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German occupation of north-east France during World War I - Wikipedia

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id="toc-Requisitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requisitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Requisitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requisitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Forced labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evacuations_and_repatriations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evacuations_and_repatriations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Evacuations and repatriations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evacuations_and_repatriations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> 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#a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_115-2085,_Frankreich,_Hautmont,_deutsche_Besatzung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bundesarchiv_Bild_115-2085%2C_Frankreich%2C_Hautmont%2C_deutsche_Besatzung.jpg/350px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_115-2085%2C_Frankreich%2C_Hautmont%2C_deutsche_Besatzung.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bundesarchiv_Bild_115-2085%2C_Frankreich%2C_Hautmont%2C_deutsche_Besatzung.jpg/525px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_115-2085%2C_Frankreich%2C_Hautmont%2C_deutsche_Besatzung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bundesarchiv_Bild_115-2085%2C_Frankreich%2C_Hautmont%2C_deutsche_Besatzung.jpg/700px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_115-2085%2C_Frankreich%2C_Hautmont%2C_deutsche_Besatzung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers resting during the occupation of the town of <a href="/wiki/Hautmont" title="Hautmont">Hautmont</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caudry_Kommandantur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Caudry_Kommandantur.jpg/350px-Caudry_Kommandantur.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Caudry_Kommandantur.jpg/525px-Caudry_Kommandantur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Caudry_Kommandantur.jpg/700px-Caudry_Kommandantur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>German occupation of the city hall (hôtel de ville) of <a href="/wiki/Caudry" title="Caudry">Caudry</a>, France, during World War I.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>German occupation of north-east France</b> refers to the period in which <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French</a> territory, mostly along the border with <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, was under <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p><p>This entailed various impositions on the population, including <a href="/wiki/Malnourishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Malnourishment">malnutrition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labor">forced labor</a>, and requisitions of property, services, and goods. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territory_occupied">Territory occupied</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Territory occupied"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Front._In_Front_of_the_cathedral_of_Laon._March_1917_-_NARA_-_17390490_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Western_Front._In_Front_of_the_cathedral_of_Laon._March_1917_-_NARA_-_17390490_-_cropped.jpg/350px-Western_Front._In_Front_of_the_cathedral_of_Laon._March_1917_-_NARA_-_17390490_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Western_Front._In_Front_of_the_cathedral_of_Laon._March_1917_-_NARA_-_17390490_-_cropped.jpg/525px-Western_Front._In_Front_of_the_cathedral_of_Laon._March_1917_-_NARA_-_17390490_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Western_Front._In_Front_of_the_cathedral_of_Laon._March_1917_-_NARA_-_17390490_-_cropped.jpg/700px-Western_Front._In_Front_of_the_cathedral_of_Laon._March_1917_-_NARA_-_17390490_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2751" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>Scene in front of the cathedral of Laon, France, March 1917.</figcaption></figure><p>The territory occupied by Germany at the end of 1914 included 10 <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">départements</a> in part or in full, includingː </p><ul><li>70% of the <a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord</a> department;</li> <li>25% of <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a>;</li> <li>16% of the <a href="/wiki/Somme_(d%C3%A9partement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somme (département)">Somme</a>;</li> <li>55% of the <a href="/wiki/Aisne" title="Aisne">Aisne</a>;</li> <li>12% of <a href="/wiki/Marne_(department)" title="Marne (department)">Marne</a>;</li> <li>30% of <a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a>;</li> <li>25% of <a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a>;</li> <li>4.8% of <a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a>;</li> <li>100% of <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>.</li></ul> <p>These territories constituted 3.7% of the area and 8.2% of the population of France itself with about 2 million inhabitants. </p><p>The current departments of <a href="/wiki/Bas-Rhin" title="Bas-Rhin">Bas-Rhin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>, which were part of the German Reich from 1871 until their return to France at the end of the war in November 1918, are not included among the occupied territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vast majority of the territory of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> was also occupied, with the exception of the western part of maritime <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, around <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a>. However, the Franco-Belgian border was maintained and the crossings controlled. </p><p>Part of <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a> was temporarily liberated in 1917 but the border area remained under German domination for four years: Lille for 1,465 days, <a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a> for 1,502 days, and Roubaix from October 14, 1914, to October 17, 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet20119_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet20119-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The occupied zone was under military administration but some territories were assigned a particular status. The northern part of the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> River (including <a href="/wiki/Givet" title="Givet">Givet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fumay" title="Fumay">Fumay</a>) was attached to the General Government of Belgium; the district of <a href="/wiki/Briey" title="Briey">Briey</a> was placed under German civil authority until December 1916, and was then subject to the military governor of <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>. The population of this area greatly decreased during this period due to both the excessive mortality relative to births as well as deportations and voluntary migration to unoccupied France. Thus, the department of the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>, which had 319,000 inhabitants before the war, counted only 175,000 at the time of liberation. The population of <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> fell from 217,000 inhabitants at the beginning of 1914 to 112,000 in October 1918 and that of <a href="/wiki/Roubaix" title="Roubaix">Roubaix</a> from 122,723 to 77,824, while <a href="/wiki/Tourcoing" title="Tourcoing">Tourcoing</a>'s population fell from 82,644 to 58,674. Some localities near the front and some towns in the Ardennes were emptied of the majority of their population. At the end of the war, Rethel had only 1,600 inhabitants, compared to 5,187 in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011311,_312_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011311,_312-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the whole of the occupied territory, the statistics of the Food Committee of the North of France indicate 2,235,467 inhabitants in 1915, but only 1,663,340 as of June 30, 1918; the decrease over the entire period beginning in the autumn of 1914 was even higher.