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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_excavations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_excavations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History and excavations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_excavations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and excavations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_excavations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Excavations_of_Villa_A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavations_of_Villa_A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Excavations of Villa A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavations_of_Villa_A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Villa_A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Villa_A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>History of Villa A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Villa_A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villa_B" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villa_B"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Villa B</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villa_B-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="اوپلونتیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوپلونتیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%94%8C%EB%A1%A0%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="오플론티스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오플론티스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1" title="אופלונטיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופלונטיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplonta" title="Oplonta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oplonta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="اوبلونتيس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوبلونتيس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Оплонтис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оплонтис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oplontis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%99%AE%E9%9A%86%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF" title="奧普隆蒂斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奧普隆蒂斯" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oplontis&oldid=1029948119" title="Oplontis">Revision as of 00:30, 23 June 2021</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oplontis&action=edit&oldid=1029948119" title="Oplontis">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2021-06-23T00:30:19Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Aidan721" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Aidan721" data-mw-revid="1029948119"><bdi>Aidan721</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Aidan721" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Aidan721">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Aidan721" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Aidan721">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed 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Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_7_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_3_0_rhs"></a>'''Oplontis''' is an [[ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>archaeological site<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]],</ins> located in the town of [[Torre Annunziata]], south of [[Naples]] in the [[Campania]] region of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>southern Italy<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/oplontis|title=Oplontis – AD 79 eruption|website=sites.google.com<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|access-date=2017-02-01|archive-date=2017-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107163224/https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/oplontis|url-status=dead</ins>}}</ref> The excavated site comprises two <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Roman <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">villa]]s</ins>, the best-known of which is Villa A, the so-called [[Villa Poppaea]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_9_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_4_0_lhs"></a>[[File:Mt Vesuvius 79 AD eruption.svg|300px|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">right</del>|thumb|Oplontis and other cities affected by the eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in AD 79. The black cloud represents the general distribution of [[volcanic ash|ash]] and [[cinder]]. Modern coast lines are shown.]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_10_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_6_0_rhs"></a>Like the nearby towns of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Pompeii<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins> and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Herculaneum<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, Oplontis was buried in ash during the volcanic [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">eruption</ins> of Mount Vesuvius in 79 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AD</ins>]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Oplontis|url=http://www.oplontisproject.org|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> However<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> the force of the eruption was even stronger than at these cities as not only roofs collapsed, but walls and columns were broken and pieces thrown sideways.<ref>Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy. John R. Clarke and Nayla K. Muntasser, c2014. p 771-</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_3_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_7_0_lhs"></a>'''Oplontis''' is an [[ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] archaeological site located in the town of [[Torre Annunziata]], south of [[Naples]] in the [[Campania]] region of southern Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/oplontis|title=Oplontis – AD 79 eruption<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>|website=sites.google.com}}</ref> The excavated site comprises two Roman <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">villas</del>, the best-known of which is Villa A, the so-called [[Villa Poppaea]].</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_4_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_9_0_rhs"></a><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{stack|</ins>[[File:Mt Vesuvius 79 AD eruption.svg|300px|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">left</ins>|thumb|Oplontis and other cities affected by the eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in AD 79. The black cloud represents the general distribution of [[volcanic ash|ash]] and [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Scoria|</ins>cinder]]. Modern coast lines are shown.]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_6_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_10_0_lhs"></a>Like the nearby towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, Oplontis was buried in ash during the volcanic [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Eruption</del> of Mount Vesuvius in 79<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|eruption</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of Mount Vesuvius</del>]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> in AD 79</del>.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oplontis|url=http://www.oplontisproject.org|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> However the force of the eruption was even stronger than at these cities as not only roofs collapsed, but walls and columns were broken and pieces thrown sideways.<ref>Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy. John R. Clarke and Nayla K. Muntasser, c2014. p 771-</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==History and excavations==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==History and excavations==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Baths1.jpg|thumb|300px|Plan of Roman baths]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_14_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_12_1_lhs"></a>[[File:Narcissus and echo.jpg|thumb<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|300px</del>|Fresco from Villa Caius Siculius Caius Filius]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_12_1_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_14_0_rhs"></a>[[File:Narcissus and echo.jpg|thumb|Fresco from Villa Caius Siculius Caius Filius]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The town of Oplontis probably developed under where Torre Annunziata stands today. Excavations have revealed buildings particularly on the east and west sides of the town, the eastern one in the immediate vicinity of Villa A and the other almost at its boundary with [[Torre del Greco]].<ref>Clarke, John R. 1945-. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy, 2014. 135 http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.90048.0001.001.</ref> It is thought that in antiquity, as elsewhere (e.g. at [[Herculaneum]] and [[Stabiae]]), luxury residential villas like Villa A lined the coast, whereas most productive (agricultural) villas were located farther inland.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The town of Oplontis probably developed under where Torre Annunziata stands today. Excavations have revealed buildings particularly on the east and west sides of the town, the eastern one in the immediate vicinity of Villa A and the other almost at its boundary with [[Torre del Greco]].<ref>Clarke, John R. 1945-. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy, 2014. 135 http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.90048.0001.001.</ref> It is thought that in antiquity, as elsewhere (e.g. at [[Herculaneum]] and [[Stabiae]]), luxury residential villas like Villa A lined the coast, whereas most productive (agricultural) villas were located farther inland.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Among the finds in the western zone, the most important is the Roman bath complex on the sea shore at Oncino (the Terme Nunziante) as a public building of Oplontis.<ref>http://pompeiiinpictures.eu/VF/Villa_090.htm</ref> R. Liberatore recorded the archaeology in detail<ref>R. Liberatore, Nuove e antiche terme di Torre Annunciata, Annali Civili del Regno delle due Sicilie 6, fasc. 12 (1834).