CINXE.COM
August 2012 - Open Culture archive | Open Culture
<!DOCTYPE html > <html lang="en-US" > <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="upgrade-insecure-requests"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,height=device-height,initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="index,follow, max-snippet:300, max-image-preview:large" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>August 2012 - Open Culture archive | Open Culture</title> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/apple_icon_new.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/apple_icon_new.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/apple_icon_new.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/apple_icon_new.png" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.2" /> <!-- ><link rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' href='/wp-content/plugins/feedburner-subscription-widget/style.css' > --> <!--<link href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400italic,600italic,700italic,200,300,400,600,700' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'> <link href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Oswald:200,400,300' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'> --> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Muli:200,400,400i,600,700" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lora:200,300i,400,400i,600,700" rel="stylesheet"> <!--<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.5.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"> --> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/3.2.1/css/font-awesome.min.css"/> <!-- <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="https://www.openculture.com/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="RSS .92" href="https://www.openculture.com/feed/rss" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Atom 0.3" href="https://www.openculture.com/feed/atom" /> <link rel="pingback" href="https://www.openculture.com/xmlrpc.php" /> --> <!-- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" id="forceupdate" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a//style.css?1b&1740866411" media="screen" /> --> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" id="forceupdate" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/style.css" type="text/css" > </link> <script async src="https://cdn.fuseplatform.net/publift/tags/2/3035/fuse.js"></script> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.2.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script async src="https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=d56ba7961d66b9467"></script> <script async src="https://www.google.com/coop/cse/brand?form=cse-search-box&lang=en"></script> <script> (function() { var goog = document.createElement('script'); goog.type = 'text/javascript'; goog.src = 'http://www.google.com/jsapi'; goog.onload = function() { google.load('search', '1', {"callback": function() {}}); google.setOnLoadCallback(function() { google.search.CustomSearchControl.attachAutoCompletion( 'some-long-unique-id', document.getElementById('q'), 'cse-search-box'); }); }; var cse = document.createElement('script'); cse.type = 'text/javascript'; cse.src = 'http://www.google.com/cse/brand?form=cse-search-box&lang=cs'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(cse, s); s.parentNode.insertBefore(goog, s); })() </script> <script type="text/javascript"> console.log("ewo enqueuing"); function defer(method) { if (window.jQuery) { method(); } else { setTimeout(function() { defer(method) }, 50); } } </script> <!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics --> <!-- script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-926659-1"></script --> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-926659-1'); </script> <script type='text/javascript'> console.log("ewo page load begins"); </script> <!-- function clearGhostText() { //Clear the Ghost Text if it is still set. var email = document.getElementById('email') if (email != null) { if (email.value == 'Enter Your Email') { email.value = ''; } } function emailSubmit() { var formElements = document.getElementById("join_email_list").elements; var postData = {}; for (var i = 0; i < formElements.length; i++) if (formElements[i].type != "button") //we dont want to include the submit-buttom postData[formElements[i].name] = formElements[i].value; var url = "https://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify?uri=OpenCulture%26email="; var urlValue = url + postData['email']; clearGhostText(); var win = window.open(urlValue, '_blank'); win.focus(); } } console.log("ewo page load search"); </script> --> <!-- misc scripts chartbeat <script type="text/javascript"> var _sf_startpt=(new Date()).getTime()</script> --> <!--style overrides from new design --> <style> #headermasterwrapper{width:100%; margin: 0 auto; height: 100px; z-index:100;} #headerW{z-index:101;} #header{z-index:102;} #headerfirst{z-index:103;} #ad_logo_wrapper{z-index:104;} #logo { background: url(/wp-content/themes/openculture_v3a/images/openculture_banner.png) center top; overflow: hidden; } #clearfixheader{height:100%;} .da-mobile-head {_max-height:300px; _position: absolute; margin:0 auto; margin-left:-14px; } .da-page-top {margin: 10 0 10 0;} #currentMedia{display:none} @media only screen and (min-width:2000px) { #ExtraItem{display:hidden} .middle_sidebar{display:block-inline!important;width:20%} .r_sidebar{display:block-inline!important;width:24%} .contentmiddle{width:54%} } @media only screen and (max-width:1000px){ /* #ExtraItem{display:hidden} .middle_sidebar{display:block-inline!important;width:20%} .r_sidebar{display:block-inline!important;width:18%} .contentmiddle{width:60%} */ .r_sidebar{display:block-inline!important;width:22%} } /* First modification: TUrn on top or bottom */ @media only screen and (min-width:927px){ /*when viewport is larger than 927 turn on left, hide bottom logo*/ .left {display:block !important; min-height:90px !important;} /*.right{float:right !important; margin: 0 0% 0 0%;} */ .right {min-height:90px;} .bottom {display:none !important;} #navbar{width:100% !important;} } @media only screen and (max-width:938px){ /*when less than 867, turn on bottom */ .left {display:none !important;} .right{float:none !important; margin: 0 auto!important; min-height:55px; } .bottom {display:block !important; background-position-y:top !important;} } /*step 2: set proper logo for larger sizes */ @media only screen and (min-width:1170px){ /*larger than 1130---set .right size for large header */ .left{background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo-with-tagline.svg") no-repeat !important; min-height:90px !important;} .right{width:740px ; margin: 0 2% 0 1%; text-align:right !important;} } @media only screen and (min-width:939px) and (max-width:1169px) { /*right ad, horizontal logo */ .right{width:740px ; margin: 0 2% 0 1%; text-align:right !important;} .left{ background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo.svg") no-repeat !important; min-height:70px; background-position-x:center !important; } #clearfixheader{margin-top:.8rem !important;} } @media only screen and (min-width:814px) and (max-width:938px) { /* right ad, stacked logo */ .right{width:740px ; margin: 0 2% 0 1% !important; text-align:right !important;} .left{ background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo.svg") no-repeat !important; min-height:70px; background-position-x:center !important;} #clearfixheader{margin-top:2.8rem !important;} } /* step 3 resize top ad */ /* sizes are: 728 x 90, 468x 60, 320x100 */ /*ads to right */ @media only screen and (max-width:813px) and (min-width:768px){ /* below 813, reduce right size for miniheader */ .right{width:500px; text-align:center !important;} } /* ads below */ @media only screen and (max-width:768px) and (min-width:721px){ /*ipad portrait ad on top; banner above */ .right{width:768px;float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center !important;} } /* cutoff for 728 AD at around 760 */ @media only screen and (max-width:720px)and (min-width:620px){ /*smaller ad */ #cleafixheader{height:40px !important;} .right{width:500px;float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center !important;} } @media only screen and (max-width:620px){ /*ipad portrait ad on top; banner above */ .right{width:500px;float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center !important;} } @media only screen and (max-width:460px){ /*reduce right size for mobileheader */ .right{width:400px;float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center !important; } } @media only screen and (max-width:360px){ /*reduce right size for mobileheader */ .right{width:360px;float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center !important;} } @media only screen and (max-width:320px){ /*reduce right size for mobileheader */ .right{width:320px !important;float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center; max-width:320px !important;;} /*#headermasterwrapper {height:80px !important} */ } </style> <!--end overrides --> <link rel='archives' title='April 2025' href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2025' href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2025' href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2025' href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2006' href='https://www.openculture.com/2006/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2006' href='https://www.openculture.com/2006/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2006' href='https://www.openculture.com/2006/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2006' href='https://www.openculture.com/2006/09' /> <meta property='fb:app_id' content='139550851813' /> <meta property='og:site_name' content='Open Culture'/> <meta property='og:type' content='website' /> <meta property='og:url' content='http://www.openculture.com/' /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4c/images/OC-newlogo.png"/> <meta property='og:title' content='Open Culture - The Best Free Cultural and Educational Media on the Web.' /> <meta property='og:description' content='Discover thousands of free online courses, audio books, movies, textbooks, eBooks, language lessons, and more.'/> <meta name='robots' content='noindex, follow' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <script data-no-defer="1" data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer data-cookieconsent="ignore"> var ctPublicFunctions = {"_ajax_nonce":"a4069da58f","_rest_nonce":"bb25e69cd2","_ajax_url":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","_rest_url":"https:\/\/www.openculture.com\/wp-json\/","data__cookies_type":"none","data__ajax_type":"rest","data__bot_detector_enabled":"1","data__frontend_data_log_enabled":1,"cookiePrefix":"","wprocket_detected":false,"host_url":"www.openculture.com","text__ee_click_to_select":"Click to select the whole data","text__ee_original_email":"The original one is","text__ee_got_it":"Got it","text__ee_blocked":"Blocked","text__ee_cannot_connect":"Cannot connect","text__ee_cannot_decode":"Can not decode email. Unknown reason","text__ee_email_decoder":"CleanTalk email decoder","text__ee_wait_for_decoding":"The magic is on the way, please wait for a few seconds!","text__ee_decoding_process":"Decoding the contact data, let us a few seconds to finish."} </script> <script data-no-defer="1" data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer data-cookieconsent="ignore"> var ctPublic = {"_ajax_nonce":"a4069da58f","settings__forms__check_internal":"1","settings__forms__check_external":"1","settings__forms__force_protection":0,"settings__forms__search_test":"1","settings__data__bot_detector_enabled":"1","settings__sfw__anti_crawler":0,"blog_home":"https:\/\/www.openculture.com\/","pixel__setting":"3","pixel__enabled":true,"pixel__url":null,"data__email_check_before_post":"1","data__email_check_exist_post":"0","data__cookies_type":"none","data__key_is_ok":true,"data__visible_fields_required":true,"wl_brandname":"Anti-Spam by CleanTalk","wl_brandname_short":"CleanTalk","ct_checkjs_key":"eb9114525659354faa944b35c979b2556c1e8b368336a3252ddc155510563698","emailEncoderPassKey":"2d1604e6470ee5d697e1154d213d089a","bot_detector_forms_excluded":"W10=","advancedCacheExists":false,"varnishCacheExists":true,"wc_ajax_add_to_cart":false} </script> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.6 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>August 2012 - Open Culture</title> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https://www.openculture.com/2012/08","url":"https://www.openculture.com/2012/08","name":"August 2012 - Open Culture","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.openculture.com/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.openculture.com/2012/08#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.openculture.com/2012/08#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.openculture.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Archives for August 2012"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.openculture.com/#website","url":"https://www.openculture.com/","name":"Open Culture","description":"The best free cultural & educational media on the web","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.openculture.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.openculture.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.openculture.com/#organization","name":"Openculture.com","url":"https://www.openculture.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.openculture.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://cdn8.openculture.com/2021/04/24113050/OC-favicon.png","contentUrl":"https://cdn8.openculture.com/2021/04/24113050/OC-favicon.png","width":400,"height":400,"caption":"Openculture.com"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.openculture.com/#/schema/logo/image/"}}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//static.addtoany.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//moderate.cleantalk.org' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//pagead2.googlesyndication.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//autolinkmaker.itunes.apple.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//connect.facebook.net' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Open Culture » Feed" href="https://www.openculture.com/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Open Culture » Comments Feed" href="https://www.openculture.com/comments/feed" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='embedcss-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-viewstl/css/embed_style.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='spectrumcss-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-viewstl/css/spectrum.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wgs2-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-search/wgs2.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wgs3-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-search/wgs3.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mailster-form-style-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/mailster/build/form/style-index.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct_public_css-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/cleantalk-spam-protect/css/cleantalk-public.min.css?ver=6.53' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct_email_decoder_css-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/cleantalk-spam-protect/css/cleantalk-email-decoder.min.css?ver=6.53' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=6.0.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='lazyload-video-css-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load-for-videos/public/css/lazyload-shared.css?ver=2.18.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='lazyload-video-css-inline-css' type='text/css'> .entry-content a.lazy-load-youtube, a.lazy-load-youtube, .lazy-load-vimeo{ background-size: contain; }.titletext.youtube { display: none; }.lazy-load-div:before { content: "\25B6"; text-shadow: 0px 0px 60px rgba(0,0,0,0.8); } </style> <style id='wp-typography-custom-inline-css' type='text/css'> sub, sup{font-size: 75%;line-height: 100%}sup{vertical-align: 60%}sub{vertical-align: -10%}.amp{font-family: Baskerville, "Goudy Old Style", Palatino, "Book Antiqua", "Warnock Pro", serif;font-size: 1.1em;font-style: italic;font-weight: normal;line-height: 1em}.caps{font-size: 90%}.dquo{margin-left: -0.4em}.quo{margin-left: -0.2em}.pull-single{margin-left: -0.15em}.push-single{margin-right: 0.15em}.pull-double{margin-left: -0.38em}.push-double{margin-right: 0.38em} </style> <style id='wp-typography-safari-font-workaround-inline-css' type='text/css'> body {-webkit-font-feature-settings: "liga";font-feature-settings: "liga";-ms-font-feature-settings: normal;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='addtoany-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.css?ver=1.16' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-viewstl/js/spectrum.js?ver=6.7.2" id="spectrumjs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-viewstl/js/embed.js?ver=6.7.2" id="embedjs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="addtoany-core-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};a2a_config.callbacks=[];a2a_config.overlays=[];a2a_config.templates={}; a2a_config.callbacks.push({ready:function(){document.querySelectorAll(".a2a_s_undefined").forEach(function(emptyIcon){emptyIcon.parentElement.style.display="none";})}}); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" id="addtoany-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.js?ver=1.1" id="addtoany-jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async="async" data-pagespeed-no-defer src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/cleantalk-spam-protect/js/apbct-public-bundle_full-protection.min.js?ver=6.53" id="ct_public_functions-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://moderate.cleantalk.org/ct-bot-detector-wrapper.js?ver=6.53" id="ct_bot_detector-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?ver=6.7.2" id="google_ads-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.openculture.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <style type="text/css"> .no-js .native-lazyload-js-fallback { display: none; } </style> <link rel="icon" href="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2017/06/17162746/OC-favicon-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2017/06/17162746/OC-favicon-300x300.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2017/06/17162746/OC-favicon-300x300.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2017/06/17162746/OC-favicon-300x300.png" /> <!-- misc scripts chartbeat <script type="text/javascript"> var _sf_startpt=(new Date()).getTime()</script> --> <!-- set up resizing function --> <script type="text/javascript"> var occall = {oc: function oc_wide(){ /* document.getElementById("contentwrapper").style.width="98%"; */ document.getElementById("headerW").style.width="100%"; document.getElementById("header").style.width="98%"; document.getElementById("nav").style.background="none"; document.getElementById("nav").style.backgroundColor="#6c94a4"; document.getElementById("nav").style.borderRadius="12px"; document.getElementById("nav").style.borderRadius="32px"; document.getElementsByClassName("contentmiddle").style.width="57%"; /* document.getElementById('r_sidebar').width="14% !important;"; /* 15%*/ document.getElementsByClassName('r_sidebar').min_width="110px !important;"; /* 15%*/ document.getElementsByClassName('middle_sidebar').min_width="110px !important;"; /* 15%*/ document.getElementsByClassName('middle_sidebar').width='12% !important;'; document.getElementsByClassName('r_sidebar').width='12% !important;'; /*document.getElementById('middle_sidebar').style='style=" width: 15%; min-width:98px"'; */ document.getElementById('K12').style.display="block"; document.getElementById('K12').style.visibility="visible"; $('#navsearch').show(); document.getElementById('navsearch').style.display="block"; document.getElementById('navsearch').style.visibility="visible"; return "oc in widemode";} } console.log('loaded oc'); //setup facebook preview var occall2 = {oc: function fb_preview(){ //use a closure for jquery to allow $ to be query object, which wordpress disables //;(function($){ //var position = $("#i1").offset(); var image= jQuery('head').find("meta[property='og:image']").attr('content') jQuery("#fbpreview img").attr("src",image).load(function() { if (!this.complete || typeof this.naturalWidth == "undefined" || this.naturalWidth == 0) { alert('broken image!'); } else { $("#fbpreview").append(img); } }); jQuery("#fbpreview").attr("visibility","true"); jQuery('.hide').fadeIn(500).delay(7000).fadeOut(500); //$('#fbl').css("{ position:'absolute', top:position.top, left: position.left}"); //$('#fbl').attr('content')=image; // })(jQuery); }} console.log('loaded oc2 new'); </script> <style> .a2a_block div {margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom:12px;} .curatedheading {_text-decoration: underline; line-height: 1.5em; font-size:2rem;} strong { font-weight: 700; } /*new subscription block */ .email { font-size: 16px; color: gray; margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px; width: 94%; } .button_link { font-size: 1.4rem; background-color: #36b0d8; text-decoration: none; background-color: #EEEEEE; color: #333333; margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px; color: white; padding: 10px 18px; text-align: center; width: 94%; } .button { font-size: 1.0rem; background-color: #36b0d8; border: none; margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px; color: white; padding: 1.0rem 1.2rem; text-align: center; width: 100%; } .postcategory {color:#fc621f} .postcategory a {color:#fc621f} h2.widgettitle {color:#fc621f;} .relatedcontent {color:#75838b;} #headerfirst{ position: absolute ; _top: -30px; _top:4px; width: 100%; } body{ background: white !important ; _font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-family:Lora,"Lora",Times,serif; font-size:14px; font-size:1.4rem; /*use dynamic sizing with a fixed width fallback for <ie9*/ color:black; background-color:white; padding:0; _margin:0; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; max-width:1700px; margin-right:auto; width:100%; } /*body img {height:initial; width:initial;} */ #header{ width: 100%; overflow: visible!important; position: relative; /* padding: 0px; */ height: 125px !important; /* background: url(/wp-content/themes/openculture_v3a/images/header_circles.png) scroll no-repeat; */ top: 0px !important; /*left: 2%;*/ } /*put this back in css */ .contentwrapper{ _width:94%; _margin:0px 5% 0 5% ; margin: 12px 7% 0 7%; padding:0px ; z-index:1; /*display:flex; justify-content:space-between; */ } #wrap{background:transparent; margin:0 auto; padding:0; width:100%; color:#414141; padding:0} .l_sidebar{width:15%} .r_sidebar{ width:22%; _min-width:150px; min-width:160px; max-width:345px; float:left; background-color: white; /*background-color:#bdbec2; */ /*:transparent; */ font-size:1.3rem; _margin-top:0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2px; padding:0 0 0 10px; overflow:visible ; } .da-third-column{overflow:visible !important ;} .middle_sidebar{font-size: 1.4rem; _width:14%; width:17%; min-width:90px; max-width:180px; float:left; background:transparent; margin:.5% .5%; padding:0px .5% 0 1%; _border-right:1px dotted #d1ccbc; min-width:128px; } div.middle_sidebar{ border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: #d1ccbc ;} .contentmiddle{ width:54% ; min-width:185px; float:left; margin-top:.4rem; font-size:16px; font-size:1.6rem; /* line-height:15px; line-height:150%; */ _margin-right:5px; _padding-right: 20px; _max-width: 700px; padding-right: 3%; } .contentmiddle h1, .contentmiddle h1 a { text-decoration: none; font-size: 2.4rem; font-weight: normal; color: #373731; /* near black */ line-height: 140%; } #headerW {height:100%; width: 100% !