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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga nilalaman</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">itago</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Simula</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kontribusyon_ng_Mesopotamya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontribusyon_ng_Mesopotamya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kontribusyon ng Mesopotamya</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kontribusyon_ng_Mesopotamya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Kontribusyon ng Mesopotamya</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kontribusyon_ng_Mesopotamya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pagsulat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pagsulat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pagsulat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pagsulat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matematika_at_Astronomiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matematika_at_Astronomiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Matematika at Astronomiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matematika_at_Astronomiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportasyon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportasyon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Transportasyon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportasyon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relihiyon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relihiyon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Relihiyon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relihiyon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Sining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Batas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_Sanggunian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_Sanggunian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mga Sanggunian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_Sanggunian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mga nilalaman" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mesopotamya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pumunta sa isang artikulo na nakasulat sa ibang wika. Mayroon ito sa 158 (na) wika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-158" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">158 wika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A9%D3%A1%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аҩӡыбжьара – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аҩӡыбжьара" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mesopotamië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%B4%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%AB" title="መስጴጦምያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መስጴጦምያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بلاد الرافدين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلاد الرافدين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%A2%DC%97%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%A2" title="ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="منطقة بين النهرين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="منطقة بين النهرين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%27%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মেচ'পটেমিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মেচ'পটেমিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiya" title="Mesopotamiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mesopotamiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بین‌النهرین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بین‌النهرین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotam%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Mesopotamėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mesopotamėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamya" title="Mesopotamya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mesopotamya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Месапатамія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Месапатамія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мэсапатамія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэсапатамія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মেসোপটেমিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেসোপটেমিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamia" title="Mezopotamia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mezopotamia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamija" title="Mezopotamija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mezopotamija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Месопотами – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Месопотами" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopot%C3%A0mia" title="Mesopotàmia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mesopotàmia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%AB-s%C5%AB-p%C5%8F%CC%A4-d%C3%A2i-m%C4%AB" title="Mī-sū-pŏ̤-dâi-mī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mī-sū-pŏ̤-dâi-mī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Месопотами – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Месопотами" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamya" title="Mesopotamya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mesopotamya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B2%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مێزۆپۆتامیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێزۆپۆتامیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopot%C3%A1mie" title="Mezopotámie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezopotámie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Месопотами – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Месопотами" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamya" title="Mezopotamya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mezopotamya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%90%DE%AE%DE%95%DE%AE%DE%93%DE%AD%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="މެސޮޕޮޓޭމިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މެސޮޕޮޓޭމިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μεσοποταμία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεσοποταμία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamio" title="Mezopotamio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mezopotamio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotaamia" title="Mesopotaamia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mesopotaamia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بین‌النهرین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بین‌النهرین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9sopotamie" title="Mésopotamie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mésopotamie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotaamien" title="Mesopotaamien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mesopotaamien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotaamje" title="Mesopotaamje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mesopotaamje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mheaspat%C3%A1im" title="An