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of the population was made up of women, children and the elderly, with most of the men having been mobilized. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_front_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Western_front_1914.jpg/600px-Western_front_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="465" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Western_front_1914.jpg/900px-Western_front_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Western_front_1914.jpg/1200px-Western_front_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Front in 1914. Click to see enlarged version.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-03366A,_Frankreich,_Vormarsch_deutscher_Truppen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-03366A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Vormarsch_deutscher_Truppen.jpg/350px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-03366A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Vormarsch_deutscher_Truppen.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-03366A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Vormarsch_deutscher_Truppen.jpg/525px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-03366A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Vormarsch_deutscher_Truppen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-03366A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Vormarsch_deutscher_Truppen.jpg/700px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-03366A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Vormarsch_deutscher_Truppen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>German troops wearing the Stahlhelm, advancing through a French town during World War I (c. 1916–18).</figcaption></figure><p>Owing to the speed of the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a> in 1914, fighting reached French soil early in the war. Though their advance was stopped at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a> in September 1914, the Germans gained control of a portion of French territory, which remained under German occupation behind the stabilized <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> for much of the rest of the war. </p><p>While the stories of the battlefield gained notoriety after the end of the war, the suffering of the occupied populations was often relegated to obscurity. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> It would be hard to find war maps with captions to indicate occupied areas. During the duration of the hostilities, the combatants alone commanded the attention of the world. Considered as stolen and usurped, the occupied territories did not give rise to any particular graphic representation. Perceived as an area of the front, nothing designated them as occupied. This "unthinkable" has been perpetuated in memory. Hence physical violence has been erased from both physical and mental maps. </p><div class="templatequotecite">—&#8202;<cite>Annette Becker, <i> Les Cicatrices Rouges</i>, Paris: Fayard, 2010, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B2%2B213%2B65551%2B2" title="Special:BookSources/978+2+213+65551+2">978 2 213 65551 2</a>, p. 10</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Interest in the German occupation was in practice limited to the inhabitants of the affected areas in the years following the conflict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isolated_territory">Isolated territory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Isolated territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lille._Citizens_reading_the_latest_army_reports_-_NARA_-_17390172_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Lille._Citizens_reading_the_latest_army_reports_-_NARA_-_17390172_cropped.jpg/350px-Lille._Citizens_reading_the_latest_army_reports_-_NARA_-_17390172_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Lille._Citizens_reading_the_latest_army_reports_-_NARA_-_17390172_cropped.jpg/525px-Lille._Citizens_reading_the_latest_army_reports_-_NARA_-_17390172_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Lille._Citizens_reading_the_latest_army_reports_-_NARA_-_17390172_cropped.jpg/700px-Lille._Citizens_reading_the_latest_army_reports_-_NARA_-_17390172_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption>French citizens in Lille reading war reports, ca. 1917.</figcaption></figure> <p>As soon as they arrived, the Germans hindered the movement of French residents and prevented the flow of information. Automobiles were requisitioned on October 15, 1914; next, bicycles, telephones and radio telegraphs were confiscated. Even pigeons had to be slaughtered for fear of transmission of messages by carrier pigeon. </p><p>Within the occupied territory, travel from one municipality to another required authorization from the German authorities and the issuing of a pass. Violations of these traffic rules could be punished with imprisonment or a fine. Such obstacles predictably increased the feeling of confinement for the French population. </p><p>Connections with unoccupied France were prohibited until April 1916. Only correspondence with relatives who were prisoners of war was authorized. It was limited to one card per month, and was also subject to censorship. Only half of the cards that passed through the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> reached their recipients. </p><p>The publication of the prewar newspapers was also stopped, so the only periodicals available were the German propaganda newspaper <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gazette_des_Ardennes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gazette des Ardennes (page does not exist)">La Gazette des Ardennes</a></i> and the <i>Bulletin de Lille</i>, each published by the respective municipalities under German control. Even this was limited to practical and commercial information. Hence, news from the front could only filter through via underground newspapers with very low circulation or rumors. In practice, the majority of the population remained completely in the dark about external events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet201115,_24_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet201115,_24-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the occupied zone included some of the most industrialized