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display:block;} .l_sidebar a:link,.l_sidebar a:visited, .middle_sidebar a:link, .middle_sidebar a:visited, .r_sidebar a:visited, .r_sidebar a:link{ /*color:#0183B2; old blue*/ color: #394244; font-size: 1.4rem; border-top: 1px solid lightgrey; /*word-spacing: -.3rem; */ } .new_subscription_block { font-family:"Muli", sans-serif ; background: #daf4fc; border-radius: 0rem; margin:4% 5% 4% 5%; padding: 5% 7% 5% 7%; line-height:150%; } .new_subscription_block p{ Font-Family:Lora; font-style:italic;} .new_subscription_block h3, h4 {font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; } .r_sub_con a:visited, .r_sub_con a:link, .new_subscription_block a:visited, .new_subscription_block a:link{ border-top: 0px ;} /* turn off links */ #clearfixheader { clear: both; width: 100%; height: 100%; margin-top: 0px; padding-top:0px; } .social_li ul li a:link, .social_li ul li a, .social_li a:link, .social_li li a, .social_li a { padding: .2rem .8rem !important /* this controls how tall & wide socialbuttons are ; remove !important when style.css is consolidated */ color:#1e3a4a } .social_li li{display:inline; margin-left:10px ;margin-left:1rem; margin-right:10px; margin-right:1rem;} .centerwrap ul {margin: 0px -1% 0px 0%} #navbar{ font-size: 1.6rem; _font-family: "Oswald", sans-serif !important; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif !important; font-weight: 400; _text-transform: uppercase; font-weight:bold; z-index:99; /*margin-top, margin-bottom: 0px !important; */ text-alignment:center; height:auto !important; text-align:justify; -ms-text-justify:distribute-all-lines; text-justify:distribute-all-lines; _letter-spacing:-.5px; color:#39AACF; margin-top: 0px; margin-left:0%; _margin-right:7% ; border-radius:0px; _background-color:rgba(118,154,172,.9); background-color:rgba(57, 170, 207, .85); min-width:245px; _width: 86%; width: 100%; } #navbar a{ _font-weight:bold; text-decoration:none; font-weight:bold; padding:0 12px; padding:0 1rem; padding-top: 2px; text-decoration:none; letter-spacing: .1px; color: white; _font-family: Helvetica; _font-family: "Oswald", sans-serif !important; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.55rem; line-height: 2.2rem; padding-top: 3px; } .nav ul, .socmedia ul {text-align:center} /*#nav{list-style-type:none;} */ /* #nav li{display:inline;float:left;list-style-type:none} #nav .stretch { display: inline-block; width: 100%; *display: inline; zoom: 1 } */ /*icons by https://www.entypo.com/*/ .social_li ul li a:link, .social_li ul li a,.social a:link, .social_li li a, .social_li a { padding: 0 .8rem !important; /* this controls how tall & wide socialbuttons are ; remove !important when style.css is consolidated */ color: white; /*#1e3a4a */ } /* might work to space out items more nav li:before { margin-left: 3px} */ #search-old2{ display: inline-block!important; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 8px; float: none!important; width: 115px!important; font-family: font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif !important; background-color: #1497c2; text-align: left !important; font-weight: normal!important; } #search-old2 form{background:none!important; width:110px; height:100%; margin-top:2px !important; padding:0px} /* this indents widget */ .contentwrapper ul li li{ text-indent: -1.1rem; } .contentwrapper a, a:visited, a:hover{font-size: inherit; } /* 1.6rem; shouldnt this just inherit */ .middle_sidebar ul , .r_sidebar ul , .l_sidebar ul, .contentmiddle ul, .r_sidebar ul li { background:none; list-style-type:none; } /*shading boxes around ads + contact info*/ .r_sidebar .r_adbx_top, .r_sub_con,.r_about_ad{background: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 0rem; } /*#bdbec2 */ .r_adbx_top, .r_sub_con,.r_about_ad{text-align:left; padding: 10px 18px 10px 18px; margin:12px -4px 0px -4px;} .box { border: .2rem solid black; font-size: 4rem; border-radius:2px;} .lightbox {border: .1rem solid grey ;} _colorcontrast {background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); margin: 0px; border-right: 9px solid rgb(224, 224, 224); border-left: 9px solid rgb(224, 224, 224); border-radius: 8px;} .tagline { text-align:left ; font-size:13px; font-size:1.3hw; line-height:100%; margin:0; margin-top: 6px; /* color:white !important; */ margin-left:6px; padding:2px; color:#4a7d96; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; } #tagline_container{ max-width:335px; width:100%; margin-top: 50px; margin-left: 21px; } _ad_logo_wrapper{margin-left:3.5%; margin-right:4.3%;} #ad_logo_wrapper{margin-left:7%; margin-right:4%; margin-top:3px;} #logocontainer{width:auto; float:left; margin-left:0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width:40%; } #big_logo { /* margin-left: 25%; max-width: 7%; transform: scale(8); float: left; width:100%; max-height: 10%; */ } #big_logo{ transform: scale(8); max-height:10%; max-width:325px; float: left !important; text-align: left; width: 100%; } #logo_container { width: 100%; float: left; z-index: -40; /* overflow: visible; */ max-width: 600px; max-height: 200px; min-width: 140px; margin-left: 20px; height: auto; min-height: 40px; margin-top: 0px; _background-image: url(/wp-content/themes/openculture_v3a/images/openculture_banner.png); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; max-width:80vw;; /*css3 viewport setting */ } .left { /* border: 2px dashed #f0f; */ text-align:left; _min-height:40px; height:auto; _margin-top: 45px; margin-left: 0px; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo-with-stacked-tagline.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo-with-tagline.svg") no-repeat; background-size: contain; max-width:600px; min-width:90px; overflow:hidden; _background-position-y:0px; _background-position-x:0px; background-position-x: center !important; background-position-y: center !important; z-index:200; } .right { float: right; _width: 740px; /*min-height: 25px;*/ margin-left: 2.5%; padding-left: 0px; margin-right: 20px ; padding-right:0px; /* border: 2px dashed #00f; */ position:relative; z-index:200; } .top{} .bottom{ background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background-size: contain; background-size: revert-layer; min-height:80px; /* border: 2px dashed green; */ clear:both; padding-top:8px; _margin: 4px 10px 0 10px; _background-position-y: 0px; /* min-height: 65px; */ clear: both; background-position-x: center; background-position-y:center; padding-top: 0px; margin: 2px 1rem 0px 1rem; /* height: 90px; */ _min-height: 110px; } #footerW{ right: 0; left: 0; position: relative; padding: 0; overflow:hidden;} .clear {clear:both;} .logo_clickable { position:absolute; width:100%; height:100%; top:0; left: 0; z-index: 50; _position:absolute; /* fixes overlap error in IE7/8, make sure you have an empty gif */ _background-image: url('empty.gif'); } .socialblock li {top: 2px;} .social-mail a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter.svg) no-repeat;} .social-facebook a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook.svg) no-repeat;} .social-rss a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss.svg) no-repeat;} .social-search a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} .sb-icon-search {background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} .social-mail-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail-black.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-facebook-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-rss-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-mail a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-facebook a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-rss a:hover { background: url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-search a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .sb-icon-search :hover {background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} /* override images that we dont want to go to margin */ .contentmiddle img.noexpand, .contentmiddle p img.noexpand, .contentmiddle img[src$="feed-icon16x16139.png"],img[title|="noexpand"], .contentmiddle div.noexpand img, .contentmiddle div.noexpand p img , .begbox img, .ct_comment_info img, ct_this_is_spam img, ct_comment_info div{ width:initial !important; display: block !important; line-height: 100%; } .noexpand img {width:initial !important;} /*this seems to work more reliably than above */ .contentmiddle img.oneXone {width: 1px !important; height: 1px !important;} .contentmiddle img.noexpand.center{display:block !important; } #footer { color: white; width: 100%; /*margin:0 auto; */ margin-bottom:100px; padding:28px 0 0 0px; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; font-weight:400; clear:both; display:inline-block; } .framearound_ad_in_post{margin: .6rem 0px 2.4rem 0px; height:auto;max-height:120px; width:100%;padding:0px; border: 2px solid #D3D3D3; border-radius:8px;min-height:3rem; } .advertisement_notice{text-align:center; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant:small caps; color: #0183b2;} .begbox{color:white;width:100%;display:inline-block; background: #36b0d8; margin-left: -4px; padding: 0; font-family: Lora, "Lora", Times, serif;font-style:normal} .begbox img { width:250px ; margin: 8px auto} .begbox p, .begbox div {margin: 1em 0px 0 12px} .da_bottom {line-height:10%} .no-framearound_ad_in_post {padding-bottom: 25px; padding-top:15px; width: 100%} img.no-framearound_ad_in_post {width:100%} .responsive_belowheadline_ad{ height: 100%; display:inline-block; width:98%; min-height:70px; max-height:200px; margin-right:4px; padding-bottom: 10px; } /*comment box */ div.cbInner {background: #eaebe8; border-radius:8px ;} div.cbInner h5 {color: #000;} .comments {color:#000:;} /*bullets*/ /*set chevrons on all widgets don't turn it on for ul li in sidebars*/ /*.contentwrapper ul li li, */ .r_sidebar a:link,.r_sidebar a:visited,.r_sidebar a:hover,.middle_sidebar a:link,.middle_sidebar a:visited,.middle_sidebar a:hover{ font-size: 1.4rem; line-height: inherit; } .contentmiddle a:link, .contentwrapper a {text-decoration:none; } .l_sidebar ul li a:hover, .middle_sidebar ul li a:hover, .r_sidebar ul li a:hover, .contentmiddle a:hover { text-decoration:underline} #footer ul li {line-height:130%; list-style:none;} #footer ul li a:link {color:white; font-size:1.6rem; text-decoration:none;} #footer ul li a:hover {text-decoration:underline;} .l_sidebar li a, .r_sidebar li a, .middle_sidebar li a{ /*display:block; */ /*OC-typography.png */ text-decoration:none; padding-left: 1em; /*font-style:italic;*/ font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; _font-style:bold; font-weight:400; color:#394244; } .widgettitle{ _border-top-width: 1px; _border-top-style: dotted; _border-top-color: gray; font-family:"Lora", sans-serif !important; font-weight: 600; _font-size: 1.6rem; line-height: 19px; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px ; margin: 8px 2px 2px 1px !important; /*color: #898477; */ letter-spacing: -.5px; } .widgetbox ul,.widget_categories ul, .widget_archive ul { border-bottom: 1px dotted #d1ccbc ; padding-bottom: 30px !important; display:block;} .widgetbox li a, .widget_categories li a, .widget_archive li a {display:block;} .recent_post{ border-bottom: 1px dotted #d1ccbc; padding: 0 0 30px 0px; margin-bottom: 30px; line-height:150%; overflow:hidden; } .noborder, .middle_sidebar.noborder:link, div.noborder a {border-top: 0px white !important;} .contentmiddle ul li a{} /*set chevrons on all widgets don't turn it on for ul li in sidebars* .contentwrapper ul li li,*/ .contentmiddle li, .r_sidebar li, .l_sidebar li, .middle_sidebar li { /* background:url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAFALMJANTPvq2ok8rGs8C8qMXBrrKtmLeynufj0+Pezvby4wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAkALAAAAAAFAAUAQAQQcByCkqQpCQPCKYiBfCESAQA7) no-repeat 0 10px; */ list-style-type:none; zoom:1; margin-left: .8em; zoom: 1; padding-left: .2em; margin-bottom: .3em; line-height:1.9rem; } .contentmiddle ul li li :before , .r_sidebar ul li li :before, .middle_sidebar ul li li :before, .l_sidebar ul li li :before { /*content: "\25B8"; */ float:left; padding-right:1rem; font-style:normal;} .contentmiddle ul li li li :before {content:none;} .contentmiddle ul li {list-style-type: none; padding-right:.8rem; padding-bottom: .4rem; font-style:normal;} /*set general padding for Ul lists */ .contentwrapper ul { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 10px 0; background:none; } .middle_sidebar ul , .r_sidebar ul , .l_sidebar ul, .contentmiddle ul { background:none; list-style-type:none; } /*titles in widgets*/ .widgettitle, ul.l_sidebar li h2, ul.r_sidebar li h2, ul.middle_sidebar li h2, .middle_sidebar li h2 { font-weight:normal; padding:3px; margin:2px 2px 2px 1px; _font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-family:Lora; color:#fc621f letter-spacing:-.5px; list-style-type:none; background: none !important; font-size: 1.9rem; } .r_sidebar ul {margin-left:-.6rem;} .middle_sidebar ul{ margin-top:1.2rem; margin-left:-1.1rem;} .middle_sidebar ul li {background:none } .contentmiddle li {background: none no-repeat 0 10px; list-style-type:none; zoom:1; /*margin-left: .8rem; */ zoom: 1; padding-left: .2rem; margin-bottom: 0rem; } /* turn off bullets on headers */ .contentwrapper ul {background:none;} /*lists inside lists */ .contentmiddle ul li li {margin-bottom:0rem; margin-left:5rem; list-style-type: none; } .contentwrapper ul {content:"";} .contentmiddle ul li li:before, .contentmiddle ul li:before, .middle_sidebar ul li li :before, /*put right triangle before bullets */ .middle_sidebar ul li li, .r_sidebar ul li li, .l_sidebar ul li li {line-height:inherit;} // Variables @colorBase: #394244; .transition (@prop: all, @time: 1s, @ease: linear) { -webkit-transition: @prop @time @ease; -moz-transition: @prop @time @ease; -o-transition: @prop @time @ease; -ms-transition: @prop @time @ease; transition: @prop @time @ease; } .universal-inline-block { display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline; } /* horizontal buttons */ div .social-icons2 { text-align: center; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-weight: 300; font-size: 1.5em; color: @colorBase; _margin: -2% -8% -2% -14%; } .social-icons2 ul { margin: 0; _padding: 0; list-style-type: none; text-align: center; } .social-icons2 ul li { _padding: 0px 8px 0px 6px; display:inline-block; text-indent:0; margin: 0px -4px 0px -4px;} .social-icons2 ul li a { text-decoration: none; _padding: .1rem .8rem; color: #fff; } .social-icons2-altmargin ul li {padding: 0 20px;} .social-icons2 ul li a:hover{ color: #1497c2; } .margin_left_10 {margin-left:-10px;} .white_background {background-color:white;} .oc-center, .oc-center img { width:100% ; max-width:100% !important; margin:0 auto; display:block; text-align:center;} .oc-center-da, .oc-center-da img, .oc-center-da object, .oc-center-da img { max-width: 100% !important; width: 100% !important; margin:0 auto; display: block; text-align:center;} /*fix expanding captcha refresh */ #fscf_captcha_refresh1 {width: 24px;height: 24px;} .oc-video-container { position: relative; _padding-bottom: 63.25%; padding-bottom:54%; padding-top: 10px; height: 0; } a.mashicon-reddit{background-color: darkred;} /* allow for override of img resizer */ .contentmiddle div.oc-no-resize-center img{ width: inherit !important; margin 0 auto; float:left} /*#footer img{width:inherit!important ;} */ /*footer stuff */ #flexcanvas{ width: 100%; max-width:100%; _height: 600px !important; margin-left: 3px; } .rowParent, .columnParent{ display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -webkit-flex-wrap: nowrap; -ms-flex-wrap: nowrap; flex-wrap: nowrap; -webkit-box-pack: start; -webkit-justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -webkit-align-content: stretch; -ms-flex-line-pack: stretch; align-content: stretch; -webkit-box-align: stretch; -webkit-align-items: stretch; -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; } .columnParent{ -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .flexChild{ -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-flex: 1; -ms-flex: 1; flex: 1; -webkit-align-self: auto; -ms-flex-item-align: auto; align-self: auto; margin:1px; font-size:1.3rem; /*border: 1px dotted #d1ccbc */ } .flexChild ul, .flexChild ul li {margin-left:-1.2rem;} .rowChild85696 {padding:1.8rem; margin-bottom:1.4rem} .rowChild9255 {margin:0px;} .minustopbottommargin20{margin-top:-20px !important; margin-bottom:-20px !important;} .minustopbottommargin40{margin-top:-40px !important; margin-bottom:-40px !important;} .minustopmargin20{margin-top:-20px !important;} .minustopmargin40{margin-top:-40px !important;} .curatedcategory ul li { text-decoration: none; list-style-type: none; padding: 0px; margin-left:1.0rem; line-height: 140%;} .curatedcategory ul {margin-left: 1.2rem;} .curatedcategory h2 {margin-left:1.0rem;} .curatedcategory h2 a {font-variant:small-caps;} .contentmiddle ol {list-style-type:decimal; font-size:inherit;} .contentmiddle ol li {list-style-type:decimal; font-size:inherit;line-spacing:120%;margin-bottom:.8rem;} input[type=search] { -moz-appearance:none; -webkit-appearance:none; } .sb-search { position: relative; color:#fff; border:none; width: 20px; width: 0%; min-width: 24px; min-height: 2.4rem; float: right; height:100%; overflow: hidden; -webkit-transition: width 0.3s; -moz-transition: width 0.3s; transition: width 0.6s; -webkit-backface-visibility: hidden; } .sb-search-input, input[type="search"] { position: absolute; top: -6px; right: 0px; border: none; outline: none; margin-right:24px; width: 100%; height: 88%; min-height:2.5rem; _margin: 8px 2px 8px 2px; z-index: 25; _padding: 4px 65px 4px 20px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.8rem; color: white; background-color:#1497c2; } input[type="search"] {background-color:#1497c2;} .sb-icon-search, .sb-search-submit { display:block; position: absolute; border:none; right: 0; top: 0; float: right; padding: 0; _margin: 0; _line-height: 24px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; background-color:#fff; _background-color:#1497c2; _height:1.9rem; color:white; width: 1.6rem; height: 2.3rem; _margin-top: 6px; } .sb-search-submit { background: #fff; /* IE needs this */ -ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(Opacity=0)"; /* IE 8 */ filter: alpha(opacity=0); /* IE 5-7 */ opacity: 0; color: transparent; border: none; outline: none; z-index: -1; width: 100%; } /*.sb-icon-search{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} */ .sb-icon-search{ color:white; background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat; background-position-y:center; background-margin-y:4px;} li.search-popout {_display:none; top:.8rem;} .sb-search form {min-height:20px;} input[type=text].sb-search-input,textarea.sb-search-input {background-color:#1497c2; color:#FFF;} #navbar :after {clear:both;} /* fix placeholder color */ ::-webkit-input-placeholder { /* WebKit, Blink, Edge */ color: #fff; } :-moz-placeholder { /* Mozilla Firefox 4 to 18 */ color: #fff; opacity: 1; } ::-moz-placeholder { /* Mozilla Firefox 19+ */ color: #fff; opacity: 1; } :-ms-input-placeholder { /* Internet Explorer 10-11 */ color: #fff; } .sb-search.sb-search-open, .no-js .sb-search { width: 100%; min-width:300px; min-width: 75vw; margin-left: -10vw; overflow:visible;; } .sb-search.sb-search-open .sb-icon-search, .no-js .sb-search .sb-icon-search { z-index: 11; } .sb-search.sb-search-open .sb-search-submit, .no-js .sb-search .sb-search-submit { z-index: 