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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mining industry of South Africa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/South_Africa-Cullinan_Premier_Mine01.jpg/375px-South_Africa-Cullinan_Premier_Mine01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/South_Africa-Cullinan_Premier_Mine01.jpg/500px-South_Africa-Cullinan_Premier_Mine01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>Premier Diamond Mine, <a href="/wiki/Cullinan,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullinan, Gauteng">Cullinan, Gauteng</a>, South Africa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platinum_Mining.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Platinum_Mining.jpg/220px-Platinum_Mining.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Platinum_Mining.jpg/330px-Platinum_Mining.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Platinum_Mining.jpg/440px-Platinum_Mining.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Two_Rivers_mine" title="Two Rivers mine">Two Rivers mine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Steelpoort" title="Steelpoort">Steelpoort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a>, owned by both African Rainbow Minerals and Impala Platinum holdings limited.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mining in South Africa</b> was once the main driving force<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> behind the history and development of Africa's most advanced and richest economy.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large-scale and profitable mining started with the discovery of a diamond on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange River</a> in 1867 by Erasmus Jacobs and the subsequent discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley</a> pipes a few years later. Gold rushes to <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_Rest,_Mpumalanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim's Rest, Mpumalanga">Pilgrim's Rest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barberton,_Mpumalanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Barberton, Mpumalanga">Barberton</a> were precursors to the biggest discovery of all, the Main Reef/Main Reef Leader on Gerhardus Oosthuizen's farm Langlaagte, Portion C, in 1886, which kicked off the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a> and the subsequent rapid development of the gold field there. </p><p>Diamond and gold production are now well down from their peaks, though South Africa is still fifth in worldwide gold production,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but remains a <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopia</a> of mineral riches. It is the world's largest producer<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite">vermiculite</a>. It is the second largest producer<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>. It is also the world's third largest coal exporter.<sup id="cite_ref-platts.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platts.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa is also a huge producer of iron ore; in 2012, it overtook India to become the world's third-biggest iron ore supplier to China, the world's largest consumers of iron ore.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to a history of corruption and maladministration in the South African mining sector, <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">ANC</a> secretary-general <a href="/wiki/Gwede_Mantashe" title="Gwede Mantashe">Gwede Mantashe</a> announced at the beginning of 2013 that mining companies misrepresenting their intentions could have their licences revoked.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the country was the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 2nd largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the world's 11th largest producer of gold;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 3rd worldwide producer of <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 6th largest world producer of iron ore;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 11th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 15th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the world's 12th largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">History of South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">Economy of South Africa</a></div> <p>Diamond and gold discoveries played an important part in the growth of the early <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">South African economy</a>. A site northeast of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> was discovered to have rich deposits of diamonds, and thousands of white and blacks rushed to the area of <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley</a> in an attempt to profit from the discovery. The British later annexed the region of <a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Griqualand West</a>, an area which included the diamond fields. In 1868, the republic attempted to annex areas near newly discovered diamond fields, drawing protests from the nearby British colonial government. These annexations later led to the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> of 1880–1881.<sup id="cite_ref-Duxbury_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duxbury-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Native Africans had been mining gold in the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> area since prehistory. When white settlers first found this gold for themselves in 1886, it triggered what would become the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a> of 1886. Like the diamond discoveries before, the gold rush caused thousands of foreign expatriates to flock to the region. This heightened political tensions in the area ultimately contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ownership of the diamond and gold mines became concentrated in the hands of a few entrepreneurs, largely of European origin, known as the <a href="/wiki/Randlord" title="Randlord">Randlords</a>. South Africa's and the world's biggest diamond miner, <a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a>, was funded by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Mayer_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel Mayer Rothschild">baron Nathaniel Mayer Rothschild</a> in 1887, and <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> became the Founding Chairman of the board of directors in 1888. Cecil Rhodes' place was later taken by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Oppenheimer" title="Ernest Oppenheimer">Sir Ernest Oppenheimer</a>, co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-American Corporation">Anglo-American Corporation</a> with <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan">J.P. Morgan</a>. </p><p>The gold mining industry continued to grow throughout much of the early 20th century, significantly contributing to the tripling of the economic value of what was then known as the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>. In particular, revenue from gold exports provided sufficient capital to purchase much-needed machinery and petroleum products to support an expanding manufacturing base. During <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, Black South Africans were excluded from most skilled mining professions by the <a href="/wiki/Mines_and_Works_Act" title="Mines and Works Act">Mines and Works Act</a> 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2007, the South African mining industry employs 493,000 workers. The industry represents 18% of South Africa's $588 billion <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a> Gross Domestic Product.