Overview ‹ AI-Implanted False Memories

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c0.057-0.11,0.139-0.191,0.243-0.243c0.106-0.053,0.237-0.086,0.394-0.099c0.16-0.014,0.34-0.016,0.542-0.006v-1.516 c-0.325-0.035-0.638-0.046-0.941-0.033c-0.304,0.014-0.587,0.05-0.85,0.112c-0.265,0.062-0.501,0.151-0.713,0.271 c-0.211,0.118-0.382,0.269-0.512,0.453c-0.266,0.335-0.397,0.782-0.397,1.345v0.487h-0.87v1.371h0.87V38.398z M50.001,7.146V0 H28.574v7.146h7.142v21.421h-7.144v7.149h21.429v-7.149h-7.144V7.146H50.001z M21.432,42.86h28.569v7.143h-50H0v-50h7.149V42.86 h7.143V0h7.14V42.86z"></path> </svg></a> </div> </div> <div class='hero-content-eyebrow'>Project</div> <h1 class='hero-content-title'>AI-Implanted False Memories</h1> <div class='hero-meta hero-content-aux'> <div class='hero-media-license'> <div class='media-license'> <span class='license-icon'> <svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 20 20" enable-background="new 0 0 20 20" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M10,0C4.5,0,0,4.5,0,10s4.5,10,10,10s10-4.5,10-10S15.5,0,10,0z M10,18c-4.4,0-8-3.6-8-8s3.6-8,8-8s8,3.6,8,8 S14.4,18,10,18z"/> <path d="M12.8,11.2C12.3,12.3,11.3,13,10,13c-1.7,0-3.1-1.4-3.1-3.1S8.3,6.8,10,6.8c1.2,0,2.3,0.7,2.7,1.7h2.7 C14.8,6,12.6,4.2,10,4.2c-3.1,0-5.6,2.5-5.6,5.6s2.5,5.6,5.6,5.6c2.7,0,4.9-1.9,5.5-4.4h-2.7V11.2z"/> </svg> </span> <div class='license-tooltip variant-reverse-x'> <div class='tooltip-inner'> <p class='license-title'> Copyright </p> <p> Pat Pataranutaporn </p> </div> </div> </div> <p class='media-credit'> <p>Pat Pataranutaporn</p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class='tmp-color-bg'></div> <div class='colorize-bg' style='background-image: url("https://dam-prod2.media.mit.edu/thumb/2024/08/31/Screenshot 2024-08-31 at 8.26.12PM.png.1400x1400.png"); background-position: 50.0% 50.0%;'></div> <div class='colorize-overlay'></div> </div> <div class='rail-layout'> <div class='rail '> <div class='rail-content'> <nav class='rail-nav'> <div class='rail-nav-breadcrumb'> <a href=''> <span class='icon'><svg version='1.1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' x='0px' y='0px' width='25' height='25' viewBox='0 0 25 25' enable-background='new 0 0 25 25' xml:space='preserve'> <path d='M15.228,21.396l-8.623-8.622c-0.146-0.146-0.146-0.396,0-0.542l8.623-8.623 c0.146-0.146,0.396-0.146,0.542,0l2.624,2.624c0.146,0.146,0.146,0.396,0,0.542l-5.749,5.728l5.749,5.728 c0.146,0.146,0.146,0.396,0,0.542l-2.624,2.624c-0.083,0.062-0.167,0.104-0.271,0.104S15.312,21.458,15.228,21.396z'/> </svg></span> <span class='breadcrumb-label'> </span> </a> </div> <h4>In this Project:</h4> <ul class='rail-nav-list'> <li class='state-current'><a href='/projects/ai-false-memories/overview/'>Overview </a></li> <li class=''><a href='/projects/ai-false-memories/people/'>People </a></li> <li class=''><a href='/projects/ai-false-memories/publications/'>Publications </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class='rail-meta'> <h5>Project Contact:</h5> <ul class='rail-meta-list'> <li> <a href='/people/patpat/overview/'>Pat Pataranutaporn</a> </li> <li> <a href='mailto:patpat@media.mit.edu'> <span class='icon'><svg version='1.1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' x='0px' y='0px' width='25' height='25' viewBox='0 0 25 25' enable-background='new 0 0 25 25' xml:space='preserve'> <path d='M2.5,6.25C2.5,5.557,3.057,5,3.75,5h17.5c0.693,0,1.25,0.557,1.25,1.25l-10,7.5L2.5,6.25z M22.5,8.496 V18.75c0,0.693-0.557,1.25-1.25,1.25H3.75c-0.693,0-1.25-0.557-1.25-1.25V8.496l10,7.5L22.5,8.496z'/> </svg> </span> <span>patpat@media.mit.edu</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://pat.design/'> <span class='icon'><svg version='1.1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' x='0px' y='0px' width='25' height='25' viewBox='0 