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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Monnik" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Monnik" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Monnik" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Boeddhisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boeddhisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Boeddhisme</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Boeddhisme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Boeddhisme subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Boeddhisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monnikeklede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monnikeklede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Monnikeklede</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monnikeklede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christendom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christendom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Christendom</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christendom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Christendom subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christendom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Westerse_Christendom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westerse_Christendom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Westerse Christendom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westerse_Christendom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Katolisisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katolisisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Katolisisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katolisisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheranisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheranisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Lutheranisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheranisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglikanisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglikanisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Anglikanisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglikanisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oosterse_Christendom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oosterse_Christendom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Oosterse Christendom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oosterse_Christendom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oosterse_Ortodoksie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oosterse_Ortodoksie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Oosterse Ortodoksie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oosterse_Ortodoksie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Grade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindoeïsme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindoeïsme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hindoeïsme</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hindoeïsme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Hindoeïsme subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hindoeïsme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vaishnavisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaishnavisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vaishnavisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaishnavisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Djainisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Djainisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Djainisme</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Djainisme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Djainisme subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Djainisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asketiese_geloftes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asketiese_geloftes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Asketiese geloftes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asketiese_geloftes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgawe" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Monnik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 86 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6nch" title="Mönch – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mönch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monche" title="Monche – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Monche" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8" title="راهب – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راهب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8" title="راهب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="راهب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monxu" title="Monxu – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Monxu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahib" title="Rahib – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rahib" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Манах – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Манах – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Манах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Монах – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Монах" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%81" title="ভিক্ষু – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিক্ষু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="བཙུན་པ། – Tibettaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བཙུན་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibettaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manac%27h" title="Manac'h – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Manac'h" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monjo" title="Monjo – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monjo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnich" title="Mnich – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mnich" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynach" title="Mynach – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mynach" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munk" title="Munk – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Munk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6nch" title="Mönch – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mönch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fi%C5%9F" title="Keşiş – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Keşiş" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μοναχός – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοναχός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk" title="Monk – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Monk" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona%C4%A5o" title="Monaĥo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monaĥo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monje" title="Monje – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munk" title="Munk – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Munk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monje" title="Monje – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Monje" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8" title="راهب – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راهب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munkki" title="Munkki – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Munkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuk" title="Muuk – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Muuk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moine" title="Moine – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muonts" title="Muonts – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Muonts" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manach" title="Manach – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Manach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manach" title="Manach – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Manach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monxe,_monxa" title="Monxe, monxa – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Monxe, monxa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redovnik" title="Redovnik – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Redovnik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szerzetes" title="Szerzetes – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szerzetes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Ճգնավոր – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճգնավոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monacho" title="Monacho – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Monacho" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarawan" title="Biarawan – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biarawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monako" title="Monako – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Monako" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munkur" title="Munkur – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Munkur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E5%A3%AB" title="修道士 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="修道士" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ბერმონაზვნობა – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერმონაზვნობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Монах – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Монах" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%83" title="ព្រះសង្ឃ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះសង្ឃ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%9C%EA%B0%80%EC%9E%90" title="출가자 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="출가자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monak" title="Monak – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Monak" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кечилдик – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кечилдик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monachus" title="Monachus – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Monachus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnik" title="Munnik – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Munnik" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monegh" title="Monegh – Lombardies" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Monegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienuolis" title="Vienuolis – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vienuolis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%ABks" title="Mūks – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mūks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monka" title="Monka – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Monka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Монах – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Монах" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Тойн – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тойн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%B3" title="ခမဳ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ခမဳ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahib" title="Rahib – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rahib" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monnik" title="Monnik – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Monnik" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munk" title="Munk – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Munk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munk" title="Munk – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Munk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mou%C3%A8ne" title="Mouène – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mouène" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monghi" title="Monghi – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Monghi" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakon_mniszy" title="Zakon mniszy – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zakon mniszy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%A8" title="راہب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="راہب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monge" title="Monge – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monge" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83lug%C4%83r" title="Călugăr – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Călugăr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Монах – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Монах – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Монах" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redovnik" title="Redovnik – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Redovnik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk" title="Monk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Monk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mn%C3%ADch" title="Mních – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mních" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menih" title="Menih – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Menih" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Монах – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Монах" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munk" title="Munk – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Munk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmonaki" title="Mmonaki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mmonaki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="துறவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துறவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95" title="นักพรต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักพรต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fi%C5%9F" title="Keşiş – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Keşiş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Чернець – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чернець" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%A8" title="راہب – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="راہب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaxlar" title="Monaxlar – Oesbekies" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Monaxlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oesbekies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_s%C4%A9" title="Tu sĩ – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tu sĩ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moenne" title="Moenne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Moenne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA" title="出家人 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="出家人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA" title="出家人 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="出家人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng-l%C5%AB" title="Cheng-lū – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cheng-lū" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%BA" title="僧人 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="僧人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q733786#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Monnik" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Monnik" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Monnik"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" 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dir="ltr"><dl><dd><i>Hierdie artikel handel oor 'n man wat om godsdiensredes in 'n klooster woon. Vir ander betekenisse, sien <a href="/wiki/Monnik_(dubbelsinnig)" class="mw-disambig" title="Monnik (dubbelsinnig)">Monnik (dubbelsinnig)</a></i>.</dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Christus_carthusian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Christus_carthusian.jpg/220px-Christus_carthusian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Christus_carthusian.jpg/330px-Christus_carthusian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Christus_carthusian.jpg/440px-Christus_carthusian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4660" data-file-height="6367" /></a><figcaption>'n Portret van 'n <a href="/wiki/Katolieke_Kerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Katolieke Kerk">Katolieke</a> monnik van die <a href="/wiki/Kartuisers" title="Kartuisers">Orde van die Kartuisers</a> (1446).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:A_group_of_monks_in_discussion_at_Kagyu_Thekchen_Ling_Monastery,_Lava,_Sikkim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/A_group_of_monks_in_discussion_at_Kagyu_Thekchen_Ling_Monastery%2C_Lava%2C_Sikkim.jpg/250px-A_group_of_monks_in_discussion_at_Kagyu_Thekchen_Ling_Monastery%2C_Lava%2C_Sikkim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/A_group_of_monks_in_discussion_at_Kagyu_Thekchen_Ling_Monastery%2C_Lava%2C_Sikkim.jpg/330px-A_group_of_monks_in_discussion_at_Kagyu_Thekchen_Ling_Monastery%2C_Lava%2C_Sikkim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/A_group_of_monks_in_discussion_at_Kagyu_Thekchen_Ling_Monastery%2C_Lava%2C_Sikkim.jpg/500px-A_group_of_monks_in_discussion_at_Kagyu_Thekchen_Ling_Monastery%2C_Lava%2C_Sikkim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4905" data-file-height="3261" /></a><figcaption>'n Groep <a href="/wiki/Boeddhisme" title="Boeddhisme">Boeddistemonnike</a> neem aan 'n bespreking deel.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Chinese_Buddhist_Monks_Ceremony_Hangzhou.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Chinese_Buddhist_Monks_Ceremony_Hangzhou.jpeg/220px-Chinese_Buddhist_Monks_Ceremony_Hangzhou.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Chinese_Buddhist_Monks_Ceremony_Hangzhou.jpeg/330px-Chinese_Buddhist_Monks_Ceremony_Hangzhou.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Chinese_Buddhist_Monks_Ceremony_Hangzhou.jpeg/440px-Chinese_Buddhist_Monks_Ceremony_Hangzhou.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Boeddhistemonnike besig met 'n seremonie in <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-disambig" title="China">China</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>'n <b>Monnik</b> (via <a href="/wiki/Nederlands" title="Nederlands">Nederlands</a> <i>monnik</i> en <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latyn</a> <i>monachus</i> uit <a href="/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks">Grieks</a> μοναχός <i>monachos</i>, van μόνος <i>monos</i>, "alleen") is 'n man wat in 'n klooster woon en aan 'n bepaalde dissipline onderdanig is.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hulle woon óf alleen óf saam met ander monnike.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'n Monnik kan besluit om sy lewe te wy aan diens aan alle lewende wesens, of hy kan 'n <a href="/wiki/Askeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Askeet">askeet</a> wees wat verkies om hom aan die hoofstroomgemeenskap te onttrek om sy lewe in gebed en oordenking deur te bring. Die begrip is antiek en kom in baie <a href="/wiki/Godsdiens" title="Godsdiens">godsdienste</a> en <a href="/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie">filosofieë</a> voor. </p><p>In Grieks kan die term ook op vroue van toepassing wees, maar in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> word dit net vir mans gebruik; vroue word <a href="/w/index.php?title=Non&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non (bladsy bestaan nie)">nonne</a> genoem. Hoewel die woord 'n <a href="/wiki/Christelike" class="mw-redirect" title="Christelike">Christelike</a> oorsprong het, word dit ook vir ander godsdienste en filosofiese agtergronde gebruik. </p><p>Tradisies van Christelike <a href="/wiki/Monastisisme" title="Monastisisme">monastisisme</a> word in baie groot denominasies aangetref, soos <a href="/wiki/Katolieke_Kerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Katolieke Kerk">Katolisisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutherse_Kerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherse Kerk">Lutheranisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ori%C3%ABntaal-Ortodokse_Kerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriëntaal-Ortodokse Kerk">Oriëntale Ortodoksie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oosters-Ortodokse_Kerk" title="Oosters-Ortodokse Kerk">Oosterse Ortodoksie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglikaanse_Kerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglikaanse Kerk">Anglikanisme</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metodistekerk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metodistekerk (bladsy bestaan nie)">Metodisme</a>. Ook in Indiese godsdienste soos <a href="/wiki/Hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Hindoeïsme">Hindoeïsme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeddhisme" title="Boeddhisme">Boeddhisme</a> en <a href="/wiki/Djainisme" title="Djainisme">Djainisme</a> kom monastiese tradisies voor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boeddhisme">Boeddhisme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Boeddhisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Boeddhisme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Monks_in_Wat_Phra_Singh_-_Chiang_Mai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Monks_in_Wat_Phra_Singh_-_Chiang_Mai.jpg/240px-Monks_in_Wat_Phra_Singh_-_Chiang_Mai.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Monks_in_Wat_Phra_Singh_-_Chiang_Mai.jpg/360px-Monks_in_Wat_Phra_Singh_-_Chiang_Mai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Monks_in_Wat_Phra_Singh_-_Chiang_Mai.jpg/480px-Monks_in_Wat_Phra_Singh_-_Chiang_Mai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption>Boeddhistemonnike in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a>-Boeddhisme is <i>bhikkhu</i> die term vir 'n monnik. Hulle dissiplinêre kode word die <i>patimokkha</i> genoem, wat deel van die groter <i>vinaya</i>, of monastiese kode, is. Hulle lewe van bedelary en bedel elke dag. Die plaaslike mense gee vir hulle kos om te eet, hoewel die monnike nie spesifiek daarvoor mag vra nie. Die monnike woon in <a href="/wiki/Klooster" title="Klooster">kloosters</a> en het 'n belangrike funksie in die tradisionele Asiatiese gemeenskap. Jong seuns kan ook ingewy word. Monnike van alle ouderdomme eet net soggens en mag nie 'n lewe van luukses lei nie. Hulle reëls verbied die gebruik van geld, maar deesdae word dit nie deur alle monnike gevolg nie. Die monnike is deel van die <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a>, die derde van die <a href="/wiki/Drie_Juwele" title="Drie Juwele">Drie Juwele</a> <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Boeddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Boeddha">Boeddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> en Sangha. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>-Boeddhisme verwys die term <i>sangha</i> streng gesproke na mense wat sekere vlakke van begrip bereik het. Hulle word dus "gemeenskap van die uitstekendes" genoem; hulle hoef egter nie noodwendig monnike te wees nie. Verskeie Mahayana-ordes aanvaar vroulike beoefenaars as monnike in plaas van nonne, en hulle word in alle opsigte as die mans se gelykes beskou. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>-Boeddhisme is monnikeskap deel van die stelsel van "geloftes van individuele bevryding"; hierdie geloftes word afglê om 'n mens se eie persoonlike etiese dissipline te ontwikkel. Die monnike en nonne vorm die (gewone) <i>sangha</i>. Wat die geloftes betref, is daar vier stappe; een daarvan is om 'n monastiese lewe te lei; die laaste stap is om alle geloftes van 'n "ten volle ingewyde monnik" (<i>gelong</i>) af te lê. </p><p><a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-disambig" title="China">Chinese</a> Boeddhistemonnike word tradisioneel en stereotiep verbind met die praktyk van die Chinese <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gevegskuns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gevegskuns (bladsy bestaan nie)">gevegskuns</a>, of koeng foe, en monnike is dikwels belangrike karakters in gevegskunsprente. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> en <a href="/wiki/Birma" class="mw-redirect" title="Birma">Birma</a> is dit algemeen dat seuns 'n tyd lank as 'n monnik in 'n klooster woon. Die meeste bly net 'n paar jaar, maar ander bly vir die res van hulle lewe 'n asketiese lewe lei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monnikeklede">Monnikeklede</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Monnikeklede" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Monnikeklede"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ta_Prohm_Monk_-_Siem_Reap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ta_Prohm_Monk_-_Siem_Reap.jpg/220px-Ta_Prohm_Monk_-_Siem_Reap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ta_Prohm_Monk_-_Siem_Reap.jpg/330px-Ta_Prohm_Monk_-_Siem_Reap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ta_Prohm_Monk_-_Siem_Reap.jpg/440px-Ta_Prohm_Monk_-_Siem_Reap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1708" /></a><figcaption>'n Monnik van <a href="/wiki/Kambodja" title="Kambodja">Kambodja</a> in sy monnikekleed.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die eenvoudige drag van monnike kom van die idee om 'n eenvoudige, duursame beskerming vir die liggaam te dra teen die <a href="/wiki/Weer" class="mw-redirect" title="Weer">weer</a> en <a href="/wiki/Klimaat" title="Klimaat">klimaat</a>. In elke tradisie is daar 'n eenvormigheid in die kleur en styl. Kleure word gewoonlik gekies na gelang van die beskikbaarheid van sekere pigmente in 'n streek. In <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja">Himalaja</a>-streke (<a href="/wiki/Kasjmir" title="Kasjmir">Kasjmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> en <a href="/wiki/Bhoetan" title="Bhoetan">Bhoetan</a>) is rooi die verkose pigment vir die monnikeklede. In <a href="/wiki/Mianmar" title="Mianmar">Mianmar</a> word 'n rooibruin verkies, en in <a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Indië">Indië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> en <a href="/wiki/Suidoos-Asi%C3%AB" title="Suidoos-Asië">Suidoos-Asië</a> verskeie skakerings van geel, oker en oranje. In <a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-disambig" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> en <a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%ABtnam" title="Viëtnam">Viëtnam</a> is grys of swart algemeen. Monnike maak dikwels hulle eie klede van materiaal wat aan hulle geskenk word.<sup id="cite_ref-buddhanet_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buddhanet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christendom">Christendom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Christendom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Christendom"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Alexandre_Cabanel_-_The_Roman_Monk.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alexandre_Cabanel_-_The_Roman_Monk.jpeg/180px-Alexandre_Cabanel_-_The_Roman_Monk.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alexandre_Cabanel_-_The_Roman_Monk.jpeg/270px-Alexandre_Cabanel_-_The_Roman_Monk.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alexandre_Cabanel_-_The_Roman_Monk.jpeg/360px-Alexandre_Cabanel_-_The_Roman_Monk.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="1722" /></a><figcaption>'n Skildery van 'n <a href="/wiki/Franciskane" title="Franciskane">Franciskaanse monnik</a>, met 'n tradisionele haarstyl.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Westerse_Christendom">Westerse Christendom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Westerse Christendom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Westerse Christendom"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Katolisisme">Katolisisme</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Katolisisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Katolisisme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Trappist_praying_2007-08-20_dti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Trappist_praying_2007-08-20_dti.jpg/180px-Trappist_praying_2007-08-20_dti.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Trappist_praying_2007-08-20_dti.jpg/270px-Trappist_praying_2007-08-20_dti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Trappist_praying_2007-08-20_dti.jpg/360px-Trappist_praying_2007-08-20_dti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>'n <a href="/wiki/Trappiste" title="Trappiste">Trappis</a> bid in sy sel.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Germany_M%C3%BCnchen_Monks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Germany_M%C3%BCnchen_Monks.jpg/240px-Germany_M%C3%BCnchen_Monks.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Germany_M%C3%BCnchen_Monks.jpg/360px-Germany_M%C3%BCnchen_Monks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Germany_M%C3%BCnchen_Monks.jpg/480px-Germany_M%C3%BCnchen_Monks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a> se stadsimbool vier sy stigting deur <a href="/wiki/Benediktyne" title="Benediktyne">Benediktynse monnike</a> – en die oorsprong van sy naam.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kloster_Loccum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kloster_Loccum.jpg/240px-Kloster_Loccum.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kloster_Loccum.jpg/360px-Kloster_Loccum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kloster_Loccum.jpg/480px-Kloster_Loccum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Kloster Loccum in <a href="/wiki/Nedersakse" title="Nedersakse">Nedersakse</a> is sedert die 16de eeu 'n Lutherse klooster.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Katolisisme is 'n monnik lid van 'n godsdiensorde wat in 'n klooster woon onder monastiese riglyne, soos die Reël van Sint Benediktus. Sint Benediktus van Nursia (480-543 of 547) word beskou as die stigter van westerse monastisisme. Hy het die Reël van Sint Benediktus geskryf, wat die basis van die <a href="/wiki/Benediktyne" title="Benediktyne">Benediktynse Orde</a> en al sy hervormingsgroepe soos die <a href="/wiki/Cisterci%C3%ABnsers" title="Cisterciënsers">Cisterciënsers</a> en <a href="/wiki/Trappiste" title="Trappiste">Trappiste</a> is. Hy het die Benediktynse klooster Montecassino in 529 gestig. </p><p>Die kloostergeloftes wat in die <a href="/wiki/Weste" title="Weste">Weste</a> afgelê word, is die eerste keer deur sint Benediktus ontwikkel. Daar was drie: gehoorsaamheid, omkering van die persoon se lewe en stabiliteit. Gehoorsaamheid is aan <a href="/wiki/Christus" class="mw-redirect" title="Christus">Christus</a>, soos verteenwoordig deur die hoof van die klooster, wat die ab of owerste is. Omkering beteken gewoonlik dat die persoon sy lewe omkeer na dié van 'n monnik, wat beteken die dood aan die self en die wêreld, en die lewe aan God en sy werk. 