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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_trading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_trading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 European trading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_trading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Portuguese_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Portuguese_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Early Portuguese interactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Portuguese_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_Poor_of_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Poor_of_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Black Poor of London </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Poor_of_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resettlement_of_Black_Loyalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resettlement_of_Black_Loyalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Resettlement of Black Loyalists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resettlement_of_Black_Loyalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Province_of_Freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_Province_of_Freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Establishment of the Province of Freedom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Province_of_Freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nova_Scotians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nova_Scotians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Nova Scotians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nova_Scotians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaican_Maroons_and_Liberated_Africans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaican_Maroons_and_Liberated_Africans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Jamaican Maroons and Liberated Africans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaican_Maroons_and_Liberated_Africans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era_(1800–1961)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era_(1800–1961)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Colonial era (1800–1961) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era_(1800–1961)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_and_post-independence_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_and_post-independence_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Independence and post-independence era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_and_post-independence_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1960_Independence_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960_Independence_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.1 1960 Independence Conference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960_Independence_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_(1961)_and_Margai_Administration_(1961–1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_(1961)_and_Margai_Administration_(1961–1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.2 Independence (1961) and Margai Administration (1961–1964) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_(1961)_and_Margai_Administration_(1961–1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_death_of_Milton_Margai_and_Albert_Margai's_tenure_(1964–1967)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_death_of_Milton_Margai_and_Albert_Margai's_tenure_(1964–1967)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.3 After the death of Milton Margai and Albert Margai's tenure (1964–1967) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_death_of_Milton_Margai_and_Albert_Margai's_tenure_(1964–1967)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1967_General_Election_and_military_coups_(1967–1968)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1967_General_Election_and_military_coups_(1967–1968)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.4 1967 General Election and military coups (1967–1968) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1967_General_Election_and_military_coups_(1967–1968)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One-party_state_and_dawn_of_the_'Republic'_(1968–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One-party_state_and_dawn_of_the_'Republic'_(1968–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.5 One-party state and dawn of the 'Republic' (1968–1991) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One-party_state_and_dawn_of_the_'Republic'_(1968–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sierra_Leone_Civil_War_(1991–2002)_and_the_NPRC_regime_(1992–1996)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sierra_Leone_Civil_War_(1991–2002)_and_the_NPRC_regime_(1992–1996)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002) and the NPRC regime (1992–1996) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sierra_Leone_Civil_War_(1991–2002)_and_the_NPRC_regime_(1992–1996)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kabbah's_tenure:_government,_"dawn_of_a_new_republic",_the_AFRC_and_end_of_the_Civil_War_(1996–2007)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kabbah's_tenure:_government,_"dawn_of_a_new_republic",_the_AFRC_and_end_of_the_Civil_War_(1996–2007)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.1 Kabbah's tenure: government, "dawn of a new republic", the AFRC and end of the Civil War (1996–2007) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kabbah's_tenure:_government,_"dawn_of_a_new_republic",_the_AFRC_and_end_of_the_Civil_War_(1996–2007)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007_General_Election_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007_General_Election_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 2007 General Election and beyond </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007_General_Election_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struggle_with_the_Ebola_epidemic_(2014–2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggle_with_the_Ebola_epidemic_(2014–2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Struggle with the Ebola epidemic (2014–2016) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struggle_with_the_Ebola_epidemic_(2014–2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judiciary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judiciary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Judiciary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_in_World_governance_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_in_World_governance_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Leadership in World governance initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_in_World_governance_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Transport infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_in_Sierra_Leone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_in_Sierra_Leone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Energy in Sierra Leone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_in_Sierra_Leone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Solar energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydroelectric_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydroelectric_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Hydroelectric power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydroelectric_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_equality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_equality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Gender equality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_equality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Household" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Household"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Household </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Household-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 Female economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Health </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergency_medical_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_medical_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Emergency medical response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_medical_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endemic_and_infectious_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endemic_and_infectious_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Endemic and infectious diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endemic_and_infectious_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maternal_and_child_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maternal_and_child_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Maternal and child health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maternal_and_child_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Mental health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potable_water_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potable_water_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Potable water supply </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potable_water_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014_Ebola_outbreak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014_Ebola_outbreak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 2014 Ebola outbreak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014_Ebola_outbreak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polygamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polygamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Polygamy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polygamy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Food and customs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiction_and_memoir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction_and_memoir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Fiction and memoir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction_and_memoir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.1 Secondary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sierra Leone</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 237 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-237" aria-hidden="true" > 237 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B4%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AB_%E1%88%8C%E1%8B%8E%E1%8A%95" title="ሴየራ ሌዎን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሴየራ ሌዎን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="सिएरा लोन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सिएरा लोन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сиерра-Леоне – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Сиерра-Леоне" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="سيراليون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيراليون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1_%D4%BC%D5%A7%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Սիերա Լէոն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սիերա Լէոն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A9rra_Leone" title="Siérra Leone – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Siérra Leone" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Lleona" title="Sierra Lleona – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sierra Lleona" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A9rra_Le%C3%B5" title="Siérra Leõ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Siérra Leõ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syerra-Leone" title="Syerra-Leone – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Syerra-Leone" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86" title="سیرالئون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیرالئون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sera_Leon" title="Sera Leon – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Sera Leon" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8" title="সিয়েরা লিওন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিয়েরা লিওন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сьерра-Леоне – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сьерра-Леоне" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Сьера-Леонэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сьера-Леонэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Сьера-Леонэ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьера-Леонэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="सिएरा लियोन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सिएरा लियोन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leona" title="Sierra Leona – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sierra Leona" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siera_Leon" title="Siera Leon – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Siera Leon" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сиера Леоне – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сиера Леоне" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="སི་ར་ལེ་ཨོན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སི་ར་ལེ་ཨོན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijera_Leone" title="Sijera Leone – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sijera Leone" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сьерра-Леоне – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сьерра-Леоне" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syeralyone" title="Syeralyone – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Syeralyone" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leona" title="Sierra Leona – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Sierra Leona" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siera-Leyoni" title="Siera-Leyoni – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Siera-Leyoni" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_leone" title="Sierra leone – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Sierra leone" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="سييرا ليون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سييرا ليون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AF%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ސެރެލިއޯން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސެރެލިއޯން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="सियरा लियोन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सियरा लियोन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B5" title="Σιέρα Λεόνε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιέρα Λεόνε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leona" title="Sierra Leona – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sierra Leona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieraleono" title="Sieraleono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sieraleono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leona" title="Sierra Leona – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sierra Leona" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leona" title="Sierra Leona – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sierra Leona" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sira_Li%C9%94%CC%83" title="Sira Liɔ̃ – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Sira Liɔ̃" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86" title="سیرالئون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیرالئون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leona" title="Sierra Leona – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sierra Leona" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Le%C3%B6ane" title="Sierra Leöane – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sierra Leöane" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarliyon" title="Sarliyon – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Sarliyon" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siarra_Leon" title="Siarra Leon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siarra Leon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syerra_Leone" title="Syerra Leone – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Syerra Leone" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siarra_Le%C3%B2mhann" title="Siarra Leòmhann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Siarra Leòmhann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_Leoa" title="Serra Leoa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Serra Leoa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%A8" title="સિએરા લિઓન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સિએરા લિઓન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%97%90%EB%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A8" title="시에라리온 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시에라리온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliyo" title="Saliyo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Saliyo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1_%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5" title="Սիերա Լեոնե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիերա Լեոնե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="सिएरा लियोन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिएरा लियोन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijera_Leone" title="Sijera Leone – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sijera Leone" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8" title="সিয়েরা লিওন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সিয়েরা লিওন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%C3%A6-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сьеррæ-Леоне – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сьеррæ-Леоне" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISiera_Liyoni" title="ISiera Liyoni – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ISiera Liyoni" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADerra_Le%C3%B3ne" title="Síerra Leóne – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Síerra Leóne" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F" title="סיירה לאון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיירה לאון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giri_Sima" title="Giri Sima – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Giri Sima" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyeeraa_Ley%C9%94%C9%94n%C9%A9" title="Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸಿಯೆರ್ರಾ ಲಿಯೋನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿಯೆರ್ರಾ ಲಿಯೋನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="სიერა-ლეონე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიერა-ლეონე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сьерра-Леоне – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сьерра-Леоне" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leon" title="Sierra Leon – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sierra Leon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyera_Lewone" title="Siyera Lewone – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Siyera Lewone" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierraleona" title="Sierraleona – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Sierraleona" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syera_Ley%C3%B2n" title="Syera Leyòn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Syera Leyòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy%C3%A9ra_L%C3%A9onn" title="Syéra Léonn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Syéra Léonn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сьерра-Леоне – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сьерра-Леоне" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_Leoninus" title="Mons Leoninus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mons Leoninus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjerraleone" title="Sjerraleone – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sjerraleone" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siera_Leon%C4%97" title="Siera Leonė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Siera Leonė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6ra_Lion" title="Særa Lion – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Særa Lion" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siera_Leon" title="Siera Leon – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Siera Leon" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sieras._leon" title="sieras. leon – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sieras. leon" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="सिएरा लियोन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सिएरा लियोन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сиера Леоне – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сиера Леоне" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siera_Le%C3%B4na" title="Siera Leôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Siera Leôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="സീറാ ലിയോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സീറാ ലിയോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Araone" title="Te Araone – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Te Araone" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A8" title="सियेरा लिओन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सियेरा लिओन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="სიერა-ლეონე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სიერა-ლეონე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="سييراليون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سييراليون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86" title="سیرالئون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سیرالئون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A6" title="ꯁꯤꯑꯦꯔꯔꯥ ꯂꯤꯑꯣꯟꯅꯦ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯤꯑꯦꯔꯔꯥ ꯂꯤꯑꯣꯟꯅꯦ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9B%D1%8D%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Сьерра-Лэонэ – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сьерра-Лэонэ" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Сьерра Леон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сьерра Леон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဆီရာလီယွန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆီရာလီယွန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="सिएरा लियोन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिएरा लियोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="सिएरा लियोन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिएरा लियोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8D" title="シエラレオネ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シエラレオネ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9B%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8F%DF%B2%DF%AB" title="ߛߙߊ߬ߟߏ߲߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߛߙߊ߬ߟߏ߲߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сьерра-Леоне – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сьерра-Леоне" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siera_Leone" title="Siera Leone – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Siera Leone" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraa_Liyoon" title="Seraa Liyoon – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Seraa Liyoon" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syerra-Leone" title="Syerra-Leone – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Syerra-Leone" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਿਏਰਾ ਲਿਓਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਏਰਾ ਲਿਓਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="सियारा-लियोन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="सियारा-लियोन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_leone" title="Sierra leone – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Sierra leone" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="سیرالیون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیرالیون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="سيراليون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سيراليون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siera_Lyuon" title="Siera Lyuon – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Siera Lyuon" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_Leoa" title="Serra Leoa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Serra Leoa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syerra-Leone" title="Syerra-Leone – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Syerra-Leone" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syerra_Leone" title="Syerra Leone – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Syerra Leone" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liyun_Urqu" title="Liyun Urqu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Liyun Urqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сьерра-Леоне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сьерра-Леоне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сьерра Леоне – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сьерра Леоне" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="सियारा-लियोन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सियारा-लियोन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sier%C3%A4-Le%C3%B4ne" title="Sierä-Leône – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sierä-Leône" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱥᱤᱭᱮᱨᱟ ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱭᱮᱨᱟ ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siera_Leone" title="Siera Leone – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Siera Leone" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_Liuni" title="Serra Liuni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Serra Liuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="සියෙරා ලියෝන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සියෙරා ලියෝන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="سيرا ليون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سيرا ليون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISiriya-Liyoni" title="ISiriya-Liyoni – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="ISiriya-Liyoni" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86" title="سیەرالیۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیەرالیۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сијера Леоне – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сијера Леоне" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijera_Leone" title="Sijera Leone – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sijera Leone" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="சியேரா லியோனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சியேரா லியோனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сьерра-Леоне – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сьерра-Леоне" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%A2%E1%82%84%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းသီႇဢႄႇရႃႇလီႇယူၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းသီႇဢႄႇရႃႇလီႇယူၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_leone" title="Sierra leone – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Sierra leone" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="సియెరా లియోన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సియెరా లియోన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศเซียร์ราลีโอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเซียร์ราลีโอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сиерра-Леоне – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сиерра-Леоне" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BDerra-Leone" title="Sýerra-Leone – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sýerra-Leone" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sira_Lyon" title="Sira Lyon – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Sira Lyon" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сьерра-Леоне – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Сьерра-Леоне" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%94%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сьєрра-Леоне – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сьєрра-Леоне" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="سیرالیون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیرالیون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%84%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90" title="سيېررا لېئونې – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سيېررا لېئونې" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siera_%C5%81eon" title="Siera Łeon – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Siera Łeon" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjerra_Leone" title="Sjerra Leone – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sjerra Leone" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieraleon%C3%A4n" title="Sieraleonän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sieraleonän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="獅子山共和國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="獅子山共和國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraa_Leyoon" title="Siraa Leyoon – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Siraa Leyoon" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82" title="塞拉利昂 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="塞拉利昂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyera_Liyona" title="Siyera Liyona – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Siyera Liyona" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A2_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="סיערע לעאנע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סיערע לעאנע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%E1%BA%B9rra_L%C3%A9%C3%B2n%C3%A8" title="Siẹrra Léònè – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Siẹrra Léònè" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82" title="塞拉利昂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="塞拉利昂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siera_Leuon%C4%97" title="Siera Leuonė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Siera Leuonė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82" title="塞拉利昂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塞拉利昂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siera_Leyon" title="Siera Leyon – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Siera Leyon" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Singa" title="Gunung Singa – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Gunung Singa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leonet%C3%B2" title="Sierra Leonetò – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Sierra Leonetò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Sierra Leone" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijerra_Leone" title="Sijerra Leone – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sijerra Leone" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵙⵉⵔⴰⵍⵢⵓⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵙⵉⵔⴰⵍⵢⵓⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1044#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sierra_Leone&params=08_30_00_N_12_06_00_W_type:adm1st_region:SL-W">08°30′00″N 12°06′00″W / 8.50000°N 12.10000°W / 8.50000; -12.10000</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country on the southwest coast of West Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. When this tag was added, its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SIZERULE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SIZERULE">readable prose size</a> was 18,000 words. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sierra_Leone" title="Talk:Sierra Leone">talk page</a>. (June 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Sierra Leone</div><div class="ib-country-names">Ripɔblik fɔ Siera Liɔn (<a href="/wiki/Krio_language" title="Krio language">Krio</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sierra Leone"><img alt="Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/125px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/188px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/250px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Flag of Sierra Leone">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Sierra Leone"><img alt="Coat of arms of Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="852" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Coat of arms of Sierra Leone"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "Unity, Freedom, Justice"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/High_We_Exalt_Thee,_Realm_of_the_Free" title="High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free">High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free</a>"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="47" data-mwtitle="Sierra_Leone's_national_anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/6/69/Sierra_Leone%27s_national_anthem.ogg/Sierra_Leone%27s_national_anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/69/Sierra_Leone%27s_national_anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASierra_Leone%27s_national_anthem.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASierra_Leone%27s_national_anthem.ogg&lang=kcg&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kcg" label="Tyap ‪(kcg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_Leone_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Sierra Leone (dark green)"><img alt="Location of Sierra Leone (dark green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sierra_Leone_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Sierra_Leone_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sierra_Leone_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Sierra_Leone_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sierra_Leone_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Sierra_Leone_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Sierra Leone (dark green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sierra_Leone&params=08_30_00_N_12_06_00_W_type:adm1st_region:SL-W">08°30′00″N 12°06′00″W / 8.50000°N 12.10000°W / 8.50000; -12.10000</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised national languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Krio_language" title="Krio language">Krio</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2015<a href="#cite_note-Census2015-2">[2]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>35.5% <a href="/wiki/Temne_people" title="Temne people">Temne</a></li><li>33.2% <a href="/wiki/Mende_people" title="Mende people"> Mende</a></li><li>6.4% <a href="/wiki/Limba_people_(Sierra_Leone)" title="Limba people (Sierra Leone)">Limba</a></li><li>4.4% <a href="/wiki/Kono_people" title="Kono people">Kono</a></li><li>3.4% <a href="/wiki/Fula_people_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Fula people of Sierra Leone">Fula</a></li><li>2.9% <a href="/wiki/Susu_people" title="Susu people">Susu</a></li><li>2.9% <a href="/wiki/Loko_people" title="Loko people">Loko</a></li><li>2.8% <a href="/wiki/Koranko_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Koranko people">Koranko</a></li><li>2.6% <a href="/wiki/Sherbro_people" title="Sherbro people">Sherbro</a></li><li>2.4% <a href="/wiki/Mandingo_people_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Mandingo people of Sierra Leone">Mandingo</a></li><li>1.3% <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Krio</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-religions-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>78% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Islam in Sierra Leone">Islam</a></li><li>21% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Christianity in Sierra Leone">Christianity</a></li><li>1% Other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leonean people">Sierra Leonean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Politics of Sierra Leone">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sierra_Leone" title="President of Sierra Leone">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Maada_Bio" title="Julius Maada Bio">Julius Maada Bio</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of Sierra Leone">Vice-President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Juldeh_Jalloh" title="Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh">Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Sierra Leone">Chief Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Moinina_Sengeh" title="David Moinina Sengeh">David Sengeh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Parliament_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Speaker of the House of Parliament of Sierra Leone">Speaker of Parliament</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abass_Bundu" title="Abass Bundu">Abass Chernor Bundu</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Parliament of Sierra Leone">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">Dominion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 1961</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 1971</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Geography of Sierra Leone">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">71,740 km2 (27,700 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">117th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.1</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Demographics of Sierra Leone">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,908,040<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">100th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">124/km2 (321.2/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">114tha</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $30.34billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SL-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">154th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3,505<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SL-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">167th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $7.41 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SL-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">155th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $856<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SL-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">177th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2024)</th><td class="infobox-data">33.7<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2024)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.458<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">low (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">184th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_leone" title="Sierra Leonean leone">Leone</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">SLE</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> (GMT)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Telephone numbers in Sierra Leone">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+232</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:SL" title="ISO 3166-2:SL">SL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.sl" title=".sl">.sl</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">Rank based on 2007 figure</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Sierra Leone, (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/siˌɛrə liˈoʊn(i)/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/da\/En-us-Sierra_Leone.ogg\/En-us-Sierra_Leone.