Mheaspatáim – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mheaspatáim" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E9%81%94%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E" title="美索不達米亞 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="美索不達米亞" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9zopotami" title="Mézopotami – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mézopotami" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="دو روبار میانی – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="دو روبار میانی" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopot%C3%A1mia" title="Mesopotámia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mesopotámia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="મેસોપોટેમીયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મેસોપોટેમીયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="מסופוטמיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסופוטמיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मेसोपोटामिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेसोपोटामिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamija" title="Mezopotamija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mezopotamija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamiska" title="Mezopotamiska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mezopotamiska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotami" title="Mezopotami – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mezopotami" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopot%C3%A1mia" title="Mezopotámia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mezopotámia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%84" title="Միջագետք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջագետք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%84" title="Միջագետք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Միջագետք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Месопотами – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Месопотами" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamia" title="Mezopotamia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mezopotamia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mes%C3%B3p%C3%B3tam%C3%ADa" title="Mesópótamía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mesópótamía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9D%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A2" title="メソポタミア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メソポタミア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotiemia" title="Mesopotiemia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mesopotiemia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="შუამდინარეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შუამდინარეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami" title="Mesopotami – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mesopotami" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Қосөзен (өркениет) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қосөзен (өркениет)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಮೆಸೊಪಟ್ಯಾಮಿಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆಸೊಪಟ್ಯಾಮಿಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EC%86%8C%ED%8F%AC%ED%83%80%EB%AF%B8%EC%95%84" title="메소포타미아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메소포타미아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamya" title="Mezopotamya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mezopotamya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami" title="Mesopotami – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mesopotami" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mesopotamië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotami" title="Mezopotami – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mezopotami" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamija" title="Mesopotamija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mesopotamija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C4%81_Divupe" title="Senā Divupe – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senā Divupe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mes%C3%B4p%C3%B4tamia" title="Mesôpôtamia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mesôpôtamia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Месопотамија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Месопотамија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="മെസപ്പൊട്ടേമിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെസപ്പൊട്ടേമിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Месопотами – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Месопотами" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मेसोपोटेमिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेसोपोटेमिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="မက်ဆိုပိုတေးမီးယား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မက်ဆိုပိုတေးမီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="میون‌رودون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="میون‌رودون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamie" title="Mesopotamie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mesopotamie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मेसोपोटामिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मेसोपोटामिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मेसोपोतामिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मेसोपोतामिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mesopotamië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9sopotanmie" title="Mésopotanmie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mésopotanmie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਮੈਸੋਪੋਟਾਮੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਸੋਪੋਟਾਮੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamia" title="Mezopotamia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mezopotamia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بین النہرین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بین النہرین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بین النهرین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بین