'n Christelike monnik moet 'n instrument van God se werk wees. Stabiliteit behels dat die monnik hom vir die res van sy lewe aan die klooster toewy en ná sy dood in die klooster se begraafplaas begrawe sal word. Die gelofte van stabiliteit is uniek aan die Benediktyne. </p><p>Die kloostergeloftes in ander godsdiensgemeenskappe is gewoonlik van gehoorsaamheid, armoede en kuisheid. Armoede vereis dat die mens afstand doen van enige eienaarskap van eiendom of besittings, buiten items wat die kloosterhoof hom toelaat, soos 'n monnikekleed, skoene, ensovoorts. Verder moet hy sagmoedig wees en alles wat hy het met die armes deel. Kuisheid behels dat hy die liefde tussen 'n man en vrou opoffer omdat hy sy lewe aan God wy, en daarom nie sal trou nie. Hy doen ook afstand van enige <a href="/wiki/Seks" title="Seks">seksuele</a> gedrag. </p><p>Voordat 'n mens 'n monnik kan word, word hy eers 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Postulant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postulant (bladsy bestaan nie)">postulant</a>. In dié tyd moet hy in die klooster woon om te kyk of hy uitgeknip is vir 'n monnikelewe. Hy is nie gebind aan enige geloftes nie en mag die klooster enige tyd verlaat. As die postulant en gemeenskap saamstem dat hy 'n monnik kan word, word hy as nuweling of <a href="/wiki/Novise" title="Novise">novise</a> tot die klooster toegelaat. Hy kry 'n monnikekleed en begin aktiewer aan die kloosterlewe deelneem. Ná gewoonlik ses maande of 'n jaar lê die novise tydelike geloftes af wat ná 'n sekere aantal jare hernu kan word. Eindelik lê die monnik permanente geloftes af wat vir die res van sy lewe geldig is. </p><p>Die monastiese lewe bestaan gewoonlik uit gebede in die vorm van <a href="/wiki/Getyboek" title="Getyboek">getye</a> en leeswerk, asook handearbeid. In die meeste kloosters woon monnike in eenvoudige kamers wat selle genoem word en kom daagliks byeen vir gebede en die kloostermis. In die meeste gemeenskappe word saam in 'n eetsaal geëet. Baie gemeenskappe eerbiedig 'n tydperk van stilte, soos van vroeg saans tot die volgende oggend; ander beperk gesprekke tot die noodsaaklikste. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lutheranisme">Lutheranisme</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Lutheranisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Lutheranisme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kloster Loccum en Kloster Amelungsborn het die langste tradisies as Lutherse kloosters; ná die <a href="/wiki/Hervorming" class="mw-redirect" title="Hervorming">Hervorming</a> het talle kloosters in die Lutherse Kerk bly voortbestaan, party tot vandag.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sedert die 19de en 20ste eeu het 'n oplewing in die Lutherse kloosterlewe plaasgevind. Daar bestaan godsdiensordes in die Franciskaanse, Benediktynse en ander tradisies. Baie het <a href="/wiki/Derde_orde" title="Derde orde">derde ordes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglikanisme">Anglikanisme</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Anglikanisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Anglikanisme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die kloosterlewe in <a href="/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland">Engeland</a> het tot 'n skielike einde gekom toe <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_VIII_van_Engeland" title="Hendrik VIII van Engeland">koning Hendrik VIII</a> wegbreek van die Katolieke Kerk en homself aanstel as hoof van die <a href="/wiki/Kerk_van_Engeland" title="Kerk van Engeland">Church of England</a>. Hy het die ontbinding van alle kloosters in die land in werking gestel en almal is vernietig. Baie monnike is tereggestel, terwyl ander na kloosters op die Europese vasteland gevlug het waar hulle hulle monastiese lewe kon voortsit. </p><p>Kort ná die begin van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Katolisisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglo-Katolisisme (bladsy bestaan nie)">Anglo-Katolieke Beweging</a> in die Church of England was daar 'n gevoel dat die kloosterlewe heringestel moet word. In die 1840's het die Anglikaanse priester en later Katolieke kardinaal John Henry Newman 'n gemeenskap van mans by Littlemore naby <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> begin. Van toe af was daar al verskeie kloosters en ander gemeenskappe vir mans in die <a href="/wiki/Anglikaanse_Gemeenskap" title="Anglikaanse Gemeenskap">Anglikaanse Gemeenskap</a>. Daar is Anglikaanse <a href="/wiki/Benediktyne" title="Benediktyne">Benediktyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciskaanse_Orde" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciskaanse Orde">Franciskane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisterci%C3%ABnsers" title="Cisterciënsers">Cisterciënsers</a> en, in die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Episkopaalse_Kerk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Episkopaalse Kerk (bladsy bestaan nie)">Episkopaalse Kerk</a> in die <a href="/wiki/VSA" class="mw-redirect" title="VSA">VSA</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominikaanse_Orde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominikaanse Orde (bladsy bestaan nie)">Dominikaners</a>. Daar is ook uniek Anglikaanse kloosterordes soos die Gemeenskap van Sint Johannes die Evangelis en die Gemeenskap van die Opstanding. Baie Anglikaanse ordes doen werk buite die kloosters soos 'n diens aan die armes. Nes Katolieke monnike lê hulle ook die geloftes van armoede, kuisheid en gehoorsaamheid af. </p><p>Sedert die 1960's is daar 'n skerp daling in die getal gelowiges in baie dele van die Anglikaanse Gemeenskap. Van sommige baie groot en internasionale gemeenskappe het net 'n enkele klooster oorgebly met meestal ouer monnike of nonne. In die laaste dekades van die 20ste eeu was daar min nuwelinge in die meeste kloosters. Sommige ordes en gemeenskappe het reeds toegemaak. </p><p>Daar is egter vandag steeds verskeie duisende Anglikaanse monnike in sowat 200 gemeenskape in die wêreld. Veral in die <a href="/wiki/Melanesi%C3%AB" title="Melanesië">Melanesiese</a> lande die <a href="/wiki/Salomonseilande" title="Salomonseilande">Salomonseilande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> en <a href="/wiki/Papoea-Nieu-Guinee" title="Papoea-Nieu-Guinee">Papoea-Nieu-Guinee</a> was daar 'n toename. Die Melanesiese Broederskap, wat in 1925 gestig is, is nou die grootste Anglikaanse gemeenskap in die wêreld, met meer as 450 broeders in die Salomonseilande, Vanuatu, Papoea-Nieu-Guinee, die <a href="/wiki/Filippyne" title="Filippyne">Filippyne</a> en <a href="/wiki/Brittanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittanje">Brittanje</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oosterse_Christendom">Oosterse Christendom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Oosterse Christendom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Oosterse Christendom"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oosterse_Ortodoksie">Oosterse Ortodoksie</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Oosterse Ortodoksie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Oosterse Ortodoksie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tleft" style="width: 232px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="margin: 1px; width: 222px"> <div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:07Athos_St_Dionysius02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bo: Die Dionysiou-klooster op die berg Athos in Griekeland. Onder: 'n Monnik van die berg Athos."