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cia_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coal">Coal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Coal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S_Africa_Coal_Production.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/S_Africa_Coal_Production.png/220px-S_Africa_Coal_Production.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/S_Africa_Coal_Production.png/330px-S_Africa_Coal_Production.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/S_Africa_Coal_Production.png/440px-S_Africa_Coal_Production.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>South Africa Coal production (red) and exports (black)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_South_Africa#Mining" title="Coal in South Africa">Coal in South Africa § Mining</a></div> <p>South Africa is the world's third largest coal exporter, and much of the country's coal is used for power production. (about 40%)<sup id="cite_ref-platts.com_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platts.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 77% of South Africa's energy needs are provided by coal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gold">Gold</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S_Africa_Gold_Production.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/S_Africa_Gold_Production.png/220px-S_Africa_Gold_Production.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/S_Africa_Gold_Production.png/330px-S_Africa_Gold_Production.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/S_Africa_Gold_Production.png/440px-S_Africa_Gold_Production.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>South Africa mined gold production, 1940–2011</figcaption></figure> <p>South Africa accounted for 15% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold production</a> in 2002<sup id="cite_ref-usgsau02_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgsau02-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 12% in 2005, though the nation had produced as much as 30% of the yearly world output as recently as 1993. Despite declining production, South Africa's gold exports were valued at US$3.8 billion in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-usgsmin05_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgsmin05-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of end-2018, South Africa had a potential 6000 tonnes of reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2018, the Mineral Council of South Africa announced that 75% of mines in South Africa were now unprofitable due to the declining gold reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the nation's gold mines are two of the deepest mines in the world. The <a href="/wiki/East_Rand_Mine" title="East Rand Mine">East Rand Mine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Boksburg" title="Boksburg">Boksburg</a>, extends to a depth of 3,585 metres (11,762 ft). A 4-metre (13 ft) shallower mine is located at <a href="/wiki/TauTona" class="mw-redirect" title="TauTona">TauTona</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carletonville" title="Carletonville">Carletonville</a>, though plans are in place to begin work on an extension to the TauTona mine, bringing the total depth to over 3,900 metres (12,800 ft) and breaking the current record by 127 feet (39 m).<sup id="cite_ref-jun08ext_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jun08ext-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At these depths the temperature of the rocks is 140 °F (60 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gold in the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand Basin</a> area was deposited in ancient <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river deltas</a>, having been washed down from surrounding gold-rich <a href="/wiki/Greenstone_belt" title="Greenstone belt">greenstone belts</a> to the north and west. <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a>-<a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> isotope studies indicates that the gold in those mineral deposits came from unusual three billion year old <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> sourced intrusions known as <a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">komatiites</a> present in the edenvale belts.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirk_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirk-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vredefort_Dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Vredefort Dome">Vredefort Dome</a> impact which lies within the basin and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Bushveld_Igneous_Complex" title="Bushveld Igneous Complex">Bushveld Igneous Complex</a> are both about a billion years younger than the interpreted age of the gold.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirk_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirk-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gold in the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a> was prospected in the early 1900s after the development of more advanced drilling techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were necessary as there were no surface gold-bearing reefs in the area, and all prospecting required deep drilling.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first gold bar from these fields was produced in 1951, and despite heavy development costs (which were also observed in the early development of the Witwatersrand fields), companies operating in the area were very optimistic about the possible mining output of the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_goldfields" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State goldfields">Free State goldfields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diamonds">Diamonds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diamonds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first diamond that was ever found was found by a 15-year-old in the south bank of a river (<i>Orange River)</i> during the 1866's and 1867's. Ever since the Kimberley diamond strike of 1868, South Africa has been a world leader in diamond production.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary South African sources of diamonds, including seven large diamond mines around the country, are controlled by the <a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a> Consolidated Mines Company. In 2003, De Beers operations accounted for 94% of the nation's total diamond output of 11,900,000 <a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">carats</a> (2.38 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a>). This figure includes both gem stones and industrial diamonds.<sup id="cite_ref-usgsdia_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgsdia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diamond production rose in 2005 to over 15,800,000 carats (3.16 t).