90; } .negativetopmargin50 {margin-top:-50px;} .negativetopmargin40 {margin-top:-40px;} .negativetopmargin20 {margin-top:-20px;} .bulleted, .bulleted ul {list-style-type: disc;} .bulleted ul li, .contentmiddle.p1 ul li, .p1 li, .contentmiddle li,.contentmiddle.p1 ul li,.entry ul li, .entry ul {list-style-type: disc;} #last, .last a, .li a last {color:black !important;} .cli-bar-message {font-family:Lora,"Lora",Times,serif;} .addtoany_shortcode div {margin-top: 14px;} /*Step 5 aesthetic tweaks, including column width changes*/ @media only screen and (min-width: 1200px) { body { margin-top:1rem !important;} } @media only screen and (max-width:1024px) and (min-width:930px){ body { _font-size:88%; margin-top: 15px;} ul li#K-12{display:inline} .contentmiddle{width:54%!important} #clearfixheader{ margin-top:30px !important;} #ad_logo_wrapper { margin-left:.2rem; margin-top: 4rem !important;} #navbar {margin-top: -2rem !important;width:100%;} #ad_logo_wrapper {margin: 0 3% 0 3% !important; width:93% !important;} .contentwrapper {width: 94% !important; margin: 6px 1rem 0 1rem !important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} } @media only screen and (max-width:929px) and (min-width:890px){ #ad_logo_wrapper {margin-left:2% !important; margin-right:2% !important; width:96% !important;} #clearfixheader{ margin-top:65px !important;} .contentmiddle{width:64% !important;} .middle_sidebar{width:34% !important;} } @media only screen and (max-width:891px) and (min-width:821px){ /* less than 891 px, more than 821, run all three ads */ .contentmiddle{width:64% !important;} .middle_sidebar{width:34% !important;} html{margin-top:45px;;} #clearfixheader{ margin-top:60px !important;} /* #wrap{margin-top:100px !important;}*/ /* .left{background: url("/wp-content/themes/openculture_v3a/images/big_white_logo.png") no-repeat !important; min-width:60px !important;} */ #ad_logo_wrapper {margin-left:1% !important; margin-right:1% !important; width:98% !important;} /*.contentwrapper {width:94% !important; margin: 6px 2% 0 2%!important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} */ } @media only screen and (max-width:814px)and (min-width:740px){ /* less than 820, less than 740, push right sidebar down with wide middle sidebar */ /* this is ipad portrait mode */ /* .r_sidebar{display:none!important} */ html{margin-top:40px;;} .contentmiddle{width:66% !important} .middle_sidebar{width:34% !important} #ad_logo_wrapper {margin-left:2% !important; margin-right:2% !important; width:96% !important;} /*.contentwrapper {width:94% !important; margin: 1.5rem 0rem 0 2rem !important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} */ #clearfixheader{ margin-top:30px !important;} } @media only screen and (max-width:739px)and (min-width:569px){ /*ipad portrait =768 */ html{font-size:70%; margin-top:30px !important;} .r_sidebar{display:none!important} .contentmiddle{width:62%!important} .middle_sidebar{width:30% !important} /* .contentwrapper {width:94% !important; margin: 0px 3% 0 3% !important;} */ #navbar {margin-top: 4rem !important;} #clearfixheader { margin-bottom: 2rem !important; margin-top:20px !important;} #ad_logo_wrapper {margin-left:4% !important; margin-right:4% !important; width:96% !important;} /* #wrap{margin-top:20px !important;}*/ .middle_sidebar{border-right:solid 0px #fff!important} .right{float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center !important;} } @media only screen and (max-width:568px)and (min-width:536px){ /* iphone 6 landscape */ /*h1{font-size:1.3rem} */ html{font-size:72%; margin-top:40px !important;} .contentmiddle{width:100%!important;} .middle_sidebar{display:none!important;} .r_sidebar{display:none!important} /* #wrap{margin-top:30px !important}}*/ #navbar {margin-top: -1.2rem !important } #clearfixheader { margin-bottom: -1.4rem !important; margin-top:20px !important; } .right{width:100%;float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center !important;} #ad_logo_wrapper {margin-left:2% !important; margin-right:2% !important; width:96% !important; } /* .contentwrapper {width:96% !important; margin: 1rem 3% 0 3% !important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} */ } @media only screen and (max-width:535px){ /* */ /*h1{font-size:1.3rem} */ html{font-size:64%; margin-top:0px !important;} .contentmiddle{width:100%!important;} .middle_sidebar{display:none!important;} .r_sidebar{display:none!important} /* #wrap{margin-top:30px !important}}*/ #navbar {margin-top: 1.8rem !important;} #clearfixheader { margin-bottom: -1rem !important; display: inline-flex; height: 100%; margin-top: 35px !important;;} .bottom {min-height:40px !important;margin-top:14px;} .right{float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center !important;} #ad_logo_wrapper {margin-left:2% !important; margin-right:2% !important; width:96% !important; } /* .contentwrapper {width:96% !important; margin: 1rem 2% 0 2% !important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} */ } @media only screen and (max-width:480px){ /*h1{font-size:1.2rem;} */ html{font-size:64%; margin-top:3rem;} .contentmiddle{width:96%} .middle_sidebar{display:none!important} .r_sidebar{display:none!important} #wrap{padding-top:5px !important} #navbar {margin: 2.4rem auto !important;} #ad_logo_wrapper { margin-left:.2rem !important; _margin-top: 4.4rem !important;} #clearfixheader { margin-bottom: -1.3rem; !important; display: inline-flex; height: 100%; margin-top:25px ;} /* .contentwrapper {width:95% !important; margin: -1.4rem 3% 0 3% !important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} */ @media only screen and (max-width:414px){ /*h1{font-size:1.2rem;} */ html{font-size:64%; margin-top:1rem;} .contentmiddle{width:96%} .middle_sidebar{display:none!important} .r_sidebar{display:none!important} #wrap{padding-top:5px !important} _#headermasterwrapper {margin-top: -16px !important; height:300px;;} #headermasterwrapper{width:100%; margin: 0 auto; _height: 170px; z-index:100; height:100%;} #navbar {margin: 12px auto !important;} #ad_logo_wrapper { margin-left:.4rem !important; _margin-top: .5rem;} #clearfixheader { margin-bottom: -1.3rem; !important; height:100%;} .contentwrapper {width:95% !important; margin: -1.4rem 3% 0 3% !important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} .bottom{margin-top:9px;} .right{float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center;} /* #ad_logo_wrapper,#navbar {margin-left:0%; margin-right:0%;} .contentwrapper {width:100%; margin: 12px 1% 0 1%; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} */ .da-mobile-head{ _top:-60px; _left:5%; _right: 5%; .da-mobile-head {max-height:450px;} } } @media only screen and (max-width:375px){ /* iphone6 375 portrait */ html{font-size:80%; margin-top:1rem;} #wrap{padding-top:0px !important;} .contentmiddle{width:96% !important} .middle_sidebar{display:none!important} .r_sidebar{display:none!important} /*pull navbar up to logo */ #headermasterwrapper {margin-top: -28px !important;} #navbar {margin: 2rem 8px 0 0px !important ; width: 100% !important;} #ad_logo_wrapper { margin-top:3.3rem; margin-left:.3rem !important;} #clearfixheader { margin-bottom: -1.3rem !important;} /* .contentwrapper {width:96%!important; margin: -1.4rem 3% 0 3% !important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} */ .right{float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center;} } @media only screen and (max-width:320px){ /* iphone5 320 portrait */ html{font-size:64%; margin-top:-1rem !important;} #wrap{padding-top:0px !important;} .contentmiddle{width:95% !important;} .middle_sidebar{display:none!important} .r_sidebar{display:none!important} #headermasterwrapper {margin-top: -28px !important;} /*pull navbar up to logo */ #ad_logo_wrapper { margin-top: 1rem; margin-left: .3rem !important;} #navbar { width: 100% !important; margin-top:-.8rem !important; } #clearfixheader { margin-bottom: -2rem !important;} /* .contentwrapper {width:96%!important; margin: -.1rem 3% 0 4% !important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} */ .right{float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center;} } @media (max-width:1024px){#currentMedia{max-width:1024px}} @media (max-width:768px){#currentMedia{max-width:768px}} @media (max-width:720px){#currentMedia{max-width:720px}} @media(max-width:420px){#currentMedia{max-width:420px}} .contentwrapper a {line-height:180%;} .contentwrapper {width:100%; margin 0 3% 0 4% } .html{line-height:150%;} </style> <!-- google 'page' ads <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({ google_ad_client: "ca-pub-1184791463292965", enable_page_level_ads: true }); </script> --> <!-- add in --> </head> <body class="archive date"> <!-- user-facing layout begins here --> <div id= "headermasterwrapper"> <div id="headerW"> <div id="header"> <div id="headerfirst"> <div id="ad_logo_wrapper"> <!-- <ul class="horizontal_header" <li=""> --> <div class="right" id="leaderboard_div"> <div class='da-mobile-head'> <span id="publiftheader"><div data-fuse="22871471619"></div> </span> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> /* Calculate the width of available ad space */ ad = document.getElementById('leaderboard_div'); console.log("width of ad is "+ String(ad.getBoundingClientRect().width)) if (ad.getBoundingClientRect().width) { adWidth = ad.getBoundingClientRect().width; // for modern browsers } else { adWidth = ad.offsetWidth; // for old IE } /*put in publift ads ad.getBoundingClientRect().width */ if (adWidth < 500) { document.getElementById('publiftheader').innerHTML ='<div data-fuse="22871471631"></div>'; } </script> </div> <!--right or top--> <div class="bottom"><a href="//www.openculture.com"><span class="logo_clickable"></span></a> </div> <div class="left" style=""><a href="//www.openculture.com"><span class="logo_clickable"></span></a> <!-- <div id="tagline_container"> <p class="tagline">The best free cultural &</p><p class="tagline">educational media on the web</p> </div> --> <div id="logo"></div> </div> <!-- left --> </div> <!-- ad_logo_wrapper--> <!-- 71161633/desktop_incontent_1/desktop_incontent_1 <div data-fuse="22871471541"></div> --> </div> <!--header --> </div> <!--headerw --> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix" id="clearfixheader"> </div> <div id="navbar" > <div class="centerwrap"> <ul class="nav"> <!-- <li id="home-icon"><a href="/" title="our homepage" height="100%" sl-processed="1"></a> </li> --> <li id="online-courses"><a title="Online Courses" href="/freeonlinecourses">Online Courses</a> </li> <!-- <li id="Certificate Courses"><a title="Certificates" href="/online-certificate-programs">Certificates</a> </li> <li id="Degrees & Mini-Degrees"><a title="Degrees & Mini-Degrees" href="/online-degrees">Degrees & Mini-Degrees</a> </li> --> <li id="audio-books"><a title="Audio Books" href="/freeaudiobooks">Audio Books</a> </li> <li id="movies"><a title="Movies" href="/freemoviesonline">Movies</a> </li> <!--<li id="language-lessons"><a title="Language Lessons" href="/freelanguagelessons">Languages</a> --> <li id "podcasts"><a title="Podcasts" href="/great-podcasts">Podcasts</a> </li> <!-- ><li id="textbooks"><a title="Free Textbooks" href="/free_textbooks">Textbooks</a> --> <li id="k-12 Grade"><a title="K-12 Resources" href="/free_k-12_educational_resources">K-12</a> </li> <!-- <li id="K12"><a title="K-12" href="/free_k-12_educational_resources">K-12</a></li> --> <li class="ebooks" id="ebooks"><a title="eBooks" href="/free_ebooks">eBooks</a> </li> <li class="language" id="language"><a title="Language Lessons" href="/freelanguagelessons">Languages</a> </li> <li class="last" id="donate"><a title="Donate" href="/help-fund-open-culture">Donate</a> </li> <li class="socialblock"> <div> <ul class="social_li"> <li class="social-mail"><a href="/contact" title="Contact Us"></a></li> <li class="social-rss"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/feed/rss2" title="Subscribe to Our RSS Feed"></a></li> <li class="social-twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/openculture" title="Follow Open Culture on Twitter"></a></li> <li class="social-facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/openculture" title="Follow us on Facebook"></a></li> <!--<li class="social-search"><span class="social-search" title="Search our Archives"></span></li> --> <!-- <a href="http://www.openculture.com/search" title="Search our Archives"></a> --> </ul> <li class="search-popout"> <div id="sb-search" class="sb-search"> <form action="https://google.com/search" method="get"> <input class="sb-search-input" placeholder="Enter your search term..." type="search" results=25 value="" name="q" id="s"> <input class="sb-search-submit" type="submit" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="sitesearch" value="http://openculture.com" /> <div class="sb-icon-search"></div> </form> </div> </li> <li class="stretch"></li> </li> </div> </ul> </div> <!--centerwrap --> </div> <!--navbar --> <!-- navbar was here --> <!--header--> <div class="contentwrapper"> <div id="wrap" align="left"> <div class="hide"><div id="fbpreview" class="hide-show" height="246px !important"> <img src="" max-height="246px" width="470px !important" height="246px !important"></img></div></div> <div class="contentmiddle"> <div class="oc-center white_background noexpand" style="max-width:501px"> <!-- Some public content. --> <div class="oc-center white_background noexpand"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><br> <!-- top categories archive --><br> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="1279265463" data-ad-format="auto"></ins><br> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-42822" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/ray_bradbury_the_things_that_you_love_should_be_things_that_you_do_books_teach_us_that.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Ray Bradbury: “The Things That You Love Should Be Things That You Do.” “Books Teach Us That”"> Ray Bradbury: “The Things That You Love Should Be Things That You Do.” “Books Teach Us That” </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/books" rel="category tag">Books</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/literature" rel="category tag">Literature</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/sci_fi" rel="category tag">Sci Fi</a> </em> | August 31st, 2012 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- New text links --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-42822" class="post-42822 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-books category-literature category-sci_fi"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Pqp38_uS-eg?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen loading="lazy"></iframe></span> </div> <p> <!-- /oc-video-embed --> </p></div> <p><!-- /oc-video-wrapper --></p> <p>“I suppose you’re wondering why I’ve called you all here,” says <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a> above, in a lengthy interview with the The Big Read project sponsored by the National Endowment for the Arts. Breaking the ice with this stock phrase, Bradbury–author of <em>Fahrenheit 451</em>, <em>The Illustrated Man</em>, <em>The Martian Chronicles</em>, and several dozen more fantasy and sci-fi novels and short story collections (and some <a href="http://thevaultofhorror.blogspot.com/2012/06/ray-bradbury-1920-2012.html">truly chilling horror</a>)–begins to talk about… Love. Specifically a love of books. “Love,” he says, “is at the center of your life. The things that you do should be things that you love, and the things that you love, should be things that you do.” That’s what books teach us, he says, and it becomes his mantra.</p> <p>Bradbury, who passed away in June, was certainly an early inspiration for me, and several million other bookish kids whose warmest memories involve discovering some strange, life-altering book on the shelf of a library. As he recounts his childhood experiences with books, he’s such an enthusiastic booster for public libraries that you may find yourself writing a check to your local branch in the first ten minutes of his talk. And it’s easy to see why his most famous novel sprang from what must have been a very pressing fear of the loss of books. Bradbury was largely self-taught. Unable to afford college, he pursued his fierce ambition to become a writer immediately out of high school and published his first short story, “Hollerbochen’s Dilemma,” at the age of nineteen. As he says above, he became a writer because, “I discovered that I was alive.” But I’m not doing it justice. You have to watch him tell it to really feel the thrill of this epiphany.</p> <p>The Big Read’s mission is to create a “Nation of Readers,” and to do so, it posts free audio guides for classics such as Bradbury’s <em>Fahrenheit<a href="http://www.neabigread.org/books/fahrenheit451/radioshow.php" rel="nofollow"> 451</a></em>, Hemingway’s <em>A Farewell to Arms</em>, and Fitzgerald’s <em>The Great Gatsby</em>. They also feature video interviews with other authors, like <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84YLz3c4VI8&feature=relmfu">Amy Tan</a>, <a href="http://youtu.be/bIaUxGHeSfo">Ernest J. Gaines</a>, and <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZjOP3t4Vczs&feature=relmfu">Tobias Wolff</a>. Each of the interviews is fantastic, and the readers’ guides are superb as well. Bradbury’s, for example, narrated by poet and author <a href="http://www.danagioia.net/">Dana Gioia</a>, also features sci-fi giants <a href="http://www.hatrack.com/">Orson Scott Card</a> and <a href="http://www.ursulakleguin.com/">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>, as well as several other writers who were inspired by his work.</p> <p><strong>Related Content:</strong></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2012/04/ray_bradbury_gives_12_pieces_of_writing_advice_to_young_authors_2001.html">Ray Bradbury Gives 12 Pieces of Writing Advice to Young Authors (2001)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/08/ray-bradbury-explains-why-literature-is-the-safety-valve-of-civilization.html">Ray Bradbury: Literature is the Safety Valve of Civilization</a></p> <p><em>Josh Jones is a doctoral candidate in English at Fordham University and a co-founder and former managing editor of Guernica / A Magazine of Arts and Politics.</em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/jdavidjones" title="Posts by Josh Jones" rel="author">Josh Jones</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/ray_bradbury_the_things_that_you_love_should_be_things_that_you_do_books_teach_us_that.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/ray_bradbury_the_things_that_you_love_should_be_things_that_you_do_books_teach_us_that.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/ray_bradbury_the_things_that_you_love_should_be_things_that_you_do_books_teach_us_that.html#comments">3</a> ) | </p> <!-- Comments (3) </p>--> <!-- google_ad_section_end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-42813" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/face_to_face_with_bertrand_russell_love_is_wise_hatred_is_foolish.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Face to Face with Bertrand Russell: ‘Love is Wise, Hatred is Foolish’"> Face to Face with Bertrand Russell: ‘Love is Wise, Hatred is Foolish’ </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/philosophy" rel="category tag">Philosophy</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/television" rel="category tag">Television</a> </em> | August 31st, 2012 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- New text links --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-42813" class="post-42813 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-philosophy category-television"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/WIoAwxxb-mI?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen loading="lazy"></iframe></span> </div> <p> <!-- /oc-video-embed --> </p></div> <p><!-- /oc-video-wrapper --></p> <p>In April of 1959 the British philosopher and mathematician <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/russell/">Bertrand Russell</a> sat down with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Freeman_(British_politician)">John Freeman</a> of the BBC program <em>Face to Face</em> for a brief but wide-ranging and candid interview. Russell reminisced about his early attraction to mathematics. “I got the sort of satisfaction that Plato says you can get out of mathematics,” he said. “It was an eternal world. It was a timeless world. It was a world where there was a possibility of a certain kind of perfection.”</p> <p>Russell, of course, distinguished himself in that rarified world as one of the founders of analytic philosophy and a co-author of <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/principia-mathematica/"><em>Principia Mathematica</em></a>, a landmark work that sought to derive all of mathematics from a set of logical axioms. Although the <em>Principia</em> fell short of its goal, it made an enormous mark on the course of 20th century thought. When World War I came along, though, Russell felt it was time to come down from the ivory tower of abstract thinking. “This world is too bad,” Russell told Freeman. “We must notice it.”