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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins and history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost_of_red_tape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_of_red_tape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cost of red tape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_of_red_tape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_tape_reduction_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_tape_reduction_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Red tape reduction initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_tape_reduction_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perceptions_of_red_tape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perceptions_of_red_tape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Perceptions of red tape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perceptions_of_red_tape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_tape_and_public_sector_employee_job_satisfaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_tape_and_public_sector_employee_job_satisfaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Red tape and public sector employee job satisfaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_tape_and_public_sector_employee_job_satisfaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_tape,_economic_growth,_and_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_tape,_economic_growth,_and_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Red tape, economic growth, and corruption</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Red_tape,_economic_growth,_and_corruption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Red tape, economic growth, and corruption subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Red_tape,_economic_growth,_and_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red_tape_and_economic_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_tape_and_economic_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Red tape and economic growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_tape_and_economic_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_tape_and_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_tape_and_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Red tape and corruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_tape_and_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rompslomp" title="Rompslomp – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rompslomp" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="लाल फीताशाही – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="लाल फीताशाही" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtsschimme" title="Amtsschimme – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Amtsschimme" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtsschimmel" title="Amtsschimmel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amtsschimmel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balduque" title="Balduque – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Balduque" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_tape" title="Red tape – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Red tape" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%88%EB%AC%B8%EC%9A%95%EB%A1%80" title="번문욕례 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="번문욕례" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="लाल फीताशाही – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लाल फीताशाही" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pita_merah" title="Pita merah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pita merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕೆಂಪುಪಟ್ಟಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೆಂಪುಪಟ್ಟಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Бюрократизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бюрократизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F" title="ചുവപ്പുനാട – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചുവപ്പുനാട" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="लाल फीत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लाल फीत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%96%87%E7%B8%9F%E7%A4%BC" title="繁文縟礼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="繁文縟礼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_tape" title="Red tape – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Red tape" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birocra%C8%9Bie_(reglementare)" title="Birocrație (reglementare) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Birocrație (reglementare)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Бюрократизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бюрократизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallinnollinen_taakka" title="Hallinnollinen taakka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hallinnollinen taakka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Idiom for excessively bureaucratic procedures or regulations</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the idiom referring to excessive bureaucratic regulation. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Red_tape_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Red tape (disambiguation)">Red tape (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Red tape</b> is usually defined as excessive or unnecessary government regulations and bureaucracy that generate financial or time compliance costs.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bozeman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bozeman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red tape is in excess of the necessary <i>administrative burden,</i> or cost to the public, of implementing government policies and procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition is also consistent with popular usage, which generally views red tape as negative.<sup id="cite_ref-Bozeman_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bozeman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 276, 278–279">: 276, 278–279 </span></sup> </p><p>Red tape can hamper the ability of firms to compete, grow, and create jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-NL_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cruz_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research finds red tape has a cost to public sector workers, and can reduce employee well-being and job satisfaction.