parts of France:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner2014_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 64 percent of France's <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig-iron production</a>, 24 percent of its <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">steel manufacturing</a> and 40 percent of the total <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining capacity</a> was located in the zone, representing a major setback for the French industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989265–6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989265–6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A number of important towns and cities were situated within it too, notably <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maubeuge" title="Maubeuge">Maubeuge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avesnes" title="Avesnes">Avesnes</a>. Partly because of its proximity to the front, occupied north-east France was ruled by the military, rather than by a civilian occupation administration. Economic exploitation of the occupied zone increased throughout the war. <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labor">Forced labor</a> became increasingly common as the war dragged on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Living_conditions">Living conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Living conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18577-Lille-1914-2._K%C3%B6niglich_S%C3%A4chsisches_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._13_-_Parade_in_Lille_Dezember_1914-Br%C3%BCck_%26_Sohn_Kunstverlag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/18577-Lille-1914-2._K%C3%B6niglich_S%C3%A4chsisches_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._13_-_Parade_in_Lille_Dezember_1914-Br%C3%BCck_%26_Sohn_Kunstverlag.jpg/350px-18577-Lille-1914-2._K%C3%B6niglich_S%C3%A4chsisches_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._13_-_Parade_in_Lille_Dezember_1914-Br%C3%BCck_%26_Sohn_Kunstverlag.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/18577-Lille-1914-2._K%C3%B6niglich_S%C3%A4chsisches_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._13_-_Parade_in_Lille_Dezember_1914-Br%C3%BCck_%26_Sohn_Kunstverlag.jpg/525px-18577-Lille-1914-2._K%C3%B6niglich_S%C3%A4chsisches_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._13_-_Parade_in_Lille_Dezember_1914-Br%C3%BCck_%26_Sohn_Kunstverlag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/18577-Lille-1914-2._K%C3%B6niglich_S%C3%A4chsisches_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._13_-_Parade_in_Lille_Dezember_1914-Br%C3%BCck_%26_Sohn_Kunstverlag.jpg/700px-18577-Lille-1914-2._K%C3%B6niglich_S%C3%A4chsisches_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._13_-_Parade_in_Lille_Dezember_1914-Br%C3%BCck_%26_Sohn_Kunstverlag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>German military parade on the Place de la République in Lille, December 1914.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GermanTroopsRelaxingArrasFrontApril1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/GermanTroopsRelaxingArrasFrontApril1917.jpg/350px-GermanTroopsRelaxingArrasFrontApril1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/GermanTroopsRelaxingArrasFrontApril1917.jpg/525px-GermanTroopsRelaxingArrasFrontApril1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/GermanTroopsRelaxingArrasFrontApril1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Leisure and entertainment at the Front: German troops relax outside their billet between Lens and Arras on the Western Front. Two are amusing themselves with a piano while a third is preparing food. In the background, a sentry keeps watch.</figcaption></figure><p> The German occupation did not respect the <a href="/wiki/Second_Hague_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Hague Conference">Hague Convention</a> of 1907, which defined the rules applicable to the occupation of a territory by an enemy army, due to looting and the imposition of forced labor that contributed to their own war effort. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Omnipresence_of_the_Germans">Omnipresence of the Germans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Omnipresence of the Germans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Germans requisitioned most of the public buildings for their administration, the "Kommandantur" and for their troops; high schools and colleges were transformed into hospitals. Individual homes could at any time be requisitioned for soldiers. Large restaurants and places to relax were reserved exclusively for German troops, and military parades and concerts were organized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet201133–36_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet201133–36-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The proximity of the front (Lille was only fifteen kilometers away) generated constant troop movements. The larger cities became places of relaxation for soldiers on leave and, in Lille, those of the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">German General Staff</a>. The considerable density of troops reached extreme proportions in localities such as <a href="/wiki/Carvin" title="Carvin">Carvin</a> with some 15,000 soldiers for 6,600 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuffetaud2014216_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuffetaud2014216-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Malnutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium" title="Commission for Relief in Belgium">Commission for Relief in Belgium</a></div> <p>The shortage of food began shortly after the arrival of the occupying army. Germany itself, due to the <a href="/wiki/British_navy" class="mw-redirect" title="British navy">British naval</a> blockade of her ports, suffered from a lack of food and refused to support the populations of the occupied territories. This included almost all of Belgium, whose population totaled more than 10 million inhabitants. The Germans seized stocks as soon as they arrived and then made requisitions for the duration of the war. The Germans seized 80% of the 1915 wheat crop, and 75% of the potato crop. They also took the majority of the eggs and cattle. At the end of 1918, the livestock in the territories was reduced to a quarter compared to before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Maner2011234_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Maner2011234-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Famine loomed in the fall of 1914 and the question of food supplies was the main concern for the authorities in seeking aid from neutral countries. </p><p>The Mayor of Lille, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Delesalle&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Delesalle (page does not exist)">Charles Delesalle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Delesalle_(homme_politique,_1850-1929)" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles Delesalle (homme politique, 1850-1929)">fr</a>&#93;</span>, at first contacted Switzerland, on the advice of the Commander of the place, General von Heinrich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker201054_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker201054-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> After