</p> <p>The half-hour conversation, shown above in its entirety, is of a quality rarely seen on television today. The interviewer Freeman was at that time a former Member of Parliament and a future Ambassador to the United States. Russell talks with him about his childhood, his views on religion, his political and social activism, even his amusing conviction that <a href="http://www.openculture.com/2011/10/bertrand_russell_i_owe_my_life_to_smoking.html">smoking extended his life</a>. But perhaps the most famous moment comes at the end, when Freeman asks the old philosopher what message he would offer to people living a thousand years hence. In answering the question, Russell balances the two great spheres that occupied his life:</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>I should like to say two things, one intellectual and one moral:</em></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>The intellectual thing I should want to say to them is this: When you are studying any matter or considering any philosophy, ask yourself only what are the facts and what is the truth that the facts bear out. Never let yourself be diverted either by what you wish to believe or by what you think would have beneficent social effects if it were believed, but look only and solely at what are the facts. That is the intellectual thing that I should wish to say.</em></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>The moral thing I should wish to say to them is very simple. I should say: Love is wise, hatred is foolish. In this world, which is getting more and more closely interconnected, we have to learn to tolerate each other. We have to learn to put up with the fact that some people say things that we don’t like. We can only live together in that way, and if we are to live together and not die together we must learn a kind of charity and a kind of tolerance which is absolutely vital to the continuation of human life on this planet.</em></p> <p><strong>Related content:</strong></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2010/02/bertrand_russell_on_god.html">Bertrand Russell on the Existence of God and the Afterlife</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2012/01/three_passions_of_bertrand_russell.html">Three Passions of Bertrand Russell (and a Collection of Free Texts)</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2012/07/face_to_face_with_carl_jung_man_cannot_stand_a_meaningless_life.html">Face to Face with Carl Jung: ‘Man Cannot Stand a Meaningless Life’</a></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/zmspringer" title="Posts by Mike Springer" rel="author">Mike Springer</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/face_to_face_with_bertrand_russell_love_is_wise_hatred_is_foolish.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/face_to_face_with_bertrand_russell_love_is_wise_hatred_is_foolish.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/face_to_face_with_bertrand_russell_love_is_wise_hatred_is_foolish.html#comments">3</a> ) | </p> <!-- Comments (3) </p>--> <!-- google_ad_section_end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-42805" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/truman_capote_explains_his_unconvential_death-penalty_views_to_william_f_buckley_1968.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Truman Capote (In Cold Blood) Talks Death Penalty with William F. Buckley (1968)"> Truman Capote (In Cold Blood) Talks Death Penalty with William F. Buckley (1968) </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/law" rel="category tag">Law</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/television" rel="category tag">Television</a> </em> | August 31st, 2012 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- New text links --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-42805" class="post-42805 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-law category-television"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/2OnHZWLHxVU?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen loading="lazy"></iframe></span> </div> <p> <!-- /oc-video-embed --> </p></div> <p><!-- /oc-video-wrapper --><br> “<a href="http://www.biography.com/people/truman-capote-9237547">Truman Capote</a> didn’t study to become expert in capital crime and its punishment,” says William F. Buckley on the <em>Firing Line</em> broadcast of September 3, 1968, “but his five and one half year engagement of the slaughter of the Clutter family, which went into the writing of <a href="http://amzn.to/PRtADN"><em>In Cold Blood</em></a>, left him with highly settled impressions in the matter.” You can hear Buckley elicit and Capote concisely lay out the position to which these impressions brought him in <a href="http://youtu.be/6xxGchy14pE" rel="nofollow">the clip above</a>. Though remembered for his own conservative views, Buckley seemed ever eager to invite onto his show, frequently and without hesitation, public figures who strongly disagreed with him. This sense of controversy generated a stream of classically compelling televisual moments over <em>Firing Line</em>’s 33-year run, but for my money, all the direct conflicts have less to offer than the times a guest — or even the host — broke from standard ideological positions, as Capote does here.</p> <p>Buckley opens by asking whether “systematic execution of killers over the preceding generation might have stayed the hand of the murderers of the Cutter family.” Capote replies that “capital punishment — which I’m opposed to, but for quite different reasons than are usually advanced — would in itself be a singularly effective deterrent, if it were, in fact, systematically applied. But because public sentiment is very much opposed to it and the courts have allowed this endless policy of appeal — to such a degree that a person can be eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen years under a sentence of capital punishment — it becomes, in effect, an extreme, unusual, and cruel punishment. If people really were sentenced to be executed and were within a reasonable period of time, the professional murderer knew the absolute, positive end of their actions would be their own death, I think it would certainly give them second thoughts.” This perhaps lends itself poorly to a sound bite, but <em>Firing Line</em> at its best never dealt in those.</p> <p><strong>Related content:</strong></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2012/05/william_f_buckley_meets_possibly_drunk_jack_keroauc.html">William F. Buckley Meets (Possibly Drunk) Jack Kerouac, Tries to Make Sense of Hippies, 1968</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2012/07/james_baldwin_bests_william_f_buckley_in_1965_debate_at_cambridge_university.html">James Baldwin Bests William F. Buckley in 1965 Debate at Cambridge University</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2012/07/allen_ginsberg_reads_a_poem_he_wrote_on_lsd_to_william_f_buckley.html">Allen Ginsberg Reads a Poem He Wrote on LSD to William F. Buckley</a></p> <p><em>Colin Marshall hosts and produces </em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">Notebook on Cities and Culture</a><em>. Follow him on Twitter at <a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall" rel="nofollow">@colinmarshall</a>.</em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/cjmarshall" title="Posts by Colin Marshall" rel="author">Colin Marshall</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/truman_capote_explains_his_unconvential_death-penalty_views_to_william_f_buckley_1968.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/truman_capote_explains_his_unconvential_death-penalty_views_to_william_f_buckley_1968.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/truman_capote_explains_his_unconvential_death-penalty_views_to_william_f_buckley_1968.html#comments">1</a> ) | </p> <!-- Comments (1) </p>--> <!-- google_ad_section_end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-42819" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/campbells_to_sell_special_andy_warhol_soup_cans.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Campbell’s to Sell Special Andy Warhol Soup Cans, and What Makes Those Cans Art Anyway"> Campbell’s to Sell Special Andy Warhol Soup Cans, and What Makes Those Cans Art Anyway </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/art" rel="category tag">Art</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/business" rel="category tag">Business</a> </em> | August 31st, 2012 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- New text links --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-42819" class="post-42819 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-art category-business"> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/?attachment_id=42840" rel="attachment wp-att-42840"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-42840 native-lazyload-js-fallback" title="warhol-campbells-soup" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="480" height="320" data-src="//cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/warhol-campbells-soup-e1346391030389.jpeg" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/warhol-campbells-soup-e1346391030389.jpeg 480w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/warhol-campbells-soup-e1346391030389-150x100.jpeg 150w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/warhol-campbells-soup-e1346391030389-300x200.jpeg 300w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-42840" title="warhol-campbells-soup" src="//cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/warhol-campbells-soup-e1346391030389.jpeg" alt width="480" height="320" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/warhol-campbells-soup-e1346391030389.jpeg 480w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/warhol-campbells-soup-e1346391030389-150x100.jpeg 150w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/warhol-campbells-soup-e1346391030389-300x200.jpeg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px"></noscript></a></p> <p>When <em>Mad Men</em> kicked off its fifth season earlier this year, we encountered Don Draper and Peggy Olson brainstorming an advertising campaign for Heinz baked beans. The goal? To make this staple of the American diet sexier to a younger generation. It’s a perennial problem for many traditional brands, something that real-world companies contend with day in, day out. Take <a href="http://www.campbellsoup.com/">Campbell’s Soup</a> for example. As part of a broader effort to make its <a href="http://www.nj.com/business/index.ssf/2012/08/mmm_mmm_new_campbells_ceo_begi.html">products “more ethnic, more hip,” </a> the company founded in 1869 plans to sell 1.2 million cans with artwork inspired by Andy Warhol.</p> <p>Of course, Warhol is the artist who famously began producing silkscreens of <a href="https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79809" rel="nofollow">Campbell’s soup cans back in 1962</a>. When Andy first created these iconic pieces of pop art, Campbell’s was none too pleased. In fact, the company considered hitting him with a lawsuit. But, by 1964, they were sending him <a href="http://www.lettersofnote.com/2010/07/i-hear-you-like-tomato-soup.html">nice letters and free cases of soup</a>, and they also commissioned him to make a painting for the firm’s retiring chairman. Now 50 years later, they’re hoping that Warhol’s pop art can get their sagging sales going again.</p> <p>The soup cans will go on sale at Target, starting this Sunday, for 75 cents a pop. In the meantime, we’ll leave you with this — Sal Khan (Khan Academy) and Steven Zucker (Smarthistory) explaining what makes Warhol’s art, art. And, by the way, I spotted Sal at the local grocery store tonight. Should have said hi. It’s a small world.</p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/J2CtQD3OLRI?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p> <!-- /oc-video-embed --> </p></div> <p><!-- /oc-video-wrapper --></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/campbells_to_sell_special_andy_warhol_soup_cans.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/campbells_to_sell_special_andy_warhol_soup_cans.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/campbells_to_sell_special_andy_warhol_soup_cans.html#comments">1</a> ) | </p> <!-- Comments (1) </p>--> <!-- google_ad_section_end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-42791" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/kurt_vonnegut_writes_an_offbeat_contract_outlining_his_domestic_chores_1947.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Kurt Vonnegut Writes an Offbeat Contract Outlining His Chores Around the House, 1947"> Kurt Vonnegut Writes an Offbeat Contract Outlining His Chores Around the House, 1947 </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/life" rel="category tag">Life</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/literature" rel="category tag">Literature</a> </em> | August 30th, 2012 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- New text links --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-42791" class="post-42791 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-life category-literature"> <p><a href="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/vonnegut-letters.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42794 native-lazyload-js-fallback" alt="vonnegut letters" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" width="201" height="300" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/vonnegut-letters.jpeg" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/vonnegut-letters.jpeg 300w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/vonnegut-letters-101x150.jpeg 101w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/vonnegut-letters-202x300.jpeg 202w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 201px) 100vw, 201px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42794" alt="vonnegut letters" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/vonnegut-letters.jpeg" width="201" height="300" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/vonnegut-letters.jpeg 300w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/vonnegut-letters-101x150.jpeg 101w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/vonnegut-letters-202x300.jpeg 202w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 201px) 100vw, 201px"></noscript></a>Kurt Vonnegut never did things the conventional way. He didn’t write particularly conventional novels. He certainly <a href="http://www.openculture.com/2012/06/kurt_vonnegut_how_to_get_a_job_like_mine_2002.html">didn’t make very conventional speeches at universities</a>. But he did make semi-conventional domestic agreements. Take, for example, this contract written on January 26, 1947. Posted on t<a href="http://www.harpers.org/archive/2012/09/0084030">he Harper’s website in full</a>, this odd little document, dubbed “The Chore List of Champions,” finds Vonnegut outlining all of the tasks he promised to do around the house — this while his young wife, Jane, prepared to give birth to their first child. The contract (the content is conventional, the form is not) will be published in <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0385343752?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creativeASIN=0385343752&linkCode=xm2&tag=openculture-20">Kurt Vonnegut: Letters</a></em> next month. And it begins:</p> <blockquote><p>I, Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., that is, do hereby swear that I will be faithful to the commitments hereunder listed:</p> <p>I. With the agreement that my wife will not nag, heckle, or otherwise disturb me on the subject, I promise to scrub the bathroom and kitchen floors once a week, on a day and hour of my own choosing. Not only that, but I will do a good and thorough job, and by that she means that I will get <em>under</em> the bathtub, <em>behind</em> the toilet, <em>under</em> the sink, <em>under</em> the icebox, <em>into</em> the corners; and I will pick up and put in some other location whatever movable objects happen to be on said floors at the time so as to get under them too, and not just around them. Furthermore, while I am undertaking these tasks I will refrain from indulging in such remarks as “Shit,” “Goddamn sonofabitch,” and similar vulgarities, as such language is nerve-wracking to have around the house when nothing more drastic is taking place than the facing of Necessity. <em>If I do not live up to this agreement,</em> my wife is to feel free to nag, heckle, and otherwise disturb me until I am driven to scrub the floors anyway—<em>no matter how busy I am.</em></p></blockquote> <p>And then later continues:</p> <blockquote><p>g. When smoking I will make every effort to keep the ashtray I am using at the time upon a surface that does not slant, sag, slope, dip, wrinkle, or give way upon the slightest provocation; such surfaces may be understood to include stacks of books precariously mounted on the edge of a chair, the arms of the chair that has arms, and my own knees;</p> <p>h. I will not put out cigarettes upon the sides of, or throw ashes into, either the red leather wastebasket or the stamp wastebasket that my loving wife made me for Christmas, 1945, as such practice noticeably impairs the beauty and ultimate practicability of said wastebaskets;</p> <p>j. An exception to the above three-day time limit is the taking out of the garbage, which, as any fool knows, had better not wait that long; I will take out the garbage within three hours after the need for disposal has been pointed out to me by my wife. It would be nice, however, if, upon observing the need for disposal with my own two eyes, I should perform this particular task upon my own initiative, and thus not make it necessary for my wife to bring up a subject that is moderately distasteful to her;</p> <p>l. The terms of this contract are understood to be binding up until that time after the arrival of our child (to be specified by the doctor) when my wife will once again be in full possession of all her faculties, and able to undertake more arduous pursuits than are now advisable.</p></blockquote> <p>You can read <a href="http://www.harpers.org/archive/2012/09/0084030">the complete “Chore List of Champions” at Harper’s</a>.</p> <p>via <a href="http://www.metafilter.com/119465/Chore-list-of-Champions">Metafilter</a></p> <p><strong>Related Content:</strong></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2012/07/kurt_vonnegut_writes_home_from_world_war_ii.html">22-Year-Old P.O.W. Kurt Vonnegut Writes Home from World War II: “I’ll Be Damned If It Was Worth It”</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2010/03/kurt_vonnegut_reads_from_slaughterhouse-five.html">Kurt Vonnegut Reads from Slaughterhouse-Five</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2012/06/kurt_vonneguts_eight_tips_on_how_to_write_a_good_short_story.html">Kurt Vonnegut’s Eight Tips on How to Write a Good Short Story</a></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/kurt_vonnegut_writes_an_offbeat_contract_outlining_his_domestic_chores_1947.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/kurt_vonnegut_writes_an_offbeat_contract_outlining_his_domestic_chores_1947.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/kurt_vonnegut_writes_an_offbeat_contract_outlining_his_domestic_chores_1947.html#comments">1</a> ) | </p> <!-- Comments (1) </p>--> <!-- google_ad_section_end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-42746" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/peter_sellers_his_life_in_home_movies.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Peter Sellers: His Life in Home Movies"> Peter Sellers: His Life in Home Movies </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/comedy" rel="category tag">Comedy</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/film" rel="category tag">Film</a> </em> | August 30th, 2012 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- New text links --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-42746" class="post-42746 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-comedy category-film"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/BjKt7KWdP_0?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p> <!-- /oc-video-embed --> </p></div> <p><!-- /oc-video-wrapper --></p> <p><a href="http://www.petersellers.com/about/biography.html">Peter Sellers</a> was a compulsive home movie maker. His house was cluttered with cameras, cables and tape recorders, according to his first wife Anne Howe, and he liked to bring a camera along with him wherever he went, sometimes handing it to a companion and clowning around in front of the lens.</p> <p>In 1995, fifteen years after Sellers’s death, producers from <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006pn88">BBC Arena</a> sorted through his extensive archive and assembled some of the best footage for a film called <em>The Peter Sellers Story</em>. In 2002 they shortened it into <em>The Peter Sellers Story: As He Filmed It</em> (above), which tells the story of the comedian’s life almost exclusively with footage from his own camera.</p> <p>There are glimpses of some notable people from the actor’s circle, including Stanley Kubrick, Sophia Loren, Lord Snowdon, Princess Margaret, Britt Ekland, Blake Edwards, Spike Milligan and Orson Welles. The audio is pieced together from vintage performances and interviews, along with commentary by Sellers’s friends, family and colleagues. It’s a unique film, offering a personal look at the enigmatic and emotionally troubled genius who was able to slip confidently into an amazing range of personas–often in the same film–but was never sure of his own. As Sellers once told an interviewer:</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>I have no personality of my own, you see. I could never be a star because of this. I’m a character actor. I couldn’t play Peter Sellers the way Cary Grant plays Cary Grant, say–because I have no concrete image of myself. I look in the mirror and what I see is someone who has never grown up–a crashing sentimentalist who alternates between great heights and black depths. You know, it’s a funny thing, but when I’m doing a role I feel it’s the </em>role<em> doing the role, if you know what I mean. When someone tells me “You were great as so-and-so,” I feel they should be telling this to so-and-so, and when I finish a picture I feel a horrible sudden loss of identity</em>.