0 25 25' enable-background='new 0 0 25 25' xml:space='preserve'> <path d='M22.5,12.5c0,5.537-4.463,10-10,10s-10-4.463-10-10s4.463-10,10-10S22.5,6.963,22.5,12.5z M17.5,15.42 c0-1.621-1.299-2.92-2.92-2.92h-1.66c-1.25,0-2.09-0.625-2.09-1.455c0-0.586,0.469-1.045,1.045-1.045c0.83,0,0.859,0.83,1.455,0.83 c0.469,0,0.84-0.371,0.84-0.83c0-0.811-0.4-1.23-0.791-1.621c0.234-0.439,0.762-1.592,0.791-3.262c0-0.205-0.146-0.391-0.352-0.42 C13.379,4.629,12.939,4.58,12.5,4.58C8.984,4.697,6.67,6.367,6.67,9.17c0,2.5,2.08,4.58,4.58,4.58h0.068 c-0.049,0.205-0.068,0.42-0.068,0.625c0,1.27,0.879,2.363,2.08,2.637V20c0,0.234,0.186,0.42,0.42,0.42 C15,20.42,17.5,18.33,17.5,15.42z'/> </svg> </span> <span>Project Website</span> </a> </li> <li> <ul class='social-links'> <li> <a href='https://x.com/patpat_mit'><span class='icon'><svg version="1.1" width="15.656" height="16" viewBox="0 0 15.656 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M 9.06387,6.98325 13.90194,1.36 H 12.75571 L 8.55176,6.24289 5.20022,1.36 H 1.33076 L 6.40372,8.747 1.33076,14.64 H 2.47699 L 6.91251,9.48404 10.45578,14.64 h 3.86946 z M 7.49351,8.80925 6.97974,8.07387 2.89033,2.2232 h 1.76043 l 3.30091,4.72104 0.51377,0.73538 4.29027,6.13702 H 10.99528 L 7.49434,8.80842 Z" /> </svg> </span></a> </li> <li> <a href='https://www.instagram.com/patpat.mit/'><span class='icon'><svg version='1.1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' x='0px' y='0px' width='25' height='25' viewBox='0 0 25 25' enable-background='new 0 0 25 25' xml:space='preserve'> <path d='M22.494,8.75h-6.088c-0.995-1.019-2.384-1.667-3.912-1.667c-1.527,0-2.917,0.648-3.912,1.667H2.495V5.417 C2.495,3.82,3.814,2.5,5.411,2.5h14.167c1.597,0,2.917,1.319,2.917,2.917V8.75z M22.494,10.417v9.167 c0,1.597-1.319,2.917-2.917,2.917H5.411c-1.597,0-2.917-1.319-2.917-2.917v-9.167h5c-0.278,0.648-0.417,1.342-0.417,2.083 c0,2.986,2.431,5.417,5.417,5.417c2.986,0,5.417-2.431,5.417-5.417c0-0.741-0.139-1.436-0.417-2.083H22.494z M8.745,12.5 c0-2.061,1.667-3.75,3.75-3.75c2.061,0,3.75,1.689,3.75,3.75c0,2.083-1.689,3.75-3.75,3.75C10.411,16.25,8.745,14.583,8.745,12.5z' /> </svg></span></a> </li> <li> <a href='https://www.linkedin.com/in/patpataranutaporn/'><span class='icon'><svg version='1.1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' x='0px' y='0px' viewBox='0 0 25 25' style='enable-background:new 0 0 25 25;' xml:space='preserve'><path d='M6.1,7.5L6.1,7.5C4.8,7.5,4,6.7,4,5.6c0-1.1,0.8-1.9,2.1-1.9c1.3,0,2.1,0.8,2.1,1.9C8.2,6.7,7.4,7.5,6.1,7.5z M8,20.4H4.2 V9.1H8V20.4z M21.5,20.4h-3.8v-6c0-1.5-0.5-2.6-1.9-2.6c-1,0-1.7,0.7-1.9,1.4c-0.1,0.3-0.1,0.6-0.1,0.9v6.3H10c0-10.2,0-11.3,0-11.3 h3.8v1.6h0c0.5-0.8,1.4-1.9,3.4-1.9c2.5,0,4.3,1.6,4.3,5.1V20.4z'/></svg> </span></a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href='/about/contact/' class='variant-emphasized'>Other Press Inquiries</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class='rail-meta'> <h5>Groups</h5> <ul class='rail-meta-list'> <li> <a href='/groups/fluid-interfaces/overview/'> <span class='glyph shim-svgs'><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="160" height="55" viewBox="0 0 160 55" enable-background="new 0 0 160 55" xml:space="preserve"> <path 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M72.189,38.398h2.147v-6.746h-2.147V38.398z M72.189,30.717h2.147v-1.74h-2.147V30.717z M68.308,38.332c0.311-0.176,0.591-0.431,0.837-0.765h0.039v0.831h2.055v-6.746h-2.148v3.768c0,0.404-0.106,0.731-0.316,0.981 c-0.21,0.25-0.5,0.375-0.869,0.375c-0.343,0-0.598-0.099-0.765-0.297c-0.166-0.197-0.251-0.481-0.251-0.849v-3.979h-2.133v4.426 c0,0.756,0.198,1.364,0.598,1.825c0.4,0.461,0.991,0.692,1.772,0.692C67.604,38.596,67.997,38.507,68.308,38.332 M61.741,38.398 h2.174v-9.421h-2.174V38.398z M57.643,38.398h2.146v-5.376h1.266v-1.371h-1.266v-0.331c0-0.185,0.03-0.331,0.087-0.44 