this unsuccessful attempt, further steps led to an agreement signed on April 13, 1915 in Brussels between the Commission for Relief in Belgium, or CRB, and General <a href="/wiki/Moritz_von_Bissing" title="Moritz von Bissing">von Bissing</a>, the Senior Commander of the German Army in Belgium. This convention extended the food aid of the CRB, from which Belgium had benefited since October 22, 1914, to the populations of occupied France. The German army gave assurances that the goods would not be requisitioned. As in Belgium, the German authorities were interested in this aid, which avoided hunger riots and made it possible to continue levies on local agricultural production. </p><p>The CRB, funded by donations and grants from the United States Government, purchased food from the United States (42%), the British colonies (25%), Great Britain (24%), the Netherlands (9%) and a small quantity from France itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011159_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011159-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Food imported into Belgium remained the property of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Belgium" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Belgium">American Ambassador to Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brand_Whitlock" title="Brand Whitlock">Brand Whitlock</a>, until its distribution to the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker2010151_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2010151-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Foreign policy of Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>'s intervention with <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">President Poincaré</a>, France contributed to this aid by making payments to the Belgian government in exile (so that this indirect aid would be officially ignored by German authorities who actually knew about it).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker2010149_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2010149-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The financing of the CRB for a total amount of $700,000,000 throughout the war was provided at the level of $205,000,000 by the French Treasury $386,000,000 by the United States Treasury, $109,000,000 by the UK Treasury, and $52,000,000 of donations, mainly American).<sup id="cite_ref-finance_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finance-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Champagne._French_children_being_instructed_by_a_German_teacher._March_1917_-_NARA_-_17390276_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Champagne._French_children_being_instructed_by_a_German_teacher._March_1917_-_NARA_-_17390276_cropped.jpg/350px-Champagne._French_children_being_instructed_by_a_German_teacher._March_1917_-_NARA_-_17390276_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Champagne._French_children_being_instructed_by_a_German_teacher._March_1917_-_NARA_-_17390276_cropped.jpg/525px-Champagne._French_children_being_instructed_by_a_German_teacher._March_1917_-_NARA_-_17390276_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Champagne._French_children_being_instructed_by_a_German_teacher._March_1917_-_NARA_-_17390276_cropped.jpg/700px-Champagne._French_children_being_instructed_by_a_German_teacher._March_1917_-_NARA_-_17390276_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="1998" /></a><figcaption>French children being instructed by a German teacher during the World War I occupation, Champagne, March 1917.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Peasants_%26_German_Guard_LCCN2014707021.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/French_Peasants_%26_German_Guard_LCCN2014707021.tif/lossy-page1-350px-French_Peasants_%26_German_Guard_LCCN2014707021.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/French_Peasants_%26_German_Guard_LCCN2014707021.tif/lossy-page1-525px-French_Peasants_%26_German_Guard_LCCN2014707021.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/French_Peasants_%26_German_Guard_LCCN2014707021.tif/lossy-page1-700px-French_Peasants_%26_German_Guard_LCCN2014707021.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5773" data-file-height="4203" /></a><figcaption>French peasants and a German guard, northeastern France, 1915.</figcaption></figure><p>The Food Committee of Northern France (CANF) was created under the patronage of the CRB and the National Relief and Food Committee (Belgian) for the distribution of food. Its administrative headquarters were in Brussels, and its executive committee chaired by Louis Guérin, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Commerce">Chamber of Commerce</a> of Lille, at the Prefecture of the Nord département. Foodstuffs intended exclusively for distribution could not be traded. Offenses were punished with fines or imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011156_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011156-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>CANF included seven districts, in Lille, Valenciennes, Saint-Quentin, Marle, Tergnier, Fourmies and Longwy. Each commune had a local committee, warehouses and distribution offices. Lille had 60 offices, most of which were set up in schools, with the whole being managed by 800 civil servants. The municipalities paid for the supplies and passed on part of it to the inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011158,_159_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011158,_159-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The foodstuffs were transported from Belgium to depots mostly by river, due to rail transport being reserved for the German army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELembré201624,_56,_57_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELembré201624,_56,_57-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The aid of the CRB alleviated the shortage: its share in the supply is dominant in 1916, 1917 and 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELembré201691_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELembré201691-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The perception among prefects, the returnees, and in the general public was that "without American aid the population would have starved to death."