</p> <p><em>The Peter Sellers Story: As He Filmed It </em>will be added to our collection of 500 <a href="http://www.openculture.com/freemoviesonline">Free Movies Online</a>.</p> <p><strong>Related Content:</strong></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2011/05/peter_sellers_performs_the_beatles.html">Peter Sellers Performs The Beatles in Shakespearean Mode</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2012/02/peter_sellers_reads_the_beatles_she_loves_you_in_four_voices.html">Peter Sellers Reads The Beatles’ ‘She Loves You’ in Four Voices</a></p> <p> </p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/zmspringer" title="Posts by Mike Springer" rel="author">Mike Springer</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/peter_sellers_his_life_in_home_movies.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/peter_sellers_his_life_in_home_movies.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/peter_sellers_his_life_in_home_movies.html#respond">None</a> ) | </p> <!-- Comments (0) </p>--> <!-- google_ad_section_end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-42565" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/hollywood_by_helicopter_1958.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Hollywood by Helicopter, 1958"> Hollywood by Helicopter, 1958 </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/film" rel="category tag">Film</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a> </em> | August 30th, 2012 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- New text links --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-42565" class="post-42565 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-film category-history tag-film-2 tag-history-2 tag-hollywood tag-movies"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Ox6rtwhMWKE?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p> <!-- /oc-video-embed --> </p></div> <p><!-- /oc-video-wrapper --></p> <p>“This movie is going to be pretty obvious.” That’s not the best way to get the viewer’s attention. And the rest of the script, read by <a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0186314/">Bob Crane</a>, is not much better: “Hey Kitty, look … Kitty, you didn’t look hard enough … See the thing that looks like a building? That’s a building!” Nor is the premise of the film very good: Kitty is a novice actress, and, before appearing in her first movie, she gets an aerial tour of Hollywood and its landmarks.</p> <p>But from a historical perspective, this 1950s footage of the Los Angeles movie industry has its intriguing moments. It’s particularly interesting to see how much space there still was around some of the studios and movie theaters. Just compare the image of Grauman’s Chinese Theater on Hollywood Boulevard taken from the film with a Google Earth shot from today:</p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2012/08/hollywood_by_helicopter_1958.html/attachment/42592" rel="attachment wp-att-42592"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-42592 native-lazyload-js-fallback" title="YYf9w8" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="480" height="480" data-src="//cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/YYf9w8-e1346343813774.jpg" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/YYf9w8-e1346343813774.jpg 480w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/YYf9w8-e1346343813774-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/YYf9w8-e1346343813774-300x300.jpg 300w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-42592" title="YYf9w8" src="//cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/YYf9w8-e1346343813774.jpg" alt width="480" height="480" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/YYf9w8-e1346343813774.jpg 480w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/YYf9w8-e1346343813774-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/YYf9w8-e1346343813774-300x300.jpg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px"></noscript></a></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><em>By profession, </em><strong><em>Matthias</em></strong><strong><em> Rascher</em></strong><em> teaches English and History at a High School in northern Bavaria, Germany. In his free time he scours the web for good links and posts the best finds on </em><a href="https://twitter.com/matthiasrascher" type="bitly_hover_card" rel="nofollow"><em>Twitter</em></a><em>.</em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/matthiasrascher" title="Posts by Matthias Rascher" rel="author">Matthias Rascher</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/hollywood_by_helicopter_1958.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/hollywood_by_helicopter_1958.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/hollywood_by_helicopter_1958.html#respond">None</a> ) | </p> <!-- Comments (0) </p>--> <!-- google_ad_section_end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-42713" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/michio_kaku_on_the_physics_behind_absolutely_everything.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Michio Kaku Explains the Physics Behind Absolutely Everything"> Michio Kaku Explains the Physics Behind Absolutely Everything </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/physics" rel="category tag">Physics</a> </em> | August 30th, 2012 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- New text links --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-42713" class="post-42713 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-physics"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/0NbBjNiw4tk?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p> <!-- /oc-video-embed --> </p></div> <p><!-- /oc-video-wrapper --></p> <p>“It’s turtles all the way down,” a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtles_all_the_way_down">possibly apocryphal old lady once said</a> as a way of fully explaining her concept of the world supported on the back of a giant tortoise. But according to City University of New York’s <a href="http://www1.ccny.cuny.edu/prospective/science/profiles/Kaku-Profile.cfm" rel="nofollow">Michio Kaku</a>, it’s physics all the way down. He shares this highly educated assumption with, presumably, everyone in his field of theoretical physics, and if you’ve got 42 minutes, he’ll tell you why the subject’s explanatory power has compelled him and so many others to dedicate their lives to it. In “<a href="http://youtu.be/0NbBjNiw4tk">The Universe in a Nutshell</a>,” the lecture embedded above, Kaku tells of the origins of modern physics, breaks down how it has clarified to humanity so many of the mechanisms of existence, and reminds us of both the countless technological advances it has already made possible and the infinitude of them it will in the future. To our fellow humans just a few generations back, he says, we, with our advanced communication devices and our ability to watch slickly produced, high-resolution lectures on demand, would look like wizards; our grandchildren, enjoying yet more benefits from physics, would look like gods.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>This video comes to you free from <a href="http://bigthink.com/">Big Think</a>, though as a production it originates from the associated venture <a href="http://www.floatinguniversity.com/about">Floating University</a>, which sells access to lectures on a variety of subjects, from physics to demography to linguistics to aesthetics. Given all the useful information technology now so widely available — thanks in part to discoveries in, yes, physics — a particularly fruitful time has come for projects meant to reinvent education. Floating University considers itself to be “democratizing education,” and the demand certainly seems fervent. “Why can’t school be like this?” writes one YouTube commenter. “I don’t want homework, I don’t want a binder with dividers, I don’t want to be bored to death with worksheets. I just want to LEARN.” This, of course, started arguments. But that’s democracy for you.</p> <p>Please note, oodles of <a href="http://www.openculture.com/physics_free_courses">Free Physics Courses</a> — including ones by Richard Feynman, Leonard Susskind, Sean Carroll, and Walter Lewin — can be found in our collection, <span style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">1,700 Free Online Courses from Top Universities</a></span>.</p> <p><strong>Related content:</strong></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2009/04/learning_physics_through_open_courses.html">Learning Physics Through Free Courses</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2010/01/modern_physics_a_complete_introduction.html">Modern Physics: A Complete Introduction</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2010/03/einstein_in_60_seconds_or_40_hours.html">Einstein in 60 Seconds (or 40 Hours)</a></p> <p><em>Colin Marshall hosts and produces </em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">Notebook on Cities and Culture</a><em>. Follow him on Twitter at <a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall" rel="nofollow">@colinmarshall</a>.</em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/cjmarshall" title="Posts by Colin Marshall" rel="author">Colin Marshall</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/michio_kaku_on_the_physics_behind_absolutely_everything.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/michio_kaku_on_the_physics_behind_absolutely_everything.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/michio_kaku_on_the_physics_behind_absolutely_everything.html#comments">16</a> ) | </p> <!-- Comments (16) </p>--> <!-- google_ad_section_end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cleared"></div> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/page/2" >More in this category... »</a> </div> <!--contenttitle --> <div class="middle_sidebar"> <ul id="middle_sidebarwidgeted"> <li id="execphp-431254483" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">Essentials</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">1,700 Free Online Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/online-certificate-programs">200 Online Certificate Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/online-degrees">100+ Online Degree & Mini-Degree Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freemoviesonline">1,150 Free Movies</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeaudiobooks">1,000 Free Audio Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/great-podcasts">150+ Best Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_ebooks">800 Free eBooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_textbooks">200 Free Textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freelanguagelessons">300 Free Language Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/business_free_courses">150 Free Business Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources">Free K-12 Education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/dailyemail">Get Our Daily Email</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254506" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">Support Us</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox noborder"> <br> We're hoping to rely on loyal readers, rather than erratic ads. Please click the Donate button and support Open Culture. You can use Paypal, Venmo, Patreon, even Crypto! We thank you! <br> <br> <a href="/help-fund-open-culture"><img class="alignleft wp-image-1033883 size-full" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2017/03/30092526/btn_donate_cc_147x47.png" alt="" width="147" height="47" /></a> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254479" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Free Courses</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-art-art-history-courses">Art & Art History</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/astronomy-free-online-courses">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/biology_free_courses">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/business_free_courses">Business</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/chemistry-free-courses">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-courses-in-ancient-history-literature-philosophy">Classics/Ancient World</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/computer_science_free_courses">Computer Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-online-data-science-courses">Data Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/economics_free_courses">Economics</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/engineering_free_courses">Engineering</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/environment-free-online-courses">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/history_free_courses">History</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/literature_free_courses">Literature</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/math_free_courses ">Math</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/philosophy_free_courses">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/physics_free_courses">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/political_science_free_courses">Political Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/psychology_free_courses">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/religion-free-courses-online">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-online-writing-journalism-courses">Writing & Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">All 1700 Free Courses</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254514" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">Receive our Daily Email</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"> <div class="new_subscription_block" style="" > <center><h3 class="sub_r" style="font-size:1.8rem">FREE UPDATES!</h3> <h4 style="font-size:1.4rem">GET OUR DAILY EMAIL</h4></center> <p> Get the best cultural and educational resources on the web curated for you in a daily email. We never spam. Unsubscribe at any time. </p> <b><a href="https://www.openculture.com/newsletter-signup">Click Here to sign up for our newsletter</a> </b> </br> <p style="font-size:1.4rem">FOLLOW ON SOCIAL MEDIA</p> <div class="social-icons2"> <ul style "display:inline;padding:0;margin:0px;"> <li> <a href="//twitter.com/openculture"><i class="icon-twitter"></i></a></li> <li><a href="//facebook.com/openculture"><i class="icon-facebook"></i></a></li> <li><a href="/contact"><i class="icon-envelope-alt"></i></a></li> <li><a href="//feeds.feedburner.com/OpenCulture"><i class="icon-rss-sign"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li><li id="execphp-431254473" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Free Movies</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freemoviesonline">1150 Free Movies Online</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_film_noir_movies">Free Film Noir</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-silent-films">Silent Films</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-documentaries-online/">Documentaries</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-kung-fu-martial-arts-movies-online/">Martial Arts/Kung Fu</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-animated-films">Animations</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_hitchcock_movies_online">Free Hitchcock Films</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/12/free_charlie_chaplin_films_on_the_web.html">Free Charlie Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/01/john_wayne_25_free_western_films_online.html">Free John Wayne Movies</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2010/07/tarkovksy.html">Free Tarkovsky Films</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/09/eight-free-films-by-dziga-vertov.html">Free Dziga Vertov</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/02/28_free_oscar_films_on_the_web.html">Free Oscar Winners</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254474" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Free Language Lessons</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_arabic_lessons">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_mandarin_chinese_lessons">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_english_lessons">English</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_french_lessons">French</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_german_lessons">German</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_italian_lessons">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_russian_lessons ">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_spanish_lessons">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2006/10/foreign_languag.html">All Languages</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254476" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Free eBooks</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_ebooks">700 Free eBooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-philosophy-ebooks">Free Philosophy eBooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/07/the_harvard_classics_a_free_digital_collection.html">The Harvard Classics</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/?p=25048">Philip K. Dick Stories</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/12/neil_gaimans_free_short_stories.html">Neil Gaiman Stories</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/02/23_free_essays_stories_by_david_foster_wallace_available_on_the_web.html">David Foster Wallace Stories & Essays</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/04/ernest-hemingways-very-first-published-stories-free-as-an-ebook.html">Hemingway Stories</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/06/read_f_scott_fitzgeralds_story_may_day_and_nearly_all_of_his_other_work_free_online.html">Great Gatsby & Other Fitzgerald Novels</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/h-p-lovecrafts-classic-horror-stories-free-online.html">HP Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/download-the-complete-works-of-edgar-allan-poe-macabre-stories-as-free-ebooks-audio-books.html">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/10/read-14-short-stories-from-nobel-prize-winning-writer-alice-munro-free-online.html">Free Alice Munro Stories</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/stories_by_jennifer_egan.html">Jennifer Egan Stories</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/?p=59123">George Saunders Stories</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/12/read-10-free-articles-by-hunter-s-thompson.html">Hunter S. Thompson Essays</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/01/read-17-joan-didion-essays-free-online-1966-to-2013.html">Joan Didion Essays</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/04/10-short-stories-by-gabriel-garcia-marquez.html">Gabriel Garcia Marquez Stories</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/09/20-free-essays-stories-by-david-sedaris.html">David Sedaris Stories</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/six-free-stephen-king-stories.html">Stephen King</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/05/read-9-books-by-noam-chomsky-free-online.html">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/03/download-over-22000-golden-silver-age-comic-books-from-the-comic-book-plus-archive.html">Golden Age Comics</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/01/read-700-free-ebooks-made-available-by-the-university-of-california-press.html">Free Books by UC Press</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2007/08/life-changing_books_your_picks.html">Life Changing Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li><li id="execphp-431254495" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Free Audio Books</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeaudiobooks">700 Free Audio Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/audio_books_fiction">Free Audio Books: Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/audio_books_poetry">Free Audio Books: Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/audio_books_non-fiction">Free Audio Books: Non-Fiction</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254477" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Free Textbooks</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_textbooks">200 Free Textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-physics-textbooks">Free Physics Textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-computer-science-textbooks">Free Computer Science Textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-math-textbooks">Free Math Textbooks</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254478" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">K-12 Resources</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources#Books">Free Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources#Tutorials">Free Video Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources#Apps</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources#Resources">Web Resources by Subject</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources#Languages">Free Language Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources#YouTube">Quality YouTube Channels</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources#TeacherRef">Teacher Resources</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources#TestPrep">Test