</ref> and he identified it as belonging to Lucius Nonius Florus whose name is stamped on the edge of a terracotta basin in the baths, decorated with vegetal forms and galloping horses.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Among the finds in the western zone, the most important is the Roman bath complex on the sea shore at Oncino (the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Terme Nunziante<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>) as a public building of Oplontis.<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>http://pompeiiinpictures.eu/VF/Villa_090.htm<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Terme di Marco Crasso Frugi, Oncino, Oplontis, Torre Annunziata.] ''Pompeii in Pictures''. Accessed 2022-12-10</ins></ref> R. Liberatore recorded the archaeology in detail<ref>R. Liberatore, Nuove e antiche terme di Torre Annunciata, Annali Civili del Regno delle due Sicilie 6, fasc. 12 (1834).</ref> and he identified it as belonging to Lucius Nonius Florus whose name is stamped on the edge of a terracotta basin in the baths, decorated with vegetal forms and galloping horses.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Unfortunately, the construction of the modern baths above them caused their destruction. Later two underground water supply or drainage tunnels belonging to the baths were found.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Unfortunately, the construction of the modern baths above them caused their destruction. Later two underground water supply or drainage tunnels belonging to the baths were found.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 65:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 65:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In addition remains of two residential villas were discovered nearby, one owned by Caius Siculius Caius Filius whose seal was found and from which a fine fresco was retrieved, though many other remains in the area were destroyed and stolen.<ref>Clarke, John R. 1945-. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy, 139-292</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In addition remains of two residential villas were discovered nearby, one owned by Caius Siculius Caius Filius whose seal was found and from which a fine fresco was retrieved, though many other remains in the area were destroyed and stolen.<ref>Clarke, John R. 1945-. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy, 139-292</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>==Excavations of Villa A==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>==Excavations of Villa A<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{main|Villa Poppaea}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{main|Villa Poppaea}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Jardín Villa Poppaea 04.JPG|thumb<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|left|240px</del>|Ancient main entrance to the Villa Poppaea<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del>]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Jardín Villa Poppaea 04.JPG|thumb|Ancient main entrance to the Villa Poppaea]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The first of the villas, known as Villa A, was discovered in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1593-1600</del> during the great construction project by [[Domenico Fontana|Fontana]] of the Sarno aqueduct to feed the mills at Torre Annunziata, the same aqueduct that was tunnelled through Pompeii where he also found the first remains, but similarly no attempt was made to explore the ruins in Oplontis. This aqueduct still runs through the centre of Villa A. In 1785 the Spanish architect Francesco La Vega explored this area, known as Le Mascatelle, with tunnels and found beautiful objects but soon gave up due to toxic gases.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The first of the villas, known as Villa A, was discovered in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1593–1600</ins> during the great construction project by [[Domenico Fontana|Fontana]] of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Sarno<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Aqueduct (water supply)|</ins>aqueduct<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins> to feed the mills at Torre Annunziata, the same aqueduct that was tunnelled through Pompeii where he also found the first remains, but similarly no attempt was made to explore the ruins in Oplontis. This aqueduct still runs through the centre of Villa A. In 1785 the Spanish architect <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Pietro la Vega|</ins>Francesco La Vega<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins> explored this area, known as Le Mascatelle, with tunnels and found beautiful objects but soon gave up due to toxic gases.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In 1839–40 excavations in tunnels were restarted by Michele Rusca using La Vega's publications and he discovered for the first time the extent and quality of the building including two peristyles, mosaics and other decorations. He had to stop due to lack of funds.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In 1839–40 excavations in tunnels were restarted by Michele Rusca using La Vega's publications and he discovered for the first time the extent and quality of the building including two peristyles, mosaics and other decorations. He had to stop due to lack of funds.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>From 1880 a series of mills and pasta factories were built in Via Fontanelle in the Oplontis area and ancient Roman walls, marble columns, mosaic pavements, and many fragments from a variety of objects were found in their foundation trenches. At the Iennaco pasta factory were found marble basins and lead pipes, two marble statuettes of “exquisite Greek production” one of the goddess Minerva. Many mosaics and frescoes were destroyed. A spring of mineral water erupted during drilling at a depth of 11m and its water was marketed.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>From 1880 a series of mills and pasta factories were built in Via Fontanelle in the Oplontis area and ancient Roman walls, marble columns, mosaic pavements, and many fragments from a variety of objects were found in their foundation trenches. At the Iennaco pasta factory were found marble basins and lead pipes, two marble statuettes of “exquisite Greek production” one of the goddess <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Minerva<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>. Many mosaics and frescoes were destroyed. A spring of mineral water erupted during drilling at a depth of 11m and its water was marketed.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In 1934 during construction of a private building in Via Fontanelle more finds came to light. Remains were found of some opus reticulatum and of a probable [[cryptoporticus]]. Vincenzo Cuccurullo ordered test trenches to be dug to which brought to light another perimeter wall in [[opus incertum]] with light traces of white plaster with traces of a vault.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In 1934<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> during construction of a private building in Via Fontanelle more finds came to light. Remains were found of some <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''[[</ins>opus reticulatum<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]''</ins> and of a probable <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>[[cryptoporticus]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>. Vincenzo Cuccurullo ordered test trenches to be dug to which brought to light another perimeter wall in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>[[opus incertum]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins> with light traces of white plaster with traces of a vault.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>From this time ever more frequent finds came to light<ref>Clarke, John R. 1945-. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy, 2014. 282-</ref> as the town expanded and gradually it became clear that there was an important Roman site on the hill of Le Mascatelle. The "Friends of Oplontis" committee of volunteers was established in 1962 to promote proper excavation.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>From this time ever more frequent finds came to light<ref>Clarke, John R. 1945-. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy, 2014. 282-</ref> as the town expanded and gradually it became clear that there was an important Roman site on the hill of Le Mascatelle. The "Friends of Oplontis" committee of volunteers was established in 1962 to promote proper excavation.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 87:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 87:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===History of Villa A===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===History of Villa A===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The oldest part of the building dates from c. 50 BC to which its Second-Style [[Roman wall painting|wall paintings]] belong.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The oldest part of the building dates from c. 50 BC to which its <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''[[Pompeian Styles|</ins>Second-Style<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]''</ins> [[Roman wall painting|wall paintings]] belong.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Badly damaged in the [[62 Pompeii earthquake|AD 62 Pompeii earthquake]], parts of the villa were rebuilt with Third-Style frescoes, also as famous as the earlier ones for their quality.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Badly damaged in the [[62 Pompeii earthquake|AD 62 Pompeii earthquake]], parts of the villa were rebuilt with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''[[Pompeian Styles|</ins>Third-Style<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]''</ins> frescoes, also as famous as the earlier ones for their quality.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Villa A was probably uninhabited and still in the process of being rebuilt at the time of the AD 79 eruption, as a number of tools were found on the site and statues and columns were stored away from their proper places.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Villa A was probably uninhabited and still in the process of being rebuilt at the time of the AD 79 eruption, as a number of tools were found on the site and statues and columns were stored away from their proper places.