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Sierra Leone.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/En-us-Sierra_Leone.ogg/En-us-Sierra_Leone.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Sierra_Leone.ogg" title="File:En-us-Sierra Leone.ogg">ⓘ</a>, also <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/siˌɛərə -/</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌsɪərə -/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Krio_language" title="Krio language">Krio</a>: Salone<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>) officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country on the southwest coast of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. It is bordered to the southeast by <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> to the north. Its land area is 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> It has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a> and environments ranging from <a href="/wiki/Savannas" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannas">savannas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rainforests" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainforests">rainforests</a>. As of the 2023 census, Sierra Leone has a population of 8,908,040.<a href="#cite_note-Census2015-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a> is both its capital and its largest city. The country is divided into five administrative regions, which are further subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Districts of Sierra Leone">16 districts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Sierra Leone is a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral parliament">unicameral parliament</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Directly_elected" class="mw-redirect" title="Directly elected">directly elected</a> <a href="/wiki/Executive_president" title="Executive president">president</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Constitution of Sierra Leone">constitution</a> provides for the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_state_and_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of state and religion">separation of state and religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">freedom of conscience</a> (which encompasses both <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religion</a>).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> constitute three-quarters of the population, and there is a significant <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> minority. Notably, religious tolerance is very high: it is both a social norm and part of the nation's cultural identity.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Sierra Leone's current territorial configuration was established in two phases: in 1808, the coastal <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone Colony</a> was founded as a place to resettle returning Africans after the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of the slave trade">abolition of the slave trade</a>; then in 1896, the inland Protectorate was created as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference_of_1884%E2%80%931885" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Conference of 1884–1885">Berlin Conference of 1884–1885</a>. This led to the formal recognition of the territory as the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Sierra Leone attained independence from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 1961 under the leadership of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sir_Milton_Margai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Milton Margai">Sir Milton Margai</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_People%27s_Party" title="Sierra Leone People's Party">Sierra Leone People's Party</a> (SLPP).<a href="#cite_note-Humphrey-18">[18]</a> In 1971, under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Siaka Stevens</a> of the <a href="/wiki/All_People%27s_Congress" title="All People's Congress">All People's Congress</a> (APC), the country adopted a new constitution, transforming Sierra Leone into a presidential republic, with Stevens as the inaugural president. In 1978, Stevens declared the APC to be the <a href="/wiki/One_party_system" class="mw-redirect" title="One party system">sole legally recognized party</a>. In 1985, he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Saidu_Momoh" title="Joseph Saidu Momoh">Joseph Saidu Momoh</a>. Momoh's enactment of a new constitution in 1991 reintroduced a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. That same year, a protracted <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">civil war</a> broke out between the government and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_United_Front" title="Revolutionary United Front">Revolutionary United Front</a> (RUF) rebel group. The conflict, characterized by multiple <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups d'état</a>, persisted for 11 years. Intervention by <a href="/wiki/ECOMOG" class="mw-redirect" title="ECOMOG">ECOMOG</a> forces and later by the United Kingdom resulted in the defeat of the RUF in 2002, ushering in a period of relative stability. The two major political parties that remain are the APC and the SLPP. Sierra Leone is a culturally diverse country, home to approximately <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone">18 ethnic groups</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Temne_people" title="Temne people">Temne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mende_people" title="Mende people">Mende peoples</a> being predominant. The <a href="/wiki/Krio_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Krio people">Creole people</a>, descendants of freed African-American, Afro-Caribbean slaves and liberated Africans, constitute about 1.2% of the population. English is the official language, while <a href="/wiki/Krio_language" title="Krio language">Krio</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, spoken by 97% of the population. The country is rich with natural resources, notably diamonds, gold, <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> and aluminium. As of the most recent survey in 2019, 59.2% of the population is affected by <a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">multidimensional poverty</a> and an additional 21.3% vulnerable to it.<a href="#cite_note-:12-19">[19]</a> Sierra Leone maintains membership in several international organizations, including the United Nations, African Union, <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS), and the Commonwealth of Nations, among others. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Sierra Leone derives its name from the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Mountains" title="Lion Mountains">Lion Mountains</a> near its capital, Freetown. Originally named Serra Leoa (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> for 'lioness mountains') by Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Sintra" title="Pedro de Sintra">Pedro de Sintra</a> in 1462, the modern name is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> spelling, which was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Alvise_Cadamosto" title="Alvise Cadamosto">Alvise Cadamosto</a> and subsequently adopted by other European <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">mapmakers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sierra_Leone" title="History of Sierra Leone">History of Sierra Leone</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prehistoric_pottery_shards,_Sierra_Leone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Prehistoric_pottery_shards%2C_Sierra_Leone.jpg/220px-Prehistoric_pottery_shards%2C_Sierra_Leone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Prehistoric_pottery_shards%2C_Sierra_Leone.jpg/330px-Prehistoric_pottery_shards%2C_Sierra_Leone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Prehistoric_pottery_shards%2C_Sierra_Leone.jpg/440px-Prehistoric_pottery_shards%2C_Sierra_Leone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>Fragments of <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kamabai" title="Kamabai">Kamabai</a> Rock Shelter</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunce_Island_1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bunce_Island_1805.jpg/220px-Bunce_Island_1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bunce_Island_1805.jpg/330px-Bunce_Island_1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bunce_Island_1805.jpg/440px-Bunce_Island_1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bunce_Island" title="Bunce Island">Bunce Island</a>, 1805, during the period the slave factory was run by <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Anderson,_1st_Baronet,_of_Mill_Hill" title="Sir John Anderson, 1st Baronet, of Mill Hill">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Anderson_(slave_trader)" title="Alexander Anderson (slave trader)">Alexander Anderson</a></figcaption></figure>Sierra Leone's history is marked by continuous human habitation for at least 2,500 years,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> influenced by migrations from across Africa.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The adoption of iron technology by the 9th century and establishment of agriculture by 1000 AD along the coast.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Climate shifts over centuries altered the ecological zones, influencing migration and conquest dynamics.<a href="#cite_note-brooks-24">[24]</a> The region's dense <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a> and swamps, coupled with the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">tsetse fly</a> which carried a disease fatal to horses and the <a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">zebu</a> cattle used by the <a href="/wiki/Mande_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mande people">Mandé people</a>, provided natural defenses against invasions by the <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandinka Empire">Mandinka Empire</a> and other African empires,<a href="#cite_note-brooks-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and limited influence by the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>, preserving its indigenous cultures from external dominions. The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> by <a href="/wiki/Susu_people" title="Susu people">Susu</a> traders, merchants and migrants in the 18th century further enriched the culture, eventually establishing a strong foothold in the north. The conquest by <a href="/wiki/Samory_Tour%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Samory Touré">Samory Touré</a> in the northeast solidified Islam among the <a href="/wiki/Yalunka_people" title="Yalunka people">Yalunka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuranko" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuranko">Kuranko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limba_people_(Sierra_Leone)" title="Limba people (Sierra Leone)">Limba</a> people.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_trading">European trading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European trading">edit</a>]</div> The 15th century marked the beginning of European interaction with Sierra Leone, highlighted by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese explorer</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Sintra" title="Pedro de Sintra">Pedro de Sintra</a> mapping the region in 1462 and naming it after the lioness mountains.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> This naming has been subject to historical reinterpretation, suggesting earlier European knowledge of the region. Following Sintra, European traders established fortified posts, engaging primarily in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>, which shaped the socio-economic landscape significantly.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Traders from Europe, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> started to arrive in Sierra Leone and establish trading stations. These stations quickly began to primarily deal in slaves, who were brought to the coast by indigenous traders from interior areas, undergoing conflicts over territory. The Europeans made payments, called Cole, for rent, tribute, and trading rights, to the king of an area. Local Afro-European merchants often acted as middlemen, the Europeans advancing them goods to trade to indigenous merchants, most often for slaves and ivory.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_leone,_sapi,_olifante,_1490-1510_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sierra_leone%2C_sapi%2C_olifante%2C_1490-1510_ca.jpg/220px-Sierra_leone%2C_sapi%2C_olifante%2C_1490-1510_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sierra_leone%2C_sapi%2C_olifante%2C_1490-1510_ca.jpg/330px-Sierra_leone%2C_sapi%2C_olifante%2C_1490-1510_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sierra_leone%2C_sapi%2C_olifante%2C_1490-1510_ca.jpg/440px-Sierra_leone%2C_sapi%2C_olifante%2C_1490-1510_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3160" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Sierra leone, sapi, olifante, 1490-1510 ca</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Portuguese_interactions">Early Portuguese interactions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Portuguese interactions">edit</a>]</div> Portuguese traders were particularly drawn to the local craftsmanship in <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, leading to a notable trade in ivory artifacts such as horns, <a href="/wiki/Sapi_Saltceller" title="Sapi Saltceller">Sapi Saltceller</a>, and spoons. The Sapi people belonged to a cluster of people who spoke <a href="/wiki/West_Atlantic_languages" title="West Atlantic languages">West Atlantic languages</a>, living in the region of modern day Sierra Leone. There had already been a carving culture established in the area prior to Portuguese contact and many travelers to Sierra Leone initially impressed with their carving skills took local ivory horns back to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> One notable description at the beginning of the 16th century, by Pacheco noted that: in this country [Sierra Leone] they make beautiful mats of palm-leaf and necklaces of ivory [...]: In this land they make ivory necklaces more delicately carved than in any other country, also very fine and beautiful mats of palm-leaf, which are call 'bicas' [which are] very beautiful and good.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeliveryService-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/DeliveryService-2.jpg/220px-DeliveryService-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/DeliveryService-2.jpg/330px-DeliveryService-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/DeliveryService-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>An Ivory Hunting Horn, Sapi people, Modern day Bullom or Temne People, Sierra Leone, late 15th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_Poor_of_London">Black Poor of London</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Black Poor of London">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Relief_of_the_Black_Poor" title="Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor">Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor</a></div> In the late 18th century, African Americans who had fought for the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> were resettled in Sierra Leone, forming a community named <a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Loyalists">Black Loyalists</a>. This resettlement scheme was partly motivated by social issues in London, with the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme offering a new beginning for the <a href="/wiki/Black_Poor" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Poor">Black Poor</a>, though it was fraught with challenges. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resettlement_of_Black_Loyalists">Resettlement of Black Loyalists</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Resettlement of Black Loyalists">edit</a>]</div> In the late 18th century, many African Americans claimed the protection of the British Crown. There were thousands of these Black Loyalists, people of African ancestry who joined the British military forces during the American Revolutionary War.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Many had been slaves who had escaped to join the British, lured by promises of freedom (<a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">emancipation</a>). Official documentation known as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Negroes" title="Book of Negroes">Book of Negroes</a> lists thousands of freed slaves whom the British evacuated from the nascent United States and resettled in colonies elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>. Pro-slavery advocates accused the Black Poor of being responsible for a large proportion of crime in 18th century London. While the broader community included some women, the Black Poor seems to have exclusively consisted of men, some of whom developed relationships with local women and often married them. Slave owner <a href="/wiki/Edward_Long_(colonial_administrator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Long (colonial administrator)">Edward Long</a> criticized marriage between black men and white women.<a href="#cite_note-Siva2021-34">[34]</a> However, on the voyage between <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth, England</a> and Sierra Leone, 70 European girlfriends and wives accompanied the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Relief_of_the_Black_Poor" title="Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor">Black Poor settlers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor_John_Thomas%27s_house_in_Sierra_Leone,_mid-17th_century,_artist%27s_recreation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Governor_John_Thomas%27s_house_in_Sierra_Leone%2C_mid-17th_century%2C_artist%27s_recreation.jpg/220px-Governor_John_Thomas%27s_house_in_Sierra_Leone%2C_mid-17th_century%2C_artist%27s_recreation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Governor_John_Thomas%27s_house_in_Sierra_Leone%2C_mid-17th_century%2C_artist%27s_recreation.jpg/330px-Governor_John_Thomas%27s_house_in_Sierra_Leone%2C_mid-17th_century%2C_artist%27s_recreation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Governor_John_Thomas%27s_house_in_Sierra_Leone%2C_mid-17th_century%2C_artist%27s_recreation.jpg/440px-Governor_John_Thomas%27s_house_in_Sierra_Leone%2C_mid-17th_century%2C_artist%27s_recreation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1803" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Houses at Sierra-Leone (May 1853, X, p. 55)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></figcaption></figure> Many in London thought moving them to Sierra Leone would lift them out of poverty.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme was proposed by entomologist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Smeathman" title="Henry Smeathman">Henry Smeathman</a> and drew interest from humanitarians like <a href="/wiki/Granville_Sharp" title="Granville Sharp">Granville Sharp</a>, who saw it as a means of showing the pro-slavery lobby that black people could contribute towards the running of the new colony. Government officials soon became involved in the scheme as well, although their interest was spurred by the possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>, prime minister and leader of the Tory party, had an active interest in the Scheme because he saw it as a means to repatriate the Black Poor to Africa, since "it was necessary they should be sent somewhere, and be no longer suffered to infest the streets of London".<a href="#cite_note-Siva2021-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishment_of_the_Province_of_Freedom">Establishment of the Province of Freedom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Establishment of the Province of Freedom">edit</a>]</div> In January 1787, the Atlantic and the Belisarius set sail for Sierra Leone, but bad weather forced them to divert to Plymouth, during which time about 50 passengers died. Another 24 were discharged, and 23 ran away. Eventually, with more recruitment, 411 passengers sailed to Sierra Leone in April 1787. On the voyage between Plymouth and Sierra Leone, 96 passengers died.<a href="#cite_note-Siva2021-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 1787 the British Crown founded a settlement in Sierra Leone in what was called the "<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Freedom">Province of Freedom</a>". About 400 black and 60 white colonists reached Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787. After they established <a href="/wiki/Granville_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Granville Town">Granville Town</a>, most of the first group of colonists died, owing to disease and warfare with the indigenous African peoples (<a href="/wiki/Temne_people" title="Temne people">Temne</a>), who resisted their encroachment. When the ships left them in September, they had been reduced to "276 persons, namely 212 black men, 30 black women, 5 white men and 29 white women".<a href="#cite_note-Siva2021-34">[34]</a> The settlers that remained forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliated, attacking the settlement, which was reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, and six white women. Black settlers were captured by unscrupulous traders and sold as slaves, and the remaining colonists were forced to arm themselves for their own protection.<a href="#cite_note-Siva2021-34">[34]</a> The 64 remaining colonists established a second Granville Town.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nova_Scotians">Nova Scotians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nova Scotians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotian_Settlers" title="Nova Scotian Settlers">Nova Scotian Settlers</a></div> Following the American Revolution, Black Loyalists from <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada, were relocated to Sierra Leone, founding Freetown and contributing significantly to the <a href="/wiki/Krio_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Krio people">Krio people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krio_language" title="Krio language">Krio language</a> that would come to define the region. Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, more than 3,000 Black Loyalists had also been settled in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, where they were finally granted land. They founded <a href="/wiki/Birchtown,_Nova_Scotia" title="Birchtown, Nova Scotia">Birchtown</a>, but faced harsh winters and racial discrimination from nearby <a href="/wiki/Shelburne,_Nova_Scotia" title="Shelburne, Nova Scotia">Shelburne</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Peters_(black_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Peters (black leader)">Thomas Peters</a> pressed British authorities for relief and more aid; together with British abolitionist <a href="/wiki/John_Clarkson_(abolitionist)" title="John Clarkson (abolitionist)">John Clarkson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Company" title="Sierra Leone Company">Sierra Leone Company</a> was established to relocate Black Loyalists who wanted to take their chances in West Africa. In 1792 nearly 1,200 persons from Nova Scotia crossed the Atlantic to build the second (and only permanent) Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a> on 11 March 1792. In Sierra Leone they were called the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotian_Settlers" title="Nova Scotian Settlers">Nova Scotian Settlers</a>, the Nova Scotians, or the Settlers. Clarkson initially banned the survivors of Granville Town from joining the new settlement, blaming them for the demise of Granville Town.<a href="#cite_note-Siva2021-34">[34]</a> The Settlers built Freetown in the styles they knew from their lives in the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a>; they also continued American fashion and American manners. In addition, many continued to practise <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> in Freetown. In the 1790s, the Settlers, including adult women, voted for the first time in elections.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 1792, in a move that foreshadowed the women's suffrage movements in Britain, the heads of all households, of which a third were women, were given the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Black settlers in Sierra Leone enjoyed much more autonomy than their white equivalent in European countries. Black migrants elected different levels of political representatives, 'tithingmen', who represented each dozen settlers and 'hundreders' who represented larger amounts. This sort of representation was not available in Nova Scotia.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The initial process of society-building in Freetown was a harsh struggle. The Crown did not supply enough basic supplies and provisions and the Settlers were continually threatened by illegal slave trading and the risk of re-enslavement.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jamaican_Maroons_and_Liberated_Africans">Jamaican Maroons and Liberated Africans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jamaican Maroons and Liberated Africans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone">Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Liberated_Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leone Liberated Africans">Sierra Leone Liberated Africans</a></div> The Sierra Leone Company, controlled by London investors, refused to allow the settlers to take <a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">freehold</a> of the land. In 1799 some of the settlers revolted. The Crown subdued the revolt by bringing in forces of more than 500 <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Jamaican Maroons</a>, whom they transported from <a href="/wiki/Cudjoe%27s_Town_(Trelawny_Town)" title="Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)">Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)</a> via Nova Scotia in 1800. Led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Montague_James" title="Montague James">Montague James</a>, the Maroons helped the colonial forces to put down the revolt, and in the process the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone">Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone</a> secured the best houses and farms.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> On 1 January 1808, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ludlam_(colonial_administrator)" title="Thomas Ludlam (colonial administrator)">Thomas Ludlam</a>, the Governor of the Sierra Leone Company and a leading abolitionist, surrendered the company's charter. This ended its 16 years of running the Colony. The British Crown reorganised the Sierra Leone Company as the <a href="/wiki/African_Institution" title="African Institution">African Institution</a>; it was directed to improve the local economy. Its members represented both British who hoped to inspire local entrepreneurs and those with interest in the Macauley & Babington Company, which held the (British) monopoly on Sierra Leone trade.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> At about the same time (following the Slave Trade Act 1807 which abolished the slave trade), Royal Navy crews delivered thousands of formerly enslaved Africans to Freetown, after liberating them from illegal slave ships. These <a href="/wiki/Recaptives" class="mw-redirect" title="Recaptives">Liberated Africans</a> or recaptives were sold for $20 a head as apprentices to the white settlers, Nova Scotian Settlers, and the Jamaican Maroons. Many Liberated Africans were treated poorly and even abused because some of the original settlers considered them their property. Cut off from their various homelands and traditions, the Liberated Africans were forced to assimilate to the Western styles of Settlers and Maroons. For example, some of the Liberated Africans were forced to change their name to a more Western sounding one.<a href="#cite_note-Suzanne-50">[50]</a> Though some people happily embraced these changes because they considered it as being part of the community, some were not happy with these changes and wanted to keep their own identity. Many Liberated Africans were so unhappy that they risked the possibility of being sold back into slavery by leaving Sierra Leone and going back to their original villages.<a href="#cite_note-Suzanne-50">[50]</a> The Liberated Africans eventually modified their customs to adopt those of the Nova Scotians, Maroons and Europeans, yet kept some of their ethnic traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Dixon-51">[51]</a> As the Liberated Africans became successful traders<a href="#cite_note-Suzanne-50">[50]</a> and spread Christianity throughout West Africa, they intermarried with the Nova Scotians and Maroons, and the two groups eventually became a fusion of African and Western societies.<a href="#cite_note-Dixon-51">[51]</a>: 3–4, 223–255  These <a href="/wiki/Liberated_Africans_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Liberated Africans in Sierra Leone">Liberated Africans</a> were from many areas of Africa, but principally the west coast. Between the 18th and 19th century, freed African Americans, some <a href="/wiki/Americo_Liberian" class="mw-redirect" title="Americo Liberian">Americo Liberian</a> "refugees", and particularly <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caribbean">Afro-Caribbeans</a>, mainly Jamaican Maroons, also immigrated and settled in Freetown. Together these peoples formed the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leone Creole">Creole/Krio ethnicity</a> and an <a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole</a> language (<a href="/wiki/Krio_language" title="Krio language">Krio</a>), which is the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> used among many of the ethnicities in the country.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era_(1800–1961)">Colonial era (1800–1961)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Colonial era (1800–1961)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate</a></div> The colonial era saw Sierra Leone evolving under British rule, with a unique settlement pattern composed of displaced Africans following the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of the slave trade">abolition of the slave trade</a>. Sierra Leone developed as an educational center in West Africa, with the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Fourah_Bay_College" title="Fourah Bay College">Fourah Bay College</a> in 1827, attracting English-speaking Africans from across the region. The settlement of Sierra Leone in the 1800s was unique in that the population was composed of displaced Africans, brought to the colony after the British abolition of the slave trade in 1807. Upon arrival in Sierra Leone, each recaptive was given a registration number, and information on their physical qualities would be entered into the Register of Liberated Africans. Often documentation would be subjective and result in inaccurate entries, making them difficult to track. Differences between the Register of Liberated Africans of 1808 and the List of Captured Negroes of 1812 (which emulated the 1808 document) revealed disparities in the entries, specifically in the names; many recaptives decided to change their given names to <a href="/wiki/Anglicised" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicised">anglicised</a> versions which contributed to the difficulty in tracking them after they arrived.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In the early 19th century, Freetown served as the residence of the British colonial governor of the region, who also administered the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a> settlements. Sierra Leone developed as the educational centre of <a href="/wiki/British_West_Africa" title="British West Africa">British West Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The British established <a href="/wiki/Fourah_Bay_College" title="Fourah Bay College">Fourah Bay College</a> in 1827, which became a magnet for English-speaking Africans on the West Coast. For more than a century, it was the only European-style university in west <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ajayi_Crowther" title="Samuel Ajayi Crowther">Samuel Ajayi Crowther</a> was the first student to be enrolled.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Fourah Bay College soon drew <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Creoles/Krio people</a> and other Africans seeking higher education in British West Africa. These included Nigerians, Ghanaians, Ivorians and others, especially in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and education. Freetown was known as the "<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> of Africa" due to the number of excellent schools in Freetown and surrounding areas.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The British interacted mostly with the Krio people in Freetown, who did most of the trading with the indigenous peoples of the interior. Educated Krio people held numerous positions in the colonial government, giving them status and well-paying positions. Following the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> of 1884–85, the British decided they needed to establish more dominion over the inland areas, to satisfy what was described by the European powers as "effective occupation". In 1896 it annexed these areas, declaring them the Sierra Leone Protectorate.<a href="#cite_note-harris40-60">[60]</a> With this change, the British began to expand their administration in the region, recruiting British citizens to posts and pushing Krio people out of positions in government and even the desirable residential areas in Freetown.<a href="#cite_note-harris40-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bai_Bureh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bai_Bureh.jpg/150px-Bai_Bureh.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bai_Bureh.jpg/225px-Bai_Bureh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bai_Bureh.jpg/300px-Bai_Bureh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bai_Bureh" title="Bai Bureh">Bai Bureh</a>, Temne leader of the <a href="/wiki/Hut_Tax_War_of_1898" title="Hut Tax War of 1898">Hut Tax War of 1898</a> against British rule</figcaption></figure> During the British annexation in Sierra Leone, chiefs in the north and south of the country resisted the "hut tax" imposed by the colonial administrators. In the north, there was a Limba chief named Almamy Suluku fighting to protect his territory, while using diplomacy to trick the protectorate administrators, and sending fighters to assist <a href="/wiki/Bai_Bureh" title="Bai Bureh">Bai Bureh</a>, a prominent Temne chief in <a href="/wiki/Kasseh" title="Kasseh">Kasseh</a> who was fighting against the "hut tax". The war was later known as the <a href="/wiki/Hut_Tax_War_of_1898" title="Hut Tax War of 1898">Hut Tax War of 1898</a>. <a href="/wiki/Madam_Yoko" title="Madam Yoko">Madam Yoko</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1849–1906) was a woman of culture and ambition. She employed her capacity for friendly communications to persuade the British to give her control of the Kpaa Mende chiefdom. She used diplomacy to communicate with local chiefs who did not trust her friendship with the British. Because Madam Yoko supported the British, some sub-chiefs rebelled, causing Yoko to take refuge in the police barracks. For her loyalty, she was awarded a silver medal by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>. Until 1906, Madam Yoko ruled as a paramount chief in the new British Protectorate. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SierraLeoneP016.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SierraLeoneP016.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-SierraLeoneP016.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SierraLeoneP016.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-SierraLeoneP016.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SierraLeoneP016.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-SierraLeoneP016.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3187" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>Moa River Bridge, Sierra Leone. <a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Lisk-Carew" title="Alphonso Lisk-Carew">Lisk-Carew Brothers</a>, Freetown, Sierra Leone</figcaption></figure> The British annexation of the Protectorate interfered with the sovereignty of indigenous chiefs. They designated chiefs as units of local government, rather than dealing with them individually as had been the previous practice. They did not maintain relationships even with longstanding allies, such as Bai Bureh, who was later unfairly portrayed as a prime instigator of the Hut Tax War.