<sup id="cite_ref-burnout_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burnout-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steijn_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steijn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-job_demands_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-job_demands-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the UK's <i>Better Regulation Task Force</i> suggested that red tape reforms could lead to an increase in income of 16 billion pounds per year, an amount greater than 1% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="Canadian Federation of Independent Business">Canadian Federation of Independent Business</a> estimated the cost to business of red tape arising from federal, provincial and municipal government regulations was $11 billion in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruz_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This represented about 28% of the total burden of regulation for businesses in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruz_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some governments have introduced initiatives to limit or cut red tape, such as a one-for-one rule that removes one regulation each time a new administrative burden is imposed on business.<sup id="cite_ref-RTRA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTRA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Falcon_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falcon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experience from <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada suggests a successful red tape reduction initiative requires strong political commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-Falcon_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falcon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Red_tape_definition">Red tape definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_tape&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Red tape definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "red tape" is sometimes employed as "an umbrella term covering almost all imagined ills of bureaucracy," both public and private.<sup id="cite_ref-Bozeman_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bozeman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 275">: 275 </span></sup> However, red tape is usually defined more narrowly as government policies, guidelines, and forms that are excessive, duplicative or unnecessary, and that generate a financial or time-based compliance cost.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruz_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bozeman_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bozeman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 276">: 276 </span></sup> This definition is consistent with popular usage, which generally views red tape as negative.<sup id="cite_ref-Bozeman_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bozeman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 278–279">: 278–279 </span></sup> </p><p>Whereas red tape refers to unnecessary rules, <i>administrative burden</i> (sometimes called "white tape") recognizes that regulations that are intended for useful purposes may nonetheless entail a compliance cost.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Bozeman_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bozeman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 276">: 276 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Determining whether a regulation is justified rather than red tape can be difficult. Nevertheless, making the proper distinction is relevant when implementing reforms, and cutting red tape differs from <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_tape&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NARA_Backstage_Pass_(2011-08)_-_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NARA_Backstage_Pass_%282011-08%29_-_14.jpg/250px-NARA_Backstage_Pass_%282011-08%29_-_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NARA_Backstage_Pass_%282011-08%29_-_14.jpg/330px-NARA_Backstage_Pass_%282011-08%29_-_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NARA_Backstage_Pass_%282011-08%29_-_14.jpg/500px-NARA_Backstage_Pass_%282011-08%29_-_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1694" data-file-height="2029" /></a><figcaption>Bundle of US <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pension</a> documents from 1906 bound in red tape</figcaption></figure> <p>It is generally believed that the term "red tape" originated in the early 16th century with the Spanish administration of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, who started to use red tape in an effort to modernize the administration that was running his vast empire. The red tape was used to bind the most important administrative dossiers that required immediate discussion by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Council_of_State" title="Spanish Council of State">Council of State</a>, and separate them from files that were treated in an ordinary administrative way, which were bound with ordinary string.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Britain, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> spoke of red tape in <i><a href="/wiki/David_Copperfield" title="David Copperfield">David Copperfield</a></i>: "Britannia, that unfortunate female, is always before me, like a trussed fowl: skewered through and through with office-pens, and bound hand and foot with red tape." The English practice of binding documents and official papers with red tape was popularized in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>'s<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writings, protesting against official inertia with expressions like "Little other than a red tape Talking-machine, and unhappy Bag of Parliamentary Eloquence". </p><p>As of the early 21st century, Spanish bureaucracy continued to be notorious for extreme levels of red tape (in the figurative sense).<sup id="cite_ref-Graff_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graff-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (March 2025)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> ranked Spain 136 out of 185 countries for ease of starting a business, which took on average 10 procedures and 28 days.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar issues persist throughout <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Graff_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graff-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mexico in 2009, it took six months and a dozen visits to government agencies to obtain a permit to paint a house.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To obtain a monthly prescription for <a href="/wiki/Gamma_globulin" title="Gamma globulin">gamma globulin</a> for <a href="/wiki/X-linked_agammaglobulinemia" title="X-linked agammaglobulinemia">X-linked agammaglobulinemia</a>, a patient had to obtain signatures from two government doctors and stamps from four separate bureaucrats before presenting the prescription to a dispensary.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexico was the original home of <a href="/wiki/Syntex" title="Syntex">Syntex</a>, one of the greatest pharmaceutical firms of the 20th century—but in 1959, the company left for the American city of <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a> (in what is now <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>) because its scientists were fed up with the Mexican government's bureaucratic delays which repeatedly impeded their research.