CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head > <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta property="fb:admins" content="1140409510" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta property="fb:admins" content="107031532675062" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="40BA1B879066C83CDFCA374CA4B490C3" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>USB Archives - Engineers Garage</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/usb/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="USB Archives" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/usb/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Engineers Garage" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@EngineersGarage" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/usb/","url":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/usb/","name":"USB Archives - Engineers Garage","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/usb/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/usb/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/USB-PART6-TABLENO.1.png","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/usb/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/usb/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/USB-PART6-TABLENO.1.png","contentUrl":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/USB-PART6-TABLENO.1.png","width":637,"height":418,"caption":""},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/usb/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Tutorials","item":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"USB"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#website","url":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/","name":"Engineers Garage","description":"Electronic Projects, Electrical Engineering Resources, Makers Articles and Product News","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#organization","name":"Engineer's Garage - WTWH Media","url":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/EGlogo.png","contentUrl":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/EGlogo.png","width":372,"height":52,"caption":"Engineer's Garage - WTWH Media"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/engineersgarage","https://x.com/EngineersGarage","https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0VITh11JSYk-UW7toLebUw"]}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//static.addtoany.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//kit.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Engineers Garage » Feed" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Engineers Garage » Comments Feed" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Engineers Garage » USB Category Feed" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/usb/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.engineersgarage.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='genesis-blocks-style-css-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/genesis-blocks/dist/style-blocks.build.css?ver=1720775798' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-wtwh-amplifying-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/themes/ThemeWTWHv2/style.css?ver=1705628983' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wtwh_prestitial_main_style-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/prestitial/assets/css/main.css?ver=1.1.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wtwh_prestitial_style-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/prestitial/assets/css/prestitial.css?ver=1.1.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='megamenu-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/maxmegamenu/style.css?ver=44ec18' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ea-style-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/themes/ThemeWTWHv2/assets/css/main.css?ver=1705628983' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='simple-social-icons-font-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/simple-social-icons/css/style.css?ver=3.0.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/build/default.css?ver=2.4.4' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='addtoany-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.css?ver=1.16' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='genesis-tabs-stylesheet-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/genesis-tabs/assets/css/style.css?ver=0.9.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="addtoany-core-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};a2a_config.callbacks=[];a2a_config.overlays=[];a2a_config.templates={}; a2a_config.track_links = 'bitly'; a2a_config.track_links_key = 'addtoany|R_cc6a4017b0274d1d86f2397771b70136'; // username|API key delimited by | a2a_config.templates = { twitter: "${title} ${link} via @EngineersGarage" }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" id="addtoany-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.js?ver=1.1" id="addtoany-jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/0db18eb627.js?ver=6.7" id="wtwh_prestitial_fontAwesome_js-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-json/wp/v2/categories/3968" /> <script> var contentHash = '68f1c93e15d5b956d30ca1a45de36570'; var cat_target='68f1c93e15d5b956d30ca1a45de36570, usb, ros'; </script> <style> #category-posts-2-internal ul {padding: 0;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item img {max-width: initial; max-height: initial; margin: initial;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-author {margin-bottom: 0;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail {margin: 5px 10px 5px 0;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item:before {content: ""; clear: both;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-excerpt-more {display: inline-block;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item {list-style: none; margin: 3px 0 10px; padding: 3px 0;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-current .cat-post-title {font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase;} #category-posts-2-internal [class*=cat-post-tax] {font-size: 0.85em;} #category-posts-2-internal [class*=cat-post-tax] * {display:inline-block;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item:after {content: ""; display: table; clear: both;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item .cat-post-title {overflow: hidden;text-overflow: ellipsis;white-space: initial;display: -webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp: 4;-webkit-box-orient: vertical;padding-bottom: 0 !important;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item:after {content: ""; display: table; clear: both;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail {display:block; float:left; margin:5px 10px 5px 0;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-crop {overflow:hidden;display:block;} #category-posts-2-internal p {margin:5px 0 0 0} #category-posts-2-internal li > div {margin:5px 0 0 0; clear:both;} #category-posts-2-internal .dashicons {vertical-align:middle;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail .cat-post-crop img {height: 95px;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail .cat-post-crop img {width: 150px;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail .cat-post-crop img {object-fit: cover; max-width: 100%; display: block;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail .cat-post-crop-not-supported img {width: 100%;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail {max-width:100%;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item img {margin: initial;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-dark img {padding-bottom: 0 !important; -webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; -moz-transition: all 0.3s ease; -ms-transition: all 0.3s ease; -o-transition: all 0.3s ease; transition: all 0.3s ease;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-dark:hover img {-webkit-filter: brightness(75%); -moz-filter: brightness(75%); -ms-filter: brightness(75%); -o-filter: brightness(75%); filter: brightness(75%);} </style>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MMC9PJ9');</script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NJMRR6Z');</script>  <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { var pathParts = window.location.pathname.substr(1).split('/'); var mapHeader = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([768, 200], [728, 90]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build(); var mapLargeHeader = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 200], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build(); var mapWallpaper = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 500], [[1, 1]]) .addSize([0, 0], [[1, 1]]) .build(); var gptSlots = []; gptSlots[0] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_header', [[300, 250], [728, 90]], 'div-gpt-eg-header') .defineSizeMapping(mapHeader) .addService(googletag.pubads()); gptSlots[1] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_largeleader', [[970, 90], [970, 250]], 'div-gpt-eg_largeleader') .defineSizeMapping(mapLargeHeader) .addService(googletag.pubads()); gptSlots[2] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_wallpaper', [[1, 1]], 'div-gpt-eg_wallpaper') .defineSizeMapping(mapWallpaper) .addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_sidebar1', [[300, 250], [300, 600]], 'div-gpt-eg_sidebar1').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_sidebarbottom', [[300, 250], [300, 600]], 'div-gpt-eg_sidebarbottom').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_storeribbon',[[970, 250]], 'div-gpt-eg_storeribbon').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('articletitle', pathParts[0] ? pathParts[0]: 'home-page').setTargeting('cat_target', [cat_target]); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MMC9PJ9');</script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NJMRR6Z');</script>  <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { var pathParts = window.location.pathname.substr(1).split('/'); var mapHeader = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([768, 200], [728, 90]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build(); var mapLargeHeader = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 200], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build(); var mapWallpaper = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 500], [[1, 1]]) .addSize([0, 0], [[1, 1]]) .build(); var gptSlots = []; gptSlots[0] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_header', [[300, 250], [728, 90]], 'div-gpt-eg-header') .defineSizeMapping(mapHeader) .addService(googletag.pubads()); gptSlots[1] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_largeleader', [[970, 90], [970, 250]], 'div-gpt-eg_largeleader') .defineSizeMapping(mapLargeHeader) .addService(googletag.pubads()); gptSlots[2] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_wallpaper', [[1, 1]], 'div-gpt-eg_wallpaper') .defineSizeMapping(mapWallpaper) .addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_allstreamflex', [[1, 1]], 'div-gpt-eg_allstreamflex').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_allstreamprelude', [[1, 1]], 'div-gpt-eg_allstreamprelude').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_sidebar1', [[300, 250], [300, 600]], 'div-gpt-eg_sidebar1').