<sup id="cite_ref-usgsmin05_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgsmin05-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high value-added <a href="/wiki/Diamond_cutting" title="Diamond cutting">diamond cutting</a> industry is in decline in South Africa, mainly due to competition from low-cost labour countries such as India, China and <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platinum_and_palladium">Platinum and palladium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Platinum and palladium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Africa produces more <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> and similar metals than any other nation.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, 78% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> was produced in South Africa, along with 39% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>. Over 163,000 kilograms (5,200,000 ozt) of platinum was produced in 2010, generating export revenues of US$3.82 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-usgsmin05_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgsmin05-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palladium is produced in two ways: recovery and mining production.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently Russia and South Africa are the biggest palladium producers in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chromium">Chromium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chromium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> is another leading product of South Africa's mining industry. The metal, used in stainless steel and for a variety of industrial applications, is mined at 10 sites around the country. South Africa's production of chromium accounted for 100% of the world's total production in 2005, and consisted of 7,490,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">metric tons</a> (7,370,000 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>; 8,260,000 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>) of material.<sup id="cite_ref-usgsmin05_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgsmin05-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa holds approximately three-quarters of the world's viable chromite ore resources. In 2012, there were fourteen separate <a href="/wiki/Ferrochrome" title="Ferrochrome">FeCr</a> smelters in South Africa, with a combined production capacity in excess of 4.7 Mt per annum.<sup id="cite_ref-beukes12_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beukes12-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uranium">Uranium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uranium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Africa has the second-largest reserves of uranium in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nuclear Fuels Corporation of South Africa (NUFCOR) started processing uranium as a by-product of gold mining<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the uranium produced as a by-product of gold mining is concentrated in the gold fields of the Witwatersrand area. Uranium is more easily and readily available than gold in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Africa was part of the 1972-1976 uranium producers <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartel</a>, Societe d'Etudes de Recherches d'Uranium.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 194">: 194 </span></sup> The other cartel members were Australia, France, and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a> Zinc Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 194">: 194 </span></sup> It was formed by the major non-United States uranium producers to mitigate the impacts of US policy on the <a href="/wiki/Uranium_market" title="Uranium market">uranium market</a>; to do so, the cartel engaged in <a href="/wiki/Bid_rigging" title="Bid rigging">bid rigging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">price fixing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dividing_territories" title="Dividing territories">market sharing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 194">: 194 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse</a> filed an <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">antitrust</a> lawsuit against cartel members in 1976 and the cartel disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 194">: 194 </span></sup> </p><p>There are a number of mining companies that process uranium from mines that they own. <a href="/wiki/AngloGold_Ashanti" title="AngloGold Ashanti">Anglo Gold Ashanti</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sibayane Gold Ltd,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harmony Gold Mining Co.,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First Uranium, and Peninsula Energy own or control most of the uranium-from-gold mining processing plants in South Africa. </p><p>Though <a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">uranium production</a> in South Africa showed a decrease from 711t in 2000 to 579t in 2010, in 2011 930t were produced with a forecast of 2,000t by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Tasman Pacific Minerals, owned by Peninsula Energy started plans to open the first uranium ore mine, Tasman RSA.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_conditions">Working conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Working conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conditions on most South African mines are very similar to those elsewhere<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for the gold mines where the low <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_gradient" title="Geothermal gradient">geothermal gradient</a>, i.e. the rate at which the temperature goes up with depth, is often as low as 9 °C per kilometre depth (compared with a world average of about 25 °C/km<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and this, combined with narrow and very continuous orebodies in hard and competent rocks, makes it possible to mine to depths unattainable elsewhere in the world. </p><p>Silica dust is an ever-present potential hazard so that all drilling dust and loose rock has to be wetted down at all times to prevent <a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">silicosis</a>, a lethal disease that attacks the lungs. Unfortunately the narrowness of the inclined reefs/orebodies prevents mechanisation except in a very few cases and most work is very labour-intensive. Ventilation requirements to keep working conditions tolerable are huge and a survey of the South African gold mines indicated that the average quantity of ventilating air circulated was some 6 cubic metres per second (210 cu ft/s) per 1000 ton of rock mined per month.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another serious problem is that of heat. In the deeper mines refrigeration of the intake air is often necessary to keep conditions tolerable and this is now becoming necessary on some platinum mines which, although shallower, have a higher geothermal gradient.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Refrigeration is very energy hungry and it is currently a moot point whether <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a>, the state power company, can supply the necessary power after its recent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> problems, which will cut power supplies to 90% of previous levels until at least 2012, when a new power station is ready.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The South African mining industry is frequently criticized for its poor safety record and high number of fatalities but conditions are improving. Total fatalities were 533 in 1995 and had fallen to 199 in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1984 and 2005, more than 11 000 mine workers died.