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/07Athos_St_Dionysius02.jpg/220px-07Athos_St_Dionysius02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/07Athos_St_Dionysius02.jpg/330px-07Athos_St_Dionysius02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/07Athos_St_Dionysius02.jpg/440px-07Athos_St_Dionysius02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3156" data-file-height="2369" /></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">Bo: Die <a href="/wiki/Dionysiou-klooster" title="Dionysiou-klooster">Dionysiou-klooster</a> op die berg <a href="/wiki/Athos" title="Athos">Athos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Griekeland" title="Griekeland">Griekeland</a>. Onder: 'n Monnik van die berg Athos. </div> </div><div style="margin: 1px; width: 222px"> <div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83.jpg/250px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83.jpg/500px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>In die <a href="/wiki/Oosters-Ortodokse_Kerk" title="Oosters-Ortodokse Kerk">Oosterse Ortodoksie</a> speel monastisisme 'n baie spesiale en belangrike rol: Monnike distansieer hulle van die wêreld sodat hulle onverpoos vir die wêreld kan bid. Sosiale dienste is gewoonlik nie hulle primêre doel nie, maar hulle probeer eerder <a href="/wiki/Teose" title="Teose">teose</a>, of 'n eenwording met <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, bereik. Om vir armes en behoeftiges te sorg was egter nog altyd 'n verpligting vir monnike. Die mate van kontak met die buitewêreld wissel van gemeenskap tot gemeenskap. <a href="/wiki/Hermiet" title="Hermiet">Hermiete</a> het egter min of geen kontak met die buitewêreld. </p><p>Oosters-Ortodokse kloosters het nie ordes soos in die Weste nie, en ook nie reëls soos die Reël van Sint Benediktus nie. Oosters-Ortodokse monnike put eerder inspirasie uit die geskrifte van die <a href="/wiki/Woestynvaders" title="Woestynvaders">Woestynvaders</a> en ander <a href="/wiki/Kerkvaders" title="Kerkvaders">Kerkvaders</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_N56_05.402_E45_03.647.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_N56_05.402_E45_03.647.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_N56_05.402_E45_03.647.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_N56_05.402_E45_03.647.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_N56_05.402_E45_03.647.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_N56_05.402_E45_03.647.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_N56_05.402_E45_03.647.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Die Makarjef-klooster aan die <a href="/wiki/Wolga" title="Wolga">Wolgarivier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nizjni_Nowgorod-oblast" title="Nizjni Nowgorod-oblast">Nizjni Nowgorod-oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Saint_Petersburg_portrait_of_a_monk,_near_Leningrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Saint_Petersburg_portrait_of_a_monk%2C_near_Leningrad.jpg/220px-Saint_Petersburg_portrait_of_a_monk%2C_near_Leningrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Saint_Petersburg_portrait_of_a_monk%2C_near_Leningrad.jpg/330px-Saint_Petersburg_portrait_of_a_monk%2C_near_Leningrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Saint_Petersburg_portrait_of_a_monk%2C_near_Leningrad.jpg/440px-Saint_Petersburg_portrait_of_a_monk%2C_near_Leningrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4410" data-file-height="4133" /></a><figcaption>'n Monnik naby <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a> (omstreeks 1931).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Die meeste gemeenskappe is selfonderhoudend, en die monnik se daaglikse lewe bestaan gewoonlik uit drie dele: (a) gemeeskaplike aanbidding in die hoofkerk; (b) handearbeid; en (c) private aanbidding, spirituele studies en rus wanneer nodig. Maaltye word gewoonlik in 'n eetsaal genuttig. Die kos is gewoonlik eenvoudig en word in stilte geëet terwyl een van die monnike uit die geskrifte van die Kerkvaders lees. Die kloosterlewe vereis groot toegewydheid. Alle monnike moet op dieselfde manier lewe, gebaseer op die tradisies van die spesifieke klooster. In sy stryd om aan hierdie voorskrifte te voldoen, besef die monnik sy eie tekortkominge en word hy deur sy spirituele vader gelei om dit in eerlikheid te oorkom. </p><p>Oosters-Ortodokse monastisisme kom in drie vorme voor: hermities ('n lewe in afsondering), senobities ('n lewe in 'n gemeenskap, met gesamentlike aanbidding onder leiding van 'n ab) en die "middeweg", bekend as "<a href="/wiki/Athos#Skiti's" title="Athos">skiti's</a>" (klein gemeenskappe van naburige selle waarvan die inwoners meestal alleen werk en bid, maar op Sondae en feesdae byeenkom). 'n Mens woon gewoonlik eers in 'n senobitiese omgewing en kan net ná toetsing en spirituele groei in 'n skiti gaan woon. Hermitisme is die gevorderdste vlak. Die meeste monnike bly egter vir die res van hulle lewe in 'n senobitiese omgewing. </p><p>Die meeste Oosters-Ortodokse monnike het min of geen kontak met die buitelewe, insluitende hulle familie. Die doel van die kloosterlewe is eenwording met God. Nadat hulle kruin geskeer is, mag monnike nie weer hulle hare laat knip nie. Die hare op die kop en die <a href="/wiki/Baard" title="Baard">baard</a> bly ongeskeer as simbool van hulle geloftes; dit herinner aan die <a href="/wiki/Nasire%C3%ABr" title="Nasireër">Nasireërs</a> van die <a href="/wiki/Ou_Testament" title="Ou Testament">Ou Testament</a>. Die skeer van die kop is 'n teken van 'n gewyde lewe en simboliseer die afsny van hulle eie wil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grade">Grade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Grade" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Grade"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Megaloschema.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Megaloschema.svg/180px-Megaloschema.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Megaloschema.svg/270px-Megaloschema.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Megaloschema.svg/360px-Megaloschema.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Die Groot Kleed wat deur Ortodokse monnike en nonne van die hoogste graad gedra word.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die proses van monnik word is doelbewus stadig, omdat die geloftes wat afgelê word as 'n lewenslange toegewydheid aan God beskou word, en dit kan nie ligtelik opgeneem word nie. In Oosters-Ortodokse monastisisme is daar drie grade ná dié van 'n nuweling. Almal dra dieselfde monnikekleed, mans en vroue, met klein variasies volgens streek. In elke graad word nog 'n deel van die kleed gegee, en die volle kleed word net gedra deur dié in die hoogste graad. Dit is daarom bekend as die "Groot Kleed". </p> <ul><li><i>Novise</i> (<a href="/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks">Grieks</a>: δόκιμος, <i>dókimos</i>; <a href="/wiki/Kerkslawies" title="Kerkslawies">Kerkslawies</a>: послушникъ, <i>posloesjnik</i>), letterlik "iemand onder gehoorsaamheid" – mense wat by 'n klooster wil aansluit, begin hulle lewe as nuwelinge. Nadat iemand na 'n klooster gekom het en vir nie minder as drie dae nie 'n gas was, kan die ab 'n kandidaat as 'n nuweling inseën. Daar is geen amptelike seremonie vir die kleredrag van 'n nuweling nie; hy kry bloot toestemming om die kleed van 'n nuweling te dra. 'n Nuweling kan die swart binneste toga (Kerkslawies: <i>podriasnik</i>) dra of nie, asook die sagte monnikehoed (<i>skoefia</i>), na gelang van die tradisie van die plaaslike gemeenskap. Die binneste toga en hoed is die eerste deel van die Oosters-Ortodokse monnikekleed. In sommige gemeenskappe dra die nuweling ook 'n leergordel. Hy kry ook 'n gebedstou en word onderrig in die gebruik van die <a href="/wiki/Jesusgebed" title="Jesusgebed">Jesusgebed</a>. As 'n nuweling die klooster wil verlaat, is daar geen straf nie. Hy kan ook gevra word om te gaan as sy gedrag nie met die kloosterlewe ooreenstem nie of as die kloosterhoof besluit hy is nie reg vir die kloosterlewe nie. As die ab dink hy is gereed, word die nuweling gevra of hy by die klooster wil aansluit. Sommige sal uit nederigheid besluit om hulle lewe lank 'n nuweling te bly. Die persoon moet vrywillig elke nuwe graad betree.