abadiy dvigatel – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abadiy dvigatel" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_c%C6%A1_v%C4%A9nh_c%E1%BB%ADu" title="Động cơ vĩnh cửu – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động cơ vĩnh cửu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA" title="永动机 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="永动机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA" title="永动机 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="永动机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="永動機 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="永動機" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png/250px-WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png"><img resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png/250px-WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png/375px-WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png/499px-WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>1660ko zurezko grabatu bateko Robert Fludd-en "ur-torlojua", 1618koa, etengabe mugitzeko makina. Horrelako gailu bat sortzeko lehen saiakera gisa ezaguna da.<sup id="cite_ref-sciam_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Betiereko mugimendua</b> gorputzen mugimendua bat da betiko jarraitzen duena asaldatu gabeko sistema batean. <b>Betiereko</b> <b>mugimenduaren makina</b> gailu hipotetiko bat da, <a href="/wiki/Infinitu" title="Infinitu">infinituki</a> funtziona dezakeena kanpoko energia-iturririk gabe. Makina mota hori ezinezkoa da, <a href="/wiki/Termodinamikaren_bigarren_legea" title="Termodinamikaren bigarren legea">termodinamikaren</a> <a href="/wiki/Termodinamikaren_lehenengo_legea" title="Termodinamikaren lehenengo legea">lehen</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Termodinamikaren_bigarren_legea" title="Termodinamikaren bigarren legea">bigarren legea</a> edo biak hautsiko bailituzke.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oraindik ere, nazioartean, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinezko</a> esamoldea erabiltzen da betiereko mugimenduaren makina izendatzeko: <i><b>perpetuum mobile</b></i>. </p><p>Termodinamikaren lege horiek sistemaren tamaina edozein dela ere aplikatzen dira. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planetak</a> bezalako zeruko gorputzen mugimenduak eta errotazioak betierekoak dirudite, baina, berez, beren <a href="/wiki/Energia_zinetikoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Energia zinetikoa">energia zinetikoa</a> pixkanaka xahutzen duten prozesu askori lotuta daude, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Eguzki_haize" title="Eguzki haize">eguzki-haizeari</a>, izarren arteko erresistentzia ertainari, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erradiazio_grabitazional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erradiazio grabitazional (sortu gabe)">erradiazio grabitazionalari</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Erradiazio_termiko" title="Erradiazio termiko">erradiazio termikoari</a>, eta, beraz, ez dira betiko mugitzen jarraituko.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wnt2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wnt2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hala, energia iturri finituetatik erauzten duten makinek ez dute mugarik gabe funtzionatuko, iturrian metatutako energiak eroaten baititu; energia hori agortuko da. Adibide arrunt bat <a href="/wiki/Itsaslaster" title="Itsaslaster">itsaslasterrek</a> elikatutako gailuak dira. Horien energia, azken batean, Eguzkitik dator, eta, azkenean, xahutuko egingo da. Iturri ilunagoen bidez propultsatutako makinak proposatu dira, baina lege saihestezin berak dituzte, eta, azkenik, amaitu egingo dira. </p><p>2016. urtean, materia-egoera berriak aurkitu ziren, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denbora-kristal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denbora-kristal (sortu gabe)">denbora-kristalak</a>. Horietan, eskala mikroskopikoan, <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomo</a> osagaiak etengabeko mugimendu errepikakorrean daude, eta, hala, "betiko mugimendua" hitzez-hitzezko definizioa betetzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-technologyreview.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-technologyreview.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grossman_2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cowen_2012_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowen_2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Powell_2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell_2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibney_2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibney_2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hala ere, horiek ez dira mugimendu iraunkorreko makinak zentzu tradizionalean, edo lege termodinamikoak urratzen dituzte beren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oinarrizko_egoera_(mekanika_kuantikoa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oinarrizko egoera (mekanika kuantikoa) (sortu gabe)">oinarrizko egoera</a> kuantikoan daudelako, eta, beraz, ezin da energia atera; energiarik gabeko mugimendua erakusten dute. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betiereko_mugimendu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betiereko_mugimendu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Betiereko mugimendu-makinen historia Erdi Arotik aurrera hedatu da.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_Townsend_White_1960_p._522-526_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn_Townsend_White_1960_p._522-526-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milurtekoetan zehar ez zegoen argi mugimendu iraunkorreko gailuak posible ziren ala ez, baina termodinamikaren teoria modernoen garapenak ezinezkoak direla frogatu du. Hala ere, saiakera asko egin dira makina horiek eraikitzeko, eta garai modernoetan jarraitu dute.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diseinatzaile eta defendatzaile modernoek beste termino batzuk erabiltzen dituzte maiz, hala nola "unitateaz gaindikoa", beren asmakizunak deskribatzeko.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oinarrizko_printzipioak">Oinarrizko printzipioak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betiereko_mugimendu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oinarrizko printzipioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betiereko_mugimendu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Oinarrizko printzipioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sistema_isolatu" title="Sistema isolatu">Sistema isolatu</a> bateko mugimendu iraunkorrak <a href="/wiki/Termodinamikaren_lehenengo_legea" title="Termodinamikaren lehenengo legea">termodinamikaren lehen legea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termodinamikaren_bigarren_legea" title="Termodinamikaren bigarren legea">termodinamikaren bigarren legea</a> edo biak urratzen dituela dioen <a href="/wiki/Kontsentsu_zientifiko" title="Kontsentsu zientifiko">adostasun zientifikoa</a> dago. Termodinamikaren lehen legea <a href="/wiki/Energiaren_kontserbazioaren_printzipioa" title="Energiaren kontserbazioaren printzipioa">energia kontserbatzeko</a> legearen bertsio bat da. Bigarren legea hainbat modutan formulatu daiteke, intuitiboena da <a href="/wiki/Bero" title="Bero">beroa</a> berez leku beroagoetatik toki hotzagoetara jariatzen dela; izan ere, lege horren arabera, prozesu makroskopiko bakoitzean <a href="/wiki/Marruskadura-indar" title="Marruskadura-indar">marruskadura</a> dago edo hartatik hurbil dagoen zerbait; beste adierazpen bat da <a href="/wiki/Bero-motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bero-motor">bero-motor</a> bat (tenperatura altu bateko beroa tenperatura baxu batera mugitzean lana sortzen duen motorra) ezin dela izan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnoten_bero_motor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carnoten bero motor (sortu gabe)">Carnoten bero motor</a> bat baino eraginkorragoa. </p><p>Bestela esanda: </p> <ol><li>Edozein sistema isolatutan ezin da energia berririk sortu (energia kontserbatzeko legea). Horren ondorioz, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eraginkortasun_termiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eraginkortasun termiko (sortu gabe)">eraginkortasun termikoa</a> —sortutako lan-potentzia zati sarrerako berokuntza-potentzia— ezin da bat baino handiagoa izan.</li> <li>Bero-motorren irteerako lan-potentzia sarrera-berogailuaren potentzia baino txikiagoa da beti. Hornitutako gainerako energia termikoa bero gisa galtzen da ingurunean. Beraz, eraginkortasun termikoak beti bat baino txikiagoa den maximo bat du, Carnoten efizientziak emana.</li> <li>Benetako bero-motorren eraginkortasuna are txikiagoa da Carnoten eraginkortasuna baino, prozesuen abiaduraren ondoriozko itzulezintasuna dela eta, marruskadura barne.