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall fatality rate in 2006 was 0.43 per 1,000 per annum but this hides some important differences. The gold mining rate was 0.71, platinum mining was 0.24 and other mining was 0.35. (For comparison, the rate in the Sixties was around 1.5—see any Chamber of Mines Annual of the period). The reason for the difference is quite clear; the gold mines are much deeper and conditions are both more difficult and dangerous than on the shallower platinum mines. </p><p>Falls of ground dominated the causes at 72, machinery, transportation and mining accidents caused 70 and the remainder were classed as general.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the falls of ground, approx. two-thirds were on the deep gold mines, a reflection of the extreme pressure at depth and continual movement of the <a href="/wiki/Country_rock_(geology)" title="Country rock (geology)">country rock</a>. Among the machinery, mining and transportation fatalities were working on <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Grizzly_600" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamaha Grizzly 600">grizzlies</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="is this what is intended? somebody needs to check if this link I added is appropriate, or something similar, and clarify what is meant here (February 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> without safety belts, working below loose rock in ore passes, getting crushed by that deadly combination of a loco and a ventilation door frame (the clearance between the two is only a few inches) and working on running conveyors, all direct contraventions of safety instructions. Drilling into misfires was also mentioned, a clear example of sloppy and unsafe mining. </p><p>It is difficult to see how falls of ground can be eliminated given their frequent unpredictability, which is increasing with depth, and the difficulties in providing continuous roof support as on longwall coal mines due to the violence of a face blast in the hard rock of the gold mines but clearly much can be done to improve training and to instill a sense of safe working practice in the miners, many of whom are relatively inexperienced. </p><p>Mine safety received considerable publicity in 2007, particularly after 3,200 workers were temporarily trapped underground at the Elandskraal mine after a compressed air pipe ruptured due to internal corrosion, broke loose and fell into the man-hoisting shaft. The workers were eventually rescued through the rock hoisting shaft after the blasting smoke had cleared. The incident caused South African President <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> to mandate full safety audits for all operating mines. This audit has caused additional facilities to shut down temporarily, including the nation's largest gold mine located at <a href="/wiki/Driefontein" class="mw-redirect" title="Driefontein">Driefontein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rand_Rebellion">Rand Rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rand Rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rand_Rebellion" title="Rand Rebellion">Rand Rebellion</a> was a widespread strike among miners in the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> area of the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Province">Transvaal Province</a> in the former <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007_strike">2007 strike</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2007 strike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007 the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(South_Africa)" title="National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa)">South African National Union of Mineworkers</a>, which represents the nation's mineworkers, engaged in a series of talks with the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Chamber_of_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Chamber of Mines">Chamber of Mines</a>, an industry group. The meetings also saw the participation of the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration, a body with mediation authority over the dispute. On 27 November 2007, the National Union of Mineworkers announced that South African mineworkers would go on <a href="/wiki/2007_South_Africa_miners%27_strike" title="2007 South Africa miners' strike">strike</a> to protest at unsafe working conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strike took place on 4 December, and impacted over 240,000 workers at 60 sites across the country, including mines devoted to the production of gold, platinum, and coal.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012_Lonmin_strike">2012 Lonmin strike</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2012 Lonmin strike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lonmin_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Lonmin strike">Lonmin strike</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> in August 2012 in the <a href="/wiki/Marikana" title="Marikana">Marikana area</a>, close to <a href="/wiki/Rustenburg" title="Rustenburg">Rustenburg</a>, South Africa at a mine owned by <a href="/wiki/Lonmin" title="Lonmin">Lonmin</a> one of the world's largest primary producers of <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group metals (PGMs)</a>. A series of violent confrontations occurred between platinum mine workers on strike and the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">South African Police Service</a> on Thursday, 16 August 2012, and resulted in the deaths of 34 individuals (30 were miners and 4 protesters), as well as the injury of an additional 78 miners. Occurring in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">post-apartheid era</a>, it was the deadliest incident of violence between police and the civilian population in South Africa since the 1960 <a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a> which prompted South African President <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> to set up an investigation. Gordon Farlam was appointed as the chairperson of a committee. Under the probe, <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> testified for lobbying with the Lonmin and SAPS. Ramaphosa also accepted to the commission that massacre could have been avoided if proper precautionary actions had been taken.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jacob Zuma declared a 66-day-long week of mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, platinum industry workers went on a strike that lasted five months. It was the longest strike in the history of South African mining.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, a high court in Johannesburg approved the historic compensation deal for the miners who contracted the fatal silicosis disease when they worked in the mines.