c0.057-0.11,0.139-0.191,0.243-0.243c0.106-0.053,0.237-0.086,0.394-0.099c0.16-0.014,0.34-0.016,0.542-0.006v-1.516 c-0.325-0.035-0.638-0.046-0.941-0.033c-0.304,0.014-0.587,0.05-0.85,0.112c-0.265,0.062-0.501,0.151-0.713,0.271 c-0.211,0.118-0.382,0.269-0.512,0.453c-0.266,0.335-0.397,0.782-0.397,1.345v0.487h-0.87v1.371h0.87V38.398z M50.001,7.146V0 H28.574v7.146h7.142v21.421h-7.144v7.149h21.429v-7.149h-7.144V7.146H50.001z M21.432,42.86h28.569v7.143h-50H0v-50h7.149V42.86 h7.143V0h7.14V42.86z"></path> </svg></span> </a> </li> <li> <a href='/groups/media-lab-research-theme-life-with-ai/overview/'> <span>Media Lab Research Theme: Life with AI</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class='mobile-companion-rail'> <div class='rail-content'> <div class='rail-content-section'> <nav class='rail-nav'> <ul class='rail-nav-list'> <li class='state-current'><a href='/projects/ai-false-memories/overview/'>Overview </a></li> <li class=''><a href='/projects/ai-false-memories/people/'>People </a></li> <li class=''><a href='/projects/ai-false-memories/publications/'>Publications </a></li> </ul> <a href='#' id='toggle-6814a1db-58b0-4d16-97ed-84fb0e4f9675' class='rail-nav-mobile-toggle'> <span class='toggle-open'>More <span class='icon'><svg version='1.1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' x='0px' y='0px' width='25' height='25' viewBox='0 0 25 25' enable-background='new 0 0 25 25' xml:space='preserve'> <path d='M21.396,9.771l-8.623,8.623c-0.146,0.146-0.396,0.146-0.542,0L3.609,9.771 c-0.146-0.146-0.146-0.396,0-0.541l2.625-2.625c0.146-0.146,0.396-0.146,0.542,0l5.728,5.749l5.728-5.749 c0.146-0.146,0.396-0.146,0.542,0l2.625,2.625C21.459,9.313,21.5,9.396,21.5,9.501S21.459,9.688,21.396,9.771z'/> </svg></span></span> <span class='toggle-close'>Close <span class='icon'><svg version='1.1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' x='0px' y='0px' width='25' height='25' viewBox='0 0 25 25' enable-background='new 0 0 25 25' xml:space='preserve'> <path d='M3.603,15.229l8.623-8.623c0.146-0.146,0.396-0.146,0.542,0l8.623,8.623c0.146,0.146,0.146,0.396,0,0.542 l-2.625,2.624c-0.146,0.146-0.396,0.146-0.541,0l-5.728-5.728l-5.729,5.728c-0.146,0.146-0.396,0.146-0.541,0l-2.625-2.624 C3.541,15.687,3.5,15.604,3.5,15.499C3.5,15.396,3.541,15.312,3.603,15.229z'/> </svg> </span></span> </a> <script> mlScripts.push(function (core) { require(['ui/OpenCloseToggler'], function (OpenCloseToggler) { new OpenCloseToggler({ selector: '#toggle-6814a1db-58b0-4d16-97ed-84fb0e4f9675', targetSelector: '^.mobile-companion-rail' }); }); }); </script> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class='rail-layout-body'> <div class='primary-block'> <div class='primary-block-content'> <div class='banner-group'> </div> <div class='main-copy'> <div> <h2>Conversational AI Powered by Large Language Models Amplifies False Memories in Witness Interviews</h2><p>This study examines the impact of AI on human false memories--recollections of events that did not occur or deviate from actual occurrences. It explores false memory induction through suggestive questioning in Human-AI interactions, simulating crime witness interviews. Four conditions were tested: control, survey-based, pre-scripted chatbot, and generative chatbot using a large language model (LLM). Participants (N=200) watched a crime video, then interacted with their assigned AI interviewer or survey, answering questions including five misleading ones. False memories were assessed immediately and after one week. Results show the generative chatbot condition significantly increased false memory formation, inducing over 3 times more immediate false memories than the control and 1.7 times more than the survey method. 