<sup id="cite_ref-Gereffi_Page_110_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gereffi_Page_110-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cost_of_red_tape">Cost of red tape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_tape&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cost of red tape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is impossible to know exactly how much of the burden of government regulations is red tape — ie, is excessive and delivers little or no benefit. However, a survey by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="Canadian Federation of Independent Business">Canadian Federation of Independent Business</a> (CFIB) found red tape represented about 28% of the total burden of regulation in Canada in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruz_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total cost of regulation for U.S. business was estimated in 2021 at US$364.3 billion, and for Canadian business in 2020 at US$31.9 billion, or CAN$38.8 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cost represents 1.5% of GDP for the U.S. and 1.7% for Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CFIB estimated that the cost of red tape arising from Canadian federal, provincial and municipal government regulations was $11 billion in 2020. (This excluded <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">covid-19</a> related costs, to make the amount more comparable to previous years.)<sup id="cite_ref-Cruz_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual cost of red tape per employee was higher for firms with fewer than 5 employees, at $1945, versus $398 for firms with 100 or more employees.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruz_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Better Regulation Task Force</i> suggested in 2005 that red tape reforms could potentially deliver an increase in income of 16 billion pounds per year, an amount greater than one percent of UK GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s (EU) "Cutting Red Tape in Europe" report presented suggestions on how to reduce the administrative burden when member states implement EU legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-EU_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total administrative burden reduction potential of all recommendations in the report was estimated to exceed 41 billion euros annually.<sup id="cite_ref-EU_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While a regulation may be useful, the cost of imposing it may exceed the benefits. The Canadian federal government applies a cost-benefit analysis to most regulatory proposals, which takes into account the cost of the policy to consumers, businesses, and other sectors of society.<sup id="cite_ref-FRMI_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRMI-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1970s, Australian governments have sought to subject regulation to rigorous cost-benefit analysis so as to constrain both the stock and flow of the regulatory burden.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Red_tape_reduction_initiatives">Red tape reduction initiatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_tape&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Red tape reduction initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It can be difficult to distinguish between justified regulatory costs and unneeded regulations. For this reason, the expression "cutting red tape" has been used to refer to both initiatives to reduce <i>unnecessary</i> regulation, and to policies to reduce the overall regulatory burden.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada's <i>Red Tape Reduction Act</i> of 2015 implemented a one-for-one rule that requires the removal of a regulation each time regulators impose a new administrative burden on business.<sup id="cite_ref-RTRA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTRA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, while <i>Regulations</i> decreased from 684 to 605 between 2014 and 2023, regulatory <i>Requirements</i> increased from 129,860 to 149,401.<sup id="cite_ref-Falcon_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falcon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FRMI_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRMI-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more successful reduction in red tape took place in the province of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada, following a 2001 election promise to reduce the regulatory burden by 33%.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, regulation was heavy, with rules imposed on, for example, the size of televisions in restaurants, the number of par-four holes at golf courses, and the maximum seating capacity of ski hill lounges.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After three years, a 37% reduction was achieved. A central element of the program was a strong commitment from the minister responsible and the provincial premier.<sup id="cite_ref-Falcon_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falcon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, cutting red tape was a central principle of a 1993 <a href="/wiki/National_Performance_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="National Performance Review">National Performance Review</a> study requested by the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2024, U.S. President-elect <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> said <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vivek_Ramaswamy" title="Vivek Ramaswamy">Vivek Ramaswamy</a> would co-lead a new <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency" title="Department of Government Efficiency">Department of Government Efficiency</a> which would provide advice from outside government on methods to "slash excess regulations", among other objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perceptions_of_red_tape">Perceptions of red tape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_tape&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Perceptions of red tape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Applying rules consistently can affect the extent to which individuals perceive that red tape exists in a government agency.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey-based experiment in the context of a jury duty summons found inconsistently-applied rules may be viewed as ineffective or unfair, fueling the perception of a high level of red tape.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perception of red tape (as opposed to useful regulation) may be relevant in the public service context, since employees may be more willing to comply with rules that they perceive as valuable.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Red_tape_and_public_sector_employee_job_satisfaction">Red tape and public sector employee job satisfaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_tape&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Red tape and public sector employee job satisfaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Red tape can reduce employee flexibility and autonomy, thereby reducing job satisfaction.