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 97:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 97:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Villa B===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Villa B===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Arca (strongbox) with applied decoration (51356534977).jpg|thumb|Arca (strongbox) with applied decoration]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_36_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_33_0_lhs"></a>A second villa, Villa B, was discovered in 1974, {{convert|300|m|ft}} east of Villa A,<ref name="Oplontis Project">{{cite web|title=Villa B|url=http://www.oplontisproject.org/index.php/people/the-oplontis-visualization-project/|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> during the construction of a school and partially excavated until 1991.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:The Lady of Oplontis (51357506333).jpg|thumb|The Lady of Oplontis]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_33_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_36_0_rhs"></a>A second villa, Villa B, was discovered in 1974, {{convert|300|m|ft}} east of Villa A,<ref name="Oplontis Project">{{cite web|title=Villa B<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|date=15 February 2012</ins>|url=http://www.oplontisproject.org/index.php/people/the-oplontis-visualization-project/|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> during the construction of a school and partially excavated until 1991.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_39_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_37_0_lhs"></a>In contrast to the sumptuously decorated Villa Poppaea, Villa B is<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> much</del> smaller<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> than Villa A,</del> and<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> lacks the latter's lavish decoration. Villa B</del> is a rustic, two-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">story</del> structure with many rooms left unplastered and with tamped earth floors. The structure's plan reveals a central courtyard surrounded by a two-story peristyle of Nocera tufa columns. Nevertheless, more than seventy rooms were found on both ground and second-story levels. On the ground floor all four sides of the courtyard have barrel-vaulted rooms in [[opus incertum]] and [[opus reticulatum]].<ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Oplontis. Villa rustica di Lucius Crassius Tertius. </del>http://pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/VF/Villa_056%20Oplontis%20Villa%20of%20Lucius%20Crassius%20Tertius%20p1.htm</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_37_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_39_0_rhs"></a>In contrast to the sumptuously decorated Villa Poppaea, Villa B is smaller and is a rustic, two-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">storey</ins> structure with many rooms left unplastered and with tamped earth floors. The structure's plan reveals a central courtyard surrounded by a two-story peristyle of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Nocera <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Superiore|Nocera]] ''[[</ins>tufa<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]''</ins> columns. Nevertheless, more than seventy rooms were found on both ground and second-story levels. On the ground floor all four sides of the courtyard have <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Barrel vault|</ins>barrel-vaulted<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins> rooms in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>[[opus incertum]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins> and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>[[opus reticulatum]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>.<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>http://pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/VF/Villa_056%20Oplontis%20Villa%20of%20Lucius%20Crassius%20Tertius%20p1.htm<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Oplontis. Villa rustica di Lucius Crassius Tertius]. ''Pompeii in Pictures''. Accessed 2022-12-10.</ins></ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>A bronze [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] bearing the name of L. Crassius Tertius was found at the site.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_51_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_42_0_rhs"></a>Some of the rooms seem to have been used for manufacturing and others were storerooms. These circumstances along with more than 400 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Amphora|''</ins>amphorae<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'']]</ins> recovered in the excavations indicate the property was devoted to the production of wine, oil, and agricultural goods. The discovery of a series of weights seems to confirm this; a bronze seal found at the site preserved the name of Lucius Crassius Tertius, apparently its last owner.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>It was built at the end of the 2nd c. BC. The complex was part of a wider settlement built before the construction of neighbouring Villa A.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>It was built at the end of the 2nd c. BC. The complex was part of a wider settlement built before the construction of neighbouring Villa A. On the south side of the courtyard eight barrel-vaulted storerooms were added after 50 BC, supporting well-decorated rooms above in the [[Pompeian Styles|''Fourth Style'']], facing the sea and opening onto a large portico, perhaps the owner's living quarters. There is also a rare example of a second style painting from the Republican era. A sophisticated water drainage system was also added. At the north of the site the ground floor rooms were reconfigured and the street repaved.<ref>Ivo Van der Graaff et al. The Oplontis Project 2012-13, The Journal of Fasti Online (ISSN 1828-3179) http://www.fastionline.org</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>This villa was not deserted at the time of the eruption: the remains of 54 people were recovered in one of the rooms of the villa, perishing in the surge that hit Oplontis. They were split into two groups, one group possessing fine jewellery, silverware, and coins whilst the other group had none.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Recent archaeology has shown that it suffered unique type of destruction because of its proximity to the sea, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">different</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">from</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pompeii</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or</del> Herculaneum. The volcanic eruption generated a pyroclastic flow that sped down the mountain toward Oplontis. The impact of the flow on the sea surface led to a type of "tsunami" which caused the violent entry and deposition of a water-heavy layer in the barrel-vaulted rooms (similar to the deposit that buried the skeletons on the shore of Herculaneum). The people sheltering at Oplontis died beneath a mixed mass of superheated gas, ash, and water. The impact of the wave probably also caused the collapse of the barrel-vaults.<ref>First Results of Three Seasons of Excavation at Oplontis B (2016-18)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, Ivo Van der Graaff – Michael L. Thomas – Paul Wilkinson – Jennifer L. Muslin – John R. Clarke – Nayla K. Muntasser – Giovanni Di Maio</del>, The Journal of Fasti Online (ISSN 1828-3179) http://www.fastionline.org</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This villa was not deserted at the time of the eruption: the remains of 54 people were recovered in one of the rooms facing the sea, probably waiting to escape but perishing in the surge that hit Oplontis. They were split into two groups, one group at the front possessing fine jewellery, silverware, and coins whilst the other group at the back had none. </ins>Recent archaeology has shown that it suffered unique type of destruction because of its proximity to the sea, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">similar</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">boathouses at</ins> Herculaneum.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref>The Oplontis Project https://oplontis.utdallas.edu/villa-b/</ref></ins> The volcanic eruption generated a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>pyroclastic flow<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins> that sped down the mountain toward Oplontis. The impact of the flow on the sea surface led to a type of "<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''[[</ins>tsunami<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]''</ins>" which caused the violent entry and deposition of a water-heavy layer in the barrel-vaulted rooms (similar to the deposit that buried the skeletons on the shore of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Herculaneum<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>). The people sheltering at Oplontis died beneath a mixed mass of superheated gas, ash, and water. The impact of the wave probably also caused the collapse of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Barrel vault|</ins>barrel-vaults<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>.<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ivo Van der Graaff et al. </ins>First Results of Three Seasons of Excavation at Oplontis B (2016-18), The Journal of Fasti Online (ISSN 1828-3179) http://www.fastionline.org</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The "lady of Oplontis" was discovered with a bronze jug (for water in those last hours), a purse and a small basket, containing coins and jewellery and near her stomach was a string of cheap blue pottery beads.<ref>Natasha Sheldon, Human Remains in Pompeii: The Unique Case of the Body Casts, History and Archaeology Online November 5, 2017 https://historyandarchaeologyonline.com/human-remains-in-pompeii-the-unique-case-of-the-body-casts/</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_42_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_51_0_lhs"></a>Some of the rooms seem to have been used for manufacturing<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> and others were storerooms<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, while the upper floor contained the living quarters of the house</del>. These circumstances<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> along with more than 400 amphorae recovered in the excavations<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> indicate the property was devoted to the production of wine, oil, and agricultural goods. The discovery of a series of weights seems to confirm this; a bronze seal found at the site preserved the name of Lucius Crassius Tertius, apparently its last owner.