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were few parties that advocate to <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalizing</a> the industry, the most major one is <a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a> (EFF) that was founded on 2013 by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Malema" title="Julius Malema">Julius Malema</a> after his expulsion from the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/2014_South_African_general_election" title="2014 South African general election">2014 elections</a> became the third-largest party in South Africa. The others are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_First_Land_First" title="Black First Land First">Black First Land First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_and_Socialist_Party" title="Workers and Socialist Party">Workers and Socialist Party</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Exploration_Mining_and_Finance_Corporation" title="African Exploration Mining and Finance Corporation">African Exploration Mining and Finance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos_and_the_law" title="Asbestos and the law">Asbestos and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_Revolution" title="Mineral Revolution">Mineral Revolution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Paul Jourdan, <i>The Mining Industry in a Free South Africa</i>, Labour Research Service, 1993</li> <li>Leo Katzen, A. A. Balkema, <i>Gold & the South African Economy: The Influence of the Goldmining Industry on Business Cycles and Economic Growth in South Africa, 1886–1961</i>, 1964</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Novels_about_the_mining_industry_in_South_Africa">Novels about the mining industry in South Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Novels about the mining industry in South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Smith" title="Wilbur Smith">Wilbur Smith</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/When_the_Lion_Feeds" title="When the Lion Feeds">When the Lion Feeds</a></i>, 1964</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21724766-industry-faces-tough-times-made-worse-foolish-policies-south-african">"South African mining is in crisis"</a>. <i>The Economist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=South+African+mining+is+in+crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21724766-industry-faces-tough-times-made-worse-foolish-policies-south-african&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21600685-nigerias-suddenly-supersized-economy-indeed-wonder-so-are-its-still-huge">"Africa's new Number One"</a>. <i>The Economist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+new+Number+One&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fleaders%2F21600685-nigerias-suddenly-supersized-economy-indeed-wonder-so-are-its-still-huge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gold/mcs-2013-gold.pdf">"<i>U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2013</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>USGS.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USGS.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey%2C+Mineral+Commodity+Summaries%2C+January+2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fgold%2Fmcs-2013-gold.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/">"USGS Minerals Information: Mineral Commodity Summaries"</a>. <i>minerals.USGS.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minerals.USGS.gov&rft.atitle=USGS+Minerals+Information%3A+Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fmcs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-platts.com-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-platts.com_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-platts.com_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platts.com/Coal/highlights/2006/coalp_ee_091106.xml">"<i>South Africa's coal future looks bright</i>"</a>. <i>Platts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Platts.com&rft.atitle=South+Africa%27s+coal+future+looks+bright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.platts.com%2FCoal%2Fhighlights%2F2006%2Fcoalp_ee_091106.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miningweekly.com/article/sa-replaces-india-as-chinas-no-3-iron-ore-supplier-2013-01-21"><i>SA replaces India as China's No 3 iron-ore supplier</i></a>, International: <a href="/wiki/Mining_Weekly" title="Mining Weekly">Mining Weekly</a>, 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SA+replaces+India+as+China%27s+No+3+iron-ore+supplier&rft.place=International&rft.pub=Mining+Weekly&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miningweekly.com%2Farticle%2Fsa-replaces-india-as-chinas-no-3-iron-ore-supplier-2013-01-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miningweekly.com/article/mining-licences-can-be-revoked-mantashe-2013-01-18"><i>Mining licences can be revoked – Mantashe</i></a>, International: <a href="/wiki/Mining_Weekly" title="Mining Weekly">Mining Weekly</a>, 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mining+licences+can+be+revoked+%E2%80%93+Mantashe&rft.place=International&rft.pub=Mining+Weekly&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miningweekly.com%2Farticle%2Fmining-licences-can-be-revoked-mantashe-2013-01-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-platinum.pdf">"USGS Platinum Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-platinum.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Iron+Ore+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-iron-ore.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-cobalt.pdf">"USGS Cobalt Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-cobalt.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Cobalt+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-cobalt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-phosphate.pdf">"USGS Phosphate Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502135915/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-phosphate.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Phosphate+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-phosphate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226012424/http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production.aspx">"World Uranium Mining"</a>. 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Abingdon, Oxon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-12444-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-12444-8"><bdi>978-1-138-12444-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883649263">883649263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%3A+the+rise+and+fall+of+apartheid&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.edition=Third&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F883649263&rft.isbn=978-1-138-12444-8&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Nancy+L.&rft.au=William+H.+Worger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlotte_Mathews2007" class="citation web cs1">Charlotte Mathews (7 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200711070356.html">"South Africa: Mining Investment Shows Recovery"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook%2C+South+Africa&rft.pub=United+States+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsouth-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgsau02-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usgsau02_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gold/goldmyb02.pdf">"United States Geological Survey, 2002 Mineral Industry Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+2002+Mineral+Industry+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fgold%2Fgoldmyb02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgsmin05-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usgsmin05_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgsmin05_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgsmin05_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgsmin05_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2005/myb3-2005-sf.pdf">"United States Geological Survey, 2005 Minerals Yearbook: South Africa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+2005+Minerals+Yearbook%3A+South+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcountry%2F2005%2Fmyb3-2005-sf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://prd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/mcs2019_all.pdf">https://prd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/mcs2019_all.