<a href="#cite_note-Abraham-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Expeditionary_Force_in_Freetown,_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/British_Expeditionary_Force_in_Freetown%2C_1919.jpg/220px-British_Expeditionary_Force_in_Freetown%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/British_Expeditionary_Force_in_Freetown%2C_1919.jpg/330px-British_Expeditionary_Force_in_Freetown%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/British_Expeditionary_Force_in_Freetown%2C_1919.jpg/440px-British_Expeditionary_Force_in_Freetown%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="1774" /></a><figcaption>British <a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Africa Campaign (World War I)">West African Campaign</a> troops in Freetown, 1914–1916. Published caption: "British expeditionary force preparing to embark at Freetown to attack the <a href="/wiki/German_Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="German Cameroons">German Cameroons</a>, the main object of the attack being the port of <a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Duala</a>. Auxiliary native troops were freely used in African warfare."</figcaption></figure> Colonel <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Cardew" title="Frederic Cardew">Frederic Cardew</a>, military governor of the Protectorate, in 1898 established a new tax on dwellings and demanded that the chiefs use their people to maintain roads. The taxes were often higher than the value of the dwellings, and 24 chiefs signed a petition to Cardew, stating how destructive this was; their people could not afford to take time off from their subsistence agriculture. They resisted payment of taxes, tensions over the new colonial requirements and the administration's suspicions towards the chiefs, led to the Hut Tax War. The British fired first; the northern front of mainly Temne people was led by Bai Bureh. The southern front, consisting mostly of <a href="/wiki/Mende_people" title="Mende people">Mende people</a>, entered the conflict somewhat later, for other reasons. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bai_Bureh_(1898).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bai_Bureh_%281898%29.jpg/220px-Bai_Bureh_%281898%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bai_Bureh_%281898%29.jpg/330px-Bai_Bureh_%281898%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bai_Bureh_%281898%29.jpg/440px-Bai_Bureh_%281898%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>Temne leader Bai Bureh seen here in 1898 after his surrender, sitting relaxed in his traditional dress with a handkerchief in his hands, while a Sierra Leonean <a href="/wiki/Royal_West_African_Frontier_Force" title="Royal West African Frontier Force">West African Frontier Force</a> soldier stands guard next to him </figcaption></figure> For several months, Bureh's fighters had the advantage over the vastly more powerful British forces but both sides suffered hundreds of fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Bureh surrendered on 11 November 1898 to end the destruction of his people's territory and dwellings. Although the British government recommended leniency, Cardew insisted on sending the chief and two allies into <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> in the Gold Coast; his government hanged 96 of the chief's warriors. Bureh was allowed to return in 1905, when he resumed his chieftaincy of Kasseh.<a href="#cite_note-Abraham-61">[61]</a> The defeat of the Temne and Mende in the Hut Tax War ended mass resistance to the Protectorate and colonial government, but intermittent rioting and labour unrest continued throughout the colonial period. Riots in 1955 and 1956 involved "tens of thousands" of Sierra Leoneans in the Protectorate.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A24465.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A24465.jpg/220px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A24465.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A24465.jpg/330px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A24465.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A24465.jpg/440px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A24465.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>African Naval ratings march past the Governor of Sierra Leone, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Craddock_Stevenson" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert Craddock Stevenson">Sir Hubert Stevenson</a>.</figcaption></figure> Domestic <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">slavery</a>, which continued to be practised by local African elites, was abolished in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> A notable event in 1935 was the granting of a monopoly on mineral mining to the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Selection_Trust" title="Sierra Leone Selection Trust">Sierra Leone Selection Trust</a>, run by <a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a>. The monopoly was scheduled to last 98 years. Mining of diamonds in the east and other minerals expanded, drawing labourers there from other parts of the country. In 1924, the UK government divided the administration of Sierra Leone into Colony and Protectorate, with different political systems for each. The Colony was Freetown and its coastal area; the Protectorate was defined as the <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a> areas dominated by local chiefs. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate in 1947, when proposals were introduced to provide for a single political system for both the Colony and the Protectorate. Most proposals came from leaders of the Protectorate, whose population far outnumbered that in the colony. The Krios, led by <a href="/wiki/I._T._A._Wallace-Johnson" title="I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson">Isaac Wallace-Johnson</a>, opposed the proposals, as they would have resulted in reducing the political power of the Krios in the Colony. In 1951, <a href="/wiki/Lamina_Sankoh" title="Lamina Sankoh">Lamina Sankoh</a> (born:Etheldred Jones) collaborated with educated protectorate leaders from different groups, including <a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Margai" title="Milton Margai">Milton Margai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Siaka Stevens</a>, Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, <a href="/wiki/John_Karefa-Smart" title="John Karefa-Smart">John Karefa-Smart</a>, Kande Bureh, Sir <a href="/wiki/Albert_Margai" title="Albert Margai">Albert Margai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amadu_Wurie" title="Amadu Wurie">Amadu Wurie</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Banja_Tejan-Sie" title="Banja Tejan-Sie">Banja Tejan-Sie</a> joined together with the powerful <a href="/wiki/Paramount_chiefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount chiefs">paramount chiefs</a> in the protectorate to form the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_People%27s_Party" title="Sierra Leone People's Party">Sierra Leone People's Party</a> or SLPP as the party of the Protectorate. The SLPP leadership, led by Sir Milton Margai, negotiated with the British and the educated Krio-dominated colony based in Freetown to achieve independence.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Owing to the astute politics of Milton Margai, the educated Protectorate elites were able to join forces with the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_chiefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount chiefs">paramount chiefs</a> in the face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai used the same skills to win over opposition leaders and moderate Krio elements to achieve independence from the UK.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In November 1951, Margai oversaw the drafting of a new constitution, which united the separate Colonial and Protectorate legislatures and provided a framework for <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-advocate-67">[67]</a> In 1953, Sierra Leone was granted local ministerial powers and Margai was elected <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister">Chief Minister</a> of Sierra Leone.<a href="#cite_note-advocate-67">[67]</a> The new constitution ensured Sierra Leone had a parliamentary system within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-advocate-67">[67]</a> In May 1957, Sierra Leone held its first parliamentary election. The SLPP, which was then the most popular political party in the colony of Sierra Leone as well as being supported by the powerful paramount chiefs in the provinces, won the most seats in Parliament and Margai was re-elected as Chief Minister by a landslide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_and_post-independence_era">Independence and post-independence era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Independence and post-independence era">edit</a>]</div> Sierra Leone was granted independence by the United Kingdom in 1961, transitioning to a state with its own governance structures, though it faced significant political instability post-independence, including the establishment of a one-party state and periods of civil unrest. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1960_Independence_Conference">1960 Independence Conference</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1960 Independence Conference">edit</a>]</div> On 20 April 1960, Milton Margai led a 24-member Sierra Leonean delegation at constitutional conferences that were held with the Government of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> and British Colonial Secretary <a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a> in negotiations for independence held in London.<a href="#cite_note-Murtala_Mohammed_Kamara-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Momoh-69">[69]</a> On the conclusion of talks in London on 4 May 1960, the United Kingdom agreed to grant Sierra Leone independence on 27 April 1961.<a href="#cite_note-Murtala_Mohammed_Kamara-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Momoh-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independence_(1961)_and_Margai_Administration_(1961–1964)">Independence (1961) and Margai Administration (1961–1964)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Independence (1961) and Margai Administration (1961–1964)">edit</a>]</div> On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai led Sierra Leone to independence from Great Britain and became the country's first prime minister. Sierra Leone had its own parliament and its own prime minister, and had the ability to make 100% of its own laws, however, as with countries such as Canada and Australia, Sierra Leone remained a "Dominion" and Queen Elizabeth was Queen of the independent <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">Dominion of Sierra Leone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Thousands of Sierra Leoneans took to the streets in celebration. The Dominion of Sierra Leone retained a parliamentary system of government and was a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The leader of the main opposition <a href="/wiki/All_People%27s_Congress" title="All People's Congress">All People's Congress</a> (APC), Siaka Stevens, along with Isaac Wallace-Johnson, another outspoken critic of the SLPP government, were arrested and placed under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> in Freetown, along with sixteen others charged with disrupting the independence celebration.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In May 1962, Sierra Leone held its <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_general_election,_1962" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leonean general election, 1962">first general election</a> as an independent state. The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_People%27s_Party" title="Sierra Leone People's Party">Sierra Leone People's Party</a> (SLPP) won a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> of seats in parliament, and Milton Margai was re-elected as prime minister. Margai was popular among Sierra Leoneans during his time in power, mostly known for his self-effacement. He was neither corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of his power or status.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> He based the government on the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and the separation of powers, with multiparty political institutions and fairly viable representative structures. Margai used his conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials to represent various ethnic groups. Margai employed a brokerage style of politics, by sharing power among political parties and interest groups; especially the involvement of powerful paramount chiefs in the provinces, most of whom were key allies of his government.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_the_death_of_Milton_Margai_and_Albert_Margai's_tenure_(1964–1967)">After the death of Milton Margai and Albert Margai's tenure (1964–1967)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: After the death of Milton Margai and Albert Margai's tenure (1964–1967)">edit</a>]</div> Upon Milton Margai's unexpected death in 1964, his younger <a href="/wiki/Half-brother" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-brother">half-brother</a>, Sir Albert Margai, was appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert's leadership was briefly challenged by Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who questioned Sir Albert's succession to the SLPP leadership position. Karefa-Smart led a prominent small minority faction within the SLPP party in opposition of Albert Margai as prime minister. However, Karefa-Smart failed to receive broad support within the SLPP in his attempt to oust Albert Margai as both the leader of the SLPP and prime minister. The large majority of SLPP members backed Albert Margai over Karefa-Smart. Soon after Albert Margai was sworn in as prime minister, he fired several senior government officials who had served in his elder brother Sir Milton's government, viewing them as a threat to his administration, including Karefa-Smart. Sir Albert resorted to increasingly <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> actions in response to protests and enacted several laws against the opposition All People's Congress, while attempting to establish a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Murtala_Mohammed_Kamara-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Momoh-69">[69]</a> Sir Albert was opposed to the colonial legacy of allowing executive powers to the Paramount Chiefs, many of whom had been allies of his late brother Sir Milton. Accordingly, they began to consider Sir Albert a threat to the ruling houses across the country. Margai appointed many non-Creoles to the country's <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a> in Freetown, in an overall diversification of the civil service in the capital, which had been dominated by members of the Creole ethnic group. As a result, Albert Margai became unpopular in the Creole community, many of whom had supported Sir Milton. Margai sought to make the army homogeneously <a href="/wiki/Mende_people" title="Mende people">Mende</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Harkness-2016-74">[74]</a> his own ethnic group, and was accused of favouring members of the Mende for prominent positions. In 1967, riots broke out in Freetown against Margai's policies. In response, he declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> across the country. Sir Albert was accused of corruption and of a policy of <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> in favour of the Mende ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> He also endeavoured to change Sierra Leone from a democracy to a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1967_General_Election_and_military_coups_(1967–1968)">1967 General Election and military coups (1967–1968)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1967 General Election and military coups (1967–1968)">edit</a>]</div> The APC, with its leader <a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Siaka Stevens</a>, narrowly won a small majority of seats in Parliament over the SLPP in a closely contested <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_general_election,_1967" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leonean general election, 1967">1967 general election</a>. Stevens was sworn in as prime minister on 21 March 1967. Within hours after taking office, Stevens was ousted in a bloodless military coup led by <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Lansana" title="David Lansana">David Lansana</a>, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sierra_Leone_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces">Sierra Leone Armed Forces</a>. He was a close ally of Albert Margai, who had appointed him to the position in 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> in Freetown and insisted that the determination of the Prime Minister should await the election of the tribal representatives to the House. Steven was later freed and fled the country, going into exile in neighbouring Guinea. However, on 23 March 1967, a group of military officers in the Sierra Leone Army led by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Juxon-Smith" title="Andrew Juxon-Smith">Andrew Juxon-Smith</a>, staged a counter-coup against Commander Lansana. They seized control of the government, arrested Lansana, and suspended the constitution. The group set up the <a href="/wiki/National_Reformation_Council" title="National Reformation Council">National Reformation Council</a> (NRC), with Andrew Juxon-Smith as its chairman and Head of State of the country.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> On 18 April 1968 a group of low-ranking soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army who called themselves the Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM), led by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/John_Amadu_Bangura" title="John Amadu Bangura">John Amadu Bangura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergeants%27_Coup_(Sierra_Leone)" title="Sergeants' Coup (Sierra Leone)">overthrew</a> the NRC <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">junta</a>. The ACRM junta arrested many senior NRC members. They reinstated the constitution and returned power to Stevens, who at last assumed the office of prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Stevens had Bangura arrested in 1970 and charged with conspiracy and treason. He was found guilty and sentenced to death, despite the fact that it was Bangura whose actions led to Stevens' return to power.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Brigadier Lansana and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hinga_Norman" title="Samuel Hinga Norman">Hinga Norman</a>, the main army officers involved in the first coup (1967), were unceremoniously dismissed from the armed forces and made to serve time in prison. Norman was a guard to <a href="/wiki/Governor-general" title="Governor-general">Governor-general</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Josiah_Lightfoot_Boston" title="Henry Josiah Lightfoot Boston">Sir Henry Lightfoot-Boston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Humphrey-18">[18]</a> Lansana was later tried and found guilty of treason and sentenced to death in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Humphrey-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="One-party_state_and_dawn_of_the_'Republic'_(1968–1991)">One-party state and dawn of the 'Republic' (1968–1991)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: One-party state and dawn of the 'Republic' (1968–1991)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_People%27s_Congress_political_rally_Sierra_Leone_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/All_People%27s_Congress_political_rally_Sierra_Leone_1968.jpg/300px-All_People%27s_Congress_political_rally_Sierra_Leone_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/All_People%27s_Congress_political_rally_Sierra_Leone_1968.jpg/450px-All_People%27s_Congress_political_rally_Sierra_Leone_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/All_People%27s_Congress_political_rally_Sierra_Leone_1968.jpg/600px-All_People%27s_Congress_political_rally_Sierra_Leone_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/All_People%27s_Congress" title="All People's Congress">APC</a> political rally in the northern town of <a href="/wiki/Kabala,_Sierra_Leone" title="Kabala, Sierra Leone">Kabala</a> outside the home of supporters of the rival <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_People%27s_Party" title="Sierra Leone People's Party">SLPP</a> in 1968</figcaption></figure> Stevens assumed power as prime minister again in 1968, following a series of coups, with a great deal of hope and ambition.<a href="#cite_note-Humphrey-18">[18]</a> Much trust was placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens had campaigned on a platform of bringing the tribes together under <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> principles. During his first decade or so in power, Stevens renegotiated some of what he called "useless prefinanced schemes" contracted by his predecessors, both Albert Margai of the SLPP and Juxon-Smith of the NRC. Some of these policies by the SLPP and the NRC were said to have left the country in an economically deprived state.<a href="#cite_note-Humphrey-18">[18]</a> Stevens had campaigned on a platform of socialist principles. However, when he became prime minister he abandoned his pre-election promises and employed an authoritarian model of governance.<a href="#cite_note-trcsierraleone.org-80">[80]</a> Stevens reorganised the country's oil refinery, the government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, and a cement factory.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> He cancelled Juxon-Smith's construction of a church and mosque on the grounds of Victoria Park (now known as Freetown Amusement Park – since 2017). Stevens began efforts that would later improve transportation and movements between the provinces and the city of Freetown. Roads and hospitals were constructed in the provinces, and Paramount Chiefs and provincial peoples became a prominent force in Freetown. Under the pressure of several coup attempts, real or perceived, Stevens' rule grew more and more <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a>, and his relationship with some of his ardent supporters deteriorated. He removed the SLPP party from competitive politics in general elections, some believed, through the use of violence and intimidation. To maintain the support of the military, Stevens retained the popular John Amadu Bangura as head of the Sierra Leone Armed Forces. After the return to civilian rule, <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-elections</a> were held (beginning in autumn 1968) and an all-APC cabinet was appointed. Calm was not completely restored. In November 1968, unrest in the provinces led Stevens to declare a state of emergency across the country. Many senior officers in the Sierra Leone Army were greatly disappointed with Stevens' policies and his handling of the Sierra Leone Military, but none could confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who had reinstated Stevens as prime minister, was widely considered the only person who could control Stevens. The army was devoted to Bangura, and this made him potentially dangerous to Stevens. In January 1970, Bangura was arrested and charged with <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (crime)">conspiracy</a> and plotting to commit a coup against the Stevens government. After a trial that lasted a few months, Bangura was <a href="/wiki/Convicted" class="mw-redirect" title="Convicted">convicted</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">sentenced to death</a>. On 29 March 1970, Brigadier Bangura was executed by hanging in Freetown. After the execution of Bangura, a group of soldiers loyal to the executed general held a <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a> in Freetown and other parts of the country in opposition to Stevens' government. Dozens of soldiers were arrested and convicted by a <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">court martial</a> in Freetown for their participation in the mutiny against the president. Among the soldiers arrested was a little-known army <a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">corporal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foday_Sankoh" title="Foday Sankoh">Foday Sankoh</a>, a strong Bangura supporter, who would later form the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_United_Front" title="Revolutionary United Front">Revolutionary United Front (RUF)</a>. Corporal Sankoh was convicted and jailed for seven years at the Pademba Road Prison in Freetown. In April 1971, a new republican constitution was adopted under which Stevens became president. In the 1972 by-elections, the opposition SLPP complained of intimidation and procedural obstruction by the APC and militia. These problems became so severe that the SLPP boycotted the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_general_election,_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leonean general election, 1973">1973 general election</a>; as a result, the APC won 84 of the 85 elected seats.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> These problems became so severe that it boycotted the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_general_election,_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leonean general election, 1973">1973 general election</a>; as a result the APC won 84 of the 85 elected seats.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens failed in 1974 and its leaders were executed. In mid-1974, Guinean soldiers, as requested by Stevens, were stationed in the country to help maintain his hold on power, as Stevens was a close ally of then-Guinean president <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a>. In March 1976, Stevens was elected without opposition for a second five-year term as president. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army and government officials, including David Lansana, former cabinet minister Mohamed Sorie Forna (father of writer <a href="/wiki/Aminatta_Forna" title="Aminatta Forna">Aminatta Forna</a>), Brigadier General Ibrahim Bash Taqi and Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara were executed after being convicted of attempting a coup to topple president Stevens' government. In 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against the government disrupted Sierra Leone's politics. The demonstration was quickly put down by the army and Stevens' own personal Special Security Division (SSD), a heavily armed paramilitary force he had created to protect him and maintain his hold on power.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> SSD officers were loyal to Stevens and were deployed across the country to clamp down on any rebellion or protest against Stevens' government. <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_parliamentary_election,_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leonean parliamentary election, 1977">A general election</a> was called later that year in which corruption was again endemic; the APC won 74 seats and the SLPP 15. In 1978, the APC-dominant parliament approved a new constitution making the country a one-party state. The 1978 constitution made the APC the only legal political party in Sierra Leone.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> This move led to another major demonstration against the government in many parts of the country, but it was also put down by the army and Stevens' SSD force. Stevens is generally criticised for dictatorial methods and government corruption, but he kept the country stable and from collapsing into civil war. He created government institutions still in use. Stevens reduced ethnic polarisation in government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into his all-dominant APC government. Siaka Stevens retired from politics in November 1985 after being in power for eighteen years. The APC named a new presidential candidate to succeed Stevens at the party's last delegate conference, held in Freetown in November 1985. The candidate was <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Saidu_Momoh" title="Joseph Saidu Momoh">Joseph Saidu Momoh</a>, head of the Sierra Leone Armed Forces and Stevens' own choice to succeed him. As head of the armed forces, General Momoh had been loyal to Stevens, who had appointed him to the position. Like Stevens, Momoh was also a member of the minority <a href="/wiki/Limba_people_(Sierra_Leone)" title="Limba people (Sierra Leone)">Limba</a> ethnic group. As the sole candidate, Momoh was elected president without opposition and sworn in as Sierra Leone's second president on 28 November 1985 in Freetown. A one-party parliamentary election between APC members was held in May 1986. President Momoh appointed his former military colleague and key ally, Major General Mohamed Tarawalie to succeed him as the head of the Sierra Leone Military. General Tarawalie was also a strong loyalist and key Momoh supporter. President Momoh named James Bambay Kamara as the head of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Police" title="Sierra Leone Police">Sierra Leone Police</a>. Bambay Kamara was also a strong Momoh loyalist and supporter. Momoh broke from former president Siaka Stevens by integrating the powerful SSD into the Sierra Leone Police as a special <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitary force">paramilitary force</a>. Under President Stevens, the SSD had been a powerful personal force used to maintain his hold on power, independent from the Sierra Leone Military and Sierra Leone Police Force. The Sierra Leone Police under Bambay Kamara's leadership was accused of physical violence, arrest, and intimidation against critics of President Momoh's government. President Momoh's strong links with the army and his verbal attacks on corruption earned him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. With the lack of new faces in the new APC cabinet under President Momoh and the return of many of the old faces from Stevens' government, criticisms soon arose that Momoh was simply perpetuating the rule of Stevens. The next few years under the Momoh administration were characterised by corruption, which Momoh defused by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise his war against corruption, President Momoh announced a "<a href="/wiki/Code_of_Conduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Conduct">Code of Conduct</a> for Political Leaders and Public Servants". After an alleged attempt to overthrow President Momoh in March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials were arrested, including Vice-President <a href="/wiki/Francis_Minah" title="Francis Minah">Francis Minah</a>, who was removed from office, convicted of plotting the coup, and executed by <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a> in 1989, along with five others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sierra_Leone_Civil_War_(1991–2002)_and_the_NPRC_regime_(1992–1996)">Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002) and the NPRC regime (1992–1996)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002) and the NPRC regime (1992–1996)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></div>The brutal civil war significantly impacted Sierra Leone, with internal and external factors contributing to widespread violence. International interventions, notably by the United Kingdom and the United Nations, were crucial in restoring peace.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School_destroyed_by_Sierra_Leone_Civil_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/School_destroyed_by_Sierra_Leone_Civil_War.jpg/300px-School_destroyed_by_Sierra_Leone_Civil_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/School_destroyed_by_Sierra_Leone_Civil_War.jpg/450px-School_destroyed_by_Sierra_Leone_Civil_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/School_destroyed_by_Sierra_Leone_Civil_War.jpg/600px-School_destroyed_by_Sierra_Leone_Civil_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption>A school in <a href="/wiki/Koindu" title="Koindu">Koindu</a> destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Civil War</a>; in total 1,270 primary schools were destroyed in the War.<a href="#cite_note-ilab-86">[86]</a></figcaption></figure> In October 1990, owing to mounting pressure from both within and outside the country for political and economic reforms, president Momoh set up a constitutional review commission to assess the 1978 one-party constitution. Based on the commission's recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system was approved by the exclusive APC Parliament by a 60% majority vote, becoming effective on 1 October 1991. There was great suspicion that President Momoh was not serious about his promise of political reform, as APC rule continued to be increasingly marked by abuses of power. The brutal civil war that was going on in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> played a significant role in the outbreak of fighting in Sierra Leone. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Liberia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Taylor (Liberia)">Charles Taylor</a> – then leader of the <a href="/wiki/National_Patriotic_Front_of_Liberia" title="National Patriotic Front of Liberia">National Patriotic Front of Liberia</a> – reportedly helped form the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_United_Front" title="Revolutionary United Front">Revolutionary United Front (RUF)</a> under the command of former Sierra Leonean army <a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">corporal</a> <a href="/wiki/Foday_Sankoh" title="Foday Sankoh">Foday Saybana Sankoh</a>, an ethnic Temne from <a href="/wiki/Tonkolili_District" title="Tonkolili District">Tonkolili District</a> in Northern Sierra Leone. Sankoh was a British trained former army corporal who had also undergone guerrilla training in Libya. Taylor's aim was for the RUF to attack the bases of Nigerian dominated peacekeeping troops in Sierra Leone who were opposed to his rebel movement in Liberia. On 29 April 1992, a group of young soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army, led by seven army officers—Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Captain Valentine Strasser, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Musa" title="Solomon Musa">Lieutenant Solomon "SAJ" Musa</a>, Captain <a href="/wiki/Komba_Mondeh" title="Komba Mondeh">Komba Mondeh</a>, Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Tom_Nyuma" title="Tom Nyuma">Tom Nyuma</a>, Captain Julius Maada Bio and Captain Komba Kambo<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>—staged a <a href="/wiki/Military_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup">military coup</a> that sent president Momoh into <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> in Guinea, and the young soldiers established the National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC), with 25-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser as its chairman and Head of State of the country.<a href="#cite_note-blogspot1-88">[88]</a> The NPRC junta immediately suspended the constitution, banned all political parties, limited <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> and enacted a rule-by-decree policy, in which soldiers were granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial, and challenges against such detentions in court were precluded. SAJ Musa, a childhood friend of Strasser, became the deputy chairman and deputy leader of the NPRC government. Strasser became the world's youngest Head of State when he seized power just three days after his 25th birthday. The NPRC junta established the National Supreme Council of State as the military highest command and final authority in all matters and was exclusively made up of the highest-ranking NPRC soldiers, including Strasser himself and the original soldiers who toppled President Momoh.<a href="#cite_note-blogspot1-88">[88]</a> One of the top-ranking soldiers in the NPRC junta, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, a trusted ally of Strasser, was assassinated, allegedly by Major S.I.M. Turay, a key loyalist of ousted president Momoh. A heavily armed military manhunt was carried out across the country to find Lieutenant Sandy's killer. However, the main suspect, Major S.I.M. Turay, went into hiding and fled the country to Guinea, fearing for his life. Dozens of soldiers loyal to the ousted president Momoh were arrested, including Colonel Kahota M. Dumbuya and Major Yayah Turay. Lieutenant Sandy was given a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> and his funeral prayers service at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> church in Freetown was attended by many high-ranking soldiers of the NPRC junta, including Strasser himself and NPRC deputy leader Sergeant Solomon Musa. The NPRC junta maintained relations with ECOWAS and strengthened support for Sierra Leone-based ECOMOG troops fighting in the Liberian war. On 28 December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against the NPRC government of Strasser, aimed at freeing the detained Colonel Yahya Kanu, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Kahota_M.S._Dumbuya" title="Kahota M.S. Dumbuya">Kahota M.S. Dumbuya</a> and former inspector general of police Bambay Kamara, was foiled. Several Junior army officers led by Sergeant Mohamed Lamin Bangura were identified as being behind the coup plot. The coup plot led to the execution of seventeen soldiers by <a href="/wiki/Firing_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing squad">firing squad</a>. Some of those executed include Colonel Kahota Dumbuya, Major Yayah Kanu and Sergeant Mohamed Lamin Bangura. Several prominent members of the Momoh government who had been in detention at the Pa Demba Road prison, including former inspector general of police Bambay Kamara, were also executed.