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_55_1_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_53_0_rhs"></a>A rare very ornate strongbox was found in the peristyle, perhaps fallen from the upper floor, containing over 200 coins, jewellery, and a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>seal ring<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>. It was finely decorated with inlay in silver, copper, and gilded bronze typical of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Hellenistic period|</ins>late Hellenistic<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins> design, and had a complex locking system that was still used in the 19th century.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The southern part of the upper floor is perhaps the owner's living quarters, as some rooms are decorated with paintings in the [[Pompeian Styles|Fourth Style]], and there is also a rare example of a second style painting from the Republican era.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_53_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_55_1_lhs"></a>A rare very ornate strongbox was found in the peristyle, perhaps fallen from the upper floor, containing over 200 coins, jewellery, and a seal ring. It was finely decorated with inlay in silver, copper, and gilded bronze typical of late Hellenistic design, and<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> it</del> had a complex locking system that was still used in the 19th century.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>A sophisticated water drainage system was added late in the villa's history. At the north of the site the ground floor rooms were reconfigured and the street repaved.<ref>The Oplontis Project 2012-13: A Report of Excavations at Oplontis B1 Michael L Thomas - Ivo van der Graaff - and Paul Wilkinson, The Journal of Fasti Online (ISSN 1828-3179)</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==See also==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==See also==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>*[[Archaeological sites in Naples]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>*[[Herculaneum]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>*[[Pompeii]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>*[[Stabiae]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==References==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==References==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 127:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 122:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==External links==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==External links==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{commons category|Oplontis}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{commons category|Oplontis}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150515131825/http://www.pompeiisites.org/index.jsp?idProgetto=2 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Official</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">website</del>] (English<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-language version</del>)</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[http://pompeiisites.org/en/oplontis/ Official website] (English-language version), </ins>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150515131825/http://www.pompeiisites.org/index.jsp?idProgetto=2 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Archived],</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">15 May 2015 at the [[Wayback Machine]</ins>] (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in Italian and </ins>English)</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>*[http://oplontisproject.org/ The Oplontis Project]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>*[http://oplontisproject.org/ The Oplontis Project]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331094012/http://oplontisproject.org/ |date=2021-03-31 }}</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>*[http://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption AD79 Year of Destruction Website]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>*[http://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption AD79 Year of Destruction<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> and Re-discovery</ins> Website<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (sites.google.com)</ins>]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>*[https://www.italyguides.it/en/campania/pompeii Pompeii: virtual tour and travel guide of Pompeii Italy - ItalyGuides.it]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Archaeological sites in Campania}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Archaeological sites in Campania}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 143:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 139:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Archaeological sites in Campania]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Archaeological sites in Campania]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Buildings and structures in the Metropolitan City of Naples]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Buildings and structures in the Metropolitan City of Naples]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Cities</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">towns in Campania</del>]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Destroyed</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">populated</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">places</ins>]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Coastal towns in Campania]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Destroyed cities]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Former populated places in Italy]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Former populated places in Italy]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:National museums of Italy]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:National museums of Italy]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Pompeii (ancient city)]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Populated places disestablished in the 1st century]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Populated places disestablished in the 1st century]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Pre-Roman cities in Italy]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Roman sites of Campania]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Roman sites of Campania]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Torre Annunziata]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Torre Annunziata]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 157:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 149:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Italy]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Italy]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Poppaea Sabina]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Poppaea Sabina]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Italy]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Ruins in Italy]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Ruins in Italy]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD]]</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 14:47, 3 July 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Roman archaeological site</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Oplontis</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TabulaNuceria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/TabulaNuceria.jpg/220px-TabulaNuceria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/TabulaNuceria.jpg/330px-TabulaNuceria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/TabulaNuceria.jpg/440px-TabulaNuceria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="689" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Torre_Annunziata" title="Torre Annunziata">Torre Annunziata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Naples" title="Province of Naples">Province of Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oplontis&params=40.757_N_14.453_E_type:landmark_region:IT"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°45′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°27′11″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.757°N 14.453°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.757; 14.453</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Management</th><td class="infobox-data">Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli e Pompei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pompeiisites.org/Sezione.jsp?titolo=Oplonti&idSezione=14">Oplontis</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Archaeological Areas of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torre_Annunziata" title="Torre Annunziata">Torre Annunziata</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">iii, iv, v</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1997 (21st <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/829">829</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites#Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites">Europe and North America</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Oplontis</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a>, located in the town of <a href="/wiki/Torre_Annunziata" title="Torre Annunziata">Torre Annunziata</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excavated site comprises two <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villas</a>, the best-known of which is Villa A, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a>. </p><p>Like the nearby towns of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, Oplontis was buried in ash during the volcanic <a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD">eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the force of the eruption was even stronger than at these cities as not only roofs collapsed, but walls and columns were broken and pieces thrown sideways.