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026233731/https://prd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/mcs2019_all.pdf">Archived</a> 26 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Page 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inkaba.org/bez-rubriki/what-happened-to-south-africas-gold-reserves.html">"What happened to South Africa's gold reserves?"</a>. <i>Hot cold Africa</i>. 6 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Multimillion-dollar+compensation+deal+for+South+African+miners&rft.date=2019-07-26&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fjul%2F26%2Fmultimillion-dollar-compensation-deal-for-south-african-miners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17215155">"BBC, <i>ANC expels fiery youth leader</i>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213065341/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17215155">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC%2C+ANC+expels+fiery+youth+leader&rft.date=2012-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-17215155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christophe Le Bec, <i>Négociations salariales à haut risque en Afrique du Sud</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jeune_Afrique" title="Jeune Afrique">Jeune Afrique</a>, 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://economie.jeuneafrique.com/regions/afrique-subsaharienne/18564-negociations-salariales-a-haut-risque-en-afrique-du-sud.html">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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aria-labelledby="Economy_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">Economy of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By province</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Western_Cape" title="Economy of the Western Cape">Western Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gauteng" title="Economy of Gauteng">Gauteng</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Africa"><img alt="Flag of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/75px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/100px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of South Africa</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mining industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_South_Africa" title="Coal in South Africa">Coal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_South_Africa" title="Agriculture in South Africa">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_South_Africa" title="Whaling in South Africa">Whaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Automotive industry in South Africa">Automotive industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_South_Africa" title="List of banks in South Africa">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_South_Africa" title="Gambling in South Africa">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Africa" title="Tourism in South Africa">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_South_Africa" title="Ecotourism in South Africa">Ecotourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_tourism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT tourism in South Africa">LGBT tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Africa" title="Telecommunications in South Africa">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Nuclear_Energy_Corporation" title="South African Nuclear Energy Corporation">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_South_Africa" title="List of power stations in South Africa">Power stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">Economic history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_Revolution" title="Mineral Revolution">Mineral Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">Disinvestment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Economic_Empowerment" title="Black Economic Empowerment">Black Economic Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad-Based_Black_Economic_Empowerment" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment">Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualifying_Small_Enterprises" title="Qualifying Small Enterprises">Qualifying Small Enterprises</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QSE_Scorecard" class="mw-redirect" title="QSE Scorecard">Scorecard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exempted_Micro_Enterprises" title="Exempted Micro Enterprises">Exempted Micro Enterprises</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macroeconomics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Treasury_(South_Africa)" title="National Treasury (South Africa)">National Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_South_Africa" title="Taxation in South Africa">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Reserve_Bank" title="South African Reserve Bank">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index_(South_Africa)" title="Consumer price index (South Africa)">Consumer price index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of South African provinces by Human Development Index">Provinces by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_South_Africa" title="Foreign trade of South Africa"> Foreign trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_South_Africa" title="List of companies of South Africa">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSE_Limited" title="JSE Limited">JSE Limited</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_traded_on_the_JSE" title="List of companies traded on the JSE">Traded companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krugerrand" title="Krugerrand">Krugerrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_South_Africa" title="State-owned enterprises of South Africa">State-owned enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Budget_of_South_Africa" title="National Budget of South Africa">National Budget of South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_debt" title="South Africa national debt">National debt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africa" title="Trade unions in South Africa">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mining_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mining_in_Africa" title="Template:Mining in Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mining_in_Africa" title="Template talk:Mining in Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mining_in_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mining in Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mining_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Africa">Mining in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Ethiopia" title="Mining in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Mauritania" title="Mining in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Namibia" title="Mining in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Rwanda" title="Mining in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Mining in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Zambia" title="Mining in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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