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_sidebarbottom', [[300, 250], [300, 600]], 'div-gpt-eg_sidebarbottom').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/eg_storeribbon',[[970, 250]], 'div-gpt-eg_storeribbon').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('articletitle', pathParts[0] ? pathParts[0]: 'home-page').setTargeting('cat_target', [cat_target]); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script><link rel="icon" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cropped-eg-favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cropped-eg-favicon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cropped-eg-favicon-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cropped-eg-favicon-270x270.png" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> /*body > div.site-container > div.site-inner > div > div > main > article > div > p > a { color: #D2232A; }*/ .entry-content a { font-weight: bold; } .site-header .title-area { width: 350px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1152px) { .site-header .title-area { width: 230px; } } .wtwhSpecial { display: none !important; } article > div > p > a { font-weight: bold; color:#337ab7; text-decoration: underline; } /*RSS FEED FIX*/ #rss-3 > div > h4 > a { font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; float: none !important; } #rss-3 > div > h4 > a > img { display: none; } #rss-3 > div > ul { width: 100%; padding-left: 30px; } #rss-2 > div > h4 > a { font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; float: none !important; } #rss-2 > div > h4 > a > img { display: none; } #rss-2 > div > ul { width: 100%; padding-left: 30px; } #recent-posts-2 > .widget-wrap > ul { padding-left: 30px; } .video-carousel .video-popup:before { background: none !important; } .video-carousel .video-popup:after { color: red !important; } .entry-categories a { font-weight: normal;} .entry-tags a{font-weight: normal;} .entry-categories { font-weight: bold;} .entry-tags {font-weight: bold;} .bawmrp a { font-weight: 400; } #digital > span { font-size: 16px !important; font-weight: 400 !important; } xmp { white-space:normal; } .slick-slider .col-sm-4 .header-slide, .slick-slider .col-sm-4 .header-slide img { max-height:240px; object-fit:cover; } .slick-slider .col-sm-8 .header-slide, .slick-slider .col-sm-8 .header-slide img { object-fit:cover; max-height:500px; } /*EE Classrooms*/ .motion-design-guides { font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; width: 270px; height: 60px; text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; border-radius: 0px; background-color: #313131; color: white; border-bottom: 4px solid #1f427e; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guide-option { text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 270px; white-space: wrap; } /*Fix for Categories/home page article display*/ @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) { .content .entry .entry-header, .archive-entry .entry-header { /* width: 100% !important;*/ /*padding-left: 0px !important; float: none !important;*/ } /* .content .entry .entry-content { width: 100% !important; }*/ /* .entry-content p { float: none !important; }*/ .entry-content img { text-align: center !important; width: 100% !important; } .archive-entry { display: flex; flex-direction: column-reverse; width: 100% !important; } .archive-entry > .entry-header, .archive-entry .entry-content { width: 100% !important; } /*.archive-entry .entry-image-link img { width: 100% !important; }*/ } @media only screen and (max-width: 767px) { .archive.category .entry-content p { display: none !important } .blog .entry-content p { display: none !important; } } .slick-slider.header-slides .header-slide .overlay h4, .slick-slider.header-slides .header-slide .overlay h2 { text-shadow: 2px 2px 5px black; background: none !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px !important; -webkit-text-stroke-color: transparent !important; } .nav-previous{ float:left; margin-bottom:50px } .nav-next{ float:right; margin-bottom:50px } .dropbtn { background-color: #04AA6D; color: white; padding: 16px; font-size: 16px; border: none; } .dropdown { display: inline-block; } .dropdown-content { display: none; position: absolute; background-color: #f1f1f1; min-width: 160px; box-shadow: 0px 8px 16px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2); z-index: 1; } .dropdown-content a { color: black; padding: 12px 16px; text-decoration: none; display: block; } .dropdown-content a:hover {background-color: #ddd;} .dropdown:hover .dropdown-content {display: block;} .dropdown:hover .dropbtn {background-color: #3e8e41;} /*Design Guide Drop Down Menu*/ .motion-design-guides { font-size: 14px; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif; width: 270px; height: 50px; text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; border-radius: 0px; background-color: white; color: #000; border-top: 3px solid #000; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #e3e3e3; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guide-option { text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 270px; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guides:after { content: ""; border: solid #000; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; margin-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 3px; display: inline-block; padding: 2.5px; transform: rotate(45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); } /*Overlapping Header article Title fix*/ @media only screen and (max-width: 780px) { .site-container { margin-top: 40px !important; } } p.must-log-in a, p.logged-in-as a { color: #23527c !important; font-weight: bold; } article li a { color: #337ab7; text-decoration: underline; } /* Search Page */ body.search .site-inner { padding-left: unset; padding-right: unset; } @media only screen and (min-width: 988px) { .search .content { width: 66% !important; float: left; } .search .sidebar { width: 30%; float: right; } } </style> <style type="text/css">/** Mega Menu CSS: fs **/</style> </head> <body class="archive category category-usb category-3968 mega-menu-primary header-image content-sidebar genesis-breadcrumbs-hidden">  <div id="prestitial" style="opacity: 0;"> <div id="prestitial-overlay"></div> <div id="prestitial-grid"> <div class="prestitial-logo"> <div class="title-area"> <h1 class="site-title"> <a href="#"><img src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/eg-logo.png"></a></h1> </div> </div> <div class="close-cta"> Continue to Site <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </div> <div id="prestitial-banner"></div> </div> </div>  <div id="body-wrapper" style="opacity: 0;"> <div class="site-container"><header class="site-header"><div class="wrap"><div class="title-area"><p class="site-title"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/">Engineers Garage</a></p></div><div class="widget-area header-widget-area"><section id="custom_html-2" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div id='div-gpt-eg-header'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg-header'); }); </script> </div> </div></div></section> </div><div class="mobile-toggles"><a href="#" class="search-toggle"><i class="icon-search"></i></a><a href="#" class="mobile-menu-toggle"><i class="icon-menu"></i></a></div></div></header><nav class="nav-primary" aria-label="Main"><div class="wrap"><div id="mega-menu-wrap-primary" class="mega-menu-wrap"><div class="mega-menu-toggle"><div class="mega-toggle-blocks-left"></div><div class="mega-toggle-blocks-center"></div><div class="mega-toggle-blocks-right"><div class='mega-toggle-block mega-menu-toggle-animated-block mega-toggle-block-0' id='mega-toggle-block-0'><button aria-label="Toggle Menu" class="mega-toggle-animated mega-toggle-animated-slider" type="button" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="mega-toggle-animated-box"> <span class="mega-toggle-animated-inner"></span> </span> </button></div></div></div><ul id="mega-menu-primary" class="mega-menu max-mega-menu mega-menu-horizontal mega-no-js" data-event="hover_intent" data-effect="fade_up" data-effect-speed="200" data-effect-mobile="disabled" data-effect-speed-mobile="0" data-mobile-force-width="false" data-second-click="go" data-document-click="collapse" data-vertical-behaviour="standard" data-breakpoint="768" data-unbind="true" data-mobile-state="collapse_all" data-mobile-direction="vertical" data-hover-intent-timeout="300" data-hover-intent-interval="100"><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-current-menu-ancestor mega-current_page_ancestor mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-61908' id='mega-menu-item-61908'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/projects-and-tutorials/" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Electronics Projects and Tutorials<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-39808' id='mega-menu-item-39808'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/" aria-expanded="false">Electronic Projects<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-81272' id='mega-menu-item-81272'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/arduino/">Arduino Projects</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-81273' id='mega-menu-item-81273'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/">AVR</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-80793' id='mega-menu-item-80793'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/raspberry-pi-electronic-projects/">Raspberry pi</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78430' id='mega-menu-item-78430'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/esp8266-electronic-projects/">ESP8266</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78434' id='mega-menu-item-78434'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/beaglebone-electronic-projects/">BeagleBone</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-80794' id='mega-menu-item-80794'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/8051-microcontroller/">8051 Microcontroller</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-55864' id='mega-menu-item-55864'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/arm-electronic-projects-electronic-projects/">ARM</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-80795' id='mega-menu-item-80795'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/pic-microcontroller-electronic-projects/">PIC Microcontroller</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-60239' id='mega-menu-item-60239'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/stm32-electronic-projects-electronic-projects/">STM32</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-current-category-ancestor mega-current-menu-ancestor mega-current-menu-parent mega-current-category-parent mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-7268' id='mega-menu-item-7268'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/" aria-expanded="false">Tutorials<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78818' id='mega-menu-item-78818'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/audio-tutorials/">Audio Electronics</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78819' id='mega-menu-item-78819'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/battery-management-systems/">Battery