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> On 5 July 1994 SAJ Musa, who was popular among the general population, particularly in Freetown, was arrested and sent into exile after he was accused of planning a coup to topple Strasser, an accusation SAJ Musa denied. Strasser replaced Musa as deputy NPRC chairman with Captain Bio, who was instantly promoted by Strasser to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">brigadier</a>. The NPRC's efforts proved to be nearly as ineffective as the ousted Momoh administration in repelling the RUF rebels. More and more of the country fell into the hands of RUF fighters, and by 1994 they had gained control of much of the diamond-rich Eastern Province and were getting close to the capital Freetown. In response, the NPRC hired the services of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Private_military_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Private military contractor">private military contractor</a> <a href="/wiki/Executive_Outcomes" title="Executive Outcomes">Executive Outcomes</a> for several hundred mercenary fighters in order to strengthen the response to the advances of the RUF rebels. Within a month they had driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone's borders and cleared the RUF from the Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone. With Strasser's two most senior NPRC allies and commanders Lieutenant Sahr Sandy and Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Musa" title="Solomon Musa">Solomon Musa</a> no longer around to defend him, Strasser's leadership within the NPRC's Supreme Council of State became fragile. On 16 January 1996, after about four years in power, Strasser was arrested in a palace coup staged by his fellow NPRC soldiers led by Brigadier Bio at the Defence Headquarters in Freetown.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Strasser was immediately flown into exile in a <a href="/wiki/Military_helicopter" title="Military helicopter">military helicopter</a> to <a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>. In his first public broadcast to the nation following the 1996 coup, Brigadier Bio stated that his support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elected civilian government and his commitment to ending the civil war were his motivations for the coup.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kabbah's_tenure:_government,_"dawn_of_a_new_republic",_the_AFRC_and_end_of_the_Civil_War_(1996–2007)">Kabbah's tenure: government, "dawn of a new republic", the AFRC and end of the Civil War (1996–2007)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Kabbah's tenure: government, "dawn of a new republic", the AFRC and end of the Civil War (1996–2007)">edit</a>]</div> Promises of a return to civilian rule were fulfilled by Bio. Prior to conducting the election, Sierra Leoneans and international stakeholders were involved in a major debate on whether the country should focus on trying to end the long running civil war, or to conduct elections and hence returning governance back to a civilian-led administration with a multi-party system of parliament that would provide the foundation for long-lasting peace and national prosperity. Following the 1995 National Consultative Conference at the Bintumani Hotel in Freetown, dubbed "Bintumani I", which was a Strasser-led initiative, another National Consultative Conference at the same Bintumani Hotel in Freetown, dubbed "Bintumani II", was initiated by the Bio administration that involved both national and international stakeholders, in an effort to find a viable solution to the issues plaguing the country.<a href="#cite_note-Kandeh-92">[92]</a> "Peace before Elections vs Elections before Peace" became a key debate topic and this quickly became a point of national discussion. The discussions eventually concluded with key stakeholders, including Bio's administration and the UN, agreeing that while efforts in finding a peaceful solution to ending the war should continue, a general election should be held as soon as possible.<a href="#cite_note-Kandeh-92">[92]</a> Bio handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of the SLPP, after the conclusion of elections in early 1996 which Kabbah won. President Kabbah took power with a great promise of ending the civil war. After taking over, President Kabbah immediately opened <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> with the RUF and invited their leader Foday Sankoh for peace negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> On 25 May 1997, 17 soldiers in the Sierra Leone army led by Corporal Tamba Gborie, loyal to the detained Major <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Paul_Koroma" title="Johnny Paul Koroma">Johnny Paul Koroma</a>, launched a military coup which sent President Kabbah into exile in Guinea and they established the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Revolutionary_Council" title="Armed Forces Revolutionary Council">Armed Forces Revolutionary Council</a> (AFRC). Corporal Gborie quickly went to the Sierra Leone Broadcasting Services headquarters in New England, Freetown to announce the coup to a shocked nation and to alert all soldiers across the country to report for guard duty. The soldiers immediately released Koroma from prison and installed him as their chairman and Head of State. Koroma suspended the constitution, banned demonstrations, shut down all private radio stations in the country and invited the RUF to join the new junta government, with its leader Foday Sankoh as the Vice-Chairman of the new AFRC-RUF coalition junta government. Within days, Freetown was overwhelmed by the presence of the RUF combatants who came to the city in thousands. The Kamajors, a group of traditional fighters mostly from the Mende ethnic group under the command of deputy <a href="/wiki/Defence_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Minister">Defence Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hinga_Norman" title="Samuel Hinga Norman">Samuel Hinga Norman</a>, remained loyal to President Kabbah and defended the Southern part of Sierra Leone from the soldiers. After nine months in office, the junta was overthrown by the Nigerian-led <a href="/wiki/ECOMOG" class="mw-redirect" title="ECOMOG">ECOMOG</a> forces, and the democratically elected government of president Kabbah was reinstated in February 1998. On 19 October 1998, 24 soldiers in the Sierra Leone army—including Gborie, Brigadier Hassan Karim Conteh, Colonel Samuel Francis Koroma, Major Kula Samba and Colonel Abdul Karim Sesay—were executed by firing squad after they were convicted in a <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">court martial</a> in Freetown, some for orchestrating the 1997 coup that overthrew President Kabbah and others for failure to reverse the mutiny.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In October 1999, the United Nations agreed to send <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeepers</a> to help restore order and disarm the rebels. The first of the 6,000-member force began arriving in December, and the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> voted in February 2000 to increase the force to 11,000, and later to 13,000. But in May, when nearly all <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigerian</a> forces had left and UN forces were trying to disarm the RUF in eastern Sierra Leone, <a href="/wiki/Foday_Sankoh" title="Foday Sankoh">Sankoh</a>'s forces clashed with the UN troops, and some 500 peacekeepers were taken <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostage</a> as the peace accord effectively collapsed. The hostage crisis resulted in more fighting between the RUF and the government as UN troops launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Khukri" title="Operation Khukri">Operation Khukri</a> to end the siege. The Operation was successful with Indian and British <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces">Special Forces</a> being the main contingents. The situation in the country deteriorated to such an extent that British troops were deployed in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Palliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Palliser">Operation Palliser</a>, originally simply to evacuate foreign nationals. However, the British exceeded their original mandate and took full military action to finally defeat the rebels and restore order. The British were the catalyst for the ceasefire that ended the civil war. Elements of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, together with administrators and politicians, remained after withdrawal to help train the armed forces, improve the infrastructure of the country and administer financial and material aid. <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, the Prime Minister of Britain at the time of the British intervention, is regarded as a hero by the people of Sierra Leone, many of whom are keen for more British involvement.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Between 1991 and 2001, about <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll" title="List of wars by death toll">50,000 people were killed</a> in Sierra Leone's civil war. Hundreds of thousands of people were forced from their homes and many became refugees in <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>. In 2001, UN forces moved into rebel-held areas and began to disarm rebel soldiers. By January 2002, the war was declared over. In May 2002, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tejan_Kabbah" title="Ahmad Tejan Kabbah">Kabbah</a> was re-elected president by a landslide. By 2004, the disarmament process was complete. Also in 2004, a UN-backed <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> court began holding trials of senior leaders from both sides of the war. In December 2005, UN peacekeeping forces pulled out of Sierra Leone. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007_General_Election_and_beyond">2007 General Election and beyond</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2007 General Election and beyond">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2007_Sierra_Leonean_general_election" title="2007 Sierra Leonean general election">2007 Sierra Leonean general election</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018_Sierra_Leonean_general_election" title="2018 Sierra Leonean general election">2018 Sierra Leonean general election</a></div> The elections in 2007 and 2012 marked a return to <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party democracy">multi-party democracy</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bai_Koroma" title="Ernest Bai Koroma">Ernest Bai Koroma</a>'s election signaling a period of stability and recovery from the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struggle_with_the_Ebola_epidemic_(2014–2016)">Struggle with the Ebola epidemic (2014–2016)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Struggle with the Ebola epidemic (2014–2016)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone">Ebola epidemic</a> in 2014 posed a significant health crisis, leading to a national state of emergency and highlighting the ongoing challenges faced in public health and governance.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Geography of Sierra Leone">Geography of Sierra Leone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNsierraleone.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/UNsierraleone.PNG/330px-UNsierraleone.PNG" decoding="async" width="330" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/UNsierraleone.PNG/495px-UNsierraleone.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/UNsierraleone.PNG/660px-UNsierraleone.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="2895" /></a><figcaption>A map of Sierra Leone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_SLE_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Koppen-Geiger_Map_SLE_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_SLE_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Koppen-Geiger_Map_SLE_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_SLE_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Koppen-Geiger_Map_SLE_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_SLE_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Sierra Leone map of Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> Sierra Leone is located on the southwest coast of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, lying mostly between latitudes <a href="/wiki/7th_parallel_north" title="7th parallel north">7°</a> and <a href="/wiki/10th_parallel_north" title="10th parallel north">10°N</a> (a small area is south of 7°), and longitudes <a href="/wiki/10th_meridian_west" title="10th meridian west">10°</a> and <a href="/wiki/14th_meridian_west" title="14th meridian west">14°W</a>. The country is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> to the north and east, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and southwest.<a href="#cite_note-LeVertP7-98">[98]</a> Sierra Leone has a total area of 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi), divided into a land area of 71,620 km2 (27,653 sq mi) and water of 120 km2 (46 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-CIA-99">[99]</a> The country has four distinct geographical regions. In eastern Sierra Leone the <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> is interspersed with high mountains, where <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bintumani" title="Mount Bintumani">Mount Bintumani</a> reaches 1,948 m (6,391 ft), the highest point in the country. The upper part of the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moa_River" title="Moa River">Moa River</a> is located in the south of this region. The centre of the country is a region of <a href="/wiki/Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland">lowland</a> <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a>, containing forests, <a href="/wiki/The_bush" title="The bush">bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">farmland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LeVertP7-98">[98]</a> that occupies about 43% of Sierra Leone's land area. The northern section of this has been categorised by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>, while the south is rain-forested plains and farmland. In the west, Sierra Leone has some 400 km (249 mi) of Atlantic coastline, giving it both bountiful marine resources and attractive tourist potential. The coast has areas of low-lying <a href="/wiki/Guinean_mangroves" title="Guinean mangroves">Guinean mangroves</a> swamp. The national capital <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a> sits on a coastal <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a>, situated next to the Sierra Leone Harbour. The climate is tropical, with two seasons determining the agricultural cycle: the <a href="/wiki/Rainy_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainy season">rainy season</a> from May to November, and a <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> from December to May, which includes <a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">harmattan</a>, when cool, dry winds blow in off the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a> and the night-time temperature can be as low as 16 °C (60.8 °F). The average temperature is 26 °C (78.8 °F) and varies from around 26 to 36 °C (78.8 to 96.8 °F) during the year.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Wildlife of Sierra Leone">Wildlife of Sierra Leone</a></div> Sierra Leone is home to four terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Guinean_montane_forests" title="Guinean montane forests">Guinean montane forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Guinean_lowland_forests" title="Western Guinean lowland forests">Western Guinean lowland forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guinean_mangroves" title="Guinean mangroves">Guinean mangroves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Human activities claimed to be responsible or contributing to <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a> in Sierra Leone include unsustainable agricultural land use, poor soil and water management practices, deforestation, removal of natural vegetation, fuelwood consumption and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> and urbanization.<a href="#cite_note-unccd-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a>, both for commercial timber and to make room for agriculture, is a major concern and represents an enormous loss of natural economic wealth for the country.<a href="#cite_note-unccd-103">[103]</a> Mining and <a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash and burn</a> for land conversion – such as cattle grazing – dramatically diminished forested land in Sierra Leone since the 1980s. It is listed among countries of concern for emissions, as having Low Forest Cover with High Rates of Deforestation (LFHD).<a href="#cite_note-Angelsen,_Arild_et_al_2009_75–77-104">[104]</a> There are concerns that heavy logging continues in the Tama-Tonkoli Forest Reserve in the north. Loggers have extended their operations to Nimini, Kono District, Eastern Province; Jui, Western Rural District, Western Area; Loma Mountains National Park, Koinadougu, Northern Province; and with plans to start operations in the Kambui Forest reserve in the Kenema District, Eastern Province.<a href="#cite_note-Angelsen,_Arild_et_al_2009_75–77-104">[104]</a> The country had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 2.76/10, ranking it 154th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a> degradation for the <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog</a>, Lycaon pictus, has increased, such that this <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">canid</a> is deemed to have been extirpated in Sierra Leone.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Until 2002, Sierra Leone lacked a forest management system because of the civil war that caused tens of thousands of deaths. Deforestation rates have increased by 7.3% since the end of the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-rainforests.mongabay.com-107">[107]</a> On paper, 55 protected areas covered 4.5% of Sierra Leone as of 2003. This has led to a decline in the nations abundant natural wealth. The country has 2,090 known <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of higher plants, 147 <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>, 626 birds, 67 <a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">reptiles</a>, 35 <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">amphibians</a>, and 99 fish species.<a href="#cite_note-rainforests.mongabay.com-107">[107]</a> Unrestricted hunting during the war led to the decrease of many animal populations, including elephants, lions, and buffalo. Many of these animals can now only be found in sanctuaries. The <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">tsetse fly</a> is now dominant in the region and has led to an increase in the spread of the disease <a href="/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis" title="African trypanosomiasis">sleeping sickness</a>. Still, Sierra Leone's bird populations have been largely the same and includes native birds such as cuckoos, owls, and vultures. The Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary and the Gola Forest Reserves are just two examples of the humanitarian efforts to preserve wildlife after the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Justice_Foundation" title="Environmental Justice Foundation">Environmental Justice Foundation</a> has documented how the number of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal fishing">illegal fishing</a> vessels in Sierra Leone's waters has multiplied in recent years. The amount of illegal fishing has significantly depleted fish stocks, depriving local fishing communities of an important resource for survival. The situation is particularly serious as fishing provides the only source of income for many communities in a country still recovering from over a decade of civil war.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In June 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a> (RSPB) and Bird Life International agreed to support a conservation-<a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> project in the <a href="/wiki/Gola_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Gola Forest">Gola Forest</a> in south eastern Sierra Leone,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> an important surviving fragment of <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> in Sierra Leone. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Politics of Sierra Leone">Politics of Sierra Leone</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">directly elected</a> president and a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral legislature">unicameral legislature</a>. The current system of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Government of Sierra Leone">Government of Sierra Leone</a> is based on the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Constitution of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone Constitution</a>. Sierra Leone has a dominant <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">central government</a> and a weak <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local government</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive branch</a> of the Government of Sierra Leone, headed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sierra_Leone" title="President of Sierra Leone">president of Sierra Leone</a> has extensive powers and influence. The president is the most powerful government official in Sierra Leone.<a href="#cite_note-nyulawglobal.org-111">[111]</a> The president is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone Armed Forces</a>. The president appoints and heads a cabinet of ministers, which must be approved by the Parliament. The president is elected by <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">popular vote</a> to a maximum of two five-year terms. The president is the highest and most influential position within the government of Sierra Leone. To be elected president of Sierra Leone, a candidate must gain at least 55% of the vote. If no candidate gets 55%, there is a <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">second-round runoff</a> between the top two candidates.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The current president of Sierra Leone is former <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Julius_Maada_Bio" title="Julius Maada Bio">Julius Maada Bio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Bio defeated <a href="/wiki/Samura_Kamara" title="Samura Kamara">Samura Kamara</a> of the ruling All People's Congress (APC) in the country's tightly contested 2018 presidential election. Bio replaced outgoing President <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bai_Koroma" title="Ernest Bai Koroma">Ernest Bai Koroma</a> after Bio was sworn into office on 4 April 2018 by Chief Justice <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdulai_Cham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdulai Cham (page does not exist)">Abdulai Cham</a>. Bio is the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_People%27s_Party" title="Sierra Leone People's Party">Sierra Leone People's Party</a>, the current ruling party in Sierra Leone. Next to the president is the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Vice President of Sierra Leone">vice-president</a>, who is the second highest-ranking government official in the executive branch of the Sierra Leone Government. As designated by the Sierra Leone Constitution, the vice-president is to become the new president of Sierra Leone upon the death, resignation, or removal of the President. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament">Parliament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Parliament">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Parliament of Sierra Leone">Parliament of Sierra Leone</a></div> The Parliament of Sierra Leone is <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a>, with 149 seats. Each of the country's 16 districts is represented in parliament. 135 members are elected concurrently with the presidential elections; the other 14 seats are filled by <a href="/wiki/Paramount_chief" title="Paramount chief">paramount chiefs</a> from the country's <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative districts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The Sierra Leone parliament is led by the Speaker of Parliament, who is the overall leader of Parliament and is directly elected by sitting members of parliament. The current speaker of the Sierra Leone parliament is <a href="/wiki/Abass_Bundu" title="Abass Bundu">Abass Bundu</a>, who was elected by members of parliament on 21 January 2014. The current members of the Parliament of Sierra Leone were elected in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Sierra_Leonean_general_election" title="2023 Sierra Leonean general election">2023 Sierra Leonean general election</a>. The APC currently has 54 of the 135 elected parliamentary seats, and the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_People%27s_Party" title="Sierra Leone People's Party">Sierra Leone People's Party</a> (SLPP) has 81 of the seats. Sierra Leone's two most dominant <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">parties</a>, the APC and the SLPP, collectively won every elected seat in Parliament in the 2023 Sierra Leone parliamentary election. Members of parliament must be a citizen of Sierra Leone over the age of twenty-one, be a registered elector, and be proficient in the English language.<a href="#cite_note-nyulawglobal.org-111">[111]</a> Since independence in 1961, Sierra Leone's politics has been dominated by two major political parties: the SLPP and the APC. Other minor political parties have also existed but with no significant support.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judiciary">Judiciary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Judiciary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Judiciary of Sierra Leone">Judiciary of Sierra Leone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freetown_Court_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Freetown_Court_1984.jpg/250px-Freetown_Court_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Freetown_Court_1984.jpg/375px-Freetown_Court_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Freetown_Court_1984.jpg/500px-Freetown_Court_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>The Sierra Leone <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Supreme Court of Sierra Leone">Supreme Court</a> in the capital <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a>, the highest and most powerful court in the country</figcaption></figure> The judicial power of Sierra Leone is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Sierra Leone">Chief Justice of Sierra Leone</a> and comprising the Supreme Court of Sierra Leone, which is the highest court in the country, meaning that its rulings, therefore, cannot be appealed against. Other courts are the High Court of Justice, the Court of Appeal, the magistrate courts, and traditional courts in rural villages led by a paramount chiefs and village elders that handle family and community dispute in civil cases. The president appoints and parliament approves Justices for the three courts. The Judiciary has jurisdiction in all civil and criminal matters throughout the country. The current acting <a href="/wiki/Chief_justice" title="Chief justice">chief justice</a> of Sierra Leone is Desmond Babatunde Edwards. The Sierra Leone Judiciary is constitutionally independent from outside influences. However, in practice, the president of Sierra Leone has large unoficial power and influences over the Judiciary, including the influence to remove a sitting judge. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Foreign relations of Sierra Leone">Foreign relations of Sierra Leone</a></div> The Sierra Leonean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation is responsible for foreign policy of Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone has diplomatic relations that include China, Russia,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Libya, Iran, and Cuba. Sierra Leone has good relations with the West, including the United States, and has maintained historical ties with the United Kingdom and other former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonies</a> through its membership of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The United Kingdom has played a major role in providing aid to the former colony, together with administrative help and military training since intervening to end the Civil War in 2000. Former president <a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Siaka Stevens</a>' government had sought closer relations with other <a href="/wiki/West_African" class="mw-redirect" title="West African">West African</a> countries under the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS), a policy continued by the current government. Sierra Leone, along with <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, form the <a href="/wiki/Mano_River_Union" title="Mano River Union">Mano River Union</a> (MRU). It is primarily designed to implement development projects and promote regional <a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">economic integration</a> between the four countries.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Sierra Leone is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and its specialised agencies, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</a> (AFDB), the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC), and the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> (NAM).<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Sierra Leone is a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_Immunity_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral Immunity Agreement">Bilateral Immunity Agreement</a> of protection for the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States">US military</a> (as covered under Article 98). Sierra Leone is the 66th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Sierra Leone">Military of Sierra Leone</a></div> The Military of Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF), are the unified armed forces of Sierra Leone responsible for the territorial security of Sierra Leone's border and defending the national interests of Sierra Leone within the framework of its international obligations. The armed forces were formed after independence in 1961, based on elements of the former British <a href="/wiki/Royal_West_African_Frontier_Force" title="Royal West African Frontier Force">Royal West African Frontier Force</a> present in the country. The Sierra Leone Armed Forces consist of around 15,500 personnel, comprising the largest Sierra Leone Army,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> the Sierra Leone Navy and the Sierra Leone Air Wing.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sierra_Leone" title="President of Sierra Leone">president of Sierra Leone</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in Chief">Commander in Chief</a> of the military and the Minister of Defence responsible for defence policy and the formulation of the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> When Sierra Leone gained independence in 1961, the Royal Sierra Leone Military Force was created from the Sierra Leone Battalion of the West African Frontier Force.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-125">[125]</a> The military seized control in 1968, bringing the <a href="/wiki/National_Reformation_Council" title="National Reformation Council">National Reformation Council</a> into power. On 19 April 1971, when Sierra Leone became a republic, the Royal Sierra Leone Military Forces were renamed the Republic of Sierra Leone Military Force (RSLMF).<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The RSLMF remained a single-service organisation until 1979 when the Sierra Leone Navy was established. In 1995 Defence Headquarters was established, and the Sierra Leone Air Wing was formed. The RSLMF was renamed as the Armed Forces of the Republic of Sierra Leone (AFRSL). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Law enforcement">edit</a>]</div> Law enforcement in Sierra Leone is primarily the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Police" title="Sierra Leone Police">Sierra Leone Police</a> (SLP), which is accountable to the Minister of Internal Affairs (appointed by the president). Sierra Leone Police was established by the <a href="/wiki/British_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British colony">British colony</a> in 1894; it is one of the oldest police forces in West Africa. It works to prevent crime, protect life and property, detect and prosecute offenders, maintain <a href="/wiki/Public_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Public order">public order</a>, ensure safety and security, and enhance access to justice. The Sierra Leone Police is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Inspector_General_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector General of Police">Inspector General of Police</a>, the professional head of the Sierra Leone Police force, who is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sierra_Leone" title="President of Sierra Leone">president of Sierra Leone</a>. Each one of <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Districts of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone's 14 districts</a> is headed by a district police commissioner who is the professional head of their respective district. These Police Commissioners report directly to the Inspector General of Police at the Sierra Leone Police headquarters in Freetown. The current Inspector General of Police is <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Fayia_Sellu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Fayia Sellu (page does not exist)">William Fayia Sellu</a>, who was appointed to the position by President <a href="/w/index.php?title=President_Julius_Madda_Bio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President Julius Madda Bio (page does not exist)">president Julius Madda Bio</a> on 27 July 2022 to replace Ambrose Sovula, who had been in the post since March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Human rights in Sierra Leone">Human rights in Sierra Leone</a></div> Male <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sierra_Leone" title="LGBT rights in Sierra Leone">same-sex sexual activity</a> is illegal under Section 61 of the <a href="/wiki/Offences_against_the_Person_Act_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Offences against the Person Act 1861">Offences against the Person Act 1861</a>, and imprisonment for life is possible.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Excessive <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a> is also a frequent problem. Protesters have been killed by security forces, as have prison rioters (in one incident at <a href="/wiki/Freetown_Central_Prison" title="Freetown Central Prison">Pademba Road Prison</a>, 30 inmates and one <a href="/wiki/Correction_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Correction officer">correction officer</a> were killed). Multiple allegations were made during the COVID-19 lockdown period of police attacking people trying to obtain basic necessities.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership_in_World_governance_initiatives">Leadership in World governance initiatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Leadership in World governance initiatives">edit</a>]</div> Sierra Leone has been one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a <a href="/wiki/World_constitution" title="World constitution">world constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> As a result, in 1968, for the first time in human history, a <a href="/wiki/World_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="World Constituent Assembly">World Constituent Assembly</a> convened to draft and adopt the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution for the Federation of Earth">Constitution for the Federation of Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Margai" title="Milton Margai">Milton Margai</a>, then <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sierra_Leone" title="President of Sierra Leone">president of Sierra Leone</a>, signed the agreement to convene a World Constituent Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Sierra Leone">Administrative divisions of Sierra Leone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Districts_in_Sierra_Leone_2018.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Districts_in_Sierra_Leone_2018.svg/350px-Districts_in_Sierra_Leone_2018.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Districts_in_Sierra_Leone_2018.svg/525px-Districts_in_Sierra_Leone_2018.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Districts_in_Sierra_Leone_2018.svg/700px-Districts_in_Sierra_Leone_2018.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="1606" /></a><figcaption>The 14 districts and 2 areas of Sierra Leone</figcaption></figure> The Republic of Sierra Leone is composed of five regions: the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sierra_Leone" title="Northern Province, Sierra Leone">Northern Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_West_Province,_Sierra_Leone" title="North West Province, Sierra Leone">North West Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Sierra_Leone" title="Southern Province, Sierra Leone">Southern Province</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sierra_Leone" title="Eastern Province, Sierra Leone">Eastern Province</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Area" title="Western Area">Western Area</a>. Four provinces are further divided into 14 districts; the Western Area is divided into two districts. The provincial districts are divided into 186 chiefdoms, which have traditionally been led by <a href="/wiki/Paramount_chiefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount chiefs">paramount chiefs</a>, recognised by the British administration in 1896 at the time of organising the Protectorate of Sierra Leone. The Paramount Chiefs are influential, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Villages" class="mw-redirect" title="Villages">villages</a> and small rural towns.<a href="#cite_note-Tristan-136">[136]</a> Each chiefdom has ruling families that were recognised at that time; the Tribal Authority, made up of local notables, elects the paramount chief from the ruling families.