Prep</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources">All Free Kids Resources</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254492" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Free Art & Images</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2016/05/1-8-million-free-works-of-art-from-world-class-museums-a-meta-list.html">All Art Images & Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/05/the-met-puts-400000-high-res-images-online.html">The Met</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/04/getty-museum-adds-another-77000-images-to-its-open-content-archive.html">The Getty</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/rijksmuseum-digitizes-makes-free-online-210000-works-of-art-masterpieces-included.html">The Rijksmuseum</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/06/smithsonian-digitizes-lets-you-download-40000-works-of-asian-and-american-art.html">Smithsonian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/10/free-the-guggenheim-puts-online-1600-great-works-of-modern-art-from-575-artists.html">The Guggenheim</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/12/the-tate-digitizes-70000-works-of-art.html">The Tate</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/04/download-35000-works-of-art-from-the-national-gallery.html">The National Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/01/whitney-museum-puts-online-21000-works-of-american-art.html">The Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/la_county_museum_makes_20000_artistic_images_available_for_free.html">LA County Museum</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/12/45000-works-of-art-from-stanford-universitys-cantor-arts-center-now-freely-viewable-online.html">Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/09/the-british-library-puts-over-1000000-images-in-the-public-domain-a-deeper-dive-into-the-collection.html">British Library</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/12/google-puts-over-57000-works-of-art-on-the-web.html">Google Art Project</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/02/14000-free-images-from-the-french-revolution-now-available-online.html">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/03/getty-images-makes-35-million-photos-free-to-use-online.html">Getty Images</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/01/free_the_guggenheim_puts_65_modern_art_books_online.html">Guggenheim Art Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/download-422-free-art-books-from-the-metropolitan-museum-of-art.html">Met Art Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/01/download-over-250-free-art-books-from-the-getty-museum.html">Getty Art Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/03/new-york-public-library-puts-20000-hi-res-maps-online.html">New York Public Library Maps</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/06/download-30000-free-images-from-the-museum-of-new-zealand.html">Museum of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/google-puts-online-10000-works-of-street-art-from-across-the-globe.html">Street Art</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/05/100-great-works-of-art-with-videos-created-by-khan-academy.html">Smarthistory</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/11/300-etchings-by-rembrandt-now-free-online-thanks-to-the-morgan-library-museum.html">Rembrandt</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2016/02/download-hundreds-of-van-gogh-paintings-sketches-letters-in-high-resolution.html">Van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2016/02/download-free-coloring-books-from-world-class-libraries-museums.html">Coloring Books</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254493" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Free Music</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/11/a_big_bach_download_the_complete_organ_works_free.html">All Bach Organ Works</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/05/all-of-bach-for-free.html">All of Bach</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/02/classicalscores.html">80,000 Classical Music Scores</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/09/download-free-classical-music-from-150-composers-courtesy-of-musopen-org.html">Free Classical Music</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/03/the-world-concert-hall-listen-to-the-best-live-classical-music-concerts-for-free.html">Live Classical Music</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/11/8976_free_grateful_dead_concert_recordings_in_the_internet_archive_explored_by_the_inew_yorkeri.html">9,000 Grateful Dead Concerts</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/03/the_alan_lomax_music_archive_now_online.html">Alan Lomax Blues & Folk Archive</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254496" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Writing Tips</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/seven_tips_from_ernest_hemingway_on_how_to_write_fiction.html">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/seven_tips_from_f_scott_fitzgerald_on_how_to_write_fiction.html">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/03/stephen-kings-top-20-rules-for-writers.html">Stephen King</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/04/ray_bradbury_gives_12_pieces_of_writing_advice_to_young_authors_2001.html">Ray Bradbury</a> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/05/10-writing-tips-from-legendary-writing-teacher-william-zinsser.html">William Zinsser</a></li> </li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/kurt-vonneguts-8-tips-on-how-to-write-a-good-short-story.html">Kurt Vonnegut</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/12/toni_morrison_dispenses_writing_wisdom_in_1993_iparis_reviewi_interview.html">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/01/seven-tips-from-edgar-allan-poe-on-how-to-write-vivid-stories-and-poems.html">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/01/writing_rules.html">Margaret Atwood</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/david-ogilvys-1982-memo-how-to-write-offers-10-pieces-of-timeless-advice.html">David Ogilvy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/02/john_steinbecks_nobel_prize_speech_and_his_six_tips_for_the_aspiring_writer.html">Steinbeck</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/10-tips-from-billy-wilder-on-how-to-write-a-good-screenplay.html">Billy Wilder</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254494" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Archive</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/archive">All posts by date</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254516" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Personal Finance</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openpersonalfinance.com/">Open Personal Finance</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="categories-373478526" class="widget widget_categories"><h2 class="widgettitle">Categories</h2> <ul> <li class="cat-item cat-item-70"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/amazon_kindle">Amazon Kindle</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-331"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/animation-2">Animation</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-71"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/apple">Apple</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-414"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/architecture-2">Architecture</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-485"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/archives">Archives</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-72"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/art">Art</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-693"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-338"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/astronomy-2">Astronomy</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-73"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/audio_books">Audio Books</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-404"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/biology-2">Biology</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-75"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/books">Books</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-76"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/business">Business</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-519"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/chemistry">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-590"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/coloring-books">Coloring Books</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-77"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/comedy">Comedy</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-410"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/comics">Comics/Cartoons</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-512"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/computer-science">Computer Science</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-413"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/creativity-2">Creativity</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-78"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/current_affairs">Current Affairs</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-466"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/dance">Dance</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-516"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/data">Data</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-328"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/deals">Deals</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-395"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/design-2">Design</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-79"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/e-books">e-books</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-13"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/economics">Economics</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-119"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/education">Education</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-80"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/english_language">English Language</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-518"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-419"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/environment">Environment</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-522"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/fashion">Fashion</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-81"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/film">Film</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-672"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/finance">Finance</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-409"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/food_drink">Food & Drink</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-513"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/games">Games</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-520"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/gender">Gender</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-83"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/google">Google</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-494"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/graduation-speech">Graduation Speech</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-84"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/harvard">Harvard</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-498"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/health">Health</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-85"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history">History</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-514"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/how-to-learn-for-free">How to Learn for Free</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-521"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/internet-archive">Internet Archive</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-213"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/ipad">iPad</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-86"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/iphone">iPhone</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-493"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/jazz">Jazz</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-388"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/k-12">K-12</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-569"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/language">Language</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-82"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/language_lessons">Language Lessons</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-87"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/law">Law</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-434"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/letters">Letters</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-524"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/libraries">Libraries</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-88"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/life">Life</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-89"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/literature">Literature</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-481"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/magazines">Magazines</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-474"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/maps">Maps</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-120"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/math">Math</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-90"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/media">Media</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-91"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/mit">MIT</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-407"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/moocs">MOOCs</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-92"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/most_popular">Most Popular</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-480"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/museums">Museums</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-93"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/music">Music</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-517"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/nature">Nature</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-511"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/neuroscience">Neuroscience</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-94"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/online_courses">Online Courses</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-492"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/opera">Opera</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-95"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/philosophy">Philosophy</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-376"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/photography-2">Photography</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-96"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/physics">Physics</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-118"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/podcast_articles_and_resources">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-221"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/poetry">Poetry</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-98"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/politics">Politics</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-526"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/pretty-much-pop">Pretty Much Pop</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-554"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/productivity">Productivity</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-99"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/psychology">Psychology</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-233"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/radio-2">Radio</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-100"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/random">Random</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-101"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/religion">Religion</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-102"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/sci_fi">Sci Fi</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-103"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/science">Science</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-515"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/software">Software</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-401"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/sports">Sports</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-104"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/stanford">Stanford</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-105"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/technology">Technology</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-127"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/ted_talks">TED Talks</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-106"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/television">Television</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-108"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/theater">Theatre</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-382"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/travel-2">Travel</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-43"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/twitter">Twitter</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-109"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/uc_berkeley">UC Berkeley</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/uncategorized">Uncategorized</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-110"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/video_-_arts_culture">Video - Arts & Culture</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-111"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/video_-_politicssociety">Video - Politics/Society</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-112"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/video_-_science">Video - Science</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-473"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/video-games">Video Games</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-113"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/webtech">Web/Tech</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-115"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-408"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/writing">Writing</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-116"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/yale">Yale</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-117"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/youtube">YouTube</a> </li> </ul> </li><li id="a2a_share_save_widget-2" class="widget widget_a2a_share_save_widget"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_42 addtoany_list"><a class="a2a_button_bluesky" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/bluesky?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2F2012%2F08&linkname=August%202012%20-%20Open%20Culture" title="Bluesky" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2F2012%2F08&linkname=August%202012%20-%20Open%20Culture" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_threads" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/threads?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2F2012%2F08&linkname=August%202012%20-%20Open%20Culture" title="Threads" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_mastodon" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/mastodon?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2F2012%2F08&linkname=August%202012%20-%20Open%20Culture" title="Mastodon" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_reddit" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/reddit?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2F2012%2F08&linkname=August%202012%20-%20Open%20Culture" title="Reddit" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_sms" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/sms?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2F2012%2F08&linkname=August%202012%20-%20Open%20Culture" title="Message" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_email" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/email?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2F2012%2F08&linkname=August%202012%20-%20Open%20Culture" title="Email" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></li> </ul> </div> <!