Management</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78820' id='mega-menu-item-78820'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/brainwave/">Brainwave</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78833' id='mega-menu-item-78833'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/evs/">Electric Vehicles</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78822' id='mega-menu-item-78822'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/emc-emi/">EMI/EMC/RFI</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78823' id='mega-menu-item-78823'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/filters/">Hardware Filters</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78826' id='mega-menu-item-78826'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/iot-tutorials/">IoT tutorials</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-80151' id='mega-menu-item-80151'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/power/">Power Tutorials</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78835' id='mega-menu-item-78835'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/python/">Python</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78829' id='mega-menu-item-78829'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/sensors-tutorials/">Sensors</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-current-menu-item mega-menu-item-78830' id='mega-menu-item-78830'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/usb/" aria-current="page">USB</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78832' id='mega-menu-item-78832'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/vhdl-tutorials/">VHDL</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-56096' id='mega-menu-item-56096'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/circuit_design/">Circuit Design</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-62725' id='mega-menu-item-62725'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/engineersgarage">Project Videos</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-7269' id='mega-menu-item-7269'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/components/">Components</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-39810' id='mega-menu-item-39810'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/article_page/" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Articles<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-63122' id='mega-menu-item-63122'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tech-articles/">Tech Articles</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-13371' id='mega-menu-item-13371'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/">Insight</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-13399' id='mega-menu-item-13399'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/invention-stories/">Invention Stories</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-13326' id='mega-menu-item-13326'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how_to/">How to</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-59366' id='mega-menu-item-59366'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/what_is/">What Is</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-1863' id='mega-menu-item-1863'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">News<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-39809' id='mega-menu-item-39809'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/">Electronic Product News</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-77696' id='mega-menu-item-77696'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/business-news/">Business News</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-77697' id='mega-menu-item-77697'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/company-start-up-news/">Company/Start-up News</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-14489' id='mega-menu-item-14489'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/reviews/">DIY Reviews</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-14287' id='mega-menu-item-14287'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/guest_post/">Guest Post</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-55871' id='mega-menu-item-55871'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Forums<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-55870' id='mega-menu-item-55870'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.edaboard.com/">EDABoard.com</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-55869' id='mega-menu-item-55869'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/">Electro-Tech-Online</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-1851' id='mega-menu-item-1851'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://forums.engineersgarage.com/">EG Forum Archive</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-megamenu mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-megamenu mega-menu-item-1868' id='mega-menu-item-1868'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mk" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">DigiKey Store<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1869' id='mega-menu-item-1869'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9ml">Cables, Wires</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1870' id='mega-menu-item-1870'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mm">Connectors, Interconnect</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1871' id='mega-menu-item-1871'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mn">Discrete</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-clear mega-menu-item-1872' id='mega-menu-item-1872'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mo">Electromechanical</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1873' id='mega-menu-item-1873'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mp">Embedded Computers</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1874' id='mega-menu-item-1874'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mq">Enclosures, Hardware, Office</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-clear mega-menu-item-1875' id='mega-menu-item-1875'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mr">Integrated Circuits (ICs)</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1876' id='mega-menu-item-1876'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9ms">Isolators</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1877' id='mega-menu-item-1877'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mt">LED/Optoelectronics</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-clear mega-menu-item-1878' id='mega-menu-item-1878'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mu">Passive</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1879' id='mega-menu-item-1879'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mv">Power, Circuit Protection</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1880' id='mega-menu-item-1880'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mw">Programmers</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-clear mega-menu-item-1881' id='mega-menu-item-1881'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mx">RF, Wireless</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1882' id='mega-menu-item-1882'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mk">Semiconductors</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1883' id='mega-menu-item-1883'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9my">Sensors, Transducers</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-clear mega-menu-item-1884' id='mega-menu-item-1884'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mz">Test Products</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1885' id='mega-menu-item-1885'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mA">Tools</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-56062' id='mega-menu-item-56062'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Learn<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-80114' id='mega-menu-item-80114'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-tips/">eBooks/Tech Tips</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-76567' id='mega-menu-item-76567'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/design-guide-library">Design Guides</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-77221' id='mega-menu-item-77221'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center">Learning Center</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-81739' id='mega-menu-item-81739'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-toolboxes/">Tech Toolboxes</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-80113' id='mega-menu-item-80113'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://gateway.on24.com/wcc/experience/elitewtwhmedia/2927718/4415581/eeworld">Webinars & Digital Events</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-55895' id='mega-menu-item-55895'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Resources<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-77693' id='mega-menu-item-77693'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/digital-issues/">Digital Issues</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-77694' id='mega-menu-item-77694'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://eetrainingdays.com/">EE Training Days</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-55899' id='mega-menu-item-55899'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/2023-leap-awards-winners-are-announced/">LEAP Awards</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-77695' id='mega-menu-item-77695'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-77375' id='mega-menu-item-77375'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/ee-world-webinars-and-digital-events/">Webinars / Digital Events</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-55898' id='mega-menu-item-55898'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="http://www.engineeringwhitepapers.com/category/electricalelectronic/">White Papers</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-62203' id='mega-menu-item-62203'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.designworldonline.com/category/news/engineering-diversity/">Engineering Diversity & Inclusion</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-55896' id='mega-menu-item-55896'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.DesignFast.com">DesignFast</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-80115' id='mega-menu-item-80115'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/subscribe-engineers-garage-newsletter/" tabindex="0">Subscribe</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-80423' id='mega-menu-item-80423'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/join-us-as-a-guest-post-writer/" tabindex="0">Guest Post Guidelines</a></li><li class="menu-item search"><a href="#" class="search-toggle"><i class="icon-search"></i></a></li></ul></div></div></nav><div style="padding-top:10px;text-align:center;"><div id='div-gpt-eg_storeribbon'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_storeribbon'); }); </script> </div> </div><div class="archive-intro"><div class="wrap"><h1 class="archive-title"><span>USB</span></h1></div></div><div class="site-inner"><div class="wrap"><div class="content-sidebar-wrap"><main class="content"><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Controller Chip Selection for Developing USB Enabled Device (Part 6/6)"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/asingh/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Amanpreet Singh</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">September 28, 2024</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/controller-chip-selection-for-developing-usb-enabled-device-part-6-6/">Controller Chip Selection for Developing USB Enabled Device (Part 6/6)</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/controller-chip-selection-for-developing-usb-enabled-device-part-6-6/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/USB-PART6-TABLENO.1-268x170.png" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-22093" alt="" decoding="async" /></a><p>In this series, every possible detail about the USB system including its architecture, protocols, requests and descriptors as well as signaling and encoding has been already discussed. Wrapping up the series, selection of the controller chip for the development of a USB enabled device is discussed here.