<a href="#cite_note-Tristan-136">[136]</a> Typically, chiefs have the power to "raise taxes, control the judicial system, and allocate land, the most important resource in rural areas".<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Within the context of local governance, the districts are governed as localities. Each has a directly elected local district council to exercise authority and carry out functions at a local level.<a href="#cite_note-Renner-Thomas_2010_6–7-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In total, there are 19 local councils: 13 district councils, one for each of the 12 districts and one for the Western Area Rural, and six municipalities also have elected local councils. The six municipalities include Freetown, which functions as the local government for the Western Area Urban District, and <a href="/wiki/Bo,_Sierra_Leone" title="Bo, Sierra Leone">Bo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonthe" title="Bonthe">Bonthe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenema" title="Kenema">Kenema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koidu" title="Koidu">Koidu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Makeni" title="Makeni">Makeni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Renner-Thomas_2010_6–7-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> While the district councils are under the oversight of their respective provincial administrations, the municipalities are directly overseen by the Ministry of Local Government & Community Development and thus administratively independent of district and provincial administrations. <table class="wikitable" style="float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th>District</th> <th>Capital</th> <th>Area (km2)</th> <th>Province</th> <th>Population (2004 census)<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></th> <th>Population (2015 census)<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bombali_District" title="Bombali District">Bombali District</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Makeni" title="Makeni">Makeni</a></td> <td align="right">7,985</td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sierra_Leone" title="Northern Province, Sierra Leone">Northern Province</a></td> <td align="right">408,390</td> <td align="right">606,183<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koinadugu_District" title="Koinadugu District">Koinadugu District</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabala,_Sierra_Leone" title="Kabala, Sierra Leone">Kabala</a></td> <td align="right">12,121</td> <td align="right">265,758</td> <td align="right">408,097<a href="#cite_note-Port_Loko-145">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Loko_District" title="Port Loko District">Port Loko District</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Loko" title="Port Loko">Port Loko</a></td> <td align="right">5,719</td> <td align="right">453,746</td> <td align="right">614,063<a href="#cite_note-Port_Loko-145">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonkolili_District" title="Tonkolili District">Tonkolili District</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magburaka" title="Magburaka">Magburaka</a></td> <td align="right">7,003</td> <td align="right">347,197</td> <td align="right">530,776<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kambia_District" title="Kambia District">Kambia District</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kambia,_Sierra_Leone" title="Kambia, Sierra Leone">Kambia</a></td> <td align="right">3,108</td> <td align="right">270,462</td> <td align="right">343,686<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenema_District" title="Kenema District">Kenema District</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenema" title="Kenema">Kenema</a></td> <td align="right">6,053</td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sierra_Leone" title="Eastern Province, Sierra Leone">Eastern Province</a></td> <td align="right">497,948</td> <td align="right">609,873<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kono_District" title="Kono District">Kono District</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koidu" title="Koidu">Koidu Town</a></td> <td align="right">5,641</td> <td align="right">335,401</td> <td align="right">505,767<a href="#cite_note-World_Gazetteer-149">[149]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kailahun_District" title="Kailahun District">Kailahun District</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kailahun" title="Kailahun">Kailahun</a></td> <td align="right">3,859</td> <td align="right">358,190</td> <td align="right">525,372<a href="#cite_note-World_Gazetteer-149">[149]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bo_District" title="Bo District">Bo District</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bo,_Sierra_Leone" title="Bo, Sierra Leone">Bo</a></td> <td align="right">5,219</td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Sierra_Leone" title="Southern Province, Sierra Leone">Southern Province</a></td> <td align="right">463,668</td> <td align="right">574,201<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bonthe_District" title="Bonthe District">Bonthe District</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mattru_Jong" title="Mattru Jong">Mattru Jong</a></td> <td align="right">3,468</td> <td align="right">139,687</td> <td align="right">200,730<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pujehun_District" title="Pujehun District">Pujehun District</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pujehun" title="Pujehun">Pujehun</a></td> <td align="right">4,105</td> <td align="right">228,392</td> <td align="right">345,577 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moyamba_District" title="Moyamba District">Moyamba District</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moyamba" title="Moyamba">Moyamba</a></td> <td align="right">6,902</td> <td align="right">260,910</td> <td align="right">318,064 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Area_Urban_District" title="Western Area Urban District">Western Area Urban District</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a></td> <td align="right">13</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Western_Area" title="Western Area">Western Area</a></td> <td align="right">772,873</td> <td align="right">1,050,301 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Area_Rural_District" title="Western Area Rural District">Western Area Rural District</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Sierra_Leone" title="Waterloo, Sierra Leone">Waterloo</a></td> <td align="right">544</td> <td align="right">174,249</td> <td align="right">442,951 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Economy of Sierra Leone">Economy of Sierra Leone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Sierra_Leone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Sierra_Leone.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Sierra_Leone.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Sierra_Leone.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical GDP per capita development</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_Leone_Product_Exports_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sierra_Leone_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/220px-Sierra_Leone_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sierra_Leone_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/330px-Sierra_Leone_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sierra_Leone_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/440px-Sierra_Leone_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>A proportional representation of Sierra Leone exports, 2019</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align:right;"> <caption>Percentage of GDP by sector (2007)<a href="#cite_note-AFEC-152">[152]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Rank </th> <th scope="col">Sector </th> <th scope="col">Percentage of GDP </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 </th> <td>Agriculture </td> <td>58.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2 </th> <td>Other services </td> <td>10.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3 </th> <td>Trade and tourism </td> <td>9.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4 </th> <td>Wholesale and retail trade </td> <td>9.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">5 </th> <td>Mining and quarrying </td> <td>4.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">6 </th> <td>Government Services </td> <td>4.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">7 </th> <td>Manufacturing and handicrafts </td> <td>2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">8 </th> <td>Construction </td> <td>1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">9 </th> <td>Electricity and water </td> <td>0.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> By the 1990s, economic activity was declining and economic infrastructure had become seriously degraded. Over the next decade, much of the formal economy was destroyed in the country's civil war. Since the end of hostilities in January 2002, massive infusions of outside assistance have helped Sierra Leone begin to recover.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Much of the recovery will depend on the success of the government's efforts to limit corruption by officials, which many feel was the chief cause of the civil war. A key indicator of success will be the effectiveness of government management of its diamond sector. There is high unemployment, particularly among the youth and ex-combatants. Authorities have been slow to implement reforms in the civil service, and the pace of the privatisation programme is also slackening and donors have urged its advancement. As of the most recent survey in 2019, 59.2% of the population continues to be affected by <a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">multidimensional poverty</a> and an additional 21.3% vulnerable to it.<a href="#cite_note-:12-19">[19]</a> The currency is the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_leone" title="Sierra Leonean leone">leone</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Bank of Sierra Leone">Bank of Sierra Leone</a>. Sierra Leone operates a floating <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a> system, and foreign currencies can be exchanged at any of the commercial banks, recognised foreign exchange <a href="/wiki/Service_bureau" title="Service bureau">bureaux</a> and most hotels. Credit card use is limited in Sierra Leone, though they may be used at some hotels and restaurants. There are a few internationally linked <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">automated teller machines</a> that accept <a href="/wiki/Visa_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa card">Visa cards</a> in Freetown operated by ProCredit Bank. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Agriculture in Sierra Leone">Agriculture in Sierra Leone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_Leone_rice_farmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sierra_Leone_rice_farmer.jpg/220px-Sierra_Leone_rice_farmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sierra_Leone_rice_farmer.jpg/330px-Sierra_Leone_rice_farmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sierra_Leone_rice_farmer.jpg/440px-Sierra_Leone_rice_farmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>A farmer with his rice harvest in Sierra Leone. Two-thirds of Sierra Leone's population are directly involved in <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-future-154">[154]</a></figcaption></figure> Two-thirds of the population of Sierra Leone are directly involved in <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-future-154">[154]</a> Agriculture accounted for 58 per cent of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-AFEC-152">[152]</a> Agriculture is the largest employer with 80 per cent of the population working in the sector.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> is the most important staple crop in Sierra Leone with 85 per cent of farmers cultivating rice during the rainy season<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> and an annual consumption of 76 kg (167.5 lbs) per person.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Mining">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Mining in Sierra Leone">Mining in Sierra Leone</a></div> Rich in minerals, Sierra Leone has relied on mining, especially diamonds, for its economic base. The country is among the top ten diamond producing countries. Mineral exports remain the main <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> earner. Sierra Leone is a major producer of gem-quality diamonds. Though rich in diamonds, it has historically struggled to manage their exploitation and export. Sierra Leone is known for its <a href="/wiki/Blood_diamond" title="Blood diamond">blood diamonds</a> that were mined and sold to diamond conglomerates during the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">civil war</a>, to buy the weapons that fuelled its atrocities.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In the 1970s and early 1980s, economic growth rate slowed because of a decline in the mining sector and increasing corruption among government officials. Annual production of Sierra Leone's diamond estimates a range between US$250 million–$300 million. Some of that is <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggled</a>, where it is possibly used for <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> or financing illicit activities. Formal exports have dramatically improved since the civil war, with efforts to improve the management of them having some success. In October 2000, a UN-approved certification system for exporting diamonds from the country was put in place which led to a dramatic increase in legal exports. In 2001, the government created a mining community development fund (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Mineral_Resources_(Sierra_Leone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Mineral Resources (Sierra Leone)">DACDF</a>), which returns a portion of diamond export taxes to diamond mining communities. The fund was created to raise local communities' stakes in the legal diamond trade. Sierra Leone has one of the world's largest deposits of <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> ore used as <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a> pigment and <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a> rod coatings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_infrastructure">Transport infrastructure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Transport infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Transport in Sierra Leone">Transport in Sierra Leone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenema-Kailahun_Road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kenema-Kailahun_Road.jpg/220px-Kenema-Kailahun_Road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kenema-Kailahun_Road.jpg/330px-Kenema-Kailahun_Road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kenema-Kailahun_Road.jpg/440px-Kenema-Kailahun_Road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>The road from <a href="/wiki/Kenema" title="Kenema">Kenema</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kailahun_District" title="Kailahun District">Kailahun District</a></figcaption></figure> There are several systems of transport in Sierra Leone, which has a road, air and water infrastructure, including a network of highways and several airports. There are 11,300 kilometres (7,000 miles) of highways in Sierra Leone, of which 904 km (562 mi)<a href="#cite_note-CIA-99">[99]</a> are paved (about 8% of the roads). Sierra Leone's highways are linked to <a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a>, Guinea, and <a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a>, Liberia. Sierra Leone has the largest <a href="/wiki/Natural_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural harbour">natural harbour</a> on the African continent, allowing international shipping through the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Quay" title="Queen Elizabeth II Quay">Queen Elizabeth II Quay</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cline_Town,_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cline Town, Sierra Leone">Cline Town</a> area of eastern Freetown or through Government Wharf in central Freetown. There are 800 km (497 mi) of waterways in Sierra Leone, of which 600 km (373 mi) are navigable year-round. Major port cities are <a href="/wiki/Bonthe" title="Bonthe">Bonthe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherbro_Island" title="Sherbro Island">Sherbro Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pepel" title="Pepel">Pepel</a>. There are ten <a href="/wiki/Regional_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional airport">regional airports</a> in Sierra Leone, and one <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airport</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Freetown_International_Airport" title="Freetown International Airport">Freetown International Airport</a> located in the coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Lungi,_Sierra_Leone" title="Lungi, Sierra Leone">Lungi</a> in Northern Sierra Leone is the primary airport for domestic and international travel to or from Sierra Leone. Passengers cross the river to Aberdeen <a href="/wiki/Heliport" title="Heliport">Heliports</a> in Freetown by <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">hovercraft</a>, ferry or a <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a>. Helicopters are also available from the airport to other major cities in the country. The airport has <a href="/wiki/Pavement_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavement (material)">paved</a> runways longer than 3,047 metres (9,997 feet). The other airports have unpaved runways, and seven have runways from 914 to 1,523 metres (2,999 to 4,997 feet) long; the remaining two have shorter runways. Sierra Leone appears on the EU list of prohibited countries with regard to the certification of airlines. This means that no airline registered in Sierra Leone may operate services of any kind within the European Union. This is due to substandard safety standards.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> As of March 2023, the country's only <a href="/wiki/Lungi_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungi International Airport">international airport</a> had regularly scheduled direct flights to Istanbul, Paris, Brussels and most major cities in West Africa. In September 2014 there were many Districts with travel restrictions including Kailahun, Kenema, Bombali, Tonkolili, and Port Loko because of <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone">Ebola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_in_Sierra_Leone">Energy in Sierra Leone</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Energy in Sierra Leone">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_Leone_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sierra_Leone_electricity_production.svg/300px-Sierra_Leone_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sierra_Leone_electricity_production.svg/450px-Sierra_Leone_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sierra_Leone_electricity_production.svg/600px-Sierra_Leone_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Sierra Leone electricity production by source</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overview">Overview</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> As of 2016, about 12% of the population of Sierra Leone had access to electricity. Of that 12%, 10% was in the capital Freetown, and the remaining 90% of the country used 2% of the nation's electricity.<a href="#cite_note-assets.publishing.service.gov.uk-161">[161]</a> The majority of the population relies on biomass fuels for their daily survival, with firewood and coal used most prevalently.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-2012-162">[162]</a> The burning of these sources has been reported to have adverse health effects on women and children.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-2012-162">[162]</a> A 2012 study was done on the correlation between Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI), and burning biomass fuels in the home. The results were that 64% of children were diagnosed with ARI where firewood stoves were used, and 44% where charcoal stoves were used.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-2012-162">[162]</a> The use of coal and firewood has also posed environmental concerns as they are both in conflict with the push for more sustainable sources of energy.<a href="#cite_note-Munro-2017-163">[163]</a> As a result, the commercialisation of firewood and coal has been a point of contention with aid donors and government agencies such as the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources and the Forestry Division.<a href="#cite_note-Munro-2017-163">[163]</a> There have been strong pushes for both solar and hydropower to become the dominant sources of energy in Sierra Leone because of the UN's <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>, particularly goal number seven (affordable and clean energy). Sierra Leone's tropical climate, heavy annual rainfall, and abundance of rivers give it the potential to realistically pursue more solar and hydropower alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-www.undp.org-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solar_energy">Solar energy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Solar energy">edit</a>]</div> In conjunction with the UK's <a href="/wiki/Department_for_International_Development" title="Department for International Development">Department for International Development</a> (DFID), Sierra Leone has set the goal to provide solar power to all of its citizens by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2016-165">[165]</a> This overarching goal has been broken down into smaller goals as well. The first of these goals is to provide solar power to at least 50,000 homes in 2016, the second is 250,000 homes by 2017, and finally to provide power to 1,000,000 people by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2016-165">[165]</a> This initiative falls under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy Africa (page does not exist)">Energy Africa</a> access campaign which seeks to provide electricity to 14 different African countries by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-assets.publishing.service.gov.uk-161">[161]</a> Previous to this compact agreement, Sierra Leone's private sector for solar energy was weak, as it provided energy to less than 5% of the target population.<a href="#cite_note-assets.publishing.service.gov.uk-161">[161]</a> Part of the reason for this was due to the import duties and taxes and the lack of quality control.<a href="#cite_note-assets.publishing.service.gov.uk-161">[161]</a> To ensure that the Energy Africa goal is met, Sierra Leone has agreed to remove its import duties and Value Added Tax (VAT) on certified solar products.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2016-165">[165]</a> This change will attempt to encourage foreign investment while providing affordable, quality solar products to its citizens. It is estimated that there will be a 30% to 40% cost reduction on solar products with the lack of duties and taxes.<a href="#cite_note-assets.publishing.service.gov.uk-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydroelectric_power">Hydroelectric power</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Hydroelectric power">edit</a>]</div> As of 2012, Sierra Leone has 3 main hydroelectric plants. The first is the Guma plant which was decommissioned in 1982, the second is the Dodo Plant which is located in the Eastern Province, and finally the <a href="/wiki/Bumbuna_Dam" title="Bumbuna Dam">Bumbuna plant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-www.undp.org-164">[164]</a> There is also potential for several new hydroelectric plants to be opened on the Sewa River, Pampana River, Seli River, Moa River, and Little Scarcies.<a href="#cite_note-www.undp.org-164">[164]</a> Amongst all these projects, both finished and potential, the Bumbuna dam still remains the largest of the hydroelectric projects in Sierra Leone.<a href="#cite_note-www.undp.org-164">[164]</a> It is located near the Seli River and Freetown and was estimated to produce about 50 megawatts of electricity.<a href="#cite_note-Centre_for_Public_Impact_(CPI)-166">[166]</a> There were plans to increase its capacity 400 megawatts by 2017 which would cost around $750 million.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> It has been projected that the Bumbuna dam could potentially reduce the amount of spending on foreign fuel and save the country at least $2 million a month.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In the past this project received its funding of over $200 million from a combination of the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</a>, and the Italian company <a href="/wiki/Salini_Impregilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Salini Impregilo">Salini Impregilo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Centre_for_Public_Impact_(CPI)-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Demographics of Sierra Leone">Demographics of Sierra Leone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Languages of Sierra Leone">Languages of Sierra Leone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra-Leone-demography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sierra-Leone-demography.png/220px-Sierra-Leone-demography.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sierra-Leone-demography.png/330px-Sierra-Leone-demography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sierra-Leone-demography.png/440px-Sierra-Leone-demography.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Sierra Leone's total population, from 1961 to 2013</figcaption></figure> In 2019 Sierra Leone had a population of 7,813,215<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> and a growth rate of 2.216% a year.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-99">[99]</a> The country's population is mostly young, with an estimated 41.7% under 15, and rural, with an estimated 62% of people living outside the cities.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-99">[99]</a> As a result of migration to cities, the population is becoming more urban with an estimated rate of urbanisation growth of 2.9% a year.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Renner-Thomas_2010_5-170">[170]</a> Population density varies greatly within Sierra Leone. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Area_Urban_District" title="Western Area Urban District">Western Area Urban District</a>, including Freetown, the capital and largest city, has a population density of 1,224 persons per square km. The largest district geographically, <a href="/wiki/Koinadugu_District" title="Koinadugu District">Koinadugu</a>, has a much lower density of 21.4 persons per square km.<a href="#cite_note-Renner-Thomas_2010_5-170">[170]</a> English is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> spoken at schools, government administration and in the media. <a href="/wiki/Krio_language" title="Krio language">Krio</a> (derived from English and several indigenous African languages, and the language of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole people</a>) is the most widely spoken language in virtually all parts of Sierra Leone. As the Krio language is spoken by 96% of the country's population,<a href="#cite_note-CIA-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> it unites all the different <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone">ethnic groups</a>, especially in their trade and interaction with each other.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Krio is the primary language of communication among Sierra Leoneans at home and abroad,<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> and has also heavily influenced <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leonean English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> After the contribution made by the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_UN_Peacekeeping_Force" title="Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force">Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a> under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sierra_Leone" title="United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone">United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone</a>, the government of Ahmad Tejan Kabbah declared <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> an honorary official language in December 2002.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Sierra Leone had a population of 8,700 <a href="/wiki/Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees">refugees</a> and asylum seekers at the end of 2007. Nearly 20,000 Liberian refugees voluntarily returned to <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> over the course of 2007. 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_cities_of_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Largest cities of Sierra Leone (page does not exist)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Sierra Leone (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Sierra Leone"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Sierra Leone <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Government of Sierra Leone 2004 Census<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sierra_Leone" title="List of cities in Sierra Leone">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sierra_Leone" title="List of cities in Sierra Leone">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Districts of Sierra Leone">District</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sierra_Leone" title="List of cities in Sierra Leone"> Pop.</a> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Freetown-aerialview.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Freetown"><img alt="Freetown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Freetown-aerialview.jpg/120px-Freetown-aerialview.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Freetown-aerialview.jpg/180px-Freetown-aerialview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Freetown-aerialview.jpg/240px-Freetown-aerialview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Bo-City-Sierra-Leone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bo"><img alt="Bo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bo-City-Sierra-Leone.jpg/120px-Bo-City-Sierra-Leone.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bo-City-Sierra-Leone.jpg/180px-Bo-City-Sierra-Leone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bo-City-Sierra-Leone.jpg/240px-Bo-City-Sierra-Leone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="240" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bo,_Sierra_Leone" title="Bo, Sierra Leone"> Bo</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Area_Urban_District" title="Western Area Urban District">Western Area Urban District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">853,651 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenema.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kenema"><img alt="Kenema" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kenema.jpg/120px-Kenema.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kenema.jpg/180px-Kenema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kenema.jpg/240px-Kenema.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kenema" title="Kenema">Kenema</a> <a href="/wiki/File:KoiduStreet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Makeni"><img alt="Makeni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/KoiduStreet.jpg/120px-KoiduStreet.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/KoiduStreet.jpg/180px-KoiduStreet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/KoiduStreet.jpg/240px-KoiduStreet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="1560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Makeni" title="Makeni">Makeni</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bo,_Sierra_Leone" title="Bo, Sierra Leone"> Bo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bo_District" title="Bo District">Bo District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">149,957 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kenema" title="Kenema">Kenema</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kenema_District" title="Kenema District">Kenema District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">128,402 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Makeni" title="Makeni">Makeni</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bombali_District" title="Bombali District">Bombali District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">82,940 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Koidu" title="Koidu"> Koidu Town</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kono_District" title="Kono District">Kono District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">80,025 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lunsar" title="Lunsar">Lunsar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Port_Loko_District" title="Port Loko District">Port Loko District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,450 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Port_Loko" title="Port Loko">Port Loko</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Port_Loko_District" title="Port Loko District">Port Loko District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">23,195 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pandebu-Tokpombu" title="Pandebu-Tokpombu">Pandebu-Tokpombu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kenema_District" title="Kenema District">Kenema District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,219 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kabala,_Sierra_Leone" title="Kabala, Sierra Leone"> Kabala</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Koinadugu_District" title="Koinadugu District">Koinadugu District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,074 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Sierra_Leone" title="Waterloo, Sierra Leone"> Waterloo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Area_Urban_District" title="Western Area Urban District">Western Area Urban District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,579 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> The populations quoted above for the five largest cities are from the 2004 census. The figure for Freetown is for the Western Urban Area (Greater Freetown). Other figures are estimates from the source cited. Different sources give different estimates. Some claim that <a href="/wiki/Magburaka" title="Magburaka">Magburaka</a> should be included in the above list, but there is considerable difference among sources. One source estimates the population at 14,915,<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> whilst another puts it as high as 85,313.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> "Pandebu-Tokpombu" is presumably the extended town of Torgbonbu, which had a population of 10,716 in the 2004 census. "Gbendembu" had a larger population of 12,139 in that census. In the 2004 census, Waterloo had a population of 34,079. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Religion in Sierra Leone</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Religion in Sierra Leone</a> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-religions-3">[3]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">per cent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:78.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">78.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:20.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">20.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other faiths</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:1.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pendemdu_Mosque_and_Church.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pendemdu_Mosque_and_Church.JPG/220px-Pendemdu_Mosque_and_Church.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pendemdu_Mosque_and_Church.JPG/330px-Pendemdu_Mosque_and_Church.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pendemdu_Mosque_and_Church.JPG/440px-Pendemdu_Mosque_and_Church.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3981" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A mosque and a church in Sierra Leone</figcaption></figure> Sierra Leone is officially a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> are the two main religions in the country. The constitution of Sierra Leone provides for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> and the Sierra Leone Government generally protects it. The Sierra Leonean Government is constitutionally forbidden from establishing a <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, though Muslim and Christian prayers are usually held in the country at the beginning of major political occasions, including presidential inaugurations and the official opening of the new session of Parliament. Surveys of the religious make up of Sierra Leone vary widely, though <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> make up the majority of the population. Based on 2015 estimates of the population of Sierra Leone, 77% of the population are Muslims, 22% are <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, and 1% practise <a href="/wiki/African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religion">African traditional religion</a>. According to 2020 estimates by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> 78.5% of Sierra Leone's population are Muslims (mostly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>), 20.4% are Christians (mostly <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>) and 1.1% belong to a traditional African religion or other beliefs. The Inter-Religious Council of Sierra Leone estimated that 77% of Sierra Leone's population are Muslims, 21% are Christians, and 2% are followers of traditional African religions.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Most of Sierra Leone's ethnic groups are Muslim majority, including the country's two largest ethnic groups: the Mende and Temne. Sierra Leone is regarded as one of the most religiously tolerant countries in the world.