--middle_sidebar--> <div class="r_sidebar"> <ul id="l_sidebarwidgeted"> <li id="execphp-431254472" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"> <div class="oc-center-x white_background noexpand top negativetopmargin20"><p><!-- 160x600, created 11/21/10 <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-1184791463292965" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:160px;height:600px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="1264755149"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> --></p> <div id="da-third-column"> <!-- 71161633/desktop_vrec_rhs_1/desktop_vrec_rhs_1 --> <div data-fuse="22871471550"></div> </div> </div> </div> </li><li id="execphp-431254480" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">Great Lectures</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/01/michel_foucault_free_lectures.html">Michel Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/07/full-lecture-and-reading-list-from-sun-ras-1971-uc-berkeley-course.html">Sun Ra at UC Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/the_character_of_physical_law_richard_feynmans_legendary_lecture_series_at_cornell_1964.html">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/08/48-hours-of-joseph-campbell-lectures-free-online.html">Joseph Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/carl_sagan_presents_six_lectures_on_exploring_mars.html">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/the-celebrity-lecture-series-from-michigan-state-features-talks-by-great-writers-of-our-time.html">Margaret Atwood</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/05/jorge_luis_borges_1967-8_norton_lectures_on_poetry_and_everything_else_literary.html">Jorge Luis Borges</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/03/leonard_bernsteins_masterful_lectures_on_music.html">Leonard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/04/igrowing_up_in_the_universei_richard_dawkins_presents_captivating_science_lectures_for_kids_1991.html">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/ieverything_i_knowi_42_hours_of_visionary_buckminster_fuller_lectures_1975.html">Buckminster Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/04/walter_kaufmanns_lectures.html">Walter Kaufmann on Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/03/jacques_lacan_speaks_zizek_provides_free_cliffs_notes.html">Jacques Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/07/listen-to-roland-barthes-deliver-his-40-hour-lecture-course-la-preparation-du-roman-in-french-1978-80.html">Roland Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/7_nobel_speeches_by_7_great_writers.html">Nobel Lectures by Writers</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1502">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/07/bertrand_russell_bbc_lecture_series_.html">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/11/take_first-class_philosophy_lectures_anywhere_with_free_oxford_podcasts.html">Oxford Philosophy Lectures</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="custom_html-2" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h2 class="widgettitle">Sign up for Newsletter</h2><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><style id='mailster-form-default' type='text/css'>.mailster-embeded-form body{background:0;padding:0;margin:0}.mailster-embeded-form .mailster-form-body{padding:5px !important;margin:auto !important}.mailster-form-wrap{max-width:100%;max-height:95%;min-width:100px;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}.mailster-form{margin-bottom:20px;position:relative}.mailster-form:before{content:'';position:absolute;display:block;height:100%;width:100%;z-index:1;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center center;background-size:20px 20px;background-image:url('https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/mailster/assets/css/../img/loading.gif');visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:opacity .15s ease-in-out}.mailster-form.loading:before{opacity:1;visibility:visible}@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:2),only screen and (min-resolution:192dpi){.mailster-form:before{background-image:url('https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/mailster/assets/css/../img/loading_2x.gif')}}.mailster-form:after,.mailster-form-fields:after{content:'.';visibility:hidden;display:block;height:0;clear:both}.mailster-form .mailster-form-fields{transition:all .15s ease-in-out}.mailster-form.completed .mailster-form-fields{height:0;min-height:0;opacity:0;overflow:hidden}.mailster-form,.mailster-form .input,.mailster-form .mailster-form-info{width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mailster-embeded-form .mailster-form{margin-bottom:3px}.mailster-form .mailster-wrapper{position:relative;margin-bottom:2px;transition:opacity .15s ease-in-out}.mailster-form.loading .mailster-wrapper{opacity:.2}.mailster-form textarea.input{resize:vertical;height:150px}.mailster-form li{list-style:none !important;margin-left:0;padding-left:0}span.mailster-required{font-size:120%;font-weight:700;color:#bf4d4d}.mailster-lists-wrapper ul{list-style:none;margin-left:0;padding-left:0}.mailster-lists-wrapper ul li{margin-left:0}.mailster-list-description{color:inherit;display:block;margin-left:25px;font-size:.8em}.mailster-form-info{height:0;border-radius:2px;padding:5px;margin-bottom:4px;color:#fff;padding:9px 16px;transition:all .2s;-webkit-transform:scale(0);-moz-transform:scale(0);-ms-transform:scale(0);transform:scale(0)}.mailster-form.loading .mailster-form-info{opacity:0}.mailster-form-info a{color:#fff}.mailster-form-info.success,.mailster-form-info.error{display:block;height:100%;-webkit-transform:scale(1);-moz-transform:scale(1);-ms-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1)}.mailster-form .error input,.mailster-form .error select,.mailster-form .error textarea{outline:2px solid #bf4d4d;outline-offset:0}.mailster-form-info.error{background:#bf4d4d}.mailster-form-info.success{background-color:#6fbf4d;text-align:center}.mailster-form-info ul,.mailster-form .mailster-form-info p{margin:0;padding:0;max-width:initial}.mailster-form-info ul li{color:inherit;margin-left:0}.mailster-submit-wrapper{margin-top:6px}.mailster-form .submit-button{cursor:pointer}.mailster-form .submit-button:focus{outline:0}</style><form action="https://www.openculture.com/index.php/mailster/subscribe" method="post" class="mailster-form mailster-form-submit mailster-ajax-form mailster-form-1" novalidate><input name="_action" type="hidden" value="subscribe"> <input name="_timestamp" type="hidden" value="1744292473"> <input name="_referer" type="hidden" value="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08"> <input name="_nonce" type="hidden" value="82f00f9f45"> <input name="formid" type="hidden" value="1"> <div class="mailster-form-fields"> <div class="mailster-wrapper mailster-firstname-wrapper"><label for="mailster-firstname-1">First Name <span class="mailster-required">*</span></label><input id="mailster-firstname-1" name="firstname" type="text" value="" class="input mailster-firstname mailster-required" aria-required="true" aria-label="First Name"></div> <div class="mailster-wrapper mailster-lastname-wrapper"><label for="mailster-lastname-1">Last Name</label><input id="mailster-lastname-1" name="lastname" type="text" value="" class="input mailster-lastname" aria-required="false" aria-label="First Name"></div> <div class="mailster-wrapper mailster-email-wrapper"><label for="mailster-email-1">Email <span class="mailster-required">*</span></label><input id="mailster-email-1" name="email" type="email" value="" class="input mailster-email mailster-required" aria-required="true" aria-label="First Name" spellcheck="false"></div> <div class="mailster-wrapper mailster-_coolcaptcha-wrapper"><label for="mailster-_coolcaptcha-1">Please type in the letters in the image to prove you are not a robot. If you cannot read them, click on the image to generate a new one. </label><div class="mailster-coolcaptcha-wrap"><img title="click to reload" onclick="var s=this.src;this.src=s.replace(/nocache=\d+/, 'nocache='+(+new Date()))" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" style="cursor:pointer;width:180px;height:110px" loading="lazy" class="native-lazyload-js-fallback" data-src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=mailster_coolcaptcha_img&nocache=1744292473&formid=1"><noscript><img loading="lazy" title="click to reload" onclick="var s=this.src;this.src=s.replace(/nocache=\d+/, 'nocache='+(+new Date()))" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=mailster_coolcaptcha_img&nocache=1744292473&formid=1" style="cursor:pointer;width:180px;height:110px"></noscript></div><input id="mailster-_coolcaptcha-1" name="mailster__coolcaptcha" type="text" value="" class="input mailster-coolcaptcha" placeholder=""></div> <div class="mailster-wrapper mailster-submit-wrapper form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" value="Subscribe (send me a confirmation email)" class="submit-button button" aria-label="First Name"></div> </div> </form> </div></li><li id="execphp-431254508" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">About Us</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="new_subscription_block" style="padding:3% 1% 8% 1%;background-color:white;"> <img src="//cdn3.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo.svg" style="width:100%"/> <p>Open Culture scours the web for the best educational media. We find the free courses and audio books you need, the language lessons & educational videos you want, and plenty of enlightenment in between.</p> <br> <a href="/advertise" style="color: white; font-size:1.2rem;" class="button"">Advertise With Us</a> <br> </br> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254485" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Great Recordings</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/07/ts_eliot_reads_his_modernist_masterpieces.html">T.S. Eliot Reads Waste Land</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/hear_sylvia_plath_read_fifteen_poems_from_her_final_collection_ariel_in_1962_recording.html">Sylvia Plath - Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/06/on_bloomsday_hear_james_joyce_read_from_his_epic_iulyssesi_1924.html">Joyce Reads Ulysses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/02/james_joyce_reads_anna_livia_plurabelle_from_ifinnegans_wakei.html">Joyce - Finnegans Wake</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/01/watch_patti_smith_read_from_virginia_woolf_and_hear_the_only_surviving_recording_of_woolfs_voice.html">Patti Smith Reads Virginia Woolf</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/listen_as_albert_einstein_reads_the_common_language_of_science_1941.html">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/charles-bukowski-poem-read-by-bukowski-tom-waits-and-bono.html">Charles Bukowski</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/bill-murray-reads-poetry-by-billy-collins-cole-porter-and-sarah-manguso.html">Bill Murray</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2010/04/ernest_hemingway_reads_in_harrys_bar_in_venice.html">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/09/f_scott_fitzgerald_reads_from_shakespeares_iothelloi_and_john_masefields_on_growing_old_c1940.html">Fitzgerald Reads Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2010/04/william_faulkner_reads_from_as_i_lay_dying.html">William Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/05/rare_1959_audio_flannery_oconnor_reads_a_good_man_is_hard_to_find.html">Flannery O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/j-r-r-tolkien-reads-from-the-two-towers-the-second-book-of-the-lord-of-the-rings-trilogy.html">Tolkien - The Hobbit</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/06/allen_ginsberg_reads_his_beat_classic_poem_howl.html">Allen Ginsberg - Howl</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/06/rare_1930s_audio_wb_yeats_reads_four_of_his_poems.html">W.B Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/10/ezra_pounds_fiery_1939_reading_of_his_early_poem_isestina_altafortei.html">Ezra Pound</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/dylan_thomas_recites_do_not_go_gentle_into_that_good_night_and_other_poems.html">Dylan Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/anne_sexton_confessional_poet_reads_wanting_to_die_in_ominous_1966_video.html">Anne Sexton</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/06/john-cheever-reads-the-swimmer.html">John Cheever</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/09/hear-david-foster-wallace-read-his-own-essays-and-short-fiction.html">David Foster Wallace</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254484" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Book Lists By</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/12/neil_degrasse_tyson_8_books_every_intelligent_person_should_read.html">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/ernest_hemingways_reading_list_for_a_young_writer_1934.html">Ernest Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/f-scott-fitzgerald-creates-a-list-of-22-essential-books-1936.html">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/allen_ginsbergs_celestial_homework_a_reading_list_for_his_class_literary_history_of_the_beats.html">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/patti-smiths-list-of-favorite-books.html">Patti Smith</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/08/brian-eno-book-lists.html">Brian Eno</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/henry-miller-makes-a-list-of-the-100-books-that-influenced-me-most.html">Henry Miller</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/09/christopher_hitchens_creates_a_reading_list_for_eight-year-old_girl.html">Christopher Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/11/joseph-brodskys-reading-list-for-having-an-intelligent-conversation.html">Joseph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/wh_audens_1941_literature_syllabus_asks_students_to_read_32_great_works_covering_6000_pages_.html">W.H. Auden</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/donald_barthelmes_syllabus_highlights_81_books_essential_for_a_literary_education_.html">Donald Barthelme</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/07/carl_sagans_undergrad_reading_list_from_plato_and_shakespeare_to_huxley_and_gide.html">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/10/david-bowies-list-of-top-100-books.html">David Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/the-books-samuel-beckett-really-liked.html">Samuel Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/09/art-garfunkel-lists-1195-books.html">Art Garfunkel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/the-430-books-in-marilyn-monroes-library.html">Marilyn Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/jorge-luis-borges-personal-library.html">Jorge Luis Borges</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/74-books-curated-by-female-creatives.html">Picks by Female Creatives</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li><li id="execphp-431254513" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254490" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Syllabi</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/wh_audens_1941_literature_syllabus_asks_students_to_read_32_great_works_covering_6000_pages_.html">WH Auden</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/david_foster_wallaces_1994_syllabus.html">David Foster Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/donald_barthelmes_syllabus_highlights_81_books_essential_for_a_literary_education_.html">Donald Barthelme</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/allen_ginsbergs_celestial_homework_a_reading_list_for_his_class_literary_history_of_the_beats.html">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/zadie-smith-and-gary-shteyngarts-syllabi-from-columbia-university.html">Zadie Smith & Gary Shteyngart</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/spike-lee-shares-his-nyu-teaching-list-of-87-essential-films-every-aspiring-director-should-see.html">Spike Lee</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/11/lynda-barrys-wonderfully-illustrated-syllabus-homework-assignments-from-her-uw-madison-class-the-unthinkable-mind.html">Lynda Barry</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/02/junot-diazs-syllabi-for-his-mit-writing-classes.html">Junot Diaz</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254491" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Favorite Movies</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/stanley-kubricks-list-of-top-ten-films.html">Kubrick</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/01/akira-kurosawas-list-of-his-100-favorite-movies.html">Kurosawa's 100</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/quentin-tarantino-lists-the-12-greatest-films-of-all-time.html">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/martin-scorsese-reveals-his-10-favorite-movies.html">Scorsese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/08/andrei-tarkovsky-creates-a-list-of-his-10-favorite-films-1972.html">Tarkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/09/david-lynch-on-his-favorite-directors-including-fellini-wilder-tati-and-hitchcock.html">David Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/05/werner-herzog-picks-his-5-favorite-films.html">Werner Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/woody-allen-lists-the-greatest-films-of-all-time.html">Woody Allen</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/03/wes-andersons-favorite-films.html">Wes Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/05/the-10-favorite-films-of-avant-garde-surrealist-filmmaker-luis-bunuel-including-his-own-collaboration-with-salvador-dali.html">Luis Buñuel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/07/roger-eberts-final-list-of-his-top-10-favorite-films-2012.html">Roger Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/12/susan-sontags-50-favorite-films.html">Susan Sontag</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/scorseses-list-of-39-essential-foreign-films.html">Scorsese Foreign Films</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/44-essential-movies-for-the-student-of-philosophy.html">Philosophy Films</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="archives-3" class="widget widget_archive"><h2 class="widgettitle">Archives</h2> <ul> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/04'>April 2025</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/03'>March 2025</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/02'>February 2025</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/01'>January 2025</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/12'>December 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/11'>November 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/10'>October 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/09'>September 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/08'>August 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/07'>July 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/06'>June 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/05'>May 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/04'>April 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/03'>March 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/02'>February 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/01'>January 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/12'>December 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/11'>November 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/10'>October 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/09'>September 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/08'>August 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/07'>July 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/06'>June 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/05'>May 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/04'>April 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/03'>March 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/02'>February 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/01'>January 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/12'>December 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/11'>November 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/10'>October 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/09'>September 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/08'>August 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/07'>July 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/06'>June 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/05'>May 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/04'>April 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/03'>March 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/02'>February 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/01'>January 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/12'>December 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/11'>November 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/10'>October 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/09'>September 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/08'>August 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/07'>July 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/06'>June 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/05'>May 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/04'>April 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/03'>March 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/02'>February 