36.4% of users' responses to the generative chatbot were misled through the interaction. After one week, the number of false memories induced by generative chatbots remained constant. However, confidence in these false memories remained higher than the control after one week. Moderating factors were explored: users who were less familiar with chatbots but more familiar with AI technology, and more interested in crime investigations, were more susceptible to false memories. These findings highlight the potential risks of using advanced AI in sensitive contexts, like police interviews, emphasizing the need for ethical considerations.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='stream'> <div class='primary-block button-set-block'> <div class='primary-block-content'> <div class='button-set-content'> <a href='https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.04681' class='button'>Full Article</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='primary-block image-block stream-block '> <div class='primary-block-content'> <fieldset> <div class='image-block-image-wrap'> <img class='image-block-image' src='https://dam-prod2.media.mit.edu/thumb/2024/08/31/teaser.png.1400x1400.png' /> <div class='media-license'> <span class='license-icon'> <svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 20 20" enable-background="new 0 0 20 20" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M10,0C4.5,0,0,4.5,0,10s4.5,10,10,10s10-4.5,10-10S15.5,0,10,0z M10,18c-4.4,0-8-3.6-8-8s3.6-8,8-8s8,3.6,8,8 S14.4,18,10,18z"/> <path d="M12.8,11.2C12.3,12.3,11.3,13,10,13c-1.7,0-3.1-1.4-3.1-3.1S8.3,6.8,10,6.8c1.2,0,2.3,0.7,2.7,1.7h2.7 C14.8,6,12.6,4.2,10,4.2c-3.1,0-5.6,2.5-5.6,5.6s2.5,5.6,5.6,5.6c2.7,0,4.9-1.9,5.5-4.4h-2.7V11.2z"/> </svg> </span> <div class='license-tooltip variant-reverse-x'> <div class='tooltip-inner'> <p class='license-title'> Copyright </p> <p> MIT Media Lab </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class='primary-block-aux'> <div class='media-caption'>Credit: <p>MIT Media Lab</p></div> </aside> </fieldset> </div> </div> <div class='primary-block text-block stream-block'> <div class='primary-block-content'> <div class='main-copy'> <p><b>Manipulation of Eyewitness Memory by AI: </b>This figure illustrates the process of AI-induced false memories in three stages. It begins with a person witnessing a crime scene involving a knife, then shows an AI system introducing misinformation by asking about a non-existent gun, and concludes with the witness developing a false memory of a gun at the scene. This sequence demonstrates how AI-guided questioning can distort human recall, potentially compromising the reliability of eyewitness testimony and highlighting the ethical concerns surrounding AI’s influence on human memory and perception.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class='primary-block text-block stream-block'> <div class='primary-block-content'> <div class='main-copy'> <h2>The Generative Chatbot significantly induced more immediate false memories compared to other interventions</h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class='primary-block image-block stream-block '> <div class='primary-block-content'> <fieldset> <div class='image-block-image-wrap'> <img class='image-block-image' src='https://dam-prod2.media.mit.edu/thumb/2024/08/31/graph-1.png.1400x1400.png' /> <div class='media-license'> <span class='license-icon'> <svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 20 20" enable-background="new 0 0 20 20" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M10,0C4.5,0,0,4.5,0,10s4.5,10,10,10s10-4.5,10-10S15.5,0,10,0z M10,18c-4.4,0-8-3.6-8-8s3.6-8,8-8s8,3.6,8,8 S14.4,18,10,18z"/> <path d="M12.8,11.2C12.3,12.3,11.3,13,10,13c-1.7,0-3.1-1.4-3.1-3.1S8.3,6.8,10,6.8c1.2,0,2.3,0.7,2.7,1.7h2.7 C14.8,6,12.6,4.2,10,4.2c-3.1,0-5.6,2.5-5.6,5.6s2.5,5.6,5.6,5.6c2.7,0,4.9-1.9,5.5-4.4h-2.7V11.2z"/> </svg> </span> <div