النهرین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopot%C3%A2mia" title="Mesopotâmia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mesopotâmia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мезопотамія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мезопотамія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱯᱳᱴᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱯᱳᱴᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ميسوپوٽيميا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ميسوپوٽيميا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamija" title="Mezopotamija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mezopotamija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="මෙසොපොටේමියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මෙසොපොටේමියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopot%C3%A1mia" title="Mezopotámia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mezopotámia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamija" title="Mezopotamija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mezopotamija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesobotaamiya" title="Mesobotaamiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mesobotaamiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Месопотамија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Месопотамија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9sopotamia" title="Mésopotamia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mésopotamia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="மெசொப்பொத்தேமியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெசொப்பொத்தேமியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4" title="మెసొపొటేమియా నాగరికత – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మెసొపొటేమియా నాగరికత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Байнаннаҳрайн – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Байнаннаҳрайн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="เมโสโปเตเมีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมโสโปเตเมีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%BDa" title="Mesopotamiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mesopotamiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamya" title="Mezopotamya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mezopotamya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8F" title="Межиріччя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Межиріччя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بین النہرین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بین النہرین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiya" title="Mesopotamiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mesopotamiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopot%C3%A0mia" title="Mezopotàmia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mezopotàmia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C6%B0%E1%BB%A1ng_H%C3%A0" title="Lưỡng Hà – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lưỡng Hà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopot%C3%A4n" title="Mesopotän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mesopotän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ewum_%C3%B1aari_dex_yi" title="Réewum ñaari dex yi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Réewum ñaari dex yi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A" title="美索不达米亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="美索不达米亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="შქაწყარმალონა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შქაწყარმალონა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2" title="מעסאפאטאמיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעסאפאטאמיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A" title="美索不达米亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美索不达米亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%B2%B3%E4%B9%8B%E7%9B%82" title="兩河之盂 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="兩河之盂" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="兩河流域文明 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:15.0em; margin:0 0 1em 1em; text-align:center; font-size:11px; line-height:1.2em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.3em 0; background:#F6E6AE; font-size:135%; line-height:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia">Sinaunang<br />Mesopotamia</a></th></tr> <tr><td style="padding:0.6em 0 0.3em;"></td></tr> <tr><th style="padding:0.3em 0 0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates">Eufrates</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a></th></tr> <tr> <th style="padding-bottom:0.45em;"><div style="padding:0.3em 0; background:#F6E6AE; font-size:110%;">Mga Imperyo/Lungsod</div></th></tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0; background:antiquewhite;"><a href="/wiki/Sumerya" title="Sumerya">Sumerya</a></th></tr> <tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngirsu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngirsu (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ngirsu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0; background:antiquewhite;"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></th></tr> <tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0; background:antiquewhite;"><a href="/wiki/Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkad">Imperyong Akkadiano</a></th></tr> <tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkad">Akkad</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari,_Sirya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mari, Sirya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0; background:antiquewhite;"><a href="/wiki/Amorreo" title="Amorreo">Amorreo</a></th></tr> <tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0; background:antiquewhite;"><a href="/wiki/Babilonya" title="Babilonya">Babilonya</a></th></tr> <tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Babilonya" title="Babilonya">Babilonya</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Caldea" title="Caldea">Caldea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0; background:antiquewhite;"><a href="/wiki/Asiria" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiria">Asiria</a></th></tr> <tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dur-Sharrukin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dur-Sharrukin (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dur-Sharrukin</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Nineve" class="mw-redirect" title="Nineve">Nineve</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><div style="padding:0.2em 0; background:antiquewhite;"><a href="/wiki/Hiteo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiteo">Hiteo</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Mga_Kasita" title="Mga Kasita">Kasita</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurrian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurrian (hindi pa naisusulat)">Huriano</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitanni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitanni (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mitani</a></div></th></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Ang <b>Mesopotamia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Griyego" title="Wikang Griyego">Griyego</a>: Μεσοποταμία, isinalin mula sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinaunang_wikang_Persa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinaunang wikang Persa (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sinaunang Persa</a> na <i>Miyanrudan</i> "Lupain sa pagitan ng dalawang Ilog"; sa pangalang <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Arameo" title="Wikang Arameo">Arameo</a> na <i>Beth-Nahrain</i> "Bahay sa Dalawang Ilog"), ay isang lugar sa <a href="/wiki/Timog-kanlurang_Asya" class="mw-redirect" title="Timog-kanlurang Asya">Timog-kanlurang Asya</a>.Ito ang Iraq at kanlurang Syria sa kasalukuyan. Sa isang mahigpit na pananalita, ito ang kapatagang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alluvial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alluvial (hindi pa naisusulat)">alluvial</a></i> na matatagpuan sa pagitan ng mga ilog ng <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> at <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, binubuo ng mga bahagi ng <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> at <a href="/wiki/Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria">Syria</a>. Sa mas pangkaraniwang gamit, kabilang sa termino ang mga ilog kapatagan nito sa kabuuan at kasama din ang mga napapaligirang teritoryo ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disyerto_ng_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disyerto ng Arabia (hindi pa naisusulat)">Disyerto ng Arabia</a> sa kanluran at timog, ang <a href="/wiki/Golpong_Persiko" title="Golpong Persiko">Golpong Persiko</a> sa timog-silangan, ang <a href="/wiki/Mga_Bundok_ng_Zagros" class="mw-redirect" title="Mga Bundok ng Zagros">mga Bundok ng Zagros</a> sa silangan at <a href="/wiki/Bulubundukin_ng_Kaukasya" title="Bulubundukin ng Kaukasya">mga bundok ng Kaukasya</a> sa hilaga. Kilala ang Mesopotamya bilang ang lugar ng ilang sa mga pinakamakasaysayang kabihasnan o sibilisasyon sa daigdig. </p><p>Ang mga kasulatan mula sa Mesopotamya (<a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, makabagong Warka) ay ilan sa mga kilalang pinakaunang kasulatan sa daigidig, nagbibigay sa Mesopotomya ng isang reputasyon sa pagiging "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Duyan_ng_Sibilisasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duyan ng Sibilisasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">Duyan ng Sibilisasyon</a>". Kapantay ng mga kasulatang Sumeryong ito ang <a href="/wiki/Heroglipikong_Ehipsiyo" title="Heroglipikong Ehipsiyo">mga hieroglyph ng Ehipto</a>, at ilan sa mga mas matandang kilalang sulat, marahil itinituring bilang pagsusulat na <i>proto</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Porma_ng_sulat_ng_Sinaunang_Europeo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porma ng sulat ng Sinaunang Europeo (hindi pa naisusulat)">Porma ng sulat ng Sinaunang Europeo</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naqada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naqada (hindi pa naisusulat)">Naqada</a>. Nasasakop ang Mesopotamya ng malawak ng <a href="/wiki/Mabungang_Gasuklay" title="Mabungang Gasuklay">Mabungang Gasuklay</a> - isang rehiyon sa kanlurang asya na may matabang lupain at angkop sa pagsasaka. Ito ay may hugis crescent ng buwan.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kontribusyon_ng_Mesopotamya">Kontribusyon ng Mesopotamya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kontribusyon ng Mesopotamya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Kontribusyon ng Mesopotamya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ang mga kontribusyon ng Mesopotamia ay may kinalaman sa paraan ng pagsulat, <a href="/wiki/Transportasyon" title="Transportasyon">transportasyon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kalakal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalakal">kalakalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya">astronomiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relihiyon" title="Relihiyon">relihiyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batas" title="Batas">batas</a>, at iba pa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pagsulat">Pagsulat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pagsulat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Pagsulat"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ang mga manunulat o tagapagtala na Sumeryo ay lumikha ng sistema ng pagsulat na tinatawag na <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a>. Ito ang tinatayang pinakaunang pamamaraan ng pagsulat. Matulis na <i>stylus</i> ang ginagamit na panulat. Sa isang parisukat na tapyas ng malambot na luad ay umuukit sila ng larawan na sumasagisag sa mga kaisipan at mga pangyayaring naganap. </p><p>Pagkatapos, pinatutuyo ang mga ito at itinatago. Nakatala ang kasaysayan sa mga tapyas na mga batong ito (<i>cuneiform tablet</i>). Gumagamit ang mga mangangalakal ng tatak (seal) ng namimili, nagbebenta, at saksi. Ang mga selyo ng lagda (<i>signature seal</i>) na ginawa sa hugis <i>cylinder</i> ay inuukit sa bato at isinusuot ng may-ari na parang kwintas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matematika_at_Astronomiya">Matematika at Astronomiya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Matematika at Astronomiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Matematika at Astronomiya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sa matematika, ang mga taga-Mesopotamya ang nagpakilala ng talaang <a href="/wiki/Multiplikasyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplikasyon">multiplikasyon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dibisyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibisyon">dibisyon</a>. Ipinapalagay na sila rin ang nagturo ng pagkalkula sa pamamagitan ng <a href="/wiki/Sugkisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugkisan">sugkisan</a> o dyometri at pinagmulan ng kaisipang may 360 digri ang isang bilog at 60 minuto sa isang oras. </p><p>Isa sa pinaka matandang ulat ng astronomiya ay ginawa rin sa Mesopotamya. Itinala nila ang paiba-ibang posisyon ng mga <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planeta</a> at iba-ibang yugto ng pag-ikot ng <a href="/wiki/Buwan_(astronomiya)" title="Buwan (astronomiya)">buwan</a>. Hinati nila ang isang taon sa 12 <a href="/wiki/Buwan_(panahon)" title="Buwan (panahon)">buwan</a>. At ang isang buwan sa 30 araw. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportasyon">Transportasyon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Transportasyon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Transportasyon"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sa paggamit nila ng gulong, napadali ang pagdadala ng mga produkto sa ibang lugar. Maging ang paggamit ng layag sa paglalakbay-dagat ay pinangunahan din ng mga taga-Mesopotamya. Nakatulong ito sa kanilang kalakalan sa malayong lugar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relihiyon">Relihiyon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Relihiyon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Relihiyon"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naniniwala ang mga Sumerian sa maraming <a href="/wiki/Diyos" title="Diyos">diyos</a>---tinatawag itong <a href="/wiki/Politeismo" title="Politeismo">politeismo</a>. Bawat lungsod-estado ay itinuturing na pag-aari ng bawat diyos. Pinaniniwalaan nilang ang diyos ang pumipili ng pinuno at nangangalaga sa mga lungsod. Ang mga diyos ang nagdadala ng pagpapala at kalamidad tulad ng baha, taggutom, at iba pa. Ang mga Sumeryo ay nagsasagawang mga ritwal tulad ng pag-aalay at pasasalamat. </p><p>Ang mga ito ay nangangailangan ng dasal o <a href="/wiki/Pista" title="Pista">pista</a>. Si An o <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a> ay diyos ng langit. Si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ki (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ki</a> ang tagapagtanggol ng <a href="/wiki/Daigdig" title="Daigdig">daigdig</a>, at si <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a> ang nagdadala ng malalakas na hangin at ulan. Sina <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumuzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumuzi (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dumuzi</a> ang pinagkalooban ng fertilidad. </p><p>Pinag-aralan naman ng mga pari ang ibig ipakahulugan ng mga panaginip at galaw ng mga <a href="/wiki/Bituin" title="Bituin">bituin</a>. Ayon sa kanila, ang mga ito ay may pahiwatig na galing sa diyos. </p><p>Naniniwala rin ang mga taga-Mesopotamya na may lugar sa ilalim ng lupa. Sa Epiko ng Gilgamesh, inilarawan ito bilang madilim na kweba kung saan alikabok at luad ang <a href="/wiki/Pagkain" title="Pagkain">pagkain</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sining">Sining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Sining" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Sining"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ang mga Sumeryo ay mahilig sa magagandang bagay. Ang mga manggagawaang may kasanayang gumawa ng alahas, kasangkapan sa <a href="/wiki/Bahay" title="Bahay">bahay</a>, at dekorasyon. </p><p>Ang <a href="/wiki/Musika" class="mw-redirect" title="Musika">musika</a> ay isang kakayahan na kanilang napalawak at napaunlad. Ang mga instrumentong tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Harpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpa">harpa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lira" class="mw-redirect" title="Lira">lira</a> ay ilan sa nagawa nila. Ang mga Sumeryo ay mayroon ding mga <a href="/wiki/Pipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipa">pipa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Plauta">plauta</a>, at pati na rin <a href="/wiki/Tamburin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamburin">tamburin</a>. </p><p>Ang pinakakilalang <a href="/wiki/Panitikan" title="Panitikan">panitikan</a> ng Sumeryo ay ang tulang epiko ni <i><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a></i>. Si Gilgamesh ay isang hari sa <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batas">Batas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Batas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Batas"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sa larangan ng batas, kinilala ang <a href="/wiki/Kodigo_ni_Hammurabi" title="Kodigo ni Hammurabi">Kodigo ni Hammurabi</a>. Sa bato na may taas na 2.44 na metro nakaukit ang batas ng kaharian. Si Hammurabi, pinuno ng Babilonya noong <a href="/w/index.php?title=1792_BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1792 BC (hindi pa naisusulat)">1792</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=1750_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1750 BCE (hindi pa naisusulat)">1750 BCE</a>, ang nagpagawa ng mga batas. Naglalaman ito ng 285 na konstitusyon. </p><p>Ang batas ni Hammurabi ay may kaugnayan sa lahat na makaaapekto sa pamayanan, kasama na ang relihiyon, <a href="/wiki/Pamilya" title="Pamilya">pamilya</a>, kabuhayan, at <a href="/wiki/Krimen" title="Krimen">krimen</a>. Ang mga sumusunod na pahayag ay nakuha sa Kodigo ni Hammurabi: </p> <ul><li>"Kapag ang isang tao ay nagnakaw ng <a href="/wiki/Kapong_baka" title="Kapong baka">kapong baka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ox">ox</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tupa" title="Tupa">tupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baboy" title="Baboy">baboy</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Kambing" title="Kambing">kambing</a> na pag-aari ng <a href="/wiki/Estado" title="Estado">estado</a>, dapat bayaran niya ito ng 30 beses sa tunay na halaga nito. Kung ito naman ay pag-aari ng pribadong mamamayan, dapat bayaran niya ito ng 10 beses sa tunay nitong halaga. Kung ang nagnanakaw naman ay hindi kayang magbayad, parurusahan siya ng kamatayan…"</li> <li>"Kapag ang isang tao ay masyadong tamad sa pag-aayos ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dike (hindi pa naisusulat)">dike</a> ng kanyang <a href="/wiki/Lupa" title="Lupa">lupain</a>, at pinabayaan niyang umagos ang tubig sa taniman o sa palayan na pag-aari ng ibang tao, dapat makalikha siya ng ani para sa mga naapektuhan niyang taniman…"</li> <li>"Kapag nasira ng isang <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">tao</a> ang mata ng isang kasapi ng aristokrata, sisirain din ang kanyang mata…"</li> <li>"Kapag tinanggal ng isang tao ang <a href="/wiki/Ngipin" title="Ngipin">ngipin</a> ng kapwa o kauri niya, tatanggalan din siya ng ngipin."</li></ul> <p>Sa paglalahat ng kodigo, ito ay pagpapahiwatig ng pagsunod sa batas o pagtanggap ng parusang nauukol sa paglabag. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_Sanggunian">Mga Sanggunian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga Sanggunian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Mga Sanggunian"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2121818">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.touregypt.net/ebph5.htm">Salitang Proto</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Kinuha sa "<a dir="ltr" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&oldid=2133945">https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamya&oldid=2133945</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_kategorya" title="Natatangi:Mga kategorya">Mga kategorya</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Kasaysayan" title="Kategorya:Kasaysayan">Kasaysayan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Syria" title="Kategorya:Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Iraq" title="Kategorya:Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Mesopotamia" title="Kategorya:Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Huling pagbabago: 14:55, 22 Oktubre 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Magagamit ang teksto sa ilalim ng <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Lisensyang Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike</a>; maaaring mailapat ang karagdagang termino. 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