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/01'>January 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/12'>December 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/11'>November 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/10'>October 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/09'>September 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/08'>August 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/07'>July 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/06'>June 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/05'>May 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/04'>April 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/03'>March 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/02'>February 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/01'>January 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/12'>December 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/11'>November 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/10'>October 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/09'>September 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/08'>August 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/07'>July 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/06'>June 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/05'>May 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/04'>April 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/03'>March 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/02'>February 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/01'>January 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/12'>December 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/11'>November 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/10'>October 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/09'>September 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/08'>August 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/07'>July 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/06'>June 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/05'>May 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/04'>April 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/03'>March 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/02'>February 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/01'>January 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/12'>December 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/11'>November 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/10'>October 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/09'>September 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/08'>August 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/07'>July 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/06'>June 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/05'>May 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/04'>April 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/03'>March 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/02'>February 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/01'>January 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/12'>December 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/11'>November 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/10'>October 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/09'>September 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/08'>August 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/07'>July 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/06'>June 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/05'>May 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/04'>April 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/03'>March 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/02'>February 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/01'>January 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/12'>December 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/11'>November 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/10'>October 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/09'>September 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/08'>August 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/07'>July 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/06'>June 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/05'>May 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/04'>April 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/03'>March 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/02'>February 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/01'>January 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/12'>December 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/11'>November 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/10'>October 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/09'>September 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/08'>August 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/07'>July 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/06'>June 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/05'>May 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/04'>April 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/03'>March 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/02'>February 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/01'>January 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/12'>December 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/11'>November 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/10'>October 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/09'>September 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/08'>August 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/07'>July 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/06'>June 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/05'>May 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/04'>April 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/03'>March 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/02'>February 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/01'>January 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/12'>December 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/11'>November 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/10'>October 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/09'>September 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/08' aria-current="page">August 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/07'>July 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/06'>June 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/05'>May 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/04'>April 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/03'>March 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/02'>February 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/01'>January 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/12'>December 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/11'>November 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/10'>October 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/09'>September 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/08'>August 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/07'>July 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/06'>June 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/05'>May 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/04'>April 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/03'>March 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/02'>February 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/01'>January 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/12'>December 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/11'>November 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/10'>October 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/09'>September 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/08'>August 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/07'>July 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/06'>June 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/05'>May 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/04'>April 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/03'>March 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/02'>February 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/01'>January 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/12'>December 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/11'>November 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/10'>October 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/09'>September 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/08'>August 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/07'>July 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/06'>June 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/05'>May 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/04'>April 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/03'>March 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/02'>February 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/01'>January 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/12'>December 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/11'>November 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/10'>October 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/09'>September 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/08'>August 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/07'>July 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/06'>June 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/05'>May 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/04'>April 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/03'>March 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/02'>February 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/01'>January 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/12'>December 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/11'>November 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/10'>October 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/09'>September 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/08'>August 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/07'>July 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/06'>June 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/05'>May 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/04'>April 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/03'>March 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/02'>February 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/01'>January 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2006/12'>December 2006</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2006/11'>November 2006</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2006/10'>October 2006</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2006/09'>September 2006</a></li> </ul> </li><li id="wgs_widget-2" class="widget widget_wgs_widget"><h2 class="widgettitle">Search</h2><div class="wgs_wrapper"><div class="gcse-search" data-resultsUrl="https://www.openculture.com/search_gcse"></div></div></li> </ul> </div> <!-- #r_sidebar--> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="clearfix" id="clearfixheader"> </div> </div> <!--page --> </div> <div id="footerW"> <div id="footer"> <div id="flexcanvas"> <div> <!--privacy cookie for fuse <style> #fuse-privacy-tool { font-size: 0.5rem; } </style> <div data-fuse-privacy-tool></div> --> </div> <div id="container" class="flexChild rowParent"> <div id="rowChild9255" class="flexChild rowParent"> <div id="rowChild85696" class="flexChild columnParent" > <img src="//cdn3.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo-black.svg" style="width:100%;max-width:180px;"/> <div id="columnChild73011" class="flexChild"> <p style="font-size:1.2rem">©2006-2025 Open Culture, LLC.<br> All rights reserved.</p> </div> <div id="columnChild64930" class="flexChild"></div> </div> <div id="rowChild76088" class="flexChild"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com"/>Home</li> <li><a href="//www.openculture.com/faq">About Us</a> </li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/advertise">Advertise with Us</a> </li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/copyright_policy">Copyright Policy </a> </li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/privacy_policy">Privacy Policy </a> </li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/terms_of_use_agreement">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="//www.linkedin.com/in/dancolman">Bio</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="rowChild67927" class="flexChild rowParent"> <div id="rowChild4079" class="flexChild"> <ul> <li id="audio-books"><a title="Audio Books" href="/freeaudiobooks">Audio Books</a> </li> <li id="online-courses"><a title="Online Courses" href="/freeonlinecourses">Online Courses</a> </li> <li id="Free Certificate Courses"><a title="MOOCs" href="https://www.openculture.com/free_certificate_courses">MOOCs</a> </li> <li id="movies"><a title="Movies" href="/freemoviesonline">Movies</a> </li> <li id="language-lessons"><a title="Language Lessons" href="/freelanguagelessons">Languages</a> </li> <li id="textbooks"><a title="Free Textbooks" href="/free_textbooks">Textbooks</a> </li> <li id="last" id="ebooks"><a title="eBooks" href="/free_ebooks">eBooks</a> </li> <!-- <li id="K12"><a title="K-12" href="/free_k-12_educational_resources">K-12</a></li> --> </ul> </div> <div id="rowChildsocial" class="flexChild selected"><div class="social-icons2 social-icons2-altmargin"> <ul style "display:inline;padding:0;margin:0px;"> <li> <a href="//twitter.com/openculture"><i class="icon-twitter"></i></a></li> <li><a href="//facebook.com/openculture"><i class="icon-facebook"></i></a></li> <li><a href="/contact"><i class="icon-envelope-alt"></i></a></li> <li><a href="//feeds.feedburner.com/OpenCulture"><i class="icon-rss-sign"></i></a></li> <!--<gcse:search></gcse:search> --> </ul> </div> </div> </div></div> <!-- <img src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4c/images/logo_openculture_footer.png" alt="openculture logo" width="167" height="22" /> --> </a> <br> <br> </div></div> <script src="/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/js/uisearch.js?userid=me"></script> <script src="/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/js/classie.js"></script> <script> new UISearch( document.getElementById( 'sb-search' ) ); </script> <!--chartbeat <script type="text/javascript"> var _sf_async_config={}; _sf_async_config.uid = 15940; _sf_async_config.domain = "openculture.com"; (function(){ function loadChartbeat() { window._sf_endpt=(new Date()).getTime(); var e = document.createElement("script"); e.setAttribute("language", "javascript"); e.setAttribute("type", "text/javascript"); e.setAttribute('src', '//static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js'); document.body.appendChild(e); } var oldonload = window.onload; window.onload = (typeof window.onload != "function") ? loadChartbeat : function() { oldonload(); loadChartbeat(); }; })(); </script> Chartbeat end--> <!-- <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4c/js/wibya_loader.js"; </script> --> <!-- apple affiliate--> <script type='text/javascript'>var _merchantSettings=_merchantSettings || [];_merchantSettings.push(['AT', '10lqkA']);(function(){var autolink=document.createElement('script');autolink.type='text/javascript';autolink.async=true; autolink.src= ('https:' == document.location.protocol) ? 'https://autolinkmaker.itunes.apple.com/js/itunes_autolinkmaker.js' : 'http://autolinkmaker.itunes.apple.com/js/itunes_autolinkmaker.js';var s=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(autolink, s);})();</script> <!--facebookq --> <!-- facebook start <div id="fb-root"></div> <script> window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId : '139550851813', // App ID version : 'v2.0' channelUrl : '//www.openculture.com/openculture-misc/channel.html', // Channel File status : true, // check login status cookie : true, // enable cookies to allow the server to access the session xfbml : true // parse XFBML }); // Additional initialization code here }; // Load the SDK Asynchronously (function(d){ var js, id = 'facebook-jssdk', ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); </script> --> <!-- freeze header --> <!-- Quantcast Tag --> <div style="display:none;"> <img src="//pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-0dRTlf6K0FnoM.gif" border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="Quantcast"/> </div> </noscript> <!-- End Quantcast tag --> <!-- memory tracking --> <!--memory for this page start: end:16472160--><!-- part of masshare --> <!-- amazon --> <script src="//z-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/onejs?MarketPlace=US&adInstanceId=fd4c8c65-cd44-4398-aeb9-c352a7b1b3e4"></script> <div style="margin-left: 20px; font-size:4pt"> <!-- Open Culture was founded by <a title="Linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/dancolman">Dan Colman.</a> --> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function() { var nativeLazyloadInitialize = function() { var lazyElements, script; if ( 'loading' in HTMLImageElement.prototype ) { lazyElements = [].slice.call( document.querySelectorAll( '.native-lazyload-js-fallback' ) ); lazyElements.forEach( function( element ) { if ( ! element.dataset.src ) { return; } element.src = element.dataset.src; delete element.dataset.src; if ( element.dataset.srcset ) { element.srcset = element.dataset.srcset; delete element.dataset.srcset; } if ( element.dataset.sizes ) { element.sizes = element.dataset.sizes; delete element.dataset.sizes; } element.classList.remove( 'native-lazyload-js-fallback' ); } ); } else if ( ! document.querySelector( 'script#native-lazyload-fallback' ) ) { script = document.createElement( 'script' ); script.id = 'native-lazyload-fallback'; script.type = 'text/javascript'; script.src = 'https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/js/lazyload.js'; script.defer = true; document.body.appendChild( script ); } }; if ( document.readyState === 'complete' || document.readyState === 'interactive' ) { nativeLazyloadInitialize(); } else { window.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', nativeLazyloadInitialize ); } }() ); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/mailster/assets/js/form.min.js?ver=4.1.10" id="mailster-form-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="google_cse_v2-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var scriptParams = {"google_search_engine_id":"002072221197455993592:yi47nc7qzka"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-search/assets/js/google_cse_v2.js?ver=1" id="google_cse_v2-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=6.0.5" id="swv-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7 = { "api": { "root": "https:\/\/www.openculture.com\/wp-json\/", "namespace": "contact-form-7\/v1" } }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=6.0.5" id="contact-form-7-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load-for-videos/public/js/lazyload-shared.js?ver=2.18.3" id="lazyload-video-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="lazyload-youtube-js-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.llvConfig=window.llvConfig||{};window.llvConfig.youtube={"colour":"red","buttonstyle":"css_white_pulse","controls":true,"loadpolicy":true,"thumbnailquality":"maxresdefault","preroll":"","postroll":"","overlaytext":"","loadthumbnail":true,"cookies":false,"callback":"<!--YOUTUBE_CALLBACK-->"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load-for-videos/public/js/lazyload-youtube.js?ver=2.18.3" id="lazyload-youtube-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="lazyload-vimeo-js-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.llvConfig=window.llvConfig||{};window.llvConfig.vimeo={"buttonstyle":"css_white_pulse","playercolour":"#00adef","preroll":"","postroll":"","show_title":false,"overlaytext":"","loadthumbnail":true,"thumbnailquality":false,"cookies":false,"callback":"<!--VIMEO_CALLBACK-->"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load-for-videos/public/js/lazyload-vimeo.js?ver=2.18.3" id="lazyload-vimeo-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-typography/js/clean-clipboard.min.js?ver=5.11.0" id="wp-typography-cleanup-clipboard-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/js/jquery.sticky.js?ver=6.7.2" id="sticky-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/js/ocscroll.js?version=1.43&ver=6.7.2" id="resize-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-926659-1&ver=6.7.2" id="google_analytics-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//autolinkmaker.itunes.apple.com/js/itunes_autolinkmaker.js?ver=6.7.2" id="apple-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js?ver=6.7.2" id="facebook-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-includes/js/admin-bar.min.js?ver=6.7.2" id="wpadminbar-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LeoYbopAAAAAK2ynC_yDjz9Udtjo_deOijV1Rjg&ver=3.0" id="google-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7_recaptcha = { "sitekey": "6LeoYbopAAAAAK2ynC_yDjz9Udtjo_deOijV1Rjg", "actions": { "homepage": "homepage", "contactform": "contactform" } }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/modules/recaptcha/index.js?ver=6.0.5" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js"></script> </body> </html>