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Most of the major Muslim and Christian holidays are officially <a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">national holidays</a> in the country, and religious conflict is rare.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The country is home to the Sierra Leone Inter-Religious Council, which is made up of both Christian and Muslim religious leaders to promote peace and tolerance throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> The Islamic holidays of <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Maulid-un-Nabi</a> (Birthday of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>) are observed as <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Public holidays in Sierra Leone">national holidays in Sierra Leone</a>. The Christian holidays of <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> are also national holidays in Sierra Leone. In politics, the overwhelming majority of Sierra Leoneans vote for a candidate without regard of the candidate being a Muslim or a Christian.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] All of Sierra Leone's Heads of State have been Christians except Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, who was a Muslim. The overwhelming majority of Sierra Leonean Muslims are adherent to the Sunni tradition of Islam in practice. Most of the Mosques and Islamic schools across Sierra Leone are based on Sunni Islam. <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya Muslims">Ahmadiyya Muslims</a> make up about 10% of the country's Muslim population. Sierra Leone has a vibrant Ahmaddiya Muslim population, especially in the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Bo,_Sierra_Leone" title="Bo, Sierra Leone">Bo</a>, which is home to a large Ahmadiyya Muslim population. There are five hundred Ahmadiyya Mosques across Sierra Leone.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> does not have a strong presence in Sierra Leone, and there are virtually no <a href="/wiki/Shia_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslims">Shia Muslims</a> in the country. Most Sierra Leonean Muslims of the Sunni and Ahmadiyya sect generally pray together in the same <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The vast majority of Sierra Leonean Muslims are adherent to the <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a> of Sunni Islam. The Maliki school is by far the largest and most dominant Islamic school of jurisprudence across Sierra Leone. Many Ahmadiyya Muslims in Sierra Leone also follow the Maliki Jurisprudence. The Sierra Leone Islamic Supreme Council is the highest Islamic religious organisation in Sierra Leone and is made up of the country's Imams, Islamic scholars, and other Islamic clerics across the country. Sheikh Muhammad Taha Jalloh is the president of the Sierra Leone Supreme Islamic Council.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> The United Council of Imams is an influential Islamic religious body in Sierra Leone that is made up of all <a href="/wiki/Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="Imams">imams</a> of mosques throughout Sierra Leone. The president of the United Council of Imam is Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Alhaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhaji">Alhaji</a> Muhammad Habib Sheriff.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> The two largest mosques in Sierra Leone are the <a href="/wiki/Freetown_Central_Mosque" title="Freetown Central Mosque">Freetown Central Mosque</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghadafi_Central_Mosque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghadafi Central Mosque (page does not exist)">Ghadafi Central Mosque</a> (built by former <a href="/wiki/Libyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan">Libyan</a> dictator <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>), both located in the capital <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a>. The large majority of Sierra Leonean Christians are Protestant, of which the largest groups are the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyan">Wesleyan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Other Christian Protestant <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a> with significant presence in the country include <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The Council of Churches is the Christian religious organisation that is made up of Protestant churches across Sierra Leone. Recently there has been an increase of Pentecostal churches, especially in Freetown. In September 2017, a Sierra Leone-based Nigerian Pentecostal Christian pastor name Victor Ajisafe was arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Police" title="Sierra Leone Police">Sierra Leone Police</a> and held in <a href="/wiki/Jail" class="mw-redirect" title="Jail">jail</a> after he made controversial remarks against Islam and Sierra Leonean Muslims in particular at his church <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a> in the capital Freetown. Ajisafe was apparently angry after a <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean">Zimbabwean</a> Muslim <a href="/wiki/Cleric" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleric">cleric</a> <a href="/wiki/Mufti_Menk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufti Menk">Mufti Menk</a> had visited Sierra Leone and preached to large crowds.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Many Christian organisations in Sierra Leone, including the Council of Churches, condemned Ajisafe's sermon against Islam and Muslims. Ajisafe's church was temporarily shut down by the Sierra Leone government and his church licence was temporarily suspended too. The incident brought religious tension in Sierra Leone, in a country known for its high level of religious tolerance, as many Sierra Leonean Muslims at home and abroad called for Ajisafe to be <a href="/wiki/Deported" class="mw-redirect" title="Deported">deported</a> back to his home country of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. The pastor while in Sierra Leone <a href="/wiki/Arrest" title="Arrest">police custody</a> apologised to Sierra Leonean Muslims and to the government of Sierra Leone. After several days in jail, Ajisafe was released, his church licence was given back to him, and his church was later reopened under strict government conditions during several months of <a href="/wiki/Probation" title="Probation">probation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Non-denominational Protestants</a> form a significant minority of Sierra Leone's Christian population.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> are the largest group of non-Protestant Christians in Sierra Leone, forming about 8% of Sierra Leone's population and 26% of the Christian population in Sierra Leone.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> are the two most prominent <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">non-Trinitarian</a> Christians in Sierra Leone, and they form a small but significant minority of the Christian population in Sierra Leone. A small community of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> resides in the capital Freetown.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone">Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_Leone_ethnic_groups.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sierra_Leone_ethnic_groups.svg/350px-Sierra_Leone_ethnic_groups.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sierra_Leone_ethnic_groups.svg/525px-Sierra_Leone_ethnic_groups.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sierra_Leone_ethnic_groups.svg/700px-Sierra_Leone_ethnic_groups.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="1606" /></a><figcaption>The distribution of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone">major ethnic groups within Sierra Leone</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-right:0; margin-left:1em;"> <caption>Ethnic groups of Sierra Leone<a href="#cite_note-Census2015-2">[2]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Temne_people" title="Temne people">Temne</a> </td> <td>35.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mende_people" title="Mende people">Mende</a> </td> <td>33.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Limba_people_(Sierra_Leone)" title="Limba people (Sierra Leone)">Limba</a> </td> <td>8.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fula_people_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Fula people of Sierra Leone">Fula</a> </td> <td>3.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kono_people" title="Kono people">kono</a> </td> <td>3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Susu_people" title="Susu people">Susu</a> </td> <td>2.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Loko_people" title="Loko people">Loko</a> </td> <td>2.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koranko_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Koranko people">Koranko</a> </td> <td>2.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sherbro_people" title="Sherbro people">Sherbro</a> </td> <td>2.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_people_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Mandingo people of Sierra Leone">Mandingo</a> </td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Creole/Krio</a> </td> <td>1.3% </td></tr> </tbody></table> Sierra Leone is home to about sixteen <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">ethnic groups</a>, each with its own language. The largest and most influential are the Temne at about 35.5% and the Mende at about 33.2%. The Temne predominate in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sierra_Leone" title="Northern Province, Sierra Leone">Northern Sierra Leone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Area,_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Area, Sierra Leone">some areas around the capital of Sierra Leone</a>. The Mende predominate in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Sierra_Leone" title="Southern Province, Sierra Leone">South</a>-Eastern Sierra Leone (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Kono_District" title="Kono District">Kono District</a>). The vast majority of Temne are Muslims at over 85%, with a significant Christian minority at about 10%. The Mende are also Muslim majority at about 70%, though with a large Christian minority at about 30%. Sierra Leone's national politics centres on the competition between the north-west, dominated by the Temne, and the south-east dominated by the Mende. The vast majority of the Mende support the Sierra Leone People's Party; while the majority of the Temne support the All People's Congress.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> The Mende, who are believed to be descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Mane_people" title="Mane people">Mane</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] originally occupied the Liberian hinterland. They began moving into Sierra Leone slowly and peacefully in the eighteenth century. The Temne are said to have migrated from <a href="/wiki/Futa_Jallon" class="mw-redirect" title="Futa Jallon">Futa Jallon</a>, which is in present-day <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>. The third-largest ethnic group is the <a href="/wiki/Limba_people_(Sierra_Leone)" title="Limba people (Sierra Leone)">Limba</a> at about 8.4% of the population. The Limba are <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">native</a> people of Sierra Leone. They have no tradition of origin, and it is believed that they have lived in Sierra Leone since before the European encounter. The Limba are primarily found in Northern Sierra Leone, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Bombali_District" title="Bombali District">Bombali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kambia_District" title="Kambia District">Kambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koinadugu_District" title="Koinadugu District">Koinadugu District</a>. The Limba are about 60% Christian and 40% Muslim. The Limba are close political allies of the neighbouring Temne. Since independence, the Limba have traditionally been influential in Sierra Leone's politics, along with the Mende. The vast majority of Limba support the All People's Congress (APC) political party. Sierra Leone's first and second presidents, <a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Siaka Stevens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Saidu_Momoh" title="Joseph Saidu Momoh">Joseph Saidu Momoh</a>, respectively, were both ethnic Limba. Sierra Leone's former <a href="/wiki/Defense_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense minister">defense minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Conteh" class="mw-redirect" title="Paolo Conteh">Alfred Paolo Conteh</a> is an ethnic Limba. One of the biggest minority ethnic groups are the <a href="/wiki/Fula_people_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Fula people of Sierra Leone">Fula</a> at around 3.8% of the population. Descendants of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Fula migrant settlers from the <a href="/wiki/Fouta_Djalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouta Djalon">Fouta Djalon</a> region of Guinea, they live primarily in the northeast and the western area of Sierra Leone. The Fula are virtually all Muslims at over 99%. The Fula are primarily <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">traders</a>, and many live in middle-class homes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Because of their trading, the Fulas are found in nearly all parts of the country. The other ethnic groups are the <a href="/wiki/Mandingo_people_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Mandingo people of Sierra Leone">Mandingo</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a>). They are descendants of traders from Guinea who migrated to Sierra Leone during the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. The Mandinka are predominantly found in the east and the northern part of the country. They predominate in the large towns, most notably <a href="/wiki/Karina,_Sierra_Leone" title="Karina, Sierra Leone">Karina</a>, in Bombali District in the north; <a href="/wiki/Kabala,_Sierra_Leone" title="Kabala, Sierra Leone">Kabala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falaba" title="Falaba">Falaba</a> in Koinadugu District in the north; and <a href="/wiki/Yengema" title="Yengema">Yengema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kono_District" title="Kono District">Kono District</a> in the east of the country. Like the Fula, the Mandinka are virtually all Muslims at over 99%. Sierra Leone's third president, Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, and Sierra Leone's first Vice-President, <a href="/wiki/Sorie_Ibrahim_Koroma" title="Sorie Ibrahim Koroma">Sorie Ibrahim Koroma</a>, were both ethnic Mandingo. Next in proportion are the <a href="/wiki/Kono_people" title="Kono people">Kono</a>, who live primarily in Kono District in Eastern Sierra Leone. The Kono are descendants of migrants from Guinea; today their workers are known primarily as diamond miners. The majority of the Kono ethnic group are Christians, though with an influential Muslim minority. Sierra Leone's former Vice-President <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sam-Sumana" title="Samuel Sam-Sumana">Alhaji Samuel Sam-Sumana</a> is an ethnic Kono. The small but significant Creole or <a href="/wiki/Krio_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Krio people">Krio people</a> (descendants of freed African American, <a href="/wiki/West_Indian" title="West Indian">West Indian</a> and Liberated African slaves who settled in Freetown between 1787 and about 1885) make up about 3% of the population. They primarily occupy the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a> and its surrounding <a href="/wiki/Western_Area" title="Western Area">Western Area</a>. Creole or Krio culture reflects the Western culture and ideals within which many of their ancestors originated – they also had close ties with British officials and colonial administration during years of development. The Creoles or Krio have traditionally dominated Sierra Leone's judiciary and Freetown's elected city council. One of the first ethnic groups to become educated according to Western traditions, they have traditionally been appointed to positions in the civil service, beginning during the colonial years. They continue to be influential in the civil service. The Creoles or Krios are virtually all Christians at about 99%. The <a href="/wiki/Oku_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Oku people">Oku people</a> are the descendants of liberated Muslim <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yorubas</a> from Southwest <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, who were released from slave ships and resettled in Sierra Leone as <a href="/wiki/Liberated_Africans_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Liberated Africans in Sierra Leone">Liberated Africans</a> or came as <a href="/wiki/Settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlers">settlers</a> in the mid-19th century. The Oku people primarily reside in the communities of Fourah Bay, Fula Town, and Aberdeen in Freetown. The Oku are virtually all Muslims at about 99%. Other minority ethnic groups are the <a href="/wiki/Kuranko_people" title="Kuranko people">Kuranko</a>, who are related to the Mandingo and are largely Muslims. The Kuranko are believed to have begun arriving in Sierra Leone from Guinea in about 1600 and settled in the north, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Koinadugu_District" title="Koinadugu District">Koinadugu District</a>. The Kuranko are primarily farmers; leaders among them have traditionally held several senior positions in the Military. The current Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Bank of Sierra Leone">Bank of Sierra Leone</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaifala_Marah" title="Kaifala Marah">Kaifala Marah</a> is an ethnic Kuranko. The Kuranko are largely Muslim majority. The <a href="/wiki/Loko_people" title="Loko people">Loko</a> in the north are native people of Sierra Leone, believed to have lived in Sierra Leone since the time of European encounter. Like the neighbouring Temne, the Loko are Muslim majority. The <a href="/wiki/Susu_people" title="Susu people">Susu</a> and their related <a href="/wiki/Yalunka_people" title="Yalunka people">Yalunka</a> are traders; both groups are primarily found in the far north in Kambia and Koinadugu District close to the border with Guinea. The Susu and Yalunka kingdom was established in the early fifth seventh century[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] before the Mali empire, which was extended from Mali, Senegal, Guinea Bissau, Guinea Conakry to the northern part of Sierra Leone. They are the original owners of the Futa Djallon region covered by a vars land area both the Susu and Yalunka people are descendants of the Mande people. They are virtually all Muslims. The Yalunka also spelled Jallonke, Yalonga, Djallonké, Djallonka or Dialonké, are Mande people who have lived in the Djallon, a mountainous region in Sierra Leone, Mali, Senegal, Guinea Bissau, and Guinea Conakry West Africa over 520 years ago. The name Yalunka literally means "inhabitants of the Jallon (mountains)". Manga Sewa was born in Falaba, Solima chiefdom, in the Northern Province of British Sierra Leone to Yalunka parents. His father was a Yalunka paramount chief of Solima, a prosperous chieftaincy. Its capital, Falaba, was on the rich trading routes leading to the coast. Manga Sewa's father had several wives and dozens of children. are traders; both groups are primarily found in the far north in <a href="/wiki/Kambia_District" title="Kambia District">Kambia</a> and Koinadugu District close to the border with Guinea. The Susu and Yalunka are both descendants of migrants from Guinea; they both are virtually all Muslims at over 99%. The <a href="/wiki/Kissi_people" title="Kissi people">Kissi</a> live further inland in South-Eastern Sierra Leone. They predominate in the large town of <a href="/wiki/Koindu" title="Koindu">Koindu</a> and its surrounding areas in Kailahun District. The vast majority of Kissi are Christians. The much smaller <a href="/wiki/Vai_people" title="Vai people">Vai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kru_people" title="Kru people">Kru</a> peoples are primarily found in <a href="/wiki/Kailahun_District" title="Kailahun District">Kailahun</a> and Pujehun Districts near the border with Liberia. The Kru predominate in the Kroubay neighbourhood in the capital of Freetown. The Vai are largely Muslim majority at about 90%, while the Kru are virtually all Christians at over 99%. On the coast in <a href="/wiki/Bonthe_District" title="Bonthe District">Bonthe District</a> in the south are the <a href="/wiki/Sherbro_people" title="Sherbro people">Sherbro</a>. Native to Sierra Leone, they have occupied <a href="/wiki/Sherbro_Island" title="Sherbro Island">Sherbro Island</a> since it was founded. The Sherbro are primarily <a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">fisherman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers">farmers</a>, and they are predominantly found in Bonthe District. The Sherbro are virtually all Christians, and their paramount chiefs had a history of intermarriage with British colonists and traders. A small number of Sierra Leoneans are of partial or full <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> ancestry, descendants of traders who first came to the territory in the 19th century. They are locally known as Sierra Leonean-Lebanese. The Sierra Leonean-Lebanese community are primarily traders and they mostly live in middle-class households in the urban areas, primarily in Freetown, <a href="/wiki/Bo,_Sierra_Leone" title="Bo, Sierra Leone">Bo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenema" title="Kenema">Kenema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koidu" title="Koidu">Koidu Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makeni" title="Makeni">Makeni</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_equality">Gender equality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Gender equality">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Household">Household</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Household">edit</a>]</div> Although women account for about 50 percent of the population in Sierra Leone, only 28 percent are household heads.<a href="#cite_note-Alimatu_Vandi-2015-216">[216]</a> As in the rest of the countries, education is a key factor in succeeding in aspects such as a well-paid job and covering the needs of a house. Rural areas are the most common to lack access to education having only male-headed four percent ahead of females with basic education and 1.2 percent more at the post-graduate level.<a href="#cite_note-Alimatu_Vandi-2015-216">[216]</a> In Sierra Leone, normally, men are automatically positioned as household heads; and their status does not change if their marital status changes over time.<a href="#cite_note-Alimatu_Vandi-2015-216">[216]</a> However, a female household does change depending on their marital status. A woman can be the head of the house only if she remains single for the rest of her life. But if a woman gets married, she will not be entitled to be the head of the house anymore.<a href="#cite_note-Alimatu_Vandi-2015-216">[216]</a> Females can take over the household head if they become widowed or divorced.<a href="#cite_note-Alimatu_Vandi-2015-216">[216]</a> In the labour field, it is expected that the household will financially provide for the needs of the family. However, females face gender discrimination making them the target of lower incomes and financial struggles.<a href="#cite_note-Alimatu_Vandi-2015-216">[216]</a> In numbers, females present a lower percentage (6.3) versus males (15.2) when it comes to being paid employees.<a href="#cite_note-Alimatu_Vandi-2015-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War">War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: War">edit</a>]</div> Children who have been forced to be part of a war have experienced severe mental and emotional damage in Sierra Leone. However, the damage and way to deal with the effects of war depends on the gender of the kids. Both genders experienced and were involved in high levels of violence. Females, experiencing higher levels of rapes, presented greater signs of depression and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-Betancourt-2011-217">[217]</a> Males, on the other hand, presented higher levels of anxiety and hostility.<a href="#cite_note-Betancourt-2011-217">[217]</a> Males also showed to be more vulnerable to depression after losing a caregiver.<a href="#cite_note-Betancourt-2011-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Female_economy">Female economy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Female economy">edit</a>]</div> Women face discrimination when it comes to obtaining financial, social, and cultural help to start a business.<a href="#cite_note-Harkness-2016-74">[74]</a> It is difficult to avoid the economic paralysis in Sierra Leone given that more than half of the population in the country is women.<a href="#cite_note-Harkness-2016-74">[74]</a> Due to the lack of access to basic education, women are the least prepared when it comes to processing business licences, registering names or contracting.<a href="#cite_note-Harkness-2016-74">[74]</a> Not having the capital to start a new business is the biggest barrier for women.<a href="#cite_note-Harkness-2016-74">[74]</a> With the lack of technology, mostly in all Sierra Leone, it is hard to help a business to function.<a href="#cite_note-Harkness-2016-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Education in Sierra Leone">Education in Sierra Leone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Classroom_at_a_seconday_school_in_Pendembu_Sierra_Leone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Classroom_at_a_seconday_school_in_Pendembu_Sierra_Leone.jpg/220px-Classroom_at_a_seconday_school_in_Pendembu_Sierra_Leone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Classroom_at_a_seconday_school_in_Pendembu_Sierra_Leone.jpg/330px-Classroom_at_a_seconday_school_in_Pendembu_Sierra_Leone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Classroom_at_a_seconday_school_in_Pendembu_Sierra_Leone.jpg/440px-Classroom_at_a_seconday_school_in_Pendembu_Sierra_Leone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>A secondary school class in <a href="/wiki/Pendembu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendembu">Pendembu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kailahun_District" title="Kailahun District">Kailahun District</a></figcaption></figure> Education in Sierra Leone is legally required for all children for six years at <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary level</a> (Class P1-P6) and three years in junior secondary education,<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> but a shortage of schools and teachers has made implementation impossible.<a href="#cite_note-ilab-86">[86]</a> Two thirds of the adult population of the country are illiterate.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a> resulted in the destruction of 1,270 primary schools, and in 2001, 67% of all school-age children were out of school.<a href="#cite_note-ilab-86">[86]</a> The situation has improved considerably since then with primary school enrolment doubling between 2001 and 2005 and the reconstruction of many schools since the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Students at primary schools are usually 6 to 12 years old, and in secondary schools 13 to 18. Primary education is free and <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory</a> in government-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schools</a>. The country has three universities: <a href="/wiki/Fourah_Bay_College" title="Fourah Bay College">Fourah Bay College</a>, founded in 1827 (the oldest university in West Africa),<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> University of Makeni (established initially in September 2005 as The Fatima Institute, the college was granted university status in August 2009, and assumed the name University of Makeni, or UNIMAK), and <a href="/wiki/Njala_University" title="Njala University">Njala University</a>, primarily located in <a href="/wiki/Bo_District" title="Bo District">Bo District</a>. Njala University was established as the Njala Agricultural Experimental Station in 1910 and became a university in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Teacher training colleges and religious seminaries are found in many parts of the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Health in Sierra Leone">Health in Sierra Leone</a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> estimated that the average life expectancy in Sierra Leone was 57.39 years.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> The prevalence of <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> in the population is 1.6%, higher than the world average of 1% but lower than the average of 6.1% across <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Medical care is not readily accessible, with doctors and hospitals out of reach for many villagers. While free health care may be provided in some villages, the medical staff is poorly paid and sometimes charge for their services, taking advantage of the fact that the villagers are not aware of their right to free medical care.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> A dialysis machine, the first of its kind in the country, was donated by Israel.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> According to an <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</a> report, private health expenditure accounts for 85.7% of total spending on health.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_medical_response">Emergency medical response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Emergency medical response">edit</a>]</div> Having had no formal <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">emergency medical services</a> previously, the <a href="/wiki/First_Responder_Coalition_of_Sierra_Leone" title="First Responder Coalition of Sierra Leone">First Responder Coalition of Sierra Leone</a> (FRCSL) was formed in June 2019 in <a href="/wiki/Makeni" title="Makeni">Makeni</a> to facilitate the development of <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_responder" title="Emergency medical responder">emergency first responder</a> programs nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-The_Patriotic_Vanguard-2019-228">[228]</a> The founding members of the Coalition included the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Red_Cross_Society" title="Sierra Leone Red Cross Society">Sierra Leone Red Cross Society</a> (the first chairing organisation), <a href="/wiki/LFR_International" title="LFR International">LFR International</a> (proposed the formation), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Makeni" title="University of Makeni">University of Makeni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agency_for_Rural_Community_Transformation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agency for Rural Community Transformation (page does not exist)">Agency for Rural Community Transformation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_Hospital_(Makeni)" title="Holy Spirit Hospital (Makeni)">Holy Spirit Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Patriotic_Vanguard-2019-228">[228]</a> The establishment of the Coalition was concurrent with the declaration by the 72nd World Health Assembly that emergency care systems are essential to universal health coverage.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Between June and July 2019, the FRCSL trained 1,000 community members from Makeni to be first responders and equipped each trainee with a first aid kit.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endemic_and_infectious_diseases">Endemic and infectious diseases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Endemic and infectious diseases">edit</a>]</div> Sierra Leone suffers from <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> outbreaks of diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebola" title="Ebola">Ebola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lassa_fever" title="Lassa fever">lassa fever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-PHChand-232">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">Yellow fever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> are endemic to Sierra Leone.<a href="#cite_note-PHChand-232">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maternal_and_child_health">Maternal and child health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Maternal and child health">edit</a>]</div> According to 2017 estimates, Sierra Leone has the third highest <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">maternal mortality</a> rate in the world.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-233">[233]</a> For every 100 liveborn children, one mother dies due to complications of giving birth.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-233">[233]</a> In the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted by UNICEF in 2012, the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Female genital mutilation in Sierra Leone">female genital mutilation in Sierra Leone</a> was 94%.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit">[update]</a>, Sierra Leone was estimated as having the 11th highest <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate in the world.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> One of the consequences women in Sierra Leone face after a prolonged and obstructed labour that would have required a c-section is <a href="/wiki/Obstetric_fistula" title="Obstetric fistula">obstetric fistula</a>. This condition often drives women into poverty and isolation.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> The AWC- Aberdeen Women's Centre in <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a>, the second busiest hospital in Sierra Leone, delivering up to 3000 babies each year.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> The centre provides free surgery for women suffering from this condition. The centre provides a variety of maternal and child health services and is supported by not-for-profit organisations such as Freedom from Fistula,<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> The Aminata Maternal Foundation,<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] and UNFPA.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Mental health">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental healthcare</a> in Sierra Leone is almost non-existent. Many sufferers try to cure themselves with the help of traditional healers.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Civil War (1991–2002)</a>, many soldiers took part in atrocities and many children were forced to fight. This left them traumatised, with an estimated 400,000 people (by 2009) being mentally ill. Thousands of former child soldiers have fallen into substance abuse as they try to blunt their memories.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potable_water_supply">Potable water supply</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Potable water supply">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Water supply in Sierra Leone">Water supply in Sierra Leone</a></div> The water supply in Sierra Leone is characterised by limited access to safe drinking water. Despite efforts by the government and numerous non-governmental organisations, access has not much improved since the end of the Sierra Leone Civil War in 2002, stagnating at about 50% and even declining in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-JMP_water-243">[243]</a> It is hoped that a new dam in Orugu, for which China committed financing in 2009, will alleviate <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> According to a national survey carried out in 2006, 84% of the urban population and 32% of the rural population had access to an <a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved water source</a>. Those with access in rural areas were served almost exclusively by protected wells. The 68% of the rural population without access to an improved water source relied on surface water (50%), unprotected wells (9%) and unprotected springs (9%). Only 20% of the urban population and 1% of the rural population had access to piped drinking water in their home. Compared to the 2000 survey access has increased in urban areas, but has declined in rural areas, possibly because facilities have broken down because of a lack of maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-JMP_water-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> With a new decentralisation policy, embodied in the Local Government Act of 2004, responsibility for water supply in areas outside the capital was passed from the central government to local councils. In Freetown, the Guma Valley Water Company remains in charge of the water supply. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guinea_Liberia_Sierra_Leone_Ebola_Map_August_8_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Guinea_Liberia_Sierra_Leone_Ebola_Map_August_8_2014.jpg/350px-Guinea_Liberia_Sierra_Leone_Ebola_Map_August_8_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="411" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Guinea_Liberia_Sierra_Leone_Ebola_Map_August_8_2014.jpg/525px-Guinea_Liberia_Sierra_Leone_Ebola_Map_August_8_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Guinea_Liberia_Sierra_Leone_Ebola_Map_August_8_2014.jpg/700px-Guinea_Liberia_Sierra_Leone_Ebola_Map_August_8_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption>A situation map of the <a href="/wiki/2014_West_Africa_Ebola_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak">Ebola outbreak</a> as of 8 August 2014</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014_Ebola_outbreak">2014 Ebola outbreak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: 2014 Ebola outbreak">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone">Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone</a></div> Ebola is prevalent in Africa where social and economic inequalities are common. The central African countries are the most prevalent of EVD, like the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, and Gabon.