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011151_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011151-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The food situation fluctuated; it deteriorated from October 1914 to April 1915; improved from the arrival of aid from the CRB in the spring of 1915; then deteriorated again from 1916. In Lille, the per capita daily rations fell to 1300 calories in 1917, then rose to 1400 in 1918<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuffetaud2014255_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuffetaud2014255-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (intake in normal periods is on average of the order of 2800, a state of undernourishment is reached at below 2000). This insufficient amount of food was, moreover, unbalanced with severe deficiencies, particularly in vitamins. </p><p>The occupation of the city of <a href="/wiki/Sedan,_Ardennes" title="Sedan, Ardennes">Sedan</a> and the difficult living situation were chronicled by Yves Congar who was only a child at the time. In his notebooks he describes the high inflation of food prices as well as the shortages affecting the territories occupied by the German army. Congar wrote on November 4, 1914, that "we don't have half a gram of bread left to eat." </p><p>Trade and catering remained free, but the prohibitive prices of the foodstuffs available made them accessible only to a privileged minority. The development of allotment gardens helped to alleviate the shortage somewhat. Complements were also provided by "go-getters" or "supply men", smugglers who got their supplies in Belgium; this was a very risky activity, which explains the high prices they charged. At first, some German soldiers and officers helped civilians, which was officially prohibited; but even this source of supply dried up from 1917 on, when the army itself began suffering from a shortage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011164–168_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011164–168-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although subjected to the levies of the enemy, the farmers, who managed to hide part of their production, suffered less from famine. Minors were also relatively privileged in the supply chain. The situation, very difficult in the towns, was particularly dramatic in Lille, which suffered throughout the occupation more severely than the region as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELembré2016156_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELembré2016156-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_health">Public health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Public health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malnutrition led to epidemics of typhoid in late 1915-early 1916, bacillary dysentery, increased deaths from tuberculosis and contributed to the general excess mortality. The mortality rate in Lille fluctuated according to the supply of food. In December 1915, it stood at 20‰, close to the average of the pre-war period, during one of the very rare periods when the supply is approaching normal. It rose to 42‰ in March 1916, fluctuated between 41 and 55‰ in 1917, and between 41 and 55‰ in 1918. </p><p>The birth rate, meanwhile, collapsed. The number of births in Lille dropped from 4885 in 1913 to 2154 in 1915, 602 in 1917, and 609 in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELembré2016114_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELembré2016114-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Thus the demographic deficit, the excess of deaths over births, amounted to 14317 from October 1914 to February 1917. In 1918, 80% of adolescents were below normal weight. </p><p>Most of the hospitals were requisitioned by the German army; in Lille, this included the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Sauveur_hospital&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint-Sauveur hospital (page does not exist)">Saint-Sauveur hospital</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospice_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_Lille&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hospice général de Lille (page does not exist)"> Hospice général</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Faidherbe" title="Lycée Faidherbe">Lycée Faidherbe</a>, a high school. During this period the Charité hospital remained the only civilian hospital in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Maner2011220_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Maner2011220-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuses">Abuses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Abuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P1013-316,_Westfront,_deutscher_Panzer_in_Roye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P1013-316%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Panzer_in_Roye.jpg/350px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P1013-316%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Panzer_in_Roye.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P1013-316%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Panzer_in_Roye.jpg/525px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P1013-316%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Panzer_in_Roye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P1013-316%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Panzer_in_Roye.jpg/700px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P1013-316%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Panzer_in_Roye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>German troops photographed on a Sturmpanzerwagen (A7V tank) in <a href="/wiki/Roye,_Somme" title="Roye, Somme">Roye</a>, France, 21 March 1918, during Operation Michael.</figcaption></figure><p> Atrocities were committed by the German troops on their entry into France in August and September 1914, which included the destruction of buildings and executions in retaliation for alleged resistance. Approximately 10,000 civilians, who were repatriated in February 1915, were deported to Germany, in particular to the camp of <a href="/wiki/Holzminden_internment_camp" title="Holzminden internment camp">Holzminden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker201039_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker201039-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In most localities, major personalities were taken hostage. Thus, upon their arrival in Lille, the Germans took 19 hostages, the Mayor, the Prefect, the Bishop, and 8 municipal councilors, who were summoned daily to the Kommandantur and forced to report every 6 days to the Citadel. </p><p>Heavy monetary contributions were imposed on the municipalities as well. A first contribution of 1,300,000 F was requisitioned from the city of Lille on November 1, 1914 by the German authorities, which was raised to 1,500,000 F per month from January 1915. In total, 184 million F were paid by the city of Lille to the occupier in 4 years, 12.9 million by the city of <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a>, 48 million by that of <a href="/wiki/Roubaix" title="Roubaix">Roubaix</a>, 25 million by that of <a href="/wiki/Tourcoing" title="Tourcoing">Tourcoing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Maner201150_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Maner201150-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Small towns were not spared, either. Responding to the request of the municipalities, the French government granted loans through complex financial circuits to the major cities of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-finance_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finance-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unemployment">Unemployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Unemployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The closure of textile factories, the largest employer in the Lille-Roubaix-Tourcoing agglomeration, and metallurgical industries, caused a high rate of unemployment. In 1918, 46,300 inhabitants of Lille received unemployment benefit (36% of the total population), 24,977 in Tourcoing (38%), 23,484 in Roubaix (38%).