<sup id="cite_ref-burnout_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burnout-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2022 study that used survey data from 354 school principals in Chile found they experienced increased emotional exhaustion and risk of burnout when they were advised of a potential increase in red tape in the form of compliance tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-burnout_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burnout-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research conducted into experiences of public-school leaders and teachers in Belgium found that when employees were faced with high levels of red tape from utilising digital tools, they were more likely to experience emotional exhaustion and, therefore, have higher turnover intention.<sup id="cite_ref-job_demands_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-job_demands-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study of Dutch child welfare employees showed red tape reduced interactions with clients and job effectiveness, which decreased job satisfaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Steijn_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steijn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Highly motivated employees were found to be more sensitive to burdensome rules and procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-Steijn_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steijn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the Canadian government released the Blueprint 2020 report, which brought together insights from engagements with over 2,000 public servants about their experiences with internal red tape.<sup id="cite_ref-Blueprint_2020_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blueprint_2020-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This report found that internal red tape is a significant concern for public servants. Key issues included having unclear direction on rules, policies, and guidelines; and poor internal client service.<sup id="cite_ref-Blueprint_2020_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blueprint_2020-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Red_tape,_economic_growth,_and_corruption"><span id="Red_tape.2C_economic_growth.2C_and_corruption"></span>Red tape, economic growth, and corruption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_tape&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Red tape, economic growth, and corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_tape_and_economic_growth">Red tape and economic growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_tape&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Red tape and economic growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While efficient government institutions can foster economic growth, cumbersome and unnecessary bureaucracy that delays permits and licenses slows technological advances.<sup id="cite_ref-Mauro_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauro-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red tape has been found to be an obstacle to investment and growth in a study using data for 68 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Mauro_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauro-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Policies that require government regulation and bureaucratic intervention can stifle economic progress, as has been documented by economist <a href="/wiki/Anne_Osborn_Krueger" title="Anne Osborn Krueger">Anne Krueger</a> in the context of an import-substitution development strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-Krueger_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krueger-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duvanova_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duvanova-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 298">: 298 </span></sup> This type of policy reduces the incentive to produce exports, thereby generating a foreign exchange "shortage" that puts pressure on governments to restrict imports to high priority areas such as medicines over consumer luxuries. These restrictions require increased intervention, such as additional customs inspections and import approvals. In turn, this leads to delays and greater complexity of the system, which raises costs for importers. The higher costs create an incentive for black-market activity, thereby leading to political pressure to tighten still further the restrictive import regime. Over time, regulation and red tape promote more red tape and regulation in a vicious circle, as supporters of import substitution become more entrenched, while those who oppose it, such as exporters, cannot survive in the new environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Krueger_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krueger-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rising costs of administration in the private sector, along with costs of delays and market inefficiency, weigh on economic performance and often result in an economic crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-Krueger_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krueger-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_tape_and_corruption">Red tape and corruption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_tape&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Red tape and corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The existence of regulations and authorizations provides a kind of monopoly power to the officials who must approve or inspect regulated activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanzi_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanzi-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When regulations are not transparent, or an authorization can be obtained only from a specific office or individual (that is, there is no competition in the granting of these authorizations), bureaucrats have a great deal of power which may lead to corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanzi_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanzi-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–11">: 10–11 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duvanova_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duvanova-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 298–299">: 298–299 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mauro_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauro-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 685">: 685 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> Officials may even intentionally introduce new regulations and red tape in order to be able to extract more bribes by threatening to deny permits.