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Signal and Encoding of USB System (Part 5/6)"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/asingh/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Amanpreet Singh</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">September 28, 2024</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/signal-and-encoding-of-usb-system-part-5-6/">Signal and Encoding of USB System (Part 5/6)</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/signal-and-encoding-of-usb-system-part-5-6/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="113" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Table-Listing-Flip-Flop-Status-Differential-0-Differential-1-Bus-States-268x113.png" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-52490" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>In this series, USB requests and descriptors have been already discussed. With the knowledge of USB requests, descriptors, transfer types and transactions it is now easy to understand how data is communicated over USB interface.  Another aspect of the USB communication is line states and encoding, which is generally ignored by the system designers as a USB device can be designed without knowing the Signaling and Encoding schemes. The signaling and encoding schemes are implemented at the lower levels (usually on the controller IC) and usually gets abstracted during system designing. However, understanding the terms related to bus states and encoding would help in getting comprehensive view of the USB System.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="USB Requests and Stages of Control Transfer (Part 4/6)"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/asingh/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Amanpreet Singh</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">September 28, 2024</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/usb-requests-and-stages-of-control-transfer-part-4-6/">USB Requests and Stages of Control Transfer (Part 4/6)</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/usb-requests-and-stages-of-control-transfer-part-4-6/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Table-Listing-Fields-Data-Packet-Setup-Transaction-USB-268x170.png" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-52356" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>In the previous article of this series, USB Descriptors were discussed. When a USB peripheral is connected to a host device, the host sends queries in the form of requests. The peripheral responds by sending Descriptors. The Descriptors contain the information required for identifying and configuring the peripheral device, implementing the interfaces and setting endpoints. The device descriptor is the first descriptor sent to the host and it helps in configuring the peripheral with respect to the host. The subsequent descriptors implement the functioning, the peripheral is meant for. The Control Transfer is the only transfer type which is supported even when the device is yet not configured. That is the reason, it is used for sending requests and obtaining the descriptors. The default endpoint is endpoint 0 which is bidirectional and used for control transfers.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="USB Descriptors and their Types (Part 3/6)"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/asingh/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Amanpreet Singh</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">September 28, 2024</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/usb-descriptors-and-their-types-part-3-6/">USB Descriptors and their Types (Part 3/6)</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/usb-descriptors-and-their-types-part-3-6/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="118" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/USB-PART3-TABLENO.1-268x118.png" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-22077" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>Now that we have discussed the basic details of USB including its features, architecture, and protocol, the next topic in the series is USB Descriptors. In context to USB interface, Descriptors are formatted blocks of information, through which, the host device learns about the peripheral. It helps in identifying and configuring the peripheral device.A Descriptor contains information like type of the device, Vendor ID, Compliant USB Version, number of configurations device supports, number of endpoints, etc. The USB peripheral must respond with descriptors when requested by the host. During enumeration, the host uses control transfer to request the device for descriptors.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="USB Protocol: Types of USB Packets and USB Transfers (Part 2/6)"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/asingh/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Amanpreet Singh</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">September 28, 2024</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/usb-protocol-types-of-usb-packets-and-usb-transfers-part-2-6/">USB Protocol: Types of USB Packets and USB Transfers (Part 2/6)</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/usb-protocol-types-of-usb-packets-and-usb-transfers-part-2-6/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Table-Listing-USB-Packet-Fields-268x170.png" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-55525" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>After discussing the features and architecture of USB, let’s move on to its protocol. A USB interface has several layers of protocol. Most of the time the lower level layers are single handled by host controller IC while the end designer needs to work on higher level layers. Every communication protocol involves the exchange of packets. Same is the case with USB. These packets encapsulate information in a standard-defined organized manner. These packets generally contain information related to- Controlling the data exchange, Data exchange in the form of actual payload, and Error detection and correction through the status check up. In USB the LSB of the packet is transmitted first. A USB packet contains different fields.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Introduction to USB: Advantages, Disadvantages and Architecture (Part 1/6)"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/asingh/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Amanpreet Singh</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">September 17, 2024</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/introduction-to-usb-advantages-disadvantages-and-architecture-part-1-6/">Introduction to USB: Advantages, Disadvantages and Architecture (Part 1/6)</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/introduction-to-usb-advantages-disadvantages-and-architecture-part-1-6/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-USB-Endpoints-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-52367" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>Universal Serial Bus (USB) is the de facto interface for computer peripherals to communicate with the personal computers. The interface that saw the light of day around the mid-1990s was a joint effort of seven companies – Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Nortel, and NEC. These companies were aiming to replace the then parallel ports and the external power chargers with a universal communication standard that could simplify data exchange and could double duty to supply power as well.Nowadays, USB is the standard and must-have interface on almost all motherboards, single board computers and the embedded microcontroller boards and almost every digital peripheral from regular computer peripherals like keyboard, mouse and joysticks to smart digital devices.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Diodes video switch supports high-speed connectivity for automation infotainment and ADAS"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/rtraiger/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Redding Traiger</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">May 1, 2024</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/diodes-video-switch-supports-high-speed-connectivity-for-automation-infotainment-and-adas/">Diodes video switch supports high-speed connectivity for automation infotainment and ADAS</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/diodes-video-switch-supports-high-speed-connectivity-for-automation-infotainment-and-adas/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/DIO1085_image_PI3WVR14412Q-268x170.jpeg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-81028" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>Diodes Incorporated has introduced the PI3WVR14412Q, an automotive-compliant* 20Gbps 1:2 video switch for in-cabin infotainment and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) applications. This device features a space-saving design and is qualified for elevated temperatures. The switch has four high-speed lanes with a 10GHz bandwidth to handle DisplayPort 2.1, HDMI 2.1, MIPI DPHY/CPHY, USB 3.2, and…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Innoscience introduces 700 V integrated GaN HEMT IC family for USB-PD applications"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/rtraiger/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Redding Traiger</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">February 26, 2024</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/innoscience-introduces-700-v-integrated-gan-hemt-ic-family-for-usb-pd-applications/">Innoscience introduces 700 V integrated GaN HEMT IC family for USB-PD applications</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/innoscience-introduces-700-v-integrated-gan-hemt-ic-family-for-usb-pd-applications/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/INS236_SolidGaN-picture-268x170.jpeg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-80649" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>Innoscience announced a family of four new integrated devices that combine power GaN HEMT, driver, current sense, and other functions within a single, industry-standard QFN 6x8mm package. The 700V ISG610x SolidGaN devices cover the range from 140mΩ to 450mΩ and save PCB space and BOM count while increasing