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet201115–24_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet201115–24-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1916, only 35,000 inhabitants of Lille out of 150,000 could support themselves; three-quarters of the inhabitants of Tourcoing subsisted on relief; 80% of those in Valenciennes alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuffetaud2014250_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuffetaud2014250-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_plunder">Industrial plunder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Industrial plunder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lille._View_in_an_artillery_machine_shop_-_NARA_-_17390206_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lille._View_in_an_artillery_machine_shop_-_NARA_-_17390206_-_cropped.jpg/350px-Lille._View_in_an_artillery_machine_shop_-_NARA_-_17390206_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lille._View_in_an_artillery_machine_shop_-_NARA_-_17390206_-_cropped.jpg/525px-Lille._View_in_an_artillery_machine_shop_-_NARA_-_17390206_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lille._View_in_an_artillery_machine_shop_-_NARA_-_17390206_-_cropped.jpg/700px-Lille._View_in_an_artillery_machine_shop_-_NARA_-_17390206_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="1907" /></a><figcaption>View of an artillery machine shop, Lille, France, 1917 or 1918.</figcaption></figure><p> An administration called the <i>Schutzverwaltung</i>, created at the start of the occupation, requisitioned supplies, leading to the cessation of industrial activity. This material was then systematically transferred to Germany. Factories emptied of their equipment were sometimes transformed for other uses: hospitals, prisons, stockyards, stables, etc. From the end of 1916, the equipment that remained in place and the buildings themselves were systematically destroyed to suppress competition from French industry after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet201196–107_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet201196–107-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the retreat of the German army in September and October 1918, the mining installations were dynamited and the galleries flooded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuffetaud2014238_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuffetaud2014238-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The dismantling of all the breweries in the occupied areas to recover the copper is described in the <i>Journal de Pabert</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Requisitions">Requisitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Requisitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As soon as the Germans arrived, all cars had to be handed over to the occupiers. Various products and objects of daily life were requisitioned, such as bicycles, household items, including copper, tin and alloys (essentially all metal objects), rubber (including bicycle tires), skins, oils, leather, wire, and finally the wool of mattresses and pillows, including those of the hospitals. This last confiscation particularly traumatized a starving population, including many patients, who were already deprived of heating and now of bedding, with the use of straw as a replacement being prohibited as well. These requisitions were accompanied by incessant excavations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet201185–96_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet201185–96-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">works of art in public space</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture"> bronze</a> were likewise unbolted and melted down. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Bronze statues demounted and melted</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Carlier_-_L%27Aveugle_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="L&#39;Aveugle et le Paralytique in Cambrai."><img alt="L&#39;Aveugle et le Paralytique in Cambrai." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Joseph_Carlier_-_L%27Aveugle_1884.jpg/189px-Joseph_Carlier_-_L%27Aveugle_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Joseph_Carlier_-_L%27Aveugle_1884.jpg/284px-Joseph_Carlier_-_L%27Aveugle_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Joseph_Carlier_-_L%27Aveugle_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="570" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>L'Aveugle et le Paralytique</i> in <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_1870_Charleville.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument to the dead of 1870 in Charleville-Mézières."><img alt="Monument to the dead of 1870 in Charleville-Mézières." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Monument_1870_Charleville.jpg/189px-Monument_1870_Charleville.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Monument_1870_Charleville.jpg/283px-Monument_1870_Charleville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Monument_1870_Charleville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument to the dead of 1870 in <a href="/wiki/Charleville-M%C3%A9zi%C3%A8res" title="Charleville-Mézières">Charleville-Mézières</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laon_monument_%C3%A9l%C3%A8ves_d%27Ay_96288.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument to the teachers Debordeaux, Poulette and Leroy in Laon."><img alt="Monument to the teachers Debordeaux, Poulette and Leroy in Laon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Laon_monument_%C3%A9l%C3%A8ves_d%27Ay_96288.jpg/191px-Laon_monument_%C3%A9l%C3%A8ves_d%27Ay_96288.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Laon_monument_%C3%A9l%C3%A8ves_d%27Ay_96288.jpg/286px-Laon_monument_%C3%A9l%C3%A8ves_d%27Ay_96288.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Laon_monument_%C3%A9l%C3%A8ves_d%27Ay_96288.jpg/382px-Laon_monument_%C3%A9l%C3%A8ves_d%27Ay_96288.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1831" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument to the teachers Debordeaux, Poulette and Leroy in <a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_monument_de_Testelin_-_Lille_CIPA0831.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commemorative monument to the national defense in 1870 in Lille."><img alt="Commemorative monument to the national defense in 1870 in Lille." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Le_monument_de_Testelin_-_Lille_CIPA0831.jpg/190px-Le_monument_de_Testelin_-_Lille_CIPA0831.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Le_monument_de_Testelin_-_Lille_CIPA0831.jpg/286px-Le_monument_de_Testelin_-_Lille_CIPA0831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Le_monument_de_Testelin_-_Lille_CIPA0831.jpg/381px-Le_monument_de_Testelin_-_Lille_CIPA0831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="3276" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commemorative monument to the national defense in 1870 in <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lille_-_Monument_Maire_Andre_-_Place_du_Concert.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of François André-Bonte on the Place du Concert in Lille."><img alt="Statue of François André-Bonte on the Place du Concert in Lille." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lille_-_Monument_Maire_Andre_-_Place_du_Concert.jpg/188px-Lille_-_Monument_Maire_Andre_-_Place_du_Concert.