</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Rasophoros</i> (Grieks: ῥασοφόρος, <i>rasophoros</i>; Kerkslawies: рясофоръ, <i>rjasofor</i>), letterlik "toudraer" – as die nuweling besluit om 'n monnik te word word hy geklee in die eerste graad van monastisisme op 'n formele diens bekend as die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonsuur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonsuur (bladsy bestaan nie)">tonsuur</a> of kruinskering. Hoewel geen geloftes in hierdie stadium afgelê word nie, moet die kandidaat hom gewoonlik bereid verklaar om hom aan 'n kloosterlewe toe te wy. Die ab sal die kruinskering uitvoer deur 'n klein hoeveelheid hare op vier plekke op die kop te skeer wat 'n <a href="/wiki/Christelike_kruis" title="Christelike kruis">kruis</a> vorm. Die monnik kry dan die buitenste toga (Kerkslawies: <i>rjassa</i>), 'n monnikekleed met wye moue. Hy kry ook 'n mus met 'n sluier, bekend as <i>kloboek</i> en 'n leergordel word om sy middel gebind. Sy kleed is gewoonlik swart om aan te dui hy is nou dood vir die wêreld, en hy kry 'n nuwe naam. Hoewel die <i>rassofor</i> nie geloftes aflê nie, is hy steeds moreel verplig om die res van sy lewe in die klooster te bly. Sommige bly altyd 'n <i>rassofor</i>, sonder om na 'n hoër graad op te skuif.</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Stavrophoros</i> (Grieks: σταυρoφόρος, <i>stavrophoros</i>; Kerkslawies: крестоносецъ, <i>krestonosets</i>), letterlik "kruisdraer" – die volgende graad in Oosters-Ortodokse monastisisme word betree 'n paar jaar ná die eerste tonsuur wanneer die ab voel die monnik het 'n aanvaarbare vlak van dissipline, toegewydheid en nederigheid bereik. Dit is bekend as die "Klein Skema" en word beskou as 'n "belofte" tot die "Groot Skema". In hierdie stadium lê die monnik formeel geloftes van stabiliteit, kuisheid, gehoorsaamheid en armoede af. Sy kruin word weer geskeer en hy word geklee in die regte monnikekleed wat, benewens dié van die <i>rassofor</i>, insluit die <i>paraman</i>, 'n vierkantige kleed wat op die rug gedra word en wat geborduur is met die instrumente van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Passie_(Christendom)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passie (Christendom) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Passie</a> (sien foto bo). Dit word verbind aan 'n houtkruis wat oor die hart gedra word. Die <i>paraman</i> verteenwoordig die juk van Christus. Vanweë dié toevoeging word die monnik nou 'n <i>stawrofor</i>, of "kruisdraer", genoem. Hy kry ook 'n handkruis van hout wat hy in sy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikoonhoek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikoonhoek (bladsy bestaan nie)">ikoonhoek</a> moet hou, en 'n waskers wat simbolies is van monastiese waaksaamheid. Hy sal begrawe word met die kruis in sy hande en die kers sal op sy begrafnis aan die brand gesteek word. In die Slawiese praktyk dra die <i>stawrofor</i> ook 'n monastiese mantel. Die buitenste toga van die <i>stawrofor</i> is oorvloediger as dié van die <i>rassofor</i>. Die ab maak die <i>stawrofor</i> se gebedsreël strenger, laat 'n strenger persoonlike <a href="/wiki/Asketisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Asketisme">asketiese</a> praktyk toe en gee die monnik groter verantwoordelikhede.</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Groot Skema</i> (Grieks: μεγαλόσχημος, <i>megaloschemos</i>; Kerkslawies: схима, <i>schima</i>) – Wanneer die ab voel 'n monnik het 'n hoë vlak van spirituele uitnemendheid bereik, is hy gereed vir die "Groot Skema". Die tonsuur word herhaal en hy lê dieselfde geloftes af. Daarby kry hy die monnikekleed van die "Groot Skema", die <i>Analaf</i>. Dit hang voor en agter af. Dit bevat dikwels ingewikkelde borduurwerk van die instrumente van die Passie en die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trisagion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trisagion (bladsy bestaan nie)">Trisagion</a> (engelegesang). Die Griekse weergawe het nie 'n mantelkap nie, maar die Slawiese weergawe het wel, sowel as skouerlapelle sodat die kleed 'n groot kruis vorm wat die monnik se skouers, bors en rug bedek. In sommige monastiese tradisies word die Groot Skema eers aan monnike gegee op hulle sterfbed; ander kan dit ná sowat 25 jaar diens kry.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hindoeïsme"><span id="Hindoe.C3.AFsme"></span>Hindoeïsme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Hindoeïsme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Hindoeïsme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindoeïsme het baie monastiese ordes, insluitende die "Tradisie van die 10 Name", wat deur <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> gestig is, en <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavisme" title="Vaishnavisme">Vaishnavistiese</a> ordes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaishnavisme">Vaishnavisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Vaishnavisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Vaishnavisme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Madhvacharya, die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvaita_Vedanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvaita Vedanta (bladsy bestaan nie)">Dwaita</a>-filosoof, het die <i>ashta matha</i> ("Agt Kloosters") gestig. Hy het 'n monnik vir elke <i>matha</i> (klooster) aangestel wat die reg gehad het om Madhvacharya se beelde van die god <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> om die beurt te aanbid. Elke klooster se monnik het 'n kans gekry om ná 14 jaar te aanbid. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Hare Krishna</a>-monnike, wat baie soos Boeddhistemonnike lyk, is die bekendste Vaishnavistiese monnike buite Indië. Hulle is 'n algemene gesig op baie plekke om die wêreld heen. Hulle voorkoms – eenvoudige <a href="/wiki/Saffraan_(kleur)" title="Saffraan (kleur)">saffraankleurige</a> sarongs, geskeerde koppe met haarlokke, nekkrale en <i><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">tilaka</a></i>-merke – en sosiale gebruike dateer duisende jare terug uit die <a href="/wiki/Vediese_tydperk" title="Vediese tydperk">Vediese tydperk</a>. </p><p>Die Hare Krishnas het hoofsaaklik as 'n monastiese groep begin, maar deesdae lewe die meeste as leke. Sommige van hulle bring egter tyd as monnike deur. Nuwe mense wat voltyds by die Hare Krishnas aansluit, ondergaan eers 'n drie maande lange opleiding om onder meer die basiese beginsels van die monastiese lewe te leer. Daarna kan hulle besluit of hulle as monnike of getroude lede wil leef. </p><p>Monnike ouer as 50 jaar kan <i>sannyasi</i> word. Hulle lei 'n lewe van volle toewyding en spiritualiteit, en is die hoogste lewensvlak in die gemeenskap. Dit is permanent en 'n mens kan dit nie prysgee nie. 'n <i>Sannyasi</i> kry die titel <i>swami</i>. Getroude lede met volwasse kinders lewe gewoonlik 'n <a href="/wiki/Selibaat" title="Selibaat">selibaat</a> afgetrede lewe. </p><p>Die rolle van monastiese ordes in Indië en ook in die Weste het in 'n mate oor die jare aangepas in ooreenstemming met voortdurend veranderende sosiale strukture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Djainisme">Djainisme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Djainisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Djainisme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een van die intensste vorme van <a href="/wiki/Askese" title="Askese">askese</a> word aangetref in <a href="/wiki/Djainisme" title="Djainisme">Djainisme</a>, een van die wêreld se oudste godsdienste. Djainisme moedig <a href="/wiki/Vastyd" title="Vastyd">vas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joga" title="Joga">jogapraktyke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meditasie" title="Meditasie">meditasie</a> in moeilike houdings en ander selfverloënings aan.