efficiency and simplifying design for applications including…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="How to read input from USB keyboard on Arduino"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/nikhil-agnihotri/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Nikhil Agnihotri</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">October 18, 2022</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/arduino-usb-keyboard-usb-host-shield/">How to read input from USB keyboard on Arduino</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/arduino-usb-keyboard-usb-host-shield/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/P31-01-268x170.png" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-77406" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>Generally, Arduino boards can only serve as USB slaves. They cannot operate as USB hosts. That is why it is impossible to connect USB devices like a USB keyboard or mouse directly to Arduino. These generic USB devices can be a lot useful in many applications. For example, in some applications, a 4X4 keypad might…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="STMicroelectronics offers port-protection IC for STM32 MCUs with USB-C dual-role power"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/mfroese/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Michelle Froese</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">November 8, 2021</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/stmicroelectronics-offers-port-protection-ic-for-stm32-mcus-with-usb-c-dual-role-power/">STMicroelectronics offers port-protection IC for STM32 MCUs with USB-C dual-role power</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/stmicroelectronics-offers-port-protection-ic-for-stm32-mcus-with-usb-c-dual-role-power/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="158" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/TCPP03-M20-USB_protection-IC_N4389I_s-300x158-1-268x158.jpeg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-65244" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>STMicroelectronics‘ TCPP03-M20 USB Type-C port-protection IC is tailored for dual-role power (DRP) applications, simplifying the design of products that can act as a power source for connected devices, as well as accepting power from other USB-C sources. When used as a companion chip with STM32G0*, STM32G4, STM32L5, and STM32U5 microcontrollers that contain ST’s UCPD (USB…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Introduction to USB: Advantages, Disadvantages and Architecture (Part 1/6)"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/asingh/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Amanpreet Singh</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">April 16, 2021</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/introduction-to-usb-advantages-disadvantages-and-architecture-part-1-6-2/">Introduction to USB: Advantages, Disadvantages and Architecture (Part 1/6)</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/introduction-to-usb-advantages-disadvantages-and-architecture-part-1-6-2/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/71MF3XyeugL._AC_SL1500_-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-63344" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>Universal Serial Bus (USB) is the de facto interface for computer peripherals to communicate with the personal computers. The interface that saw the light of day around the mid-1990s was a joint effort of seven companies – Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Nortel, and NEC. </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="USB Requests and Stages of Control Transfer (Part 4/6)"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/asingh/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Amanpreet Singh</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">April 16, 2021</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/usb-requests-and-stages-of-control-transfer-part-4-6-2/">USB Requests and Stages of Control Transfer (Part 4/6)</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/usb-requests-and-stages-of-control-transfer-part-4-6-2/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/USB-PART4-TABLENO.5_0-268x170.png" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-22121" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>In the previous article of this series, USB Descriptors were discussed. When a USB peripheral is connected to a host device, the host sends queries in the form of requests. The peripheral responds by sending Descriptors. The Descriptors contain the information required for identifying and configuring the peripheral device, implementing the interfaces and setting endpoints. The device descriptor is the first descriptor sent to the host and it helps in configuring the peripheral with respect to the host. The subsequent descriptors implement the functioning, the peripheral is meant for. The Control Transfer is the only transfer type which is supported even when the device is yet not configured. That is the reason, it is used for sending requests and obtaining the descriptors. The default endpoint is endpoint 0 which is bidirectional and used for control transfers.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="A look at USB Type-C in power-only applications"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/akalnoskas/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Aimee Kalnoskas</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">November 19, 2020</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/a-look-at-usb-type-c-in-power-only-applications/">A look at USB Type-C in power-only applications</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/a-look-at-usb-type-c-in-power-only-applications/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/usb-type-c-power-blog-cover-image-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-62406" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>Having been around for more than two decades, USB connectors are one of the most popular and well-recognized interconnect components in electronic designs. From Type A to Type-C, USB has gone through an array of changes both in terms of the physical connector as well as their associated standards. USB Type-C is the most advanced…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article></main><aside class="sidebar sidebar-primary widget-area" role="complementary" aria-label="Primary Sidebar"><section id="search-2" class="widget widget_search"><div class="widget-wrap"><form class="search-form" method="get" action="https://www.engineersgarage.com/" role="search"><input class="search-form-input" type="search" name="s" id="searchform-1" placeholder="Search this website"><input class="search-form-submit" type="submit" value="GO"><meta content="https://www.engineersgarage.com/?s={s}"></form></div></section> <section id="custom_html-5" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div align="center"> <div id='div-gpt-eg_sidebar1'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_sidebar1'); }); </script> </div> </div></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-20" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">EE TECH TOOLBOX</h4> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; width: 300px;"> <div align="center"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/tech-toolbox-test-measurement/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/EE-TechToolbox-T_and_M_Page_01-scaled.jpg" alt=“ee tech toolbox”></a></div> <div align="center" style="width: 300px; line-height: 20px; padding-top: 10px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #0c506d; text-align: center; font-size: 20px;">Tech Toolbox: Test & Measurement</span></div> <div align="center" style="line-height: 16px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="text-align: center; font-size: 16px;"> Everything needs testing and testing needs measurement. This Tech Toolbox covers measurement fundamentals, accuracy, precision, and resolution. A look at the Smith chart, a handy tool for RF engineers, is also reviewed. </span></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/tech-toolbox-test-measurement/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">Download PDF</button></a></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-toolboxes/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">View All Tech Toolboxes</button></a></div> </div> </center> </div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-14" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">EE Learning Center</h4> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: 270px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/300x250-2-EE-LearnCtr.png" alt="EE Learning Center" style="max-width: 270px;" /></a> <div class="dropdown" style="text-align: center; margin-top: 10px;"> <button class="motion-design-guides">BROWSE CLASSROOMS</button> <div class="dropdown-content"> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/model-based-systems-engineering-classroom" target="_blank">Model-Based System Engineering</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/transformers-ii-classroom" target="_blank">Transformers II</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/automotive-connectivity-classroom" target="_blank">Automotive Connectivity</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/capacitators-classroom" target="_blank">Capacitors</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/programmable-power-classroom" target="_blank">Programmable Power</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/inductors" target="_blank">Inductors</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/classroom-fpga" target="_blank">FPGA</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/silicon-carbide-classroom" target="_blank">Silicon Carbide</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/adas-classroom" target="_blank">ADAS</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/classroom-high-voltage" target="_blank">High Voltage Power</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/emi-rfi-classroom" target="_blank">Electromagnetic & Radio Frequency Interference</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/testing-radio-frequency-classroom" target="_blank">Testing Basics Radio Frequency</a> </div> </div></div> </center> <center> <div class="dropdown" style="text-align: center; padding-top: 10px;"> <button class="motion-design-guides">Browse Design Guides</button> <div class="dropdown-content"> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_defa6026/?p=w_defa6026" target="_blank">USB-Based Oscilloscopes</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_defa3554/" target="_blank">Connectors</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_defa3475/" target="_blank">5G Connectivity</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_defa3454/" target="_blank">Capacitors</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_rene01/" target="_blank">Bluetooth & Connectivity</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_defa2728/" target="_blank">WiFi & the IOT</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://dw-resources.designworldonline.com/free/w_defa2978/" target="_blank">Linear Position Sensors</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_defa3337/" target="_blank">Relays</a> </div> </div> </center></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-19" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; width: 300px;"> <div align="center"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/subscribe-engineers-garage-newsletter/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/EG-300x100-1.jpg" alt=“engineers garage newsletter”></a></div> <div align="center" style="width: 300px; line-height: 20px; padding-top: 10px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #0c506d; text-align: center; font-size: 20px;">EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE AND STAY CONNECTED</span></div> <div align="center" style="line-height: 16px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="text-align: center; font-size: 16px;">Get the latest info on technologies, tools and strategies for EE professionals.