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg/300px-Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg/450px-Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg/600px-Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Oplontis and other cities affected by the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> in AD 79. The black cloud represents the general distribution of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">cinder</a>. Modern coast lines are shown.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_excavations">History and excavations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oplontis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and excavations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_and_echo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Narcissus_and_echo.jpg/220px-Narcissus_and_echo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Narcissus_and_echo.jpg/330px-Narcissus_and_echo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Narcissus_and_echo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Fresco from Villa Caius Siculius Caius Filius</figcaption></figure> <p>The town of Oplontis probably developed under where Torre Annunziata stands today. Excavations have revealed buildings particularly on the east and west sides of the town, the eastern one in the immediate vicinity of Villa A and the other almost at its boundary with <a href="/wiki/Torre_del_Greco" title="Torre del Greco">Torre del Greco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that in antiquity, as elsewhere (e.g. at <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a>), luxury residential villas like Villa A lined the coast, whereas most productive (agricultural) villas were located farther inland. </p><p>Among the finds in the western zone, the most important is the Roman bath complex on the sea shore at Oncino (the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terme_Nunziante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terme Nunziante (page does not exist)">Terme Nunziante</a>) as a public building of Oplontis.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R. Liberatore recorded the archaeology in detail<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he identified it as belonging to Lucius Nonius Florus whose name is stamped on the edge of a terracotta basin in the baths, decorated with vegetal forms and galloping horses. </p><p>Unfortunately, the construction of the modern baths above them caused their destruction. Later two underground water supply or drainage tunnels belonging to the baths were found. </p><p>In addition remains of two residential villas were discovered nearby, one owned by Caius Siculius Caius Filius whose seal was found and from which a fine fresco was retrieved, though many other remains in the area were destroyed and stolen.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excavations_of_Villa_A">Excavations of Villa A</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oplontis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Excavations of Villa A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jard%C3%ADn_Villa_Poppaea_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jard%C3%ADn_Villa_Poppaea_04.JPG/220px-Jard%C3%ADn_Villa_Poppaea_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jard%C3%ADn_Villa_Poppaea_04.JPG/330px-Jard%C3%ADn_Villa_Poppaea_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jard%C3%ADn_Villa_Poppaea_04.JPG/440px-Jard%C3%ADn_Villa_Poppaea_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Ancient main entrance to the Villa Poppaea</figcaption></figure> <p>The first of the villas, known as Villa A, was discovered in 1593–1600 during the great construction project by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fontana" title="Domenico Fontana">Fontana</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sarno" title="Sarno">Sarno</a> <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueduct</a> to feed the mills at Torre Annunziata, the same aqueduct that was tunnelled through Pompeii where he also found the first remains, but similarly no attempt was made to explore the ruins in Oplontis. This aqueduct still runs through the centre of Villa A. In 1785 the Spanish architect <a href="/wiki/Pietro_la_Vega" title="Pietro la Vega">Francesco La Vega</a> explored this area, known as Le Mascatelle, with tunnels and found beautiful objects but soon gave up due to toxic gases. </p><p>In 1839–40 excavations in tunnels were restarted by Michele Rusca using La Vega's publications and he discovered for the first time the extent and quality of the building including two peristyles, mosaics and other decorations. He had to stop due to lack of funds. </p><p>From 1880 a series of mills and pasta factories were built in Via Fontanelle in the Oplontis area and ancient Roman walls, marble columns, mosaic pavements, and many fragments from a variety of objects were found in their foundation trenches. At the Iennaco pasta factory were found marble basins and lead pipes, two marble statuettes of “exquisite Greek production” one of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>. Many mosaics and frescoes were destroyed. A spring of mineral water erupted during drilling at a depth of 11m and its water was marketed. </p><p>In 1934, during construction of a private building in Via Fontanelle more finds came to light. Remains were found of some <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_reticulatum" title="Opus reticulatum">opus reticulatum</a></i> and of a probable <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptoporticus" title="Cryptoporticus">cryptoporticus</a></i>. Vincenzo Cuccurullo ordered test trenches to be dug to which brought to light another perimeter wall in <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_incertum" title="Opus incertum">opus incertum</a></i> with light traces of white plaster with traces of a vault. </p><p>From this time ever more frequent finds came to light<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the town expanded and gradually it became clear that there was an important Roman site on the hill of Le Mascatelle. The "Friends of Oplontis" committee of volunteers was established in 1962 to promote proper excavation. </p><p>It was only in 1964 that a full-scale excavation was officially approved. However, even then it was somewhat chaotic and no official records were kept until 1971 when most of the rooms had already been exposed. Valuable information and many frescoes were lost during the period from excavation to final reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after 1971, records were not accurate and omitted details and discoveries that rendered proper reconstruction impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975 the only human skeleton was found at the northern edge of the site, an adult lying on its back 6 m above the floor of the villa who must have been carried by the volcanic flow probably from farther inland. </p><p>Today about 60% of the villa has been exposed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_Villa_A">History of Villa A</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oplontis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of Villa A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest part of the building dates from c. 50 BC to which its <i><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Second-Style</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Roman_wall_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman wall painting">wall paintings</a> belong. </p><p>Badly damaged in the <a href="/wiki/62_Pompeii_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="62 Pompeii earthquake">AD 62 Pompeii earthquake</a>, parts of the villa were rebuilt with <i><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Third-Style</a></i> frescoes, also as famous as the earlier ones for their quality. </p><p>Villa A was probably uninhabited and still in the process of being rebuilt at the time of the AD 79 eruption, as a number of tools were found on the site and statues and columns were stored away from their proper places. </p><p>The power of the eruption made roofs and walls collapse, columns to break and be thrown sideways so that on excavation many pieces of walls were difficult to reassemble.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villa_B">Villa B</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oplontis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Villa B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arca_(strongbox)_with_applied_decoration_(51356534977).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arca_%28strongbox%29_with_applied_decoration_%2851356534977%29.jpg/220px-Arca_%28strongbox%29_with_applied_decoration_%2851356534977%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arca_%28strongbox%29_with_applied_decoration_%2851356534977%29.jpg/330px-Arca_%28strongbox%29_with_applied_decoration_%2851356534977%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arca_%28strongbox%29_with_applied_decoration_%2851356534977%29.jpg/440px-Arca_%28strongbox%29_with_applied_decoration_%2851356534977%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Arca (strongbox) with applied decoration</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Lady_of_Oplontis_(51357506333).