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Acharya5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Acharya5.jpg/240px-Acharya5.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Acharya5.jpg/360px-Acharya5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Acharya5.jpg/480px-Acharya5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Acharya Vidyasagar, 'n Djainmonniks sonder besittings en selfbevrediging.</figcaption></figure> <p>Volgens Djainas is 'n mens se hoogste doel om <a href="/wiki/Nirwana" title="Nirwana">nirvana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moksja_(begrip)" title="Moksja (begrip)">moksha</a> te bereik (dus bevryding van <a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">samsara</a>, die siklus van geboorte en hergeboorte). Hiervoor moet die siel sonder verkleefdheid (besittings) of selfbevrediging wees. Dit kan net bereik word deur monnike en nonne wat die vyf groot geloftes aflê: van niegeweld, waarheid, nie steel nie, geen besittings nie en selibaat. </p><p>Die meeste van die selfverloënings en asketiese praktyke kan teruggevoer word na Vardhaman <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, die 24ste <i>tirthankara</i> (spirituele onderwyser). Daar is baie werke in Djainisme wat die asketiese gedragskode bespreek. </p><p>Volle Djainamonnike<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kan tot een van die volgende range behoort: </p> <ul><li>'n <i>Acharya</i>, 'n leier van die orde;</li> <li>'n <i>Upadhyaya</i>, 'n geleerde monnik wat ander en homself leer; of</li> <li>'n <i>Muni</i>, 'n gewone monnik.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asketiese_geloftes">Asketiese geloftes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Asketiese geloftes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Asketiese geloftes"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Mahavratas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mahavratas.jpg/240px-Mahavratas.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mahavratas.jpg/360px-Mahavratas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mahavratas.jpg/480px-Mahavratas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption>Die vyf gedragskodes van Djainistiese askete.</figcaption></figure> <p>Volgens die Djainistiese geloftes doen die monnike en nonne afstand van alle verhoudings en besittings. <i>Ahimsa</i>, die gelofte van niegeweld, is die grootste gelofte van 'n askeet. Hulle maak geen lewende wese seer nie, hetsy 'n mens of insek. Hulle dra spesiale besems om enige insekte weg te vee wat hulle pad kruis. Sommige monnike dra 'n stuk lap oor hulle mond om te keer dat hulle per ongeluk kieme en insekte in die lug skade berokken. Hulle gebruik ook nie <a href="/wiki/Elektrisiteit" title="Elektrisiteit">elektrisiteit</a> nie, want dit behels geweld. Hulle gebruik ook geen toestelle of masjiene nie. </p><p>Omdat hulle geen besittings en verhoudings het nie reis hulle, meestal kaalvoet, van stad tot stad en deurkruis dikwels <a href="/wiki/Woestyn" title="Woestyn">woestyne</a> en <a href="/wiki/Woud" title="Woud">woude</a>. Askete bly nie langer as twee maande op 'n plek nie om te keer dat hulle aan enige plek geheg raak. Gedurende die vier maande van die <a href="/wiki/Moeson" title="Moeson">moesonreëns</a> bly hulle egter op een plek om te voorkom dat hulle die lewensvorme doodmaak wat in dié tyd floreer. </p><p>Djainistiese monnike en nonne beoefen algehele selibaat. Hulle raak nie aan of deel 'n sitplek met iemand van die teenoorgestelde geslag nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Monnik" in die <a href="/wiki/WAT" class="mw-redirect" title="WAT">WAT</a>. Aanlyn by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viva-afrikaans.org/">viva-afrikaans.org</a> (intekening nodig). Besoek op 2 Februarie 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/monk">"monk noun (1)"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">17 Augustus</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=monk+noun+%281%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmonk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMonnik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buddhanet-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-buddhanet_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202125110/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/layguide.htm">"Lay Guide to the Monks' Rules"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/layguide.htm">die oorspronklike</a> op 2 Desember 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">3 Februarie</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lay+Guide+to+the+Monks%27+Rules&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fe-learning%2Fbuddhistworld%2Flayguide.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMonnik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medievalhistories.com/kloster-ebstorf-convent-bad-bevensen-near-luneburg/">"Kloster Ebstorf"</a> (in Engels). Medieval Histories. 8 Augustus 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kloster+Ebstorf&rft.pub=Medieval+Histories&rft.date=2014-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalhistories.com%2Fkloster-ebstorf-convent-bad-bevensen-near-luneburg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMonnik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728033433/http://www.lutheranmountaineer.org/oblates/">"Ev. Oblates of St. Benedict"</a> (in Engels). Lutheran Campus Ministry at WVU. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutheranmountaineer.org/oblates/">die oorspronklike</a> op 28 Julie 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">28 Julie</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ev.+Oblates+of+St.+Benedict&rft.pub=Lutheran+Campus+Ministry+at+WVU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutheranmountaineer.org%2Foblates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMonnik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726165008/http://icdb.org/show.php?r=osb&PHPSESSID=8ed75cc0dbee7b113b0e220ce70deacd">"Order of Saint Benedict"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icdb.org/show.php?r=osb&PHPSESSID=8ed75cc0dbee7b113b0e220ce70deacd">die oorspronklike</a> op 26 Julie 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">13 Januarie</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+of+Saint+Benedict&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficdb.org%2Fshow.php%3Fr%3Dosb%26PHPSESSID%3D8ed75cc0dbee7b113b0e220ce70deacd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMonnik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFDeCou" class="citation web cs1">DeCou, Branson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.library.ucsc.edu/concern/works/df65vc58m?locale=en">"Saint Petersburg: portrait of a monk, near Leningrad"</a>. <i>digitalcollections.library.ucsc.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalcollections.library.ucsc.edu&rft.atitle=Saint+Petersburg%3A+portrait+of+a+monk%2C+near+Leningrad&rft.aulast=DeCou&rft.aufirst=Branson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.library.ucsc.edu%2Fconcern%2Fworks%2Fdf65vc58m%3Flocale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMonnik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank William Iklé et al. "A History of Asia", page ?. Allyn en Bacon, 1964</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne Vallely (2002) <i>Guardians of the Transcendent: An Ethnography of a Jain Ascetic Community</i>. University of Toronto Press</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skakels">Skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnik&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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