</span></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/subscribe-engineers-garage-newsletter/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">GET THE ENEWSLETTER</button></a></div> </div> </center></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-15" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">HAVE A QUESTION?</h4> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div id="digital" style="padding: 0 15px 10px 15px;"> <span style="font-size: 12px;font-weight:bold"> Have a technical question about an article or other engineering questions? Check out our engineering forums <a href="https://www.edaboard.com" target="_blank" style="color:red">EDABoard.com</a> and <a href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com" target="_blank" style="color:red">Electro-Tech-Online.com</a> where you can get those questions asked and answered by your peers! </span> <br /> <br /> <div align="Center"> <div style="float: center;"><a href="https://www.edaboard.com/?utm_source=EG&utm_medium=widget&utm_campaign=question&utm_term=HaveQuestion" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><button class="greenbutton">EDA Board</button></a></div> <br /> <div style="float: center;"><a href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/?utm_source=EG&utm_medium=widget&utm_campaign=question&utm_term=HaveQuestion" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><button class="greenbutton">Electro-Tech-Online</button></a></div> </div> </div> </div></div></section> <section id="rss-2" class="widget widget_rss"><div class="widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle"><a class="rsswidget rss-widget-feed" href="http://www.edaboard.com/external.php?type=RSS"><img class="rss-widget-icon" style="border:0" width="14" height="14" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png" alt="RSS" loading="lazy" /></a> <a class="rsswidget rss-widget-title" href="https://www.edaboard.com/">EDABOARD.com Discussions</a></h4> <ul><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/is-the-provided-rs485-terminal-the-gnd-or-shield.413114/'>Is the provided RS485 terminal the GND or Shield?</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/white-blank-screen-issue-with-ssd1306-oled-on-stm32.413117/'>White Blank Screen Issue with SSD1306 OLED on STM32</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/transmit-the-pwm-signals-through-rfic.413100/'>Transmit the PWM signals through RFIC?</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/no-name-chip-replacement-with-pic-in-a-chinese-toy.413110/'>No-Name chip replacement with PIC in a Chinese Toy</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/precision-in-different-multimeter-readings.413099/'>Precision in different multimeter readings...</a></li></ul></div></section> <section id="rss-3" class="widget widget_rss"><div class="widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle"><a class="rsswidget rss-widget-feed" href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/forums/-/index.rss"><img class="rss-widget-icon" style="border:0" width="14" height="14" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png" alt="RSS" loading="lazy" /></a> <a class="rsswidget rss-widget-title" href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/">Electro-Tech-Online.com Discussions</a></h4> <ul><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/battery-management-circuit.166933/'>Battery management circuit</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/electronic-damper-control.166937/'>Electronic Damper Control</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/display-tft-st7789-oshonsoft-basic.166219/'>Display TFT ST7789 (OshonSoft Basic).</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/cheap-pcbs-from-jlc-pcb-including-cheap-postage.166917/'>Cheap PCB's from JLC PCB, including cheap postage.</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/what-to-do-with-switches.166912/'>What to do with switches?</a></li></ul></div></section> <section id="category-posts-2" class="widget cat-post-widget"><div class="widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">Featured Series -Iot Tutorials (48 Part series)</h4> <ul id="category-posts-2-internal" class="category-posts-internal"> <li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/secure-client-server-communication-over-tls-security-protocol-using-mosquitto-broker-iot-part-42/" title="Secure client server communication over TLS security protocol using Mosquitto Broker: IOT Part 42"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-Secure-Client-Server-Communication-Over-TLS-Protocol-Using-Mosquitto-Broker.jpg" class="attachment- size- wp-image-52222 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-Secure-Client-Server-Communication-Over-TLS-Protocol-Using-Mosquitto-Broker.jpg 588w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-Secure-Client-Server-Communication-Over-TLS-Protocol-Using-Mosquitto-Broker-300x123.jpg 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-Secure-Client-Server-Communication-Over-TLS-Protocol-Using-Mosquitto-Broker-368x151.jpg 368w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/secure-client-server-communication-over-tls-security-protocol-using-mosquitto-broker-iot-part-42/" rel="bookmark">Secure client server communication over TLS security protocol using Mosquitto Broker: IOT Part 42</a></h6></div></li><li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/application-of-ftp-protocol-in-internet-of-things-iot-part-43/" title="Application of FTP Protocol in Internet of Things – IOT Part 43"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Representational-Image-FTP-Protocol.jpg" class="attachment- size- wp-image-52475 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Representational-Image-FTP-Protocol.jpg 633w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Representational-Image-FTP-Protocol-300x201.jpg 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Representational-Image-FTP-Protocol-355x238.jpg 355w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/application-of-ftp-protocol-in-internet-of-things-iot-part-43/" rel="bookmark">Application of FTP Protocol in Internet of Things – IOT Part 43</a></h6></div></li><li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/automatic-software-update-by-iot-device-over-ftp-protocol-iot-part-44/" title="Automatic Software Update by IoT Device over FTP Protocol – IOT Part 44"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Block-Diagram-Raspberry-Pi-3-based-IoT-FTP-Client.jpg" class="attachment- size- wp-image-52286 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Block-Diagram-Raspberry-Pi-3-based-IoT-FTP-Client.jpg 1200w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Block-Diagram-Raspberry-Pi-3-based-IoT-FTP-Client-300x180.jpg 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Block-Diagram-Raspberry-Pi-3-based-IoT-FTP-Client-768x460.jpg 768w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Block-Diagram-Raspberry-Pi-3-based-IoT-FTP-Client-1024x613.jpg 1024w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Block-Diagram-Raspberry-Pi-3-based-IoT-FTP-Client-368x220.jpg 368w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/automatic-software-update-by-iot-device-over-ftp-protocol-iot-part-44/" rel="bookmark">Automatic Software Update by IoT Device over FTP Protocol – IOT Part 44</a></h6></div></li><li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/ssh-file-transfer-protocol-iot-part-45/" title="SSH File Transfer Protocol – IOT Part 45"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Symbol-SSH-File-Transfer-Protocol-SFTP.jpg" class="attachment- size- wp-image-54321 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Symbol-SSH-File-Transfer-Protocol-SFTP.jpg 465w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Symbol-SSH-File-Transfer-Protocol-SFTP-300x234.jpg 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Symbol-SSH-File-Transfer-Protocol-SFTP-306x238.jpg 306w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Symbol-SSH-File-Transfer-Protocol-SFTP-216x168.jpg 216w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/ssh-file-transfer-protocol-iot-part-45/" rel="bookmark">SSH File Transfer Protocol – IOT Part 45</a></h6></div></li><li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/raspberry-pi-server-based-hotel-restaurant-order-management-system-on-iot-iot-part-46/" title="Raspberry Pi Server based Hotel/Restaurant Order Management System on IoT – IOT Part 46"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/hotel-restaurant-order-project-featured.jpg" class="attachment- size- wp-image-63002 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/hotel-restaurant-order-project-featured.jpg 770w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/hotel-restaurant-order-project-featured-300x195.jpg 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/hotel-restaurant-order-project-featured-768x499.jpg 768w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/hotel-restaurant-order-project-featured-368x238.jpg 368w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/raspberry-pi-server-based-hotel-restaurant-order-management-system-on-iot-iot-part-46/" rel="bookmark">Raspberry Pi Server based Hotel/Restaurant Order Management System on IoT – IOT Part 46</a></h6></div></li><li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/imap-protocol-iot-part-47-2/" title="IMAP Protocol- IOT Part 47"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-Protocol-Email-Retrieving-Algorithm.jpg" class="attachment- size- wp-image-52474 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-Protocol-Email-Retrieving-Algorithm.jpg 473w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-Protocol-Email-Retrieving-Algorithm-184x300.jpg 184w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Image-Showing-Protocol-Email-Retrieving-Algorithm-146x238.jpg 146w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/imap-protocol-iot-part-47-2/" rel="bookmark">IMAP Protocol- IOT Part 47</a></h6></div></li></ul> </div></section> <section id="recent-posts-2" class="widget widget_recent_entries"><div class="widget-wrap"> <h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">Recent Articles</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/infineons-space-grade-512-mbit-flash-memory-supports-data-rates-up-to-133-mhz-for-fpga-boot/">Infineon’s space-grade 512 Mbit Flash memory supports data rates up to 133 MHz for FPGA Boot</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/same-sky-expands-usb-portfolio-with-5-9-mm-type-c-series/">Same Sky expands USB portfolio with 5.9 mm Type-C series</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/renesas-ddr5-chipset-reaches-12800-mt-s-transfer-speed/">Renesas DDR5 chipset reaches 12,800 MT/s transfer speed</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/stmicroelectronics-releases-automotive-qualified-comparators-in-sc70-5-package/">STMicroelectronics releases automotive-qualified comparators in SC70-5 package</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/melexis-launches-current-sensor-with-16-bit-over-current-detection-10-bit-temperature-monitoring/">Melexis launches current sensor with 16-bit over-current detection, 10-bit temperature monitoring</a> </li> </ul> </div></section> <section id="custom_html-3" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"> <div id='div-gpt-eg_sidebarbottom'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_sidebarbottom'); }); </script> </div> </div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-18" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">EE ENGINEERING TRAINING DAYS</h4> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: 270px;"><a href="https://eetrainingdays.