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> In 2014 there was an outbreak of the Ebola virus in West Africa. As of 19 October 2014, there had been 3,706 cases of Ebola in Sierra Leone, and 1,259 deaths, including that of the leading physician trying to control the outbreak, <a href="/wiki/Sheik_Umar_Khan" title="Sheik Umar Khan">Sheik Umar Khan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> In early August 2014 <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> closed its borders to Sierra Leone to help contain the spreading of the virus, which originated in Guinea, as more new cases of the disease were being reported in Sierra Leone than in Guinea. Aside from the human cost, the outbreak was severely eroding the economy. By September 2014, with the closure of borders, the cancellation of airline flights, the evacuation of foreign workers and a collapse of cross-border trade, the national deficit of Sierra Leone and other affected countries was widening to the point where the IMF was considering expanding its financial support.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polygamy">Polygamy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Polygamy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Polygamy in Sierra Leone">Polygamy in Sierra Leone</a></div> As of 2019, 30% of women and 14% of men were in a polygamous unions in Sierra Leone. "The percentage of women with one or more co-wives has decreased gradually over time, from 37% in 2008 and 35% in 2013 to 30% in 2019."<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_customs">Food and customs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Food and customs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_Leone_rice_farming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sierra_Leone_rice_farming.jpg/220px-Sierra_Leone_rice_farming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sierra_Leone_rice_farming.jpg/330px-Sierra_Leone_rice_farming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sierra_Leone_rice_farming.jpg/440px-Sierra_Leone_rice_farming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Rice farming in Rolako</figcaption></figure> Rice is the <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> of Sierra Leone and is consumed at virtually every meal daily. The rice is prepared in numerous ways, and topped with a variety of sauces made from some of Sierra Leone's favourite toppings, including <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> leaves, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> leaves, <a href="/wiki/Corchorus" title="Corchorus">crain crain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a> soup, <a href="/wiki/Fried_fish" title="Fried fish">fried fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">groundnut</a> stew.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Along the streets of towns and cities across Sierra Leone, one can find foods consisting of fruit, vegetables and snacks such as fresh <a href="/wiki/Mangoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangoes">mangoes</a>, oranges, pineapple, fried <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger_beer" title="Ginger beer">ginger beer</a>, fried potato, fried cassava with pepper sauce; small bags of popcorn or peanuts, bread, roasted corn, or skewers of grilled meat or shrimp. Poyo is a popular Sierra Leonean drink. It is a sweet, lightly fermented <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">palm wine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> and is found in bars in towns and villages across the country. Poyo bars are areas of lively informal debate about politics, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, basketball, entertainment and other issues. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sierra Leone">Media of Sierra Leone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio_listener_in_Sierra_Leone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Radio_listener_in_Sierra_Leone.jpg/220px-Radio_listener_in_Sierra_Leone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Radio_listener_in_Sierra_Leone.jpg/330px-Radio_listener_in_Sierra_Leone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Radio_listener_in_Sierra_Leone.jpg/440px-Radio_listener_in_Sierra_Leone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>A radio listener in <a href="/wiki/Kailahun" title="Kailahun">Kailahun</a></figcaption></figure> Media in Sierra Leone began with the introduction of the first <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> in Africa at the start of the 19th century. A strong free journalistic tradition developed with the creation of several newspapers. In the 1860s, the country became a journalist hub for Africa, with professionals travelling to the country from across the continent. At the end of the 19th century, the industry went into decline, and when radio was introduced in the 1930s, it became the primary communication media in the country. The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service">Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service</a> (SLBS) was created by the colonial government in 1934 making it the earliest English language radio broadcaster service in West Africa. The service began broadcasting television in 1963, with coverage extended to all the districts in the country in 1978. In April 2010, the SLBS merged with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> peacekeeping radio station in Sierra Leone to form the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation">Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> the government-owned current national broadcaster in Sierra Leone. The Sierra Leone constitution guarantees <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>; however, the government maintains strong control of media, and at times restricts these rights in practice.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Some subjects are seen as taboo by society and members of the political elite; imprisonment and violence have been used by the political establishment against journalists.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-Annual06-262">[262]</a> Under legislation enacted in 1980, all newspapers must register with the Ministry of Information and pay sizeable registration fees. The Criminal <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">Libel</a> Law, including Seditious Libel Law of 1965, is used to control what is published in the media.<a href="#cite_note-Annual06-262">[262]</a> In 2006, President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah committed to reforming the laws governing the press and media to create a freer system for journalists to work in.<a href="#cite_note-Annual06-262">[262]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit">[update]</a> Sierra Leone is ranked 61st (up two slots from 63rd in 2012) out of 179 countries on Reporters Without Borders' <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Print_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Print media">Print media</a> is not widely read in Sierra Leone, especially outside Freetown and other major cities, partially due to the low levels of <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-264">[264]</a> In 2007 there were 15 daily newspapers in the country, as well as those published weekly.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> Among newspaper readership, young people are likely to read newspapers weekly and older people daily. The majority of newspapers are privately run and are often critical of the government. The standard of print journalism tends to be low owing to lack of training, and people trust the information published in newspapers less than that found on the radio.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-264">[264]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isata_Mahoi_radio_editor_and_actress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Isata_Mahoi_radio_editor_and_actress.jpg/220px-Isata_Mahoi_radio_editor_and_actress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Isata_Mahoi_radio_editor_and_actress.jpg/330px-Isata_Mahoi_radio_editor_and_actress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Isata_Mahoi_radio_editor_and_actress.jpg/440px-Isata_Mahoi_radio_editor_and_actress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isata_Mahoi" title="Isata Mahoi">Isata Mahoi</a> shown editing radio programmes in Talking Drum studio <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a>; she is also an actress in the Sierra Leone radio soap opera <a href="/wiki/Atunda_Ayenda" title="Atunda Ayenda">Atunda Ayenda</a></figcaption></figure> Radio is the most popular and most-trusted media in Sierra Leone, with 85% of people having access to a radio and 72% of people in the country listening to the radio daily.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-264">[264]</a> These levels do vary between areas of the country, with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Area" title="Western Area">Western Area</a> having the highest levels and <a href="/wiki/Kailahun" title="Kailahun">Kailahun</a> the lowest. Stations mainly consist of local commercial stations with a limited broadcast range, combined with a few stations with national coverage – <a href="/wiki/Capital_Radio_Sierra_Leone" title="Capital Radio Sierra Leone">Capital Radio Sierra Leone</a> being the largest of the commercial stations. The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL) ran one of the most popular stations in the country, broadcasting programs in a range of languages. The UN mission was restructured in 2008 and it was decided that the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Radio" title="United Nations Radio">UN Radio</a> would be merged with SLBS to form the new Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation (SLBC). This merger eventually happened in 2011 after the necessary legislation was enacted. SLBC transmits radio on <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> and has two television services, one of which is uplinked by satellite for international consumption. FM relays of the <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> (in Freetown, Bo, Kenema and Makeni), <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">Radio France Internationale</a> (Freetown only) and <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> (Freetown only) are also broadcast. Outside the capital Freetown and other major cities, television is not watched by a great many people, although Bo, Kenema and Makeni are served by their own relays of the main SLBC service. There are three free terrestrial television stations in Sierra Leone, one run by the government SLBC and the other two are private stations in Freetown, Star TV which is run by the owner of the Standard-Times newspaper and AYV – Africa Young Voices. Several religious funded TV stations operate intermittently. Two other commercial TV operators (ABC and AIT) closed after they were not profitable. In 2007, a pay-per-view service was also introduced by GTV as part of a pan-African television service in addition to the nine-year-old sub-Saharan Digital satellite television service (DStv) originating from Multichoice Africa in South Africa. GTV subsequently went out of business, leaving DStv as the only provider of subscription satellite television in the country. Several organisations planned to operate digital terrestrial subscription TV services, with Multichoice's Go TV having built infrastructure ahead of getting a licence and ultimately failing to get a licence. ITV and SATCON are currently operational. Internet access in Sierra Leone has been sparse but is on the increase, especially since the introduction of 3G/4G cellular phone services across the country. There are several main <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_providers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet service providers">internet service providers</a> (ISPs) operating in the country. Freetown has <a href="/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet cafés">internet cafés</a> and other businesses offering internet access. Problems experienced with access to the Internet include an intermittent electricity supply and a slow connection speed in the country outside Freetown. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Art_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Art in Sierra Leone">Art in Sierra Leone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Music of Sierra Leone</a></div> The arts in Sierra Leone are a mixture of tradition and hybrid African and western styles.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Temne._Ode-Lay_Mask_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Odelay mask by Temne people. Brooklyn Museum."><img alt="Odelay mask by Temne people. Brooklyn Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Temne._Ode-Lay_Mask_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg/76px-Temne._Ode-Lay_Mask_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Temne._Ode-Lay_Mask_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg/115px-Temne._Ode-Lay_Mask_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Temne._Ode-Lay_Mask_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg/153px-Temne._Ode-Lay_Mask_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="886" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Odelay mask by <a href="/wiki/Temne_people" title="Temne people">Temne people</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_Leone_Koindu_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Koindu dance"><img alt="The Koindu dance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sierra_Leone_Koindu_dance.jpg/79px-Sierra_Leone_Koindu_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sierra_Leone_Koindu_dance.jpg/119px-Sierra_Leone_Koindu_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sierra_Leone_Koindu_dance.jpg/159px-Sierra_Leone_Koindu_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="450" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Koindu" title="Koindu">Koindu</a> dance</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Sport in Sierra Leone">Sport in Sierra Leone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_Leone_National_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sierra_Leone_National_Stadium.jpg/250px-Sierra_Leone_National_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sierra_Leone_National_Stadium.jpg/375px-Sierra_Leone_National_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sierra_Leone_National_Stadium.jpg/500px-Sierra_Leone_National_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Stadium_(Sierra_Leone)" title="National Stadium (Sierra Leone)">National Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> is by far the most popular sport in Sierra Leone. Children, youth and adult are frequently seen playing <a href="/wiki/Street_football_(association_football)" title="Street football (association football)">street football</a> across Sierra Leone. There are organised youth and adult football tournaments across the country, and there are various primary and secondary schools with football teams across Sierra Leone. The Sierra Leone national football team, popularly known as the <a href="/wiki/Leone_Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Leone Stars">Leone Stars</a>, represents the country in international competitions. It has never qualified for the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> but participated in the <a href="/wiki/1994_African_Cup_of_Nations" title="1994 African Cup of Nations">1994</a> and <a href="/wiki/1996_African_Cup_of_Nations" title="1996 African Cup of Nations">1996 African Cup of Nations</a>. When the national football team, the Leone Stars, have a match, Sierra Leoneans across the country come together united in support of the national team and people rush to their local radio and television stations to follow the live match. The country's national television network, The Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation (SLBC) broadcasts the national football team live match, along with many local radio stations across the country. When the Leone Stars win an important match, many youth across the county rush to the street to celebrate. Many of the Sierra Leone national team footballers play for teams based in Europe although virtually all of them started professional football in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_National_Premier_League" title="Sierra Leone National Premier League">Sierra Leone National Premier League</a>. Many of the national team footballers are celebrities across Sierra Leone and they are often well known by the general population. Some of Sierra Leonean international footballers include <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Kallon" title="Mohamed Kallon">Mohamed Kallon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bangura_(footballer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Bangura (footballer)">Mohamed Bangura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Strasser" title="Rodney Strasser">Rodney Strasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kei_Kamara" title="Kei Kamara">Kei Kamara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Teteh_Bangura" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Teteh Bangura">Ibrahim Teteh Bangura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Dumbuya" title="Mustapha Dumbuya">Mustapha Dumbuya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Caulker" title="Christian Caulker">Christian Caulker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Bangura" title="Al Bangura">Alhassan Bangura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_Suma" title="Sheriff Suma">Sheriff Suma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osman_Kakay" title="Osman Kakay">Osman Kakay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medo_Kamara" title="Medo Kamara">Medo Kamara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umaru_Bangura" title="Umaru Bangura">Umaru Bangura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wobay" title="Julius Wobay">Julius Gibrilla Woobay</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_National_Premier_League" title="Sierra Leone National Premier League">Sierra Leone National Premier League</a> is the top professional football league in Sierra Leone and is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Football_Association" title="Sierra Leone Football Association">Sierra Leone Football Association</a>. Fourteen clubs from across the country compete in the Sierra Leone Premier League. The two biggest and most successful football clubs are <a href="/wiki/East_End_Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="East End Lions">East End Lions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mighty_Blackpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Mighty Blackpool">Mighty Blackpool</a>. East End Lions and Mighty Blackpool have an intense rivalry and when they play each other the national stadium in Freetown is often sold out and supporters of both clubs often clash with each other before and after the game. There is a huge police presence inside and outside the national stadium during a match between the two great rivals to prevent a clash. Many Sierra Leonean youth follow the local football league. Many Sierra Leonean youth, children and adults follow the major football leagues in Europe, particularly the English <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Serie_A" title="Serie A">Serie A</a>, Spanish <a href="/wiki/La_Liga" title="La Liga">La Liga</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a> and French <a href="/wiki/Ligue_1" title="Ligue 1">Ligue 1</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leone cricket team">Sierra Leone cricket team</a> represents Sierra Leone in international cricket competitions and is among the best in West Africa. It became an affiliate member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">International Cricket Council</a> in 2002. It made its international debut at the 2004 African Affiliates Championship, where it finished last of eight teams. But at the equivalent tournament in 2006, Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League, it finished as runner-up to <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, and just missed promotion to Division Two. In 2009, the Sierra Leone Under-19 team finished second in the African Under-19 Championship in Zambia, thus qualifying for the Under-19 World Cup qualifying tournament with nine other teams.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> However, the team was unable to obtain Canadian visas to play in the tournament, which was held in Toronto.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> Sierra Leone is the first African country to join the <a href="/wiki/International_Floorball_Federation" title="International Floorball Federation">International Floorball Federation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Tourism in Sierra Leone">Tourism in Sierra Leone</a></div> Sierra Leone's Freetown is a favourite destination for tourists. Although the sector was seriously affected during the Civil War, there has been a steady improvement in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> There is a vast expanse of beaches stretching along the Freetown Peninsula. The Lumley-Aberdeen beach stretches all the way from Cape Sierra Leone down to Lumley. There are also other popular beaches like the world renowned River Number 2 Beach, Laka Beach, Tokeh Beach, Bureh Beach, and Mama Beach. The Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, which is located within the peninsula's vast rainforest reserve, just a few kilometres from the centre of Freetown, has a collection of rare and endangered chimpanzees. Other popular destinations for tourists include the Freetown Cotton Tree, located in Central Freetown, a significant national monument and integral to the founding of the city; Bunce Island, which is a boat ride from the city, is home to the ruins of the slave fortress that was being used during the Transatlantic slave trade; the Sierra Leone Museum, which has a collection of both precolonial as well as colonial artifacts and other items of historical significance; the National Railway Museum; or take a journey around the city's coastline with the popular Sea Coach Express. The Aberdenn-Lumley area is a favourite destination for those venturing into the city's nightlife. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/48px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/64px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sierra_Leone" title="Portal:Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Outline of Sierra Leone">Outline of Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLewisSimonsFennig2015" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/lr/languages">"Liberia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed.). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/sierra-leone#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2015">the original</a> on 20 February 2018. 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Unpublished master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), pp. 40–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil19socigoog">"Houses at Sierra-Leone"</a>. The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering: A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons. X: 55. May 1853. Retrieved 29 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wesleyan+Juvenile+Offering%3A+A+Miscellany+of+Missionary+Information+for+Young+Persons&rft.atitle=Houses+at+Sierra-Leone&rft.volume=X&rft.pages=55&rft.date=1853-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesleyanjuvenil19socigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fryer" title="Peter Fryer">Peter Fryer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Staying_Power:_The_History_of_Black_People_in_Britain" title="Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain">Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain</a> (London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>, 1984; p. 195) quotes a contemporary commentator who called them "indigent, unemployed, despised and forlorn", saying that "it was necessary they should be sent somewhere, and be no longer suffered to invest [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] the streets of London" (C. B. Wadström, An Essay on Colonization, 1794–5, II, 220). </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/aug/31/race.bookextracts">"Freed slaves in Sierra Leone"</a>. The Guardian. 31 August 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. 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Retrieved 19 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Loyalist+Heritage+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblackloyalist.com%2Fcanadiandigitalcollection%2Fstory%2Fexodus%2Fcompany.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013064927/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/gustavusvassa">"Gustavus Vassa: Olaudah Equiano"</a>. Plymouth City Council. 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(1972), Paul Cuffe: Black America and the African Return, New York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 32–33, especially note 15 on p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-Suzanne-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suzanne_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suzanne_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suzanne_50-2">c</a> Schwarz, Suzanne (2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23471003">Reconstructing the Life Histories of Liberated Africans: Sierra Leone in the Early Nineteenth Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_in_Africa" title="History in Africa">History in Africa</a>, Vol. 39 (2012), pp. 175–207 (33). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23471003">Archived</a>. Retrieved 27 October 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon-FyleCole2006" class="citation book cs1">Dixon-Fyle, Mac; Cole, Gibril Raschid (2006). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGiRuAG8K5wC">New Perspectives on the Sierra Leone Krio</a>. New York: Peter Lang. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7937-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7937-8"><bdi>978-0-8204-7937-8</bdi></a>. <q>A substantial part of this ex-slave population was Yoruba, but members of ethnic groups from other regions of the Atlantic (Igbo, Efik, Fante, etc) were also very much in evidence in this coterie of Liberated Africans. Individuals from ethnic communities indigenous to Sierra Leone were significantly represented among the Liberated Africans [...] Many a Temne, Limba, Mende, and Loko resident of Freetown, influenced by local European officials and missionaries, would come in time to shed their indigenous names, and cultural values, to take on a Creole identity which gave them a better chance of success in the rarefied Victorian ambience [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] of a progressively westernized Freetown society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+Sierra+Leone+Krio&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-7937-8&rft.aulast=Dixon-Fyle&rft.aufirst=Mac&rft.au=Cole%2C+Gibril+Raschid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWGiRuAG8K5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThayer1991" class="citation book cs1">Thayer, James Steel (1991). A Dissenting View of Creole Culture in Sierra Leone. pp. 215–230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dissenting+View+of+Creole+Culture+in+Sierra+Leone&rft.pages=215-230&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Thayer&rft.aufirst=James+Steel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1991_num_31_121_2116">https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1991_num_31_121_2116</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne-Davies2014" class="citation book cs1">Browne-Davies, Nigel (2014). A Precis of Sources relating to genealogical research on the Sierra Leone Krio people.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Precis+of+Sources+relating+to+genealogical+research+on+the+Sierra+Leone+Krio+people&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Browne-Davies&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> Journal of Sierra Leone Studies, Vol. 3; Edition 1, 2014 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/40720522/A_Precis_of_Sources_relating_to_genealogical_research_on_the_Sierra_Leone_Krio_people">https://www.academia.edu/40720522/A_Precis_of_Sources_relating_to_genealogical_research_on_the_Sierra_Leone_Krio_people</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1992" class="citation book cs1">Walker, James W (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackloyalistsse0000walk">The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870</a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackloyalistsse0000walk/page/94">94</a>–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7402-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7402-7"><bdi>978-0-8020-7402-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Five%3A+Foundation+of+Sierra+Leone&rft.btitle=The+Black+Loyalists%3A+The+Search+for+a+Promised+Land+in+Nova+Scotia+and+Sierra+Leone%2C+1783%E2%80%931870&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=94-114&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7402-7&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=James+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackloyalistsse0000walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988">, originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976). </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2014" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Bankole Kamara (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I__jAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">Sierra Leone: The Land, Its People and History</a>. New Africa Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789987160389" title="Special:BookSources/9789987160389"><bdi>9789987160389</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sierra+Leone%3A+The+Land%2C+Its+People+and+History&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=New+Africa+Press&rft.date=2014-02&rft.isbn=9789987160389&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Bankole+Kamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI__jAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz2013" class="citation web cs1">Schwarz, Suzanne (5 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267884583">"Reconstructing the Life Histories of Enslaved Africans: Sierra Leone, c. 1808–19"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+the+Life+Histories+of+Enslaved+Africans%3A+Sierra+Leone%2C+c.+1808%E2%80%9319&rft.date=2013-01-05&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F267884583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParacka2003" class="citation book cs1">Paracka, Daniel (2003). The Athens of West Africa: A History of International Education at Fourah Bay College, Freetown, Sierra Leone. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94795-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94795-4"><bdi>978-0-415-94795-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Athens+of+West+Africa%3A+A+History+of+International+Education+at+Fourah+Bay+College%2C+Freetown%2C+Sierra+Leone&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94795-4&rft.aulast=Paracka&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopytoff" class="citation book cs1">Kopytoff, Jean Herskovits. A Preface to Modern Nigeria: The "Sierra Leonians" in Yoruba, 1830–1890. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Preface+to+Modern+Nigeria%3A+The+%22Sierra+Leonians%22+in+Yoruba%2C+1830%E2%80%931890.&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.aulast=Kopytoff&rft.aufirst=Jean+Herskovits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Nwauwa, Apollos O. (2003) Book review: "The Athens of West Africa: A History of International Education at Fourah Bay College, Freetown, Sierra Leone by Daniel J. Paracka Jr. New York: Routledge". <a href="/wiki/Comparative_Education_Review" title="Comparative Education Review">Comparative Education Review</a>, Vol 49(4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/498200">Archived</a>. Retrieved 29 October 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-harris40-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harris40_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harris40_60-1">b</a> Harris, David (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5RxmwC6aNwC&pg=PA1">Civil War and Democracy in West Africa: Conflict Resolution, Elections and Justice in Sierra Leone and Liberia</a>, I.B. Tauris, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-Abraham-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abraham_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abraham_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham1974" class="citation journal cs1">Abraham, Arthur (1974). "Bai Bureh, The British, and the Hut Tax War". <a href="/wiki/The_International_Journal_of_African_Historical_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="The International Journal of African Historical Studies">The International Journal of African Historical Studies</a>. 7 (1): 99–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F216556">10.2307/216556</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-7882">0361-7882</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/216556">216556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Bai+Bureh%2C+The+British%2C+and+the+Hut+Tax+War&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-106&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0361-7882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F216556%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F216556&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sierra-leone.org/Heroes/heroes5.html">History</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Killson, Martin (1966), Political Change in a West African State: A Study of the Modernization Process in Sierra Leone, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, pp. 60; also pp. 106, 107, 110, 111, 186–188 on other riots and strikes. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Committee_Office,_House_of_Commons2006" class="citation web cs1">The Committee Office, House of Commons (6 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722035235/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmintdev/923/923m21.htm">"House of Commons – International Development – Memoranda"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+of+Commons+%E2%80%93+International+Development+%E2%80%93+Memoranda&rft.pub=Publications.parliament.UK&rft.date=2006-03-06&rft.au=The+Committee+Office%2C+House+of+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200506%2Fcmselect%2Fcmintdev%2F923%2F923m21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sierra-leone.org/Heroes/heroes8.html">"Sierra Leone Web – Sierra Leonean Heroes – Achievement of Independence"</a>. www.sierra-leone.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sierra-leone.org&rft.atitle=Sierra+Leone+Web+%E2%80%93+Sierra+Leonean+Heroes+%E2%80%93+Achievement+of+Independence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sierra-leone.org%2FHeroes%2Fheroes8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212925/http://www.newafricanmagazine.com/special-reports/country-reports/sierra-leone-a-nation-reborn/how-independence-was-won">"How Independence Was Won"</a>. 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Peter Lang. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783039103324" title="Special:BookSources/9783039103324"><bdi>9783039103324</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Foreign+Policy+and+the+Conflict+in+Sierra+Leone%2C+1991%E2%80%932001&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783039103324&rft.aulast=Kargbo&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtfW5ACrYksQC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFyle2006" class="citation book cs1">Fyle, Magbaily C. 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Retrieved 20 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sierra+Leone+intensifies+media+crackdown+%E2%80%93+News&rft.pub=africareview.com&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft.aulast=Cham&rft.aufirst=Kemo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africareview.com%2FNews%2FSierra-Leone-intensifies-media-crackdown%2F-%2F979180%2F2043834%2F-%2Fu0oloaz%2F-%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201310250762.html">"Sierra Leone: In Sierra Leone, Journalists Held On Libel, Sedition Charges"</a>. allAfrica.com. 24 October 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sierra+Leone%3A+In+Sierra+Leone%2C+Journalists+Held+On+Libel%2C+Sedition+Charges&rft.pub=allAfrica.com&rft.date=2013-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201310250762.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2005" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Harry (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071124131843/http://www.cpu.org.uk/pf_2005_review.html">"Press Freedoms and Human Rights:2005 Year End Press Freedom Brief"</a>. Commonwealth Press Union. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpu.org.uk/pf_2005_review.html">the original</a> on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Freedoms+and+Human+Rights%3A2005+Year+End+Press+Freedom+Brief&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Press+Union&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpu.org.uk%2Fpf_2005_review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Annual06-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Annual06_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Annual06_262-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Annual06_262-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090614032911/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17400">"Sierra Leone – Annual report 2006"</a>. Reporters without Borders:For Press Freedom. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17400">the original</a> on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sierra+Leone+%E2%80%93+Annual+report+2006&rft.pub=Reporters+without+Borders%3AFor+Press+Freedom&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsf.org%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D17400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215183842/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2013%2C1054.html">"Press Freedom Index 2013"</a>. Reporters without Borders. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2013,1054.html">the original</a> on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Freedom+Index+2013&rft.pub=Reporters+without+Borders&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.rsf.org%2Fpress-freedom-index-2013%2C1054.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_264-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_264-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/trust/pdf/media_report_2007.pdf">"Media use, and attitudes towards media in Sierra Leone:A comprehensive baseline study"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a>. June 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+World+Service&rft.atitle=Media+use%2C+and+attitudes+towards+media+in+Sierra+Leone%3AA+comprehensive+baseline+study&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownloads.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Ftrust%2Fpdf%2Fmedia_report_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalloh2007" class="citation web cs1">Jalloh, Tanu (28 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200712310637.html">"Sierra Leone: Newspaper Development"</a>. Freetown, Sierra Leone: Concord Times. Retrieved 19 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sierra+Leone%3A+Newspaper+Development&rft.place=Freetown%2C+Sierra+Leone&rft.pub=Concord+Times&rft.date=2007-12-28&rft.aulast=Jalloh&rft.aufirst=Tanu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200712310637.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanham2004" class="citation book cs1">Banham, Martin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZXtk9bCZ-8C&pg=PA171">A history of theatre in Africa</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80813-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80813-2"><bdi>978-0-521-80813-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+theatre+in+Africa&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80813-2&rft.aulast=Banham&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZXtk9bCZ-8C%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConteh2009" class="citation book cs1">Conteh, Prince Sorie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpAuyiMRTDcC&pg=PA23">Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa: interreligious encounters and dialogue</a>. Cambria Press. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-596-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-596-3"><bdi>978-1-60497-596-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditionalists%2C+Muslims%2C+and+Christians+in+Africa%3A+interreligious+encounters+and+dialogue&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60497-596-3&rft.aulast=Conteh&rft.aufirst=Prince+Sorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpAuyiMRTDcC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansonKnight2009" class="citation book cs1">Manson, Katrina; Knight, James (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VxRcEzkFs-wC&pg=PA43">Sierra Leone</a>. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 42–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-222-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-222-4"><bdi>978-1-84162-222-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sierra+Leone&rft.pages=42-45&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-222-4&rft.aulast=Manson&rft.aufirst=Katrina&rft.au=Knight%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVxRcEzkFs-wC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cricinfo.com/other/content/story/403002.html">"Cricinfo article Uganda and Sierra Leone Win Through"</a>. Cricinfo.com. 5 May 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cricinfo+article+Uganda+and+Sierra+Leone+Win+Through&rft.pub=Cricinfo.com&rft.date=2009-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cricinfo.com%2Fother%2Fcontent%2Fstory%2F403002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cricinfo.com/other/content/story/423890.html">"Visa Issues End Sierra Leone's World Cup Dream"</a>. Cricinfo article. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visa+Issues+End+Sierra+Leone%27s+World+Cup+Dream&rft.pub=Cricinfo+article&rft.date=2009-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cricinfo.com%2Fother%2Fcontent%2Fstory%2F423890.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Sylvester Gasopan Goba (August 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Sylvester-Gasopan-Goba-Sierra-Leone-GW2012.pdf">Sierra Leone Tourism: sector overview</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Growth_Centre" title="International Growth Centre">International Growth Centre</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Sylvester-Gasopan-Goba-Sierra-Leone-GW2012.pdf">Archived</a>. Retrieved 18 November 2021. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcemogluReedRobinson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Acemoglu, Daron; Reed, Tristan; Robinson, James A. (April 2014). "Chiefs: Economic Development and Elite Control of Civil Society in Sierra Leone". Journal of Political Economy. 122 (2): 319–368. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.650.1005">10.1.1.650.1005</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F674988">10.1086/674988</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15212378">15212378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Chiefs%3A+Economic+Development+and+Elite+Control+of+Civil+Society+in+Sierra+Leone&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=319-368&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.650.1005%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15212378%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F674988&rft.aulast=Acemoglu&rft.aufirst=Daron&rft.au=Reed%2C+Tristan&rft.au=Robinson%2C+James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Harris, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5RxmwC6aNwC">Civil War and Democracy in West Africa: Conflict Resolution, Elections and Justice in Sierra Leone and Liberia</a>, I.B. Tauris.</li> <li>Imodale Caulker-Burnett, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5j61GUfpX5YC&pg=PA19">The Caulkers of Sierra Leone: The Story of a Ruling Family and Their Times</a> (Xlibris, 2010)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeen2005" class="citation book cs1">Keen, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SEz1PCvILHUC">Conflict and Collusion in Sierra Leone</a>. Oxford: James Currey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-883-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-883-6"><bdi>978-0-85255-883-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Collusion+in+Sierra+Leone&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=James+Currey&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85255-883-6&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSEz1PCvILHUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKup1961" class="citation book cs1">Kup, Alexander Peter (1961). A History of Sierra Leone, 1400–1787. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1814-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1814-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-1814-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sierra+Leone%2C+1400%E2%80%931787&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1814-5&rft.aulast=Kup&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSierra_Leone_Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission2004" class="citation book cs1">Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sierraleonetrc.org/index.php/view-the-final-report/download-table-of-contents">TRC Report</a>. Accra, Ghana: Graphic Packaging Ltd./GPL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9988-8097-6-X" title="Special:BookSources/9988-8097-6-X"><bdi>9988-8097-6-X</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TRC+Report&rft.place=Accra%2C+Ghana&rft.pub=Graphic+Packaging+Ltd.%2FGPL+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9988-8097-6-X&rft.au=Sierra+Leone+Truth+and+Reconciliation+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sierraleonetrc.org%2Findex.php%2Fview-the-final-report%2Fdownload-table-of-contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSillinger2003" class="citation book cs1">Sillinger, Brett (2003). Sierra Leone: Current Issues and Background. New York: Nova Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-662-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-662-5"><bdi>978-1-59033-662-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sierra+Leone%3A+Current+Issues+and+Background&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59033-662-5&rft.aulast=Sillinger&rft.aufirst=Brett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Utting" class="citation book cs1">Utting, Francis A. (1971) [1931]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofsierraleo0000utti">The Story of Sierra Leone</a>. Hallendale, Florida: New World Book Manufacturing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-6704-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-6704-3"><bdi>978-0-8369-6704-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Sierra+Leone&rft.place=Hallendale%2C+Florida&rft.pub=New+World+Book+Manufacturing&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8369-6704-3&rft.aulast=Utting&rft.aufirst=Francis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofsierraleo0000utti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction_and_memoir">Fiction and memoir</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Fiction and memoir">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Massucco W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bluindaco.org/en/documentary/life-does-not-lose-its-value-documentary-film/">Life does not lose its value/La Vita non perde valore</a>, documentary, Bluindaco Productions, 2012. <a href="/wiki/La_vita_non_perde_valore" title="La vita non perde valore">Link: La vita non perde valore</a>.</li> <li>Bonnet, Laurent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franceinter.fr/player/reecouter?play=296145">Salone, a novel en Terre Krio</a>, Vents d'Ailleurs, 2012</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_Beah" title="Ishmael Beah">Beah, Ishmael</a>. A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier (2007). Sarah Crichton Books: New York. <a href="/wiki/A_Long_Way_Gone" title="A Long Way Gone">Link: A Long Way Gone</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_Jarrett-Macauley" title="Delia Jarrett-Macauley">Jarrett-Macauley, Delia</a>, Moses, Citizen & Me – novel, <a href="/wiki/Granta_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Granta Books">Granta Books</a> (2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/186207741X" title="Special:BookSources/186207741X">186207741X</a>. Winner of the <a href="/wiki/Orwell_Prize" title="Orwell Prize">Orwell Prize</a> 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915192616/http://tylertopics.com/writing/books/historic-preservation-book-2-4-2/">The Peace Corps, Sierra Leone, and Me</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Secondary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson,_Robby1998" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, Robby (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsworl00levi">Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook</a>. Phoenix: Oryx Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-019-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-019-1"><bdi>978-1-57356-019-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+Worldwide%3A+A+Ready+Reference+Handbook&rft.place=Phoenix&rft.pub=Oryx+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57356-019-1&rft.au=Levinson%2C+Robby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethnicgroupsworl00levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Leone" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Sierra Leone at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sierra_Leone" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Sierra Leone">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" class="extiw" title="c:Sierra Leone">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Sierra_Leone" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Sierra Leone">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sierra_Leone" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Sierra Leone">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sierra_Leone" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Sierra Leone">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sierra_Leone" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Sierra Leone">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sierra_Leone" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Sierra Leone">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" class="extiw" title="voy:Sierra Leone">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statehouse.gov.sl/">The Republic of Sierra Leone</a> official government site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/SL.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905110758/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/SL.html">Archived</a> 5 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slminerals.org/">Ministry of Mineral Resources</a> official government minerals site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/">The Patriotic Vanguard</a> – official government newspaper</li></ul> <dl><dt>General information</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1061561.stm">Country Profile</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sierra-leone/">Sierra Leone</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085717/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/sierraleone.htm">Sierra Leone</a>, UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Sierra_Leone" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Sierra Leone">Wikimedia Atlas of Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/192777">Sierra Leone</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=SL">Key Development Forecasts for Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>News media</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905131237/http://www.news.sl/">Awareness Times</a>, Newspaper</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/sierraleone/">News headline links</a>, <a href="/wiki/AllAfrica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="AllAfrica.com">AllAfrica.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.my-sierra-leone-life.com/">Sierra Leone News & Blog</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919131013/http://www.my-sierra-leone-life.com/">Archived</a> 19 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Current Sierra Leone News & Blog</li></ul> <dl><dt>Trade</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/SLE/Year/2002/Summary">Sierra Leone 2002 Summary Trade Statistics</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tourism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020073756/https://sierraleonenationaltouristboard.com/">Sierra Leone National Tourist Board</a>, Official Government site</li></ul> <dl><dt>Telecommunication</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100313072928/http://www.alosmart.com/Sierra-Leone-calling-card-191.asp">Sierra Leone</a>, telecom</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fosalone.org/">Friends of Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schoolsforsalone.org/">Schools for Salone</a>, non-profit dedicated to rebuilding schools</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciss-sl.org/">ENCISS</a> civil society and governance</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510101125/http://auradicals.com/">The Auradicals Club</a>, Student Club in Fourah Bay College</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sierra-leone.org/">Sierra Leone Web</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sweetsalonefilm.blogspot.nl/">Sweet Salone</a>, 2008 film on new music in Sierra Leone</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501184018/http://www.sc-sl.org/">War Crimes Trials in Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714041603/http://www.hurrarc.org/">Hurrarc – Human Rights Respect Awareness Raising Campaigners</a>, Sierra Leone NGO</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010165129/http://www.ejfoundation.org/page370.html">Environmental Justice Foundation's report on pirate fishing in Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629064622/http://www.storiesfromlakkabeach.com/">Stories from Lakka Beach</a>, 2011 documentary about life in a post-conflict beach town</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sierra_Leone_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sierra_Leone_topics" title="Template:Sierra Leone topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sierra_Leone_topics" title="Template talk:Sierra Leone topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sierra_Leone_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sierra Leone topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sierra_Leone_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sierra Leone</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sierra_Leone" title="History of Sierra Leone">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sierra_Leone#1600–1787" title="History of Sierra Leone">(1600–1787)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">British colony (1787–1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone in World War II (1939–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931978)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sierra Leone (1961–1978)">Early independence (1961–1978)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">1961–71</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Civil War (1991–2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sierra_Leone#2002_to_present" title="History of Sierra Leone">2002 to present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone">2014 Ebola virus epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sierra_Leone" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Coat of arms of Sierra Leone"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Geography of Sierra Leone">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Template:Borders of Sierra Leone">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sierra_Leone" title="List of cities in Sierra Leone">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sierra_Leone#Climate" title="Geography of Sierra Leone">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Sierra_Leone" title="List of protected areas of Sierra Leone">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Guinean_forests" title="Upper Guinean forests">Upper Guinean forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Water supply in Sierra Leone">Water supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Wildlife of Sierra Leone">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Politics of Sierra Leone">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Sierra Leone">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Cabinet of Sierra Leone">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Sierra_Leone" title="List of heads of government of Sierra Leone">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Elections in Sierra Leone">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Foreign relations of Sierra Leone">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Government of Sierra Leone">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Human rights in Sierra Leone">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Judiciary of Sierra Leone">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Police" title="Sierra Leone Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sierra_Leone_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(Sierra_Leone)" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (Sierra Leone)">Chief of the Defence Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Parliament of Sierra Leone">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sierra_Leone" title="List of political parties in Sierra Leone">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Sierra_Leone" title="President of Sierra Leone">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">Special Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Supreme Court of Sierra Leone">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of Sierra Leone">Vice-President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Economy of Sierra Leone">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Agriculture in Sierra Leone">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Banking in Sierra Leone">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Bank of Sierra Leone">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_leone" title="Sierra Leonean leone">Leone (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Mining in Sierra Leone">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Telecommunications in Sierra Leone">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Tourism in Sierra Leone">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Trade unions in Sierra Leone">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Transport in Sierra Leone">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Category:Society of Sierra Leone">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Abortion in Sierra Leone">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Child marriage in Sierra Leone">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Demographics of Sierra Leone">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Disability in Sierra Leone">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Education in Sierra Leone">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Female genital mutilation in Sierra Leone">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Health in Sierra Leone">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Human trafficking in Sierra Leone">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Languages of Sierra Leone">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sierra_Leone" title="LGBT rights in Sierra Leone">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Polygamy in Sierra Leone">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Prostitution in Sierra Leone">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Women in Sierra Leone">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Sierra Leone">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_We_Exalt_Thee,_Realm_of_the_Free" title="High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Art in Sierra Leone">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Coat of arms of Sierra Leone">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Flag of Sierra Leone">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sierra Leone">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Sport in Sierra Leone">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Outline of Sierra Leone">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sierra_Leone" title="Category:Sierra Leone">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sierra_Leone" title="Portal:Sierra Leone">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_Sierra_Leone" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_relating_to_Sierra_Leone" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles relating to Sierra Leone</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px_Geographic_locale" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="25px_Geographic_locale" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/25px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/38px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/50px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> Geographic locale</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Lat. and Long.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sierra_Leone&params=8_29_4_N_13_14_4_W_">8°29′4″N 13°14′4″W / 8.48444°N 13.23444°W / 8.48444; -13.23444</a> (Freetown)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_membership" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="International_membership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International membership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Mid-Atlantic accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Template:World Constitutional Convention call signatories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Template talk:World Constitutional Convention call signatories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Constitutional Convention call signatories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Constitutional_Convention" title="World Constitutional Convention">World Constitutional Convention</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Constitutional_Convention_call" class="mw-redirect" title="World Constitutional Convention call">call</a> signatories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution for the Federation of Earth">Constitution for the Federation of Earth</a> </li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Constitution_Coordinating_Committee" title="World Constitution Coordinating Committee">World Constitution Coordinating Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_Read" title="Thane Read">Thane Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Isely" title="Philip Isely">Philip Isely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Isely" title="Margaret Isely">Margaret Isely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Lloyd" title="Georgia Lloyd">Georgia Lloyd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_presidents" title="Lists of presidents">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Edgar Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Orlich_Bolmarcich" title="Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich">Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer" title="José Figueres Ferrer">José Figueres Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Muhammad Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Otilio_Ulate_Blanco" title="Otilio Ulate Blanco">Otilio Ulate Blanco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice-presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jaramogi_Oginga_Odinga" title="Jaramogi Oginga Odinga">Jaramogi Oginga Odinga</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Ministers">Prime Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Margai" title="Milton Margai">Milton Margai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Tetsu Katayama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors">Governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California"><img alt="California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Culbert_Olson" title="Culbert Olson">Culbert Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hiroo_%C5%8Chara" title="Hiroo Ōhara">Hiroo Ōhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors">Mayors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Accra_Region" title="Greater Accra Region"><img alt="Greater Accra Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="202" /></a> <a href="/wiki/E.C._Quaye" class="mw-redirect" title="E.C. Quaye">E.C. Quaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Setsuo_Yamada" title="Setsuo Yamada">Setsuo Yamada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Hamai" title="Shinzo Hamai">Shinzo Hamai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicians">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Berkhouwer" title="Cornelis Berkhouwer">Cornelis Berkhouwer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ebrahim_Haroon_Jaffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer">Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Akira_Kazami" title="Akira Kazami">Akira Kazami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/B._Satya_Narayan_Reddy" title="B. Satya Narayan Reddy">B. Satya Narayan Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chiyo_Sakakibara" title="Chiyo Sakakibara">Chiyo Sakakibara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Diwan_Chaman_Lall" title="Diwan Chaman Lall">Diwan Chaman Lall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Padilla_Pe%C3%B1aloza" title="Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza">Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn" title="Gerhard Jahn">Gerhard Jahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hisato_Ichimada" title="Hisato Ichimada">Hisato Ichimada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Usborne" title="Henry Usborne">Henry Usborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Kiyose" title="Ichirō Kiyose">Ichirō Kiyose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Inder_Kumar_Gujral" title="Inder Kumar Gujral">Inder Kumar Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_de_Lipkowski" title="Irène de Lipkowski">Irène de Lipkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_(MP_for_Northwich)" title="John Foster (MP for Northwich)">John Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Matsumura" title="Kenzō Matsumura">Kenzō Matsumura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Komla_Agbeli_Gbedemah" title="Komla Agbeli Gbedemah">Komla Agbeli Gbedemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Silkin,_1st_Baron_Silkin" title="Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin">Lewis Silkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pascoal_Ranieri_Mazzilli" title="Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli">Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolrige-Gordon" title="Patrick Wolrige-Gordon">Patrick Wolrige-Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious leader">Religious leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Pierre" title="Abbé Pierre">Abbé Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_McLean_Greeley" title="Dana McLean Greeley">Dana McLean Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_MacLeod" title="George MacLeod">George MacLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collins_(priest)" title="John Collins (priest)">John Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller">Martin Niemöller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(priest)" title="Michael Scott (priest)">Michael Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">C. F. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Hideki Yukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> (twice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physiology or Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Macfarlane Burnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> (Chemistry & Peace)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Price" title="Charles C. Price">Charles C. Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Condon" title="Edward Condon">Edward Condon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edris_Rice-Wray_Carson" title="Edris Rice-Wray Carson">Edris Rice-Wray Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Orcel" title="Jean Orcel">Jean Orcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Pitirim Sorokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyadaranjan_Ray" title="Priyadaranjan Ray">Priyadaranjan Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dumont" title="René Dumont">René Dumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield">Wilder Penfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights activists">Human rights activists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humanitarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarians">Humanitarians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_and_Magda_Trocm%C3%A9" title="André and Magda Trocmé">André and Magda Trocmé</a> (Righteous Among the Nations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brock_Chisholm" title="Brock Chisholm">Brock Chisholm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veterans" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans">Veterans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Hester" title="Hugh B. Hester">Hugh B. Hester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varied Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ernest_Bishop" title="Arthur Ernest Bishop">Arthur Ernest Bishop</a> (inventor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a> (Social realist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._L._Odjidja" title="E. M. L. Odjidja">E. M. L. Odjidja</a> (teacher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Sparling" title="Edward J. Sparling">Edward J. Sparling</a> (educator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Kahler" title="Erich Kahler">Erich Kahler</a> (scholar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Bermann" title="Gregorio Bermann">Gregorio Bermann</a> (humanist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Piel" title="Gerard Piel">Gerard Piel</a> (science editor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Laugier" title="Henri Laugier">Henri Laugier</a> (scholar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield" title="Hugh J. Schonfield">Hugh J. Schonfield</a> (scholar & pacifist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaoru_%C5%8Cta" title="Kaoru Ōta">Kaoru Ōta</a> (union leader)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Boyle" title="Kay Boyle">Kay Boyle</a> (writer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Morain" title="Lloyd Morain">Lloyd Morain</a> (humanist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Van_Doren" title="Mark Van Doren">Mark Van Doren</a> (writer & scholar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio_Campos_de_Medeiros" title="Maurício Campos de Medeiros">Maurício Campos de Medeiros</a> (teacher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a> (architect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_Hy%C5%8Dei" title="Ōuchi Hyōei">Ōuchi Hyōei</a> (economist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameshwari_Nehru" title="Rameshwari Nehru">Rameshwari Nehru</a> (social worker)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Gujral" title="Satish Gujral">Satish Gujral</a> (artist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeri_Yamataka" title="Shigeri Yamataka">Shigeri Yamataka</a> (feminist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Wadia" title="Sophia Wadia">Sophia Wadia</a> (theosophist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Slotkin" title="Stanley Slotkin">Stanley Slotkin</a> (businessman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a> (cultural theorist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaki_Uemura" title="Tamaki Uemura">Tamaki Uemura</a> (<a href="/wiki/YWCA" title="YWCA">YWCA</a> executive)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tano_J%C5%8Ddai" title="Tano Jōdai">Tano Jōdai</a> (teacher & pacifist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohiko_Kagawa" title="Toyohiko Kagawa">Toyohiko Kagawa</a> (pacifist)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Committee_for_a_World_Constitutional_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention">World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_World_Parliament" title="Provisional World Parliament">Provisional World Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_constitution" title="World constitution">World constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="World federalism">World federalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.4">[3]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.3">[4]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Emerging_World_Law.html?id=Qw-IOgAACAAJ">[6]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Category:World Constitutional Convention call signatories">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1044#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1044#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1044#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126078121">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1210248/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgCPdTtkJj9bqdWtyM773">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4054908-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80125443">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153257703">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119377630">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153257703">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119377630">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570889">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134241&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575516">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000367852&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs688hwd1kqw9rk">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559781305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/2b547f54-a97c-3481-9625-7ad9a670b1e6">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/36fe674e-1f83-48cb-9cf7-551265d42ed0">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/tTfDqDRZ">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083228942">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003464">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035817">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sierra-leone">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&oldid=1258917532">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&oldid=1258917532</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sierra_Leone" title="Category:Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1961_establishments_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Category:1961 establishments in Sierra Leone">1961 establishments in Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="Category:Countries and territories 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