</li></ol> <p>2. eta 3. adierazpenak motor termikoei aplikatzen zaizkie. Bestelako kasuetan, adibidez energia mekanikoa energia elektromagnetikoan eraldatzen dutenak, ezin du %100eko eraginkortasunarekin funtzionatu, ezinezkoa baita energia xahutzen ez duen edozein sistema diseinatzea. </p><p>Iturri ez-konbentzionaletatik energia hartuz termodinamikaren bi legeak betetzen dituzten makinei mugimendu iraunkorreko makina deritze batzuetan, nahiz eta ez dituzten betetzen izenaren irizpide estandarrak. Adibide gisa, <a href="/wiki/Erloju" title="Erloju">erlojuak</a> eta potentzia txikiko beste makina batzuk, hala nola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cox_erlojua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cox erlojua (sortu gabe)">Cox erlojua</a>, presio barometrikoaren edo gauaren eta egunaren arteko tenperaturaren arteko diferentzietan funtzionatzeko diseinatu dira. Makina horiek energia-iturri bat dute, baina ez da oso erraza; beraz, termodinamikaren legeak urratzen dutela ematen du, baina ez da horrela. </p><p>Energia bizitza luzeko iturrietatik -itsaslasterretatik, adibidez- erauzten duten makinak ere eraitsi egingo dira energia-iturriek ezinbestean hala egiten dutenean. Ez dira mugimendu iraunkorreko makinak, kanpoko iturri batetik energia kontsumitzen dutelako eta ez direlako sistema isolatuak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sailkapena">Sailkapena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betiereko_mugimendu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sailkapena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betiereko_mugimendu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Sailkapena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Betiereko mugimenduko makinen sailkapen batek makinek bortxatu nahi duten termodinamikaren lege partikularrari egiten dio erreferentzia: </p> <ul><li><b>Lehen motako mugimendu iraunkorreko makina</b> batek <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> sartu gabe lan egiten du. Horrela, termodinamikaren lehen legea urratzen du: <a href="/wiki/Energiaren_kontserbazioaren_printzipioa" title="Energiaren kontserbazioaren printzipioa">energia kontserbatzeko legea</a>.</li> <li><b>Bigarren motako mugimendu iraunkorreko makina</b> bat energia termikoa bat-batean lan mekaniko bihurtzen duen makina da. Energia termikoa egindako lanaren baliokidea denean, horrek ez du energia kontserbatzeko legea urratzen. Hala ere, <a href="/wiki/Termodinamikaren_bigarren_legea" title="Termodinamikaren bigarren legea">termodinamikaren bigarren lege</a> hausten du, sotilagoa dena (ikus <a href="/wiki/Entropia" title="Entropia">entropia</a>). Bigarren motako mugimendu iraunkorreko makina baten sinadura hauxe da: bero-biltegi bat baino ez dago tartean, eta berez hozten da, biltegi hotzago batera beroa transferitu gabe. Termodinamikaren bigarren legearen arabera, beroa lan erabilgarri bihurtzea ezinezkoa da, albo-ondoriorik gabe.</li> <li><b>Hirugarren motako mugimendu iraunkorreko makina</b> bat, oro har (baina ez beti), honela definitzen da: marruskadura eta beste indar disipatzaile batzuk erabat ezabatzen dituena, higidurari betiko eusteko masa-<a href="/wiki/Inertzia" title="Inertzia">inertziaren</a> ondorioz (kasu honetan <i>hirugarrena</i> aurreko sailkapen-eskemako posizioari dagokio, ez <a href="/wiki/Termodinamikaren_hirugarren_legea" title="Termodinamikaren hirugarren legea">termodinamikari</a> buruzko hirugarren legeari). Ezinezkoa da makina hori egitea, disipazioa ezin baita inoiz guztiz ezabatu sistema mekaniko batean, sistema bat ideal horretara iristen den hurbila kontuan hartu gabe.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ezintasuna">Ezintasuna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betiereko_mugimendu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ezintasuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betiereko_mugimendu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Ezintasuna"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Perpetual_Motion_by_Norman_Rockwell.jpg/225px-Perpetual_Motion_by_Norman_Rockwell.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Perpetual_Motion_by_Norman_Rockwell.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Perpetual_Motion_by_Norman_Rockwell.jpg/225px-Perpetual_Motion_by_Norman_Rockwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Perpetual_Motion_by_Norman_Rockwell.jpg/338px-Perpetual_Motion_by_Norman_Rockwell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Perpetual_Motion_by_Norman_Rockwell.jpg/450px-Perpetual_Motion_by_Norman_Rockwell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="1726" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popular Science (sortu gabe)">Popular Science</a></i> aldizkariaren 1920ko urriko edizioa, betiko mugimenduan. Zientzialariek fisikaren legeen arabera ezinezkotzat jo dituzten arren, betiereko mugimenduak asmatzaileen irudimena pizten jarraitzen du.</figcaption></figure> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezintasun_epistemiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ezintasun epistemiko (sortu gabe)">Ezintasun epistemikoak</a>" lege fisikoen gaur <i>egungo</i> formulazioan guztiz gertatu ezin diren gauzak deskribatzen ditu. "Ezinezkoa" hitzaren interpretazio hori da sistema itxi batean betiko mugitzea ezinezkoa dela eztabaidatzen denean lortu nahi dena. </p><p>Kontserbazio-legeak bereziki sendoak dira ikuspuntu matematikotik. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noetherren_teorema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noetherren teorema (sortu gabe)">Noetherren teoremak</a> (1915ean <a href="/wiki/Froga_matematiko" title="Froga matematiko">matematikoki frogatua</a>) dio edozein kontserbazio-lege sistema fisiko baten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekintza_(fisika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekintza (fisika) (sortu gabe)">ekintzari</a> dagokion simetria jarraitutik erator daitekeela. Energiaren kontserbazioaren simetria lege fisikoen denbora-inbariantzia da. Beraz, fisikaren legeak denborarekin aldatzen ez badira, energiaren kontserbazioak jarraitu egiten du. Energiaren kontserbazioa bortxatu eta betiereko mugimendua ahalbidetzeko, fisikaren oinarriak aldatu beharko lirateke.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisikaren legeak denborarekin aldatzen ote diren jakiteko ikerketa zientifikoek teleskopioak erabiltzen dituzte unibertsoa iragan urrunean aztertzeko, eta, gure neurketen mugetaraino, iraganeko izarrak gaur egungoen berdin-berdinak ote diren jakin nahi du. Zenbait neurriren konbinazioak, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Espektroskopia" title="Espektroskopia">espektroskopiak</a>, <a href="/wiki/SN_1987A" title="SN 1987A">argiaren iraganeko</a> abiaduraren zuzeneko neurketak eta antzeko neurketek, frogatzen dute fisikak funtsean berdin iraun duela, berdin-berdin ez bada, <a href="/wiki/Bilioi" title="Bilioi">milaka</a> milioi urte hartzen dituen denbora behagarri osoan.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Termodinamikaren printzipioak hain ondo ezarrita daude, bai teorikoki bai esperimentalki, etengabeko mugimenduko makinen proposamenei sinesgaitz erantzuten dietela fisikariek. Proposatzen den mugimendu iraunkorreko edozein diseinuk erronka pedagogikoa eskaintzen die fisikoei: ziur gaudenez ezin duela funtzionatu, azaldu behar dena da <i>nola</i> ez dabilen. Ariketa horren zailtasuna (eta balioa) proposamenaren sotiltasunaren araberakoa da; onenak fisikarien <a href="/wiki/Pentsamendu-esperimentu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentsamendu-esperimentu">pentsamendu-esperimentuetatik</a> sortzen dira, eta, askotan, fisikaren zenbait alderdiren berri ematen dute. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmannek</a> lehen aldiz eztabaidatu zuen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinket_browndar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinket browndar (sortu gabe)">trinket browndarraren</a> esperimentu mentala 1900ean, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_Smoluchowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marian Smoluchowski (sortu gabe)">Marian Smoluchowskik</a> azalpen egokia eman zuen zergatik ez duen funtzionatzen.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmor_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hala ere, 12 urteko aldi horretan zientzialariek ez zuten uste makina posible zenik. Ez zekiten, besterik gabe, zer mekanismoren bidez huts egingo zuen ezinbestean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teknikoak">Teknikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betiereko_mugimendu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Teknikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betiereko_mugimendu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Teknikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ideia komun batzuk behin eta berriz errepikatzen dira mugimendu iraunkorreko makinen diseinuetan. Gaur egun oraindik ere agertzen diren ideia asko 1670ean onartu zituen <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wilkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Wilkins (sortu gabe)">John Wilkinsek</a>, Chesterreko gotzain eta <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Societyko</a> funtzionarioak. Hiru botere-iturri potentzial zirriborratu zituen betiko mugimendu-makina batentzat: "Erauzketa kimikoak", "Dohain magnetikoak" eta "Grabitatearen Afektu Naturala".<sup id="cite_ref-sciam_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Itxuraz misteriotsua dirudien arren, <a href="/wiki/Iman" title="Iman">imanek</a> distantzia batera mugitzeko gaitasuna dute, itxuraz energia-iturririk gabe, eta denbora luzez izan dira asmatzaileentzat akuilu. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motor_magnetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motor magnetiko (sortu gabe)">Motor magnetiko</a> baten lehen adibideetako bat Wilkins-ek proposatu zuen, eta ordutik asko kopiatu da: goialdean iman bat duen arrapala bat da, metalezko bola bat arrapalarantz bultzatu zuena. Imanetik gertu zulo txiki bat zegoen, bola arrapalaren azpian erori eta hondora itzultzeko aukera ematen zuena, eta zintzilikario batek goiko aldera itzultzeko aukera ematen zion. Hala ere, imanak bola gorantz bultzatzeko bezain indartsua izan behar badu, orduan ezin da izan grabitateak zulotik bira dezan behar bezain ahula. Arazo horren aurrean, bertsio modernoenek zenbait arrapala eta iman erabiltzen dituzte, mugitzen den bitartean pilota iman batetik bestera eramateko. Arazoa lehengo bera da. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Perpetuum_mobile_villard_de_honnecourt.jpg/220px-Perpetuum_mobile_villard_de_honnecourt.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Perpetuum_mobile_villard_de_honnecourt.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Perpetuum_mobile_villard_de_honnecourt.jpg/220px-Perpetuum_mobile_villard_de_honnecourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Perpetuum_mobile_villard_de_honnecourt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Villard_de_Honnecourt" title="Villard de Honnecourt">Villard de Honnecourt</a>-en <i>Perpetuum Mobile</i> (1230 inguru).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Grabitazio" title="Grabitazio">Grabitateak</a> distantzia batera ere eragiten du, itxuraz energia-iturririk gabe, baina grabitazio-eremu batetik energia lortzeko (adibidez, objektu astun bat erortaraziz, erortzen den heinean <a href="/wiki/Energia_zinetikoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Energia zinetikoa">energia zinetikoa</a> sortuz), batek energia jarri behar du (adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Energia_potentzial" title="Energia potentzial">objektua altxatuz</a>), eta energiaren bat beti disipatzen da prozesuan. Etengabeko mugimendu-makina batean, grabitatearen ohiko aplikazio bat Bhaskararen XII. mendeko gurpila da. Haren ideia nagusia behin eta berriz errepikatzen den gaia da, askotan gain-orekatutako gurpila deritzona: mugimenduan dauden pisuak gurpil bati lotuta daude, halako moldez non gurpilaren erditik urrunago erortzen baitira gurpilaren errotazioaren erdirako, eta erditik hurbilago beste erdirako. Zentrotik urrunen dauden pisuek <a href="/wiki/Indar_momentu" title="Indar momentu">pare</a> handiagoa ematen dutenez, gurpila betiko biratuko zela pentsatu zen. Hala ere, zentrotik urrunen dagoen aldeak beste aldeak baino pisu gutxiago duenez, momentu horretan momentua orekatua da eta ez da mugimendu betiereko bat lortzen.<sup id="cite_ref-self-oscillation_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-self-oscillation-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pisu mugikorrak mailuak izan daitezke tiratutako besoetan, edo bola birakariak, edo merkurioa hodietan; oinarria bera da. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Perpetual_motion_wheels_Vinci.jpg/220px-Perpetual_motion_wheels_Vinci.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Perpetual_motion_wheels_Vinci.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Perpetual_motion_wheels_Vinci.jpg/220px-Perpetual_motion_wheels_Vinci.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Perpetual_motion_wheels_Vinci.jpg/330px-Perpetual_motion_wheels_Vinci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Perpetual_motion_wheels_Vinci.jpg/440px-Perpetual_motion_wheels_Vinci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinciren</a> marrazki baten betiko mugimendu-gurpilak</figcaption></figure> <p>Beste makina teoriko batek marruskadurarik gabeko giroa erabiltzen du mugimenduarentzat. Horrek esan nahi du objektu batek flotatzeko <a href="/wiki/Lebitazio_magnetiko" title="Lebitazio magnetiko">lebitazio</a> <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetismo" title="Diamagnetismo">diamagnetikoa</a> edo elektromagnetikoa erabili behar dela. Hori <a href="/wiki/Huts_(fisika)" title="Huts (fisika)">hutsean</a> egiten da, airearen marruskadura eta ardatz baten marruskadura ezabatzeko. Orduan, objektu lebitatua ez da biratzen grabitate-zentroaren inguruan interferentziarik gabe. Hala ere, makina horrek ez du helburu praktikorik, biratutako objektuak ezin baitu lanik egin, lanak eskatzen baitu objektu lebitatuak beste objektu batzuetan mugitzea, arazoari marruskadura eraginez. Gainera, hutsune perfektua lortu ezin den helburua da, edukiontzia eta objektua bera pixkanaka lurruntzen baitira, eta horrela hutsa degradatzen baita. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lan_(fisika)" title="Lan (fisika)">Lana</a> berotik ateratzeko, bigarren motako mugimendu iraunkorreko makina bat sortuz, norabide bakarreko ikuspegia da (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxwellen_deabrua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxwellen deabrua (sortu gabe)">Maxwellen deabrua</a> bezain zaharra, gutxienez). Behar bezain azkar eta norabide egokian mugitzen diren molekulak soilik onartzen dira deabruaren tranparen atetik. Trinket browndarrean, <a href="/wiki/Trinket_(tresna)" title="Trinket (tresna)">trinketa</a> biratzeko joera duten indarrak biratzeko gai dira, eta beste norabideko indarrak, berriz, ez. Bero-bainu bateko <a href="/wiki/Diodo" title="Diodo">diodo</a> batek norabide bateko korronteen bidez ahalbidetzen du, eta ez bestean. Eskema horiek bi eratara egiten dute huts: noranzko bakarrari eustea garestia da (Maxwellen deabruari eskatzea lan termodinamikoagoa egin dezala molekulen abiadura neurtzeko sortutako tenperatura-diferentziak irabazitako energia kantitatea baino) edo noranzko bakarrekoa ilusioa da, eta noizbehinkako arau-hauste txikiek arau-hauste txiki eta ohikoak konpentsatzen dituzte (trinket browondarrak itzulera jasango du). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flotagarritasun" title="Flotagarritasun">Flotagarritasuna</a> da askotan gaizki ulertu den beste fenomeno bat. Proposatutako mugimendu-makina batzuek galdu egiten dute fluido batean aire-bolumen bat beherantz bultzatzeko grabitatearen kontrako fluido-bolumena igotzeko egiten den lan bera hartzen duela. Makina mota horiek pistoiak dituzten bi ganbera eta airea goiko ganberatik behekora ateratzeko mekanismo bat izan ditzakete, gero flotatzaile bihurtzen dena eta goiko aldera flotatzen duena. Diseinu horietako estutze-mekanismoa ez litzateke gai izango airea jaisteko lan nahikoa egiteko, edo ez luke lan gehiegi utziko ateratzeko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konspirazio-teoriak">Konspirazio-teoriak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betiereko_mugimendu&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Konspirazio-teoriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betiereko_mugimendu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Konspirazio-teoriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sasizientzia" title="Sasizientzia">Pseudozientifikotzat</a> baztertuak izan arren, betiko mugimendu-makinak <a href="/wiki/Konspirazioaren_teoria" title="Konspirazioaren teoria">konspirazio-teorien</a> gune bihurtu dira, eta argudiatu dute <a href="/wiki/Korporazio" title="Korporazio">korporazioak</a> edo gobernuak publikoarengandik ezkutatzen ari direla, eta kontrol ekonomikoa galduko luketela energia merkea sortzeko gai den energia-iturri bat izanez gero.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betiereko_mugimendu&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betiereko_mugimendu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sciam-1">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-sciam_1-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sciam_1-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAngristJanuary_1968">Angrist, Stanley.  (January 1968). «Perpetual Motion Machines» <i>Scientific American</i> 218 (1): 115–122.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0168-114">10.1038/scientificamerican0168-114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968SciAm.218a.114A">1968SciAm.218a.114A</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Sébastien Point, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/2018/01/free-energy-when-the-web-is-freewheeling/">Free energy: when the web is freewheeling</a>, Skeptikal Inquirer, January February 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTaylorWeisberg1989">Taylor, J. H.; Weisberg, J. M..  (1989). «Further experimental tests of relativistic gravity using the binary pulsar PSR 1913 + 16» <i>Astrophysical Journal</i> 345: 434–450.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F167917">10.1086/167917</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJ...345..434T">1989ApJ...345..434T</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wnt2010-4"><a href="#cite_ref-wnt2010_4-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWeisbergNiceTaylor2010">Weisberg, J. M.; Nice, D. J.; Taylor, J. H..  (2010). «Timing Measurements of the Relativistic Binary Pulsar PSR B1913+16» <i>Astrophysical Journal</i> 722 (2): 1030–1034.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F722%2F2%2F1030">10.1088/0004-637X/722/2/1030</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...722.1030W">2010ApJ...722.1030W</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-technologyreview.com-5"><a href="#cite_ref-technologyreview.com_5-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2016/10/04/157185/physicists-create-worlds-first-time-crystal/"><i>Physicists Create World's First Time Crystal. </i></a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grossman_2012-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Grossman_2012_6-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGrossman18_January_2012">Grossman, Lisa.  (18 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21328484-000-death-defying-time-crystal-could-outlast-the-universe/">«Death-defying time crystal could outlast the universe»</a> <i>New Scientist</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cowen_2012-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Cowen_2012_7-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCowen27_February_2012">Cowen, Ron.  (27 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/time-crystals-could-be-legitimate-form-perpetual-motion/">«"Time Crystals" Could Be a Legitimate Form of Perpetual Motion»</a> <i>Scientific American</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell_2013-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Powell_2013_8-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPowell2013">Powell, Devin.  (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/can-matter-cycle-through-shapes-eternally-1.13657">«Can matter cycle through shapes eternally?»</a> <i>Nature</i>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2013.13657">10.1038/nature.2013.13657</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibney_2017-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Gibney_2017_9-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGibney2017">Gibney, Elizabeth.  (2017). «The quest to crystallize time» <i>Nature</i> 543 (7644): 164–166.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F543164a">10.1038/543164a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28277535">28277535</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.543..164G">2017Natur.543..164G</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynn_Townsend_White_1960_p._522-526-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Lynn_Townsend_White_1960_p._522-526_10-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lynn_Townsend_White,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (sortu gabe)">Lynn Townsend White, Jr.</a> (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology", <i>The American Historical Review</i> <b>65</b> (3), p. 522-526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Graham Jenkin, <i>Conquest of the Ngarrindjeri</i> (1979), pp. 234-236, <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-7270-1112-X" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-7270-1112-X">ISBN 0-7270-1112-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.inventorsdigest.com/articles/spinning-their-wheels/">https://www.inventorsdigest.com/articles/spinning-their-wheels/</a>, quoting Former US Patent Office Chief of Staff Don Kelly in relation to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Newman%27s_energy_machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newman's energy machine (sortu gabe)">Newman's energy machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6283374.stm">«The perpetual myth of free energy»</a> <i>BBC News</i> 9 July 2007</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CE/CE410.html">"CE410: Are constants constant?"</a>, talkorigins</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harmor-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Harmor_15-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHarmorDerek_Abbott2005">Harmor, Greg; Derek Abbott.  (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/Groups/parrondo/ratchet.html">«The Feynman-Smoluchowski ratchet»</a> <i>Parrondo's Paradox Research Group</i> (School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Univ. of Adelaide)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-self-oscillation-16"><a href="#cite_ref-self-oscillation_16-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJenkins2013">Jenkins, Alejandro.  (2013). «Self-oscillation» <i>Physics Reports</i> 525 (2): 167–222.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physrep.2012.10.007">10.1016/j.physrep.2012.10.007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhR...525..167J">2013PhR...525..167J</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFParkMay_25,_2000">Park, Robert L..  (May 25, 2000). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voodoo_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voodoo Science (sortu gabe)">Voodoo Science</a>. </i> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0195147100" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0195147100">978-0195147100</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBrassingtonApril_21,_2020">Brassington, Jamie.  (April 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.expressandstar.com/news/health/coronavirus-covid19/2020/04/20/governments-suppressing-technology-former-mod-boss-dismisses-conspiracy/">«Governments suppressing technology? Former MoD boss dismisses conspiracy»</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Express_%26_Star&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Express & Star (sortu gabe)">Express & Star</a></i></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betiereko_mugimendu&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betiereko_mugimendu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox 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