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Lady_of_Oplontis_%2851357506333%29.jpg/220px-The_Lady_of_Oplontis_%2851357506333%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Lady_of_Oplontis_%2851357506333%29.jpg/330px-The_Lady_of_Oplontis_%2851357506333%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Lady_of_Oplontis_%2851357506333%29.jpg/440px-The_Lady_of_Oplontis_%2851357506333%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3534" data-file-height="2296" /></a><figcaption>The Lady of Oplontis</figcaption></figure> <p>A second villa, Villa B, was discovered in 1974, 300 metres (980 ft) east of Villa A,<sup id="cite_ref-Oplontis_Project_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oplontis_Project-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the construction of a school and partially excavated until 1991. </p><p>In contrast to the sumptuously decorated Villa Poppaea, Villa B is smaller and is a rustic, two-storey structure with many rooms left unplastered and with tamped earth floors. The structure's plan reveals a central courtyard surrounded by a two-story peristyle of <a href="/wiki/Nocera_Superiore" title="Nocera Superiore">Nocera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">tufa</a></i> columns. Nevertheless, more than seventy rooms were found on both ground and second-story levels. On the ground floor all four sides of the courtyard have <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel-vaulted</a> rooms in <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_incertum" title="Opus incertum">opus incertum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_reticulatum" title="Opus reticulatum">opus reticulatum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the rooms seem to have been used for manufacturing and others were storerooms. These circumstances along with more than 400 <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora"><i>amphorae</i></a> recovered in the excavations indicate the property was devoted to the production of wine, oil, and agricultural goods. The discovery of a series of weights seems to confirm this; a bronze seal found at the site preserved the name of Lucius Crassius Tertius, apparently its last owner. </p><p>It was built at the end of the 2nd c. BC. The complex was part of a wider settlement built before the construction of neighbouring Villa A. On the south side of the courtyard eight barrel-vaulted storerooms were added after 50 BC, supporting well-decorated rooms above in the <a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles"><i>Fourth Style</i></a>, facing the sea and opening onto a large portico, perhaps the owner's living quarters. There is also a rare example of a second style painting from the Republican era. A sophisticated water drainage system was also added. At the north of the site the ground floor rooms were reconfigured and the street repaved.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This villa was not deserted at the time of the eruption: the remains of 54 people were recovered in one of the rooms facing the sea, probably waiting to escape but perishing in the surge that hit Oplontis. They were split into two groups, one group at the front possessing fine jewellery, silverware, and coins whilst the other group at the back had none. Recent archaeology has shown that it suffered unique type of destruction because of its proximity to the sea, similar to the boathouses at Herculaneum.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volcanic eruption generated a <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flow</a> that sped down the mountain toward Oplontis. The impact of the flow on the sea surface led to a type of "<i><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a></i>" which caused the violent entry and deposition of a water-heavy layer in the barrel-vaulted rooms (similar to the deposit that buried the skeletons on the shore of <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>). The people sheltering at Oplontis died beneath a mixed mass of superheated gas, ash, and water. The impact of the wave probably also caused the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel-vaults</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "lady of Oplontis" was discovered with a bronze jug (for water in those last hours), a purse and a small basket, containing coins and jewellery and near her stomach was a string of cheap blue pottery beads.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A rare very ornate strongbox was found in the peristyle, perhaps fallen from the upper floor, containing over 200 coins, jewellery, and a <a href="/wiki/Seal_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal ring">seal ring</a>. It was finely decorated with inlay in silver, copper, and gilded bronze typical of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">late Hellenistic</a> design, and had a complex locking system that was still used in the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oplontis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_sites_in_Naples" title="Archaeological sites in Naples">Archaeological sites in Naples</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oplontis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107163224/https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/oplontis">"Oplontis – AD 79 eruption"</a>. <i>sites.google.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/oplontis">the original</a> on 2017-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.google.com&rft.atitle=Oplontis+%E2%80%93+AD+79+eruption&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fad79eruption%2Foplontis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOplontis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oplontisproject.org">"Oplontis"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oplontis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oplontisproject.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOplontis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy. John R. Clarke and Nayla K. Muntasser, c2014. p 771-</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, John R. 1945-. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy, 2014. 135 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.90048.0001.001">http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.90048.0001.001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pompeiiinpictures.eu/VF/Villa_090.htm">Terme di Marco Crasso Frugi, Oncino, Oplontis, Torre Annunziata.</a> <i>Pompeii in Pictures</i>. Accessed 2022-12-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Liberatore, Nuove e antiche terme di Torre Annunciata, Annali Civili del Regno delle due Sicilie 6, fasc. 12 (1834).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, John R. 1945-. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy, 139-292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, John R. 1945-. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy, 2014. 282-</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, John R. 1945-. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy, 2014. 734-</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, John R. 1945-. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy, 2014. 815, 840-</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy. John R. Clarke and Nayla K. Muntasser, c2014. p 771-</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oplontis_Project-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oplontis_Project_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oplontisproject.org/index.php/people/the-oplontis-visualization-project/">"Villa B"</a>. 15 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Villa+B&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oplontisproject.org%2Findex.php%2Fpeople%2Fthe-oplontis-visualization-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOplontis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/VF/Villa_056%20Oplontis%20Villa%20of%20Lucius%20Crassius%20Tertius%20p1.htm">Oplontis. Villa rustica di Lucius Crassius Tertius</a>. <i>Pompeii in Pictures</i>. Accessed 2022-12-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivo Van der Graaff et al. The Oplontis Project 2012-13, The Journal of Fasti Online (ISSN 1828-3179) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fastionline.org">http://www.fastionline.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Oplontis Project <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://oplontis.utdallas.edu/villa-b/">https://oplontis.utdallas.edu/villa-b/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivo Van der Graaff et al. First Results of Three Seasons of Excavation at Oplontis B (2016-18), The Journal of Fasti Online (ISSN 1828-3179) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fastionline.org">http://www.fastionline.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Natasha Sheldon, Human Remains in Pompeii: The Unique Case of the Body Casts, History and Archaeology Online November 5, 2017 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://historyandarchaeologyonline.com/human-remains-in-pompeii-the-unique-case-of-the-body-casts/">https://historyandarchaeologyonline.com/human-remains-in-pompeii-the-unique-case-of-the-body-casts/</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oplontis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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Machine</a> (in Italian and English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oplontisproject.org/">The Oplontis Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210331094012/http://oplontisproject.org/">Archived</a> 2021-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption">AD79 Year of Destruction and Re-discovery Website (sites.google.com)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.italyguides.it/en/campania/pompeii">Pompeii: virtual tour and travel guide of Pompeii Italy - ItalyGuides.it</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" title="Template:Archaeological sites in Campania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" title="Template talk:Archaeological sites in Campania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological sites in Campania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Archaeological sites in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Avellino" title="Province of Avellino">Province of Avellino</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aeclanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aequum_Tuticum" title="Aequum Tuticum">Aequum Tuticum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compsa" title="Compsa">Compsa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg/80px-Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg/120px-Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg/160px-Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="2303" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg/80px-Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg/120px-Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg/160px-Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg/80px-Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg/120px-Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg/160px-Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/80px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/120px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/160px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3388" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Benevento" title="Province of Benevento">Province of Benevento</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Trajan_(Benevento)" title="Arch of Trajan (Benevento)">Arch of Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Theatre,_Benevento" title="Roman