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lille_-_Monument_Maire_Andre_-_Place_du_Concert.jpg/281px-Lille_-_Monument_Maire_Andre_-_Place_du_Concert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lille_-_Monument_Maire_Andre_-_Place_du_Concert.jpg/375px-Lille_-_Monument_Maire_Andre_-_Place_du_Concert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Andr%C3%A9-Bonte&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="François André-Bonte (page does not exist)">François André-Bonte</a> on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_du_Concert&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Place du Concert (page does not exist)">Place du Concert</a> in Lille.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:160_-_Lille._%E2%80%94_Statue_de_Pierre_Legrand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Pierre Legrand in Lille."><img alt="Statue of Pierre Legrand in Lille." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/160_-_Lille._%E2%80%94_Statue_de_Pierre_Legrand.jpg/197px-160_-_Lille._%E2%80%94_Statue_de_Pierre_Legrand.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/160_-_Lille._%E2%80%94_Statue_de_Pierre_Legrand.jpg/296px-160_-_Lille._%E2%80%94_Statue_de_Pierre_Legrand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/160_-_Lille._%E2%80%94_Statue_de_Pierre_Legrand.jpg/394px-160_-_Lille._%E2%80%94_Statue_de_Pierre_Legrand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2127" data-file-height="3235" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Legrand" title="Pierre Legrand">Pierre Legrand</a> in Lille.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valenciennes_-_Brennus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Brennus in Valenciennes."><img alt="Statue of Brennus in Valenciennes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Valenciennes_-_Brennus.jpg/190px-Valenciennes_-_Brennus.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Valenciennes_-_Brennus.jpg/285px-Valenciennes_-_Brennus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Valenciennes_-_Brennus.jpg/380px-Valenciennes_-_Brennus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brennos_(IVe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brennos (IVe siècle av. J.-C.) (page does not exist)">Brennus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_labor">Forced labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Forced labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Familles_s%C3%A9par%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_Lille_pendant_la_1%C3%A8re_guerre_mondiale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Familles_s%C3%A9par%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_Lille_pendant_la_1%C3%A8re_guerre_mondiale.jpg/350px-Familles_s%C3%A9par%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_Lille_pendant_la_1%C3%A8re_guerre_mondiale.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Familles_s%C3%A9par%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_Lille_pendant_la_1%C3%A8re_guerre_mondiale.jpg/525px-Familles_s%C3%A9par%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_Lille_pendant_la_1%C3%A8re_guerre_mondiale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Familles_s%C3%A9par%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_Lille_pendant_la_1%C3%A8re_guerre_mondiale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption> Families separated in Lille during the First World War.</figcaption></figure> <p>The inhabitants were subjected to forced labor imposed not only on men but also on women and children starting at the age of 9. Workers were assigned to various jobs such as washing uniforms, earthworks, unloading wagons, and, just as France required for German prisoners, digging trenches and installing barbed wire, in violation of the Hague Conventions, which prohibited the employment of civilians for the war effort against their homeland. </p><p>Work camps were organized for which young girls and young women, torn from their families, were transported and loaded into cattle wagons for distant destinations; for example, from Lille to the Ardennes. The deportations of April 1916, which might be described as round-ups, affected 9,300 people in Lille and 4,399 in Tourcoing; in total 20,000 in the area, in the proportion of three women for every man. The health inspection imposed on young girls, similar to that imposed on prostitutes, was particularly traumatizing. The deportees were most often employed in agricultural work. Indeed, unlike the cities suffering from massive unemployment following the closure of factories, agriculture lacked manpower due to the departure of the mobilized men. In most cases, the workers (mostly women workers) were taken to the fields and watched by armed soldiers; they were subjected to exhausting work and suffered from malnutrition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011133_to_141_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011133_to_141-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evacuations_and_repatriations">Evacuations and repatriations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Evacuations and repatriations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fleeing_French_civilians_near_Bapaume_-_NARA_-_17390208_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fleeing_French_civilians_near_Bapaume_-_NARA_-_17390208_cropped.jpg/350px-Fleeing_French_civilians_near_Bapaume_-_NARA_-_17390208_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fleeing_French_civilians_near_Bapaume_-_NARA_-_17390208_cropped.jpg/525px-Fleeing_French_civilians_near_Bapaume_-_NARA_-_17390208_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fleeing_French_civilians_near_Bapaume_-_NARA_-_17390208_cropped.jpg/700px-Fleeing_French_civilians_near_Bapaume_-_NARA_-_17390208_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2716" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>French citizens evacuating Bapaume, ca. 1917, in horse-drawn wagons.</figcaption></figure><p>The Germans evacuated the women, children and old people from their homes towards other parts of France, not to feed them, but to recover lodgings to house their own troops. After the inhabitants of Lille, whose homes were destroyed by the bombardments of the siege of October 11 and 12, 1914, were deported, the first evacuations began in January 1915. The trip via Switzerland with re-entry into France at <a href="/wiki/Annemasse" title="Annemasse">Annemasse</a> or <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian-les-Bains" title="Évian-les-Bains">Évian</a> was at different times made by train, car or cattle wagon. </p><p>The first of these "repatriations" were imposed because the inhabitants preferred, initially, to undergo the difficulties of the occupation than to leave their place of life. Thus, the 450 people evacuated by train in March 1915 included only 47 volunteers. As early as 1915, the difficult supply situation, the requisitions and the abuses led a large number of inhabitants to escape from the suffering. In December 1915, a convoy of 750 only included five forced evacuees. Subsequently, when the number of desired departures began to outnumber the available spots in the convoys, the German authorities refused some of the requests. Some town hall officials who participated in the preparation of the lists were bribed by applicants to obtain a place. </p><p>In total, nearly 500,000 people