class='license-tooltip variant-reverse-x'> <div class='tooltip-inner'> <p class='license-title'> Copyright </p> <p> MIT Media Lab </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class='primary-block-aux'> <div class='media-caption'>Credit: <p>MIT Media Lab</p></div> </aside> </fieldset> </div> </div> <div class='primary-block text-block stream-block'> <div class='primary-block-content'> <div class='main-copy'> <p>(Left) The average number of immediate false memories result was analyzed using a one-way Kruskal–Wallis test and posthoc Dunn test with FDR. (Right) The confidence in immediate false memories result was analyzed using a one-way Kruskal–Wallis test and posthoc Dunn test with FDR. The error bars represent the 95% confidence interval. P-value annotation legend: *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ****, P<0.0001.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class='primary-block text-block stream-block'> <div class='primary-block-content'> <div class='main-copy'> <h2>The false memories induced by the Generative Chatbot remained the same after one week</h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class='primary-block image-block stream-block '> <div class='primary-block-content'> <fieldset> <div class='image-block-image-wrap'> <img class='image-block-image' src='https://dam-prod2.media.mit.edu/thumb/2024/08/31/graph-2.png.1400x1400.png' /> <div class='media-license'> <span class='license-icon'> <svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 20 20" enable-background="new 0 0 20 20" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M10,0C4.5,0,0,4.5,0,10s4.5,10,10,10s10-4.5,10-10S15.5,0,10,0z M10,18c-4.4,0-8-3.6-8-8s3.6-8,8-8s8,3.6,8,8 S14.4,18,10,18z"/> <path d="M12.8,11.2C12.3,12.3,11.3,13,10,13c-1.7,0-3.1-1.4-3.1-3.1S8.3,6.8,10,6.8c1.2,0,2.3,0.7,2.7,1.7h2.7 C14.8,6,12.6,4.2,10,4.2c-3.1,0-5.6,2.5-5.6,5.6s2.5,5.6,5.6,5.6c2.7,0,4.9-1.9,5.5-4.4h-2.7V11.2z"/> </svg> </span> <div class='license-tooltip variant-reverse-x'> <div class='tooltip-inner'> <p class='license-title'> Copyright </p> <p> MIT Media Lab </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class='primary-block-aux'> <div class='media-caption'>Credit: <p>MIT Media Lab</p></div> </aside> </fieldset> </div> </div> <div class='primary-block text-block stream-block'> <div class='primary-block-content'> <div class='main-copy'> <p>(Left) The differences in number of false memories between immediate and 1 week later were analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests. (Right) The confidence in false memories after one week result was analyzed using a one-way Kruskal–Wallis test. The error bars represent the 95% confidence interval. The measure of the centre for the error bars represents the average number. P-value annotation legend: *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='primary-block'> <div class='primary-block-content'> <div class='primary-block-meta'> <h5>Research Topics</h5> <a href='/research/?filter=everything&tag=human-computer-interaction'>#human-computer interaction</a> <a href='/research/?filter=everything&tag=artificial-intelligence'>#artificial intelligence</a> <a href='/research/?filter=everything&tag=cognition'>#cognition</a> </div> </div> </div> <div data-feed-pagination> <div id='feed-ce439d75-651f-46fc-83c0-6af01e56bbdc' class='feed-block module-layout item-container variant-content-type-eyebrows variant-no-glyphs' data-feed-item-type='module'> </div> </div> <script> mlScripts.push(function () { require(['ui/FeedPaginator'], function (FeedPaginator) { new FeedPaginator(); }); }); </script> <footer class='cta-block'> <div>View more</div> <div> <a href='/projects/ai-false-memories/people/'>people</a>, <a 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