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/300x250-side-bar-graphic.png" alt="engineering" /></a> </div> </center></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-17" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">Submit a Guest Post</h4> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center> <a href="/join-us-as-a-guest-post-writer/"> <img src="/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/guest-post-banner.jpg" alt="submit a guest post"> </a> </center></div></div></section> </aside></div></div></div><div class="footer-socials"><div class="wrap"><label style="color:#ffffff">Connect with Engineers Garage</label> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/engineersgarage" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="icon-facebook"></i></a><a href="https://twitter.com/EngineersGarage" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="icon-twitter"></i></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@engineersgarage" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="icon-youtube"></i></a></div></div><footer class="site-footer"><div class="wrap"><div class="row"><div class="footer-logo"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com">Engineers Garage</a></div><div class="footer-menu"><div class="menu-footer-nav-container"><ul id="menu-footer-nav" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-55876" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.analogictips.com/">Analog IC TIps</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55877" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.connectortips.com/">Connector Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80507" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.batterypowertips.com/">Battery Power Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55872" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.DesignFast.com/">DesignFast</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55873" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.edaboard.com/">EDABoard Forums</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55881" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com">EE World Online</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55874" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.electro-tech-online.com/">Electro-Tech-Online Forums</a></li> <li id="menu-item-79699" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.evengineeringonline.com/">EV Engineering</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55875" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.microcontrollertips.com/">Microcontroller Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55878" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.powerelectronictips.com/">Power Electronic Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55879" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.sensortips.com/">Sensor Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55880" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/">Test and Measurement Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-60429" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/">5G Technology World</a></li> <li id="menu-item-79962" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/subscribe-engineers-garage-newsletter/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55885" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/about-us/">About Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55886" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55887" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://marketing.wtwhmedia.com/2024-ee-world-online-media-guide/">Advertise</a></li> </ul></div></div><div class="footer-copyright"><p>Copyright © 2024 WTWH Media LLC. All Rights Reserved. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of WTWH Media<br /> <a href="http://www.wtwhmedia.com/privacy-policy/" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a> </p></div></div></div></footer></div><div class="site-search"><div class="wrap"><div class="search-inner"><h2>Search Engineers Garage</h2><form class="search-form" method="get" action="https://www.engineersgarage.com/" role="search"><input class="search-form-input" type="search" name="s" id="searchform-2" placeholder="Search this website"><input class="search-form-submit" type="submit" value="GO"><meta content="https://www.engineersgarage.com/?s={s}"></form></div></div></div>  </div> <script> var GAMaccountID = 5272491; var GAMnetworkName = 'ee_network'; var GAMadUnitName = 'eg_prestitial'; googletag.slots = googletag.slots || {}; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> function genesisBlocksShare( url, title, w, h ){ var left = ( window.innerWidth / 2 )-( w / 2 ); var top = ( window.innerHeight / 2 )-( h / 2 ); return window.open(url, title, 'toolbar=no, location=no, directories=no, status=no, menubar=no, scrollbars=no, resizable=no, copyhistory=no, width=600, height=600, top='+top+', left='+left); } </script>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MMC9PJ9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NJMRR6Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div id='div-gpt-eg_wallpaper'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_wallpaper'); }); </script> </div> <div id='div-gpt-eg_allstreamflex'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_allstreamflex'); }); </script> </div> <div id='div-gpt-eg_allstreamprelude'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_allstreamprelude'); }); </script> </div> <div id="sidr-mobile-menu" class="sidr right"><a class="sidr-menu-close" href="#"><i class="icon-close"></i></a><div class="menu-main-nav-container"><ul id="menu-main-nav" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-61908" class="menu-item current-menu-ancestor menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/projects-and-tutorials/">Electronics Projects and Tutorials</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-39808" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/">Electronic Projects</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-81272" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/arduino/">Arduino Projects</a></li> <li id="menu-item-81273" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/">AVR</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80793" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/raspberry-pi-electronic-projects/">Raspberry pi</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78430" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/esp8266-electronic-projects/">ESP8266</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78434" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/beaglebone-electronic-projects/">BeagleBone</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80794" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/8051-microcontroller/">8051 Microcontroller</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55864" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/arm-electronic-projects-electronic-projects/">ARM</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80795" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/pic-microcontroller-electronic-projects/">PIC Microcontroller</a></li> <li id="menu-item-60239" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/stm32-electronic-projects-electronic-projects/">STM32</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-7268" class="menu-item current-menu-ancestor menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/">Tutorials</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-78818" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/audio-tutorials/">Audio Electronics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78819" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/battery-management-systems/">Battery Management</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78820" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/brainwave/">Brainwave</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78833" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/evs/">Electric Vehicles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78822" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/emc-emi/">EMI/EMC/RFI</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78823" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/filters/">Hardware Filters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78826" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/iot-tutorials/">IoT tutorials</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80151" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/power/">Power Tutorials</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78835" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/python/">Python</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78829" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/sensors-tutorials/">Sensors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78830" class="menu-item current-menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/usb/" aria-current="page">USB</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78832" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/vhdl-tutorials/">VHDL</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-56096" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/circuit_design/">Circuit Design</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62725" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/engineersgarage">Project Videos</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7269" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/components/">Components</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-39810" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/article_page/">Articles</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-63122" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tech-articles/">Tech Articles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13371" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/">Insight</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13399" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/invention-stories/">Invention