<sup id="cite_ref-Mauro_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauro-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 685">: 685 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duvanova_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duvanova-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">transition</a> economies, surveys indicate that a large proportion of an enterprise manager's time (especially for small enterprises) requires dealing with bureaucracies, and this time can be reduced through the payment of bribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanzi_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanzi-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–11">: 10–11 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_tape&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busy_work" title="Busy work">Busy work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_creep" title="Instruction creep">Instruction creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromanagement" title="Micromanagement">Micromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperwork_Reduction_Act" title="Paperwork Reduction Act">Paperwork Reduction Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">Paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prig" title="Prig">Prig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_crocodile" title="Purple crocodile">Purple crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_impact_analysis" title="Regulatory impact analysis">Regulatory impact analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Appleby" title="Humphrey Appleby">Sir Humphrey Appleby</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_tape&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfib-fcei.ca/en/red-tape-awareness-week">"Red Tape Awareness Week 2025"</a>. Canadian Federation of Independent Business.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+Tape+Awareness+Week+2025&rft.pub=Canadian+Federation+of+Independent+Business&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfib-fcei.ca%2Fen%2Fred-tape-awareness-week&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bozeman-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bozeman_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bozeman_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bozeman_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bozeman_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bozeman_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bozeman_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBozeman1993" class="citation journal cs1">Bozeman, Barry (1993). "A Theory of Government "Red Tape"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory</i>: <span class="nowrap">273–</span>303.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Administration+Research+and+Theory&rft.atitle=A+Theory+of+Government+%22Red+Tape%22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Bozeman&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerdMoynihan2019" class="citation book cs1">Herd, Pamela; Moynihan, Donald P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pharmaceutical+Industry+and+Dependency+in+the+Third+World&rft.place=Princeton+University+Press&rft.pages=110&rft.edition=2017+reprint&rft.pub=Princeton&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9781400886227&rft.aulast=Gereffi&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ4grDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfib-fcei.ca/en/research-economic-analysis/regulator...he%20share%20attributed%20to%20red,stood%20at%2032%20per%20cent">Regulatory Costs in Canada and the United States: A Small Business Perspective</a> (Report). 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February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Regulatory+Costs+in+Canada+and+the+United+States%3A+A+Small+Business+Perspective&rft.pub=The+Canadian+Federation+of+Independent+Business&rft.date=2022-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfib-fcei.ca%2Fen%2Fresearch-economic-analysis%2Fregulator...he%2520share%2520attributed%2520to%2520red%2Cstood%2520at%252032%2520per%2520cent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfib-fcei.ca/en/research-economic-analysis/regulatory...he%20share%20attributed%20to%20red,stood%20at%2032%20per%20cent">"Regulatory Costs in Canada and the United States: A Small Business Perspective"</a>. Canadian Federation of Independent Business. 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regulatory+Costs+in+Canada+and+the+United+States%3A+A+Small+Business+Perspective&rft.pub=Canadian+Federation+of+Independent+Business&rft.date=2022-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfib-fcei.ca%2Fen%2Fresearch-economic-analysis%2Fregulatory...he%2520share%2520attributed%2520to%2520red%2Cstood%2520at%252032%2520per%2520cent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_Canada2018" class="citation web cs1">Statistics Canada (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=3610022201">"Table 36-10-0222-01 Gross Domestic product, expenditure-based provincial and territorial, annual"</a>. Government of Canada. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25318%2F3610022201-eng">10.25318/3610022201-eng</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+36-10-0222-01+Gross+Domestic+product%2C+expenditure-based+provincial+and+territorial%2C+annual&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25318%2F3610022201-eng&rft.au=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Fcv.action%3Fpid%3D3610022201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGDPXDCUSA">"Nominal Gross Domestic Product for United States (NGDPXDCUSA)"</a>. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nominal+Gross+Domestic+Product+for+United+States+%28NGDPXDCUSA%29&rft.pub=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+St.+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffred.stlouisfed.org%2Fseries%2FNGDPXDCUSA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2021, U.S. GDP was US$23,681 billion. In 2020, Canadian GDP was CAN$2,220 billion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeyworth2006" class="citation journal cs1">Keyworth, Tim (2006). "Measuring and Managing the Costs of Red Tape: A Review of Recent Policy Developments". <i>Oxford Review of Economic Policy</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">260–</span>273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxrep%2Fgrj016">10.1093/oxrep/grj016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Review+of+Economic+Policy&rft.atitle=Measuring+and+Managing+the+Costs+of+Red+Tape%3A+A+Review+of+Recent+Policy+Developments&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxrep%2Fgrj016&rft.aulast=Keyworth&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EU-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EU_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHigh_Level_Group_on_Administrative_Burdens,_Edmund_Stoiber_(Chairman)2014" class="citation web cs1">High Level Group on Administrative Burdens, Edmund Stoiber (Chairman) (24 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/fb18c49a-e601-4207-bbdd-111892fe91eb_en?filename=final-report-of-the-high-level-group_july2014_en.pdf">"Cutting Red Tape in Europe: Legacy and