Theatre, Benevento">Roman Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudium" title="Caudium">Caudium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures_Baebiani" title="Ligures Baebiani">Ligures Baebiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saticula" title="Saticula">Saticula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caserta" title="Province of Caserta">Province of Caserta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allifae" title="Allifae">Allifae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausona_(ancient_city)" title="Ausona (ancient city)">Ausona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calatia" title="Calatia">Calatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cales" title="Cales">Cales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Capua_Vetere" title="Santa Maria Capua Vetere">Santa Maria Capua Vetere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Hadrian_(Capua)" title="Arch of Hadrian (Capua)">Arch of Hadrian (Capua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Capua" title="Amphitheatre of Capua">Amphitheatre of Capua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casilinum" title="Casilinum">Casilinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Angelo_in_Formis" title="Sant'Angelo in Formis">Sant'Angelo in Formis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinuessa" title="Sinuessa">Sinuessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebula_Balliensis" title="Trebula Balliensis">Trebula Balliensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vescia" title="Vescia">Vescia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Naples" title="Province of Naples">Province of Naples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atella" title="Atella">Atella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiae" title="Baiae">Baiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotta_di_Cocceio" title="Grotta di Cocceio">Grotta di Cocceio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liternum" title="Liternum">Liternum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miseno" title="Miseno">Miseno</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piscina_Mirabilis" title="Piscina Mirabilis">Piscina Mirabilis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Augusta_(Naples)" title="Aqua Augusta (Naples)">Aqua Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Tunnel" title="Bourbon Tunnel">Bourbon Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Gaudioso" class="mw-redirect" title="Catacombs of San Gaudioso">Catacombs of San Gaudioso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Gennaro" title="Catacombs of San Gennaro">Catacombs of San Gennaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypta_Neapolitana" title="Crypta Neapolitana">Crypta Neapolitana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil%27s_tomb" title="Virgil's tomb">Virgil's tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_of_Naples" title="Macellum of Naples">Macellum of Naples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oplontis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_a_Mare" title="Palazzo a Mare">Palazzo a Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_Amphitheater_(Pozzuoli)" title="Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli)">Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucrinus_Lacus" title="Lucrinus Lacus">Lucrinus Lacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Lake Avernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_of_Pozzuoli" title="Macellum of Pozzuoli">Macellum of Pozzuoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus_Julius" title="Portus Julius">Portus Julius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suessula" title="Suessula">Suessula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_Barbarossa" title="Castello Barbarossa">Castello Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Jovis" title="Villa Jovis">Villa Jovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Boscoreale" title="Villa Boscoreale">Villa Boscoreale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Salerno" title="Province of Salerno">Province of Salerno</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Pruno" title="Monte Pruno">Monte Pruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraion_at_the_mouth_of_the_Sele" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraion at the mouth of the Sele">Heraion at the mouth of the Sele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_(Paestum)" title="Temple of Athena (Paestum)">Temple of Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_of_Hera_(Paestum)" title="Second Temple of Hera (Paestum)">Second Temple of Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Diver" title="Tomb of the Diver">Tomb of the Diver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertosa_Caves" title="Pertosa Caves">Pertosa Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Velia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana,_Minori" title="Villa Romana, Minori">Villa Romana of Minori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pompeii" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaeological_site_of_Pompeii" title="Template:Archaeological site of Pompeii"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archaeological_site_of_Pompeii" title="Template talk:Archaeological site of Pompeii"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological_site_of_Pompeii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological site of Pompeii"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pompeii" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pompei" title="Pompei">Pompei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_62_Pompeii_earthquake" title="AD 62 Pompeii earthquake">AD 62 Pompeii earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD">Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_influences_on_Pompeii" title="Foreign influences on Pompeii">Foreign influences on Pompeii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Diomedes" title="Villa of Diomedes">Villa of Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Mysteries" title="Villa of the Mysteries">Villa of the Mysteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Domus" title="Domus">Domus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Centenary" title="House of the Centenary">House of the Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Faun" title="House of the Faun">House of the Faun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Julia_Felix" title="House of Julia Felix">House of Julia Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_the_Fugitives" class="mw-redirect" title="The Garden of the Fugitives">The Garden of the Fugitives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Greek_Epigrams" title="House of the Greek Epigrams">House of the Greek Epigrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Loreius_Tiburtinus" title="House of Loreius Tiburtinus">House of Loreius Tiburtinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Marcus_Lucretius_Fronto" title="House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto">House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_del_Menandro" class="mw-redirect" title="Casa del Menandro">House of Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Octavius_Quartio" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Octavius Quartio">House of Octavius Quartio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Prince_of_Naples" title="House of the Prince of Naples">House of the Prince of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sallust" title="House of Sallust">House of Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Silver_Wedding" title="House of the Silver Wedding">House of the Silver Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Small_Fountain" title="House of the Small Fountain">House of the Small Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Surgeon" title="House of the Surgeon">House of the Surgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Tragic_Poet" title="House of the Tragic Poet">House of the Tragic Poet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vettii" title="House of the Vettii">House of the Vettii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Augusta_(Naples)" title="Aqua Augusta (Naples)">Aqua Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_of_Pompeii" title="Macellum of Pompeii">Macellum of Pompeii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Pompeii" title="Amphitheatre of Pompeii">Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupanar" title="Lupanar">Lupanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Baths_(Pompeii)" title="Suburban Baths (Pompeii)">Suburban Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabian_Baths" title="Stabian Baths">Stabian Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Area_of_Pompeii" title="Theatre Area of Pompeii">Theatre Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Apollo (Pompeii)">Temple of Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isis_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Isis (Pompeii)">Temple of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Jupiter (Pompeii)">Temple of Jupiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_and_Briseis" title="Achilles and Briseis">Achilles and Briseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mosaic" title="Alexander Mosaic">Alexander Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Academy_mosaic" title="Plato's Academy mosaic">Plato's Academy mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Terentius_Neo" title="Portrait of Terentius Neo">Portrait of Terentius Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_art_in_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum">Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_issues_of_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum">Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Pompeian_frescoes" title="Conservation and restoration of Pompeian frescoes">Pompeian frescoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii_in_popular_culture" title="Pompeii in popular culture">Pompeii in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other sites destroyed<br /> in the 79 eruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oplontis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Boscoreale" title="Villa Boscoreale">Villa Boscoreale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">Naples National Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Museum,_Naples" title="Secret Museum, Naples">Secret