Stories</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13326" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how_to/">How to</a></li> <li id="menu-item-59366" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/what_is/">What Is</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1863" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a href="#">News</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-39809" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/">Electronic Product News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77696" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/business-news/">Business News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77697" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/company-start-up-news/">Company/Start-up News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14489" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/reviews/">DIY Reviews</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14287" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/guest_post/">Guest Post</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-55871" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a>Forums</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-55870" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.edaboard.com/">EDABoard.com</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55869" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/">Electro-Tech-Online</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1851" class="menu-item"><a href="https://forums.engineersgarage.com/">EG Forum Archive</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1868" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mk">DigiKey Store</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1869" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9ml">Cables, Wires</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1870" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mm">Connectors, Interconnect</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1871" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mn">Discrete</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1872" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mo">Electromechanical</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1873" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mp">Embedded Computers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1874" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mq">Enclosures, Hardware, Office</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1875" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mr">Integrated Circuits (ICs)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1876" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9ms">Isolators</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1877" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mt">LED/Optoelectronics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1878" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mu">Passive</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1879" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mv">Power, Circuit Protection</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1880" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mw">Programmers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1881" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mx">RF, Wireless</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1882" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mk">Semiconductors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1883" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9my">Sensors, Transducers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1884" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mz">Test Products</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1885" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mA">Tools</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-56062" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center">Learn</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-80114" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-tips/">eBooks/Tech Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76567" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/design-guide-library">Design Guides</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77221" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center">Learning Center</a></li> <li id="menu-item-81739" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-toolboxes/">Tech Toolboxes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80113" class="menu-item"><a href="https://gateway.on24.com/wcc/experience/elitewtwhmedia/2927718/4415581/eeworld">Webinars & Digital Events</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-55895" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a>Resources</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-77693" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/digital-issues/">Digital Issues</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77694" class="menu-item"><a href="https://eetrainingdays.com/">EE Training Days</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55899" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/2023-leap-awards-winners-are-announced/">LEAP Awards</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77695" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77375" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/ee-world-webinars-and-digital-events/">Webinars / Digital Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55898" class="menu-item"><a href="http://www.engineeringwhitepapers.com/category/electricalelectronic/">White Papers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62203" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.designworldonline.com/category/news/engineering-diversity/">Engineering Diversity & Inclusion</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55896" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.DesignFast.com">DesignFast</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-80115" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/subscribe-engineers-garage-newsletter/">Subscribe</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80423" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/join-us-as-a-guest-post-writer/">Guest Post Guidelines</a></li> </ul></div></div></div><style type="text/css" media="screen"></style><script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/prestitial/assets/js/adlogic.js?ver=1.1.0" id="wtwh_prestitial_core_js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/genesis-blocks/dist/assets/js/dismiss.js?ver=1720775797" id="genesis-blocks-dismiss-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/themes/ThemeWTWHv2/assets/js/global-min.js?ver=1629218360" id="ea-global-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/tabs.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-tabs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/js/hoverIntent.min.js?ver=1.10.2" id="hoverIntent-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu/js/maxmegamenu.js?ver=3.4" id="megamenu-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async data-no-optimize="1" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/vendor/instant-page/pminstantpage.min.js?ver=2.3.4" id="perfmatters-instant-page-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">jQuery(document).ready(function($) { $(".ui-tabs").tabs(); });</script> <script>"undefined"!=typeof jQuery&&jQuery(document).ready(function(){"objectFit"in document.documentElement.style==!1&&(jQuery(".cat-post-item figure").removeClass("cat-post-crop"),jQuery(".cat-post-item figure").addClass("cat-post-crop-not-supported")),(document.documentMode||/Edge/.test(navigator.userAgent))&&(jQuery(".cat-post-item figure img").height("+=1"),window.setTimeout(function(){jQuery(".cat-post-item figure img").height("-=1")},0))});</script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (typeof jQuery !== 'undefined') { var cat_posts_namespace = window.cat_posts_namespace || {}; cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text = cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text || {}; cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size = cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size || {}; cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text = { preWrap : function (widget) { jQuery(widget).find('.cat-post-item').each(function(){ var _that = jQuery(this); _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').addClass('cpwp-wrap-text'); _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').closest('div').wrap('<div class="cpwp-wrap-text-stage"></div>'); }); return; }, add : function(_this){ var _that = jQuery(_this); if (_that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').height() < _that.find('.cat-post-thumbnail').height()) { _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').closest('.cpwp-wrap-text-stage').removeClass( "cpwp-wrap-text" ); _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').addClass( "cpwp-wrap-text" ); }else{ _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').removeClass( "cpwp-wrap-text" ); _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').closest('.cpwp-wrap-text-stage').addClass( "cpwp-wrap-text" ); } return; }, handleLazyLoading : function(_this) { var width = jQuery(_this).find('img').width(); if( 0 !== width ){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.add(_this); } else { jQuery(_this).find('img').one("load", function(){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.add(_this); }); } return; }, setClass : function (widget) { // var _widget = jQuery(widget); jQuery(widget).find('.cat-post-item').each(function(){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.handleLazyLoading(this); }); return; } } cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size = { replace : function(_this){ var _that = jQuery(_this), resp_w = _that.width(), resp_h = _that.height(), orig_w = _that.data('cat-posts-width'), orig_h = _that.data('cat-posts-height'); if( resp_w < orig_w ){ _that.height( resp_w * orig_h / orig_w ); } else { _that.height( '' ); } return; }, handleLazyLoading : function(_this) { var width = jQuery(_this).width(); if( 0 !== width ){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.replace(_this); } else { jQuery(_this).one("load", function(){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.replace(_this); }); } return; }, setHeight : function (widget) { jQuery(widget).find('.cat-post-item img').each(function(){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.handleLazyLoading(this); }); return; } } let widget = jQuery('#category-posts-2-internal'); jQuery( document ).ready(function () { cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.setClass(widget); cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.setHeight(widget); }); jQuery(window).on('load resize', function() { cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.setClass(widget); cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.setHeight(widget); }); // low-end mobile cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.preWrap(widget); cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.setClass(widget); cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.setHeight(widget); } </script> </body></html>