Outlook, Final Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cutting+Red+Tape+in+Europe%3A+Legacy+and+Outlook%2C+Final+Report&rft.date=2014-07-24&rft.au=High+Level+Group+on+Administrative+Burdens%2C+Edmund+Stoiber+%28Chairman%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Fdocument%2Fdownload%2Ffb18c49a-e601-4207-bbdd-111892fe91eb_en%3Ffilename%3Dfinal-report-of-the-high-level-group_july2014_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRMI-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FRMI_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRMI_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTreasury_Board_of_Canada_Secretariat,_Government_of_Canada" class="citation web cs1">Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat, Government of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/treasury-board-secretariat/corporate/reports...024-fiscal-year-federal-regulatory-management-initiatives.html#toc10">"Appendix C: administrative burden count; Annual Report for the 2023 to 2024 Fiscal Year: Federal Regulatory Management Initiatives"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appendix+C%3A+administrative+burden+count%3B+Annual+Report+for+the+2023+to+2024+Fiscal+Year%3A+Federal+Regulatory+Management+Initiatives&rft.au=Treasury+Board+of+Canada+Secretariat%2C+Government+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Ftreasury-board-secretariat%2Fcorporate%2Freports...024-fiscal-year-federal-regulatory-management-initiatives.html%23toc10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreibergPfeffervan_der_Heijden2022" class="citation journal cs1">Freiberg, Arie; Pfeffer, Monica; van der Heijden, Jeroen (17 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8500.12534">"The 'forever war' on red tape and the struggle to improve regulation"</a>. <i>Australian Journal of Public Administration</i>. <b>81</b> (3). Wiley Online Library: <span class="nowrap">436–</span>454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8500.12534">10.1111/1467-8500.12534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Public+Administration&rft.atitle=The+%27forever+war%27+on+red+tape+and+the+struggle+to+improve+regulation&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E436-%3C%2Fspan%3E454&rft.date=2022-01-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8500.12534&rft.aulast=Freiberg&rft.aufirst=Arie&rft.au=Pfeffer%2C+Monica&rft.au=van+der+Heijden%2C+Jeroen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2F1467-8500.12534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGore1993" class="citation book cs1">Gore, Al (1993-09-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED384294"><i>From Red Tape to Results: Creating a Government That Works Better & Costs Less. Report of the National Performance Review</i></a>. Education Resources Information Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Red+Tape+to+Results%3A+Creating+a+Government+That+Works+Better+%26+Costs+Less.+Report+of+the+National+Performance+Review&rft.pub=Education+Resources+Information+Center&rft.date=1993-09-10&rft.aulast=Gore&rft.aufirst=Al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2F%3Fid%3DED384294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrotta2024" class="citation news cs1">Trotta, Daniel (12 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-says-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-will-lead-department-government-efficiency-2024-11-13/">"Trump names Elon Musk to lead government efficiency drive"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Trump+names+Elon+Musk+to+lead+government+efficiency+drive&rft.date=2024-11-12&rft.aulast=Trotta&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2Ftrump-says-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-will-lead-department-government-efficiency-2024-11-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/video-trump-gives-elon-musk-mission-to-cut-costs-slash-red-tape/">"Trump gives Elon Musk mission to cut costs, slash red tape"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. 13 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Trump+gives+Elon+Musk+mission+to+cut+costs%2C+slash+red+tape&rft.date=2024-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fworld%2Fvideo-trump-gives-elon-musk-mission-to-cut-costs-slash-red-tape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufmann-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaufmannIngramsJacobs2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kaufmann, Wesley; Ingrams, Alex; Jacobs, Daan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0275074020954250">"Being Consistent Matters: Experimental Evidence on the Effect of Rule Consistency on Citizen Red Tape"</a>. <i>The American Review of Public Administration</i>. <b>51</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">28–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0275074020954250">10.1177/0275074020954250</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-0740">0275-0740</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225330022">225330022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Review+of+Public+Administration&rft.atitle=Being+Consistent+Matters%3A+Experimental+Evidence+on+the+Effect+of+Rule+Consistency+on+Citizen+Red+Tape&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225330022%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0275-0740&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0275074020954250&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rft.au=Ingrams%2C+Alex&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Daan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0275074020954250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis2013" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Randall S. (2013). "Union Commitment and Stakeholder Red Tape: How Union Values Shape Perceptions of Organizational Rules". <i>Review of Public Personnel Administration</i>. <b>33</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">365–</span>383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734371X12453056">10.1177/0734371X12453056</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154310022">154310022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Public+Personnel+Administration&rft.atitle=Union+Commitment+and+Stakeholder+Red+Tape%3A+How+Union+Values+Shape+Perceptions+of+Organizational+Rules&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E365-%3C%2Fspan%3E383&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0734371X12453056&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154310022%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Randall+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blueprint_2020-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blueprint_2020_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blueprint_2020_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blueprint 2020 Internal Red Tape Reduction Report: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://internal-red-tape-reduction-report.github.io/">Cutting Internal Red Tape – Building a Service Culture</a>. September 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mauro-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mauro_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mauro_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mauro_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mauro_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMauro1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mauro, Paolo (August 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/110/3/681/1859244">"Corruption and Growth"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>. <b>110</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">681–</span>712. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2946696">10.2307/2946696</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2946696">2946696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Corruption+and+Growth&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E681-%3C%2Fspan%3E712&rft.date=1995-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2946696&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2946696%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mauro&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fqje%2Farticle-abstract%2F110%2F3%2F681%2F1859244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krueger-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krueger_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krueger_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krueger_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrueger1993" class="citation journal cs1">Krueger, Anne O. (May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117689">"Virtuous and Vicious Circles in Economic Development"</a>. <i>American Economic Review</i>. <b>83</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">351–</span>355. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117689">2117689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Virtuous+and+Vicious+Circles+in+Economic+Development&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E355&rft.date=1993-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2117689%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Krueger&rft.aufirst=Anne+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2117689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duvanova-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duvanova_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duvanova_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duvanova_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuvanova2014" class="citation journal cs1">Duvanova, Dinissa (2014). "Economic Regulations, Red Tape, and Bureaucratic Corruption in Post-Communist Economies". <i>World Development</i>. <b>59</b>: <span class="nowrap">298–</span>312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2014.01.028">10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.01.028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.atitle=Economic+Regulations%2C+Red+Tape%2C+and+Bureaucratic+Corruption+in+Post-Communist+Economies&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E298-%3C%2Fspan%3E312&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2014.01.028&rft.aulast=Duvanova&rft.aufirst=Dinissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanzi-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tanzi_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanzi_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanzi_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanzi1998" class="citation report cs1">Tanzi, Vito (1 May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/30/Corruption-Around-the-World-Causes-Consequences-Scope-and-Cures-2583">Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope and Cures</a> (Report). International Monetary Fund. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451848397" title="Special:BookSources/9781451848397"><bdi>9781451848397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Corruption+Around+the+World%3A+Causes%2C+Consequences%2C+Scope+and+Cures&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=1998-05-01&rft.isbn=9781451848397&rft.aulast=Tanzi&rft.aufirst=Vito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWP%2FIssues%2F2016%2F12%2F30%2FCorruption-Around-the-World-Causes-Consequences-Scope-and-Cures-2583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSvensson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Svensson, Jakob (Summer 2005). "Eight Questions about Corruption". <i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F089533005774357860">10.1257/089533005774357860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Eight+Questions+about+Corruption&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2F089533005774357860&rft.aulast=Svensson&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_tape&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>George et al. (2020) Red Tape, Organizational Performance and Employee Outcomes: Meta-Analysis, Meta-Regression and Research Agenda. <i>Public Administration Review</i>.</li> <li>Barry Bozeman (2000) <i>Bureaucracy and Red Tape</i> Prentice-Hall Publishing.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPamela_HerdMoynihan2019" class="citation book cs1">Pamela Herd; Moynihan, Don (2019). <i>Administrative Burden: Policymaking by Other Means</i>. Russell Sage Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871544445" title="Special:BookSources/978-0871544445"><bdi>978-0871544445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administrative+Burden%3A+Policymaking+by+Other+Means&rft.pub=Russell+Sage+Foundation&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0871544445&rft.au=Pamela+Herd&rft.au=Moynihan%2C+Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+tape" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>OECD (2006) "Cutting red tape; national strategies for administrative simplification". OECD Editions, Paris.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_tape&oldid=1280629200">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_tape&oldid=1280629200</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slang" title="Category:Slang">Slang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Administrative_theory" title="Category:Administrative theory">Administrative theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_choice_theory" title="Category:Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metaphors_referring_to_objects" title="Category:Metaphors referring to objects">Metaphors referring to objects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bureaucratic_organization" title="Category:Bureaucratic organization">Bureaucratic organization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_of_resources" title="Category:Waste of resources">Waste of resources</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_March_2025" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from March 2025">Articles lacking reliable references from March 2025</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 March 2025, at 16:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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