Museum, Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artefacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIL_4.5296" title="CIL 4.5296">CIL 4.5296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii_Lakshmi" title="Pompeii Lakshmi">Pompeii Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a> (CIL IV 8123, 8623)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites in Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crespi_d%27Adda" title="Crespi d'Adda">Crespi d'Adda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_center_of_Genoa" title="Historic center of Genoa">Historic center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivrea" title="Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabbioneta" title="Sabbioneta">Sabbioneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_San_Giorgio" title="Monte San Giorgio">Monte San Giorgio</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Venere" title="Porto Venere">Porto Venere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmaria_(island)" title="Palmaria (island)">Palmaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tino_(island)" title="Tino (island)">Tino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tinetto" title="Tinetto">Tinetto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Terre" title="Cinque Terre">Cinque Terre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residences_of_the_Royal_House_of_Savoy" title="Residences of the Royal House of Savoy">Residences of the Royal House of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_Railway" title="Rhaetian Railway">Rhaetian Railway</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Albula_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Albula Railway">Albula</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernina_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernina railway">Bernina</a> Landscapes<sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacri_Monti_of_Piedmont_and_Lombardy" title="Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy"><i>Sacri Monti</i> of Piedmont and Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_(Milan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)">Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard_Landscape_of_Piedmont:_Langhe-Roero_and_Monferrato" title="Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato">Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont</a>: <a href="/wiki/Langhe" title="Langhe">Langhe</a>-<a href="/wiki/Roero" title="Roero">Roero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montferrat" title="Montferrat">Monferrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li>Le Colline del <a href="/wiki/Prosecco" title="Prosecco">Prosecco</a> di <a href="/wiki/Conegliano" title="Conegliano">Conegliano</a> e <a href="/wiki/Valdobbiadene" title="Valdobbiadene">Valdobbiadene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modena_Cathedral" title="Modena Cathedral">Modena Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torre_della_Ghirlandina" title="Torre della Ghirlandina">Torre della Ghirlandina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modena#Main_sights" title="Modena">Piazza Grande, Modena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Padova" title="Orto botanico di Padova">Orto botanico di Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padua%27s_fourteenth-century_fresco_cycles" title="Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles">Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticoes_of_Bologna" title="Porticoes of Bologna">Porticoes of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna#Main_sights" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Vicenza_and_the_Palladian_Villas_of_the_Veneto" title="City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto">City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li>Etruscan Necropolises of <a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spa_Towns_of_Europe" title="Great Spa Towns of Europe">Great Spa Towns of Europe - Montecatini Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Florence" title="Historic Centre of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_villas" title="Medici villas">Medici villas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_dei_Miracoli" title="Piazza dei Miracoli">Piazza del Duomo, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pienza" title="Pienza">Pienza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gimignano" title="San Gimignano">San Gimignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Orcia" title="Val d'Orcia">Val d'Orcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Italy" title="South Italy">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberobello" title="Alberobello">Alberobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_del_Monte,_Apulia" title="Castel del Monte, Apulia">Castel del Monte, Apulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_del_Cilento,_Vallo_di_Diano_e_Alburni" title="Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni">Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Velia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Padula" title="Certosa di Padula">Certosa di Padula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oplontis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Naples" title="Historic Centre of Naples">Historic Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Royal Palace of Caserta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Vanvitelli" title="Aqueduct of Vanvitelli">Aqueduct of Vanvitelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Leucio" title="San Leucio">San Leucio Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassi_di_Matera" title="Sassi di Matera">Sassi di Matera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Italy" title="Insular Italy">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Norman_Palermo_and_the_Cathedral_Churches_of_Cefal%C3%B9_and_Monreale" title="Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale">Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Archaeological Area of Agrigento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Nuraxi_(Barumini)" title="Su Nuraxi (Barumini)">Barumini nuraghes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Necropolis_of_Pantalica" title="Necropolis of Pantalica">Necropolis of Pantalica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_di_Noto" title="Val di Noto">Val di Noto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale">Villa Romana del Casale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countrywide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longobards_in_Italy,_Places_of_Power_(568%E2%80%93774_A.D.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)">Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cividale_del_Friuli" title="Cividale del Friuli">Cividale del Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelseprio_(archaeological_park)" title="Castelseprio (archaeological park)">Castelseprio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Clitumnus" title="Temple of Clitumnus">Temple of Clitumnus</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Campello_sul_Clitunno" title="Campello sul Clitunno">Campello sul Clitunno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia,_Benevento" title="Santa Sofia, Benevento">Santa Sofia</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo">Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Monte Sant'Angelo">Monte Sant'Angelo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Works_of_Defence_between_15th_and_17th_centuries:_Stato_da_Terra_%E2%80%93_western_Stato_da_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar">Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries</a><sup>5</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmanova" title="Palmanova">Palmanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peschiera_del_Garda" title="Peschiera del Garda">Peschiera del Garda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> with 17 other countries</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Campania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Landmarks_of_Campania" title="Template:Landmarks of Campania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Landmarks_of_Campania" title="Template talk:Landmarks of Campania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks_of_Campania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks of Campania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Campania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Landmarks of <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aeclanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Cathedral" title="Amalfi Cathedral">Amalfi Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Ancient remains of Capua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caserta_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Caserta Palace">Caserta Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_del_Cilento,_Vallo_di_Diano_e_Alburni" title="Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni">Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraglioni" title="Faraglioni">Faraglioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia,_Benevento" title="Santa Sofia, Benevento">Santa Sofia, Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solfatara_(volcano)" title="Solfatara (volcano)">Solfatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrento_Peninsula" title="Sorrento Peninsula">Sorrento Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Trinit%C3%A0_della_Cava" title="La Trinità della Cava">Trinità della Cava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesuvius_National_Park" title="Vesuvius National Park">Vesuvius National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1257335#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1257335#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1257335#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315164461">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1874920/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2008001736">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oplontis (Itálie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge259794&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007542560205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/432992">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oplontis&oldid=1232397382">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oplontis&oldid=1232397382</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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