out of a population of around 2 million in 1914 were repatriated via Switzerland from October 1914 until the end of the war. This represented a high rate of 25%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acts_of_resistance">Acts of resistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Acts of resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The resistance to the German occupation was evident but varied in degree. It included both passive resistance, such as indifference displayed towards the occupier or refusal to come into contact, and small forms of daily resistance such as opposition to requisitions and forced labor as well as provision of food aid to prisoners. All such acts were punishable with imprisonment. It also included the most active and risky actions of resistance, such as sabotage of railway tracks, aid to soldiers, organization of escape networks, publishing and distributing the underground press (with low circulation, in the best of cases several hundred, the press was sometimes limited to a few copies; the most notable was the newspaper <i>Patience</i>, which changed its name several times and whose group was dismantled by the Germans in 1916). It also entailed the collection of military intelligence communicated to the allies, activity organized in networks, with the best known being that of Jacquet, Trulin and Louise de Bettignies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011210–248_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011210–248-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collaboration">Collaboration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Collaboration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Zone_Map-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Red_Zone_Map-fr.svg/350px-Red_Zone_Map-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Red_Zone_Map-fr.svg/525px-Red_Zone_Map-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Red_Zone_Map-fr.svg/700px-Red_Zone_Map-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1421" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>Map of devastation of northeastern France. Zones totally destroyed: red. Significant damage: yellow.</figcaption></figure><p> Active collaboration was more limited than that experienced in occupied France during World War II. Collaboration inspired by intellectual or ideological support was practically non-existent except for correspondents of the propaganda periodical <i>La Gazette des Ardennes</i>. Economic collaboration was more widespread: voluntary or industrial work accepting orders for the army, mayors diverting food intended for civilians for soldiers, etc. The collaboration also took the form of denunciations, whether of concealed French soldiers, hiding places of weapons, food or objects withdrawn from requisitions. Most of these were motivated by local jealousy and the secret German military police (Geheime Feldpolizei) employed French informants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011293–298_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011293–298-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accommodations">Accommodations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Accommodations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relations between occupiers and occupied, however, were not uniformly hostile. Cohabitation with soldiers in requisitioned housing was often cordial or even supportive and created bonds of friendship as well as romantic relationships, which could be genuine or motivated to facilitate the requisition of supplies. Although it is impossible to assess them, illegitimate births resulting from these unions appear to be quite numerous. Some marriages between soldiers and French women have been accepted by the authorities. Such women were generally stigmatized by part of the occupied population. These "Boche women" were often decried upon liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011279_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011279-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marville_(16100397319).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Marville_%2816100397319%29.jpg/350px-Marville_%2816100397319%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Marville_%2816100397319%29.jpg/525px-Marville_%2816100397319%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Marville_%2816100397319%29.jpg/700px-Marville_%2816100397319%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3210" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption>Postcard view of <a href="/wiki/Marville,_Meuse" title="Marville, Meuse">Marville</a>, France, showing the devastation of World War I fighting.</figcaption></figure><p> According to the 1923 censuses of the Ministry of Liberated Regions, out of all the municipalities in the affected areas (including in addition to the occupied areas, that of the front), 620 were completely destroyed; 1,334 were destroyed to a degree of more than 50%; 2,349 were partially damaged; 423 remained intact; 293,043 buildings were completely destroyed and 148,948 severely damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011365–368_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011365–368-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to economist Alfred Sauvy, the cost of lost property and its restoration is estimated at 34 billion gold francs. Some of the equipment brought to Germany was recovered and the industry restarted fairly quickly in the early 1920s, but the slower reconstruction lasted into the mid-1930s. </p><p>The German government refused to extradite those responsible for the abuses and the open trials were unsuccessful. This impunity contributed to the feeling of injustice among the inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011379_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011379-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The memory of the First World War prompted the majority of the population of the northern regions to flee to the south in June 1940. During the occupation of 1940–44, acts of resistance multiplied, collaboration was much weaker than in the rest of France, and the Vichy government was very unpopular in the north-east from November 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011381_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011381-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar years">interwar years</a> local narratives and studies were published, but subsequently these territories were neglected by the French historiography of the <a href="/wiki/Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great War">Great War</a>. However, two accounts of this "forgotten" history were published in 2010, <i>La France Occupée</i> [<i>Occupied France</i>] by Philippe Nivet and <i>Les Cicatrices Rouges</i> [<i>The Red Scars</i>] by Annette Becker. </p><p>Those who were under occupation considered their experience too difficult to be understood by other French people. </p><p>Those who lived through the occupations of the two world wars consider the first to be infinitely harder than <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">that of 1940–44</a>, and in itself more trying in the <a href="/wiki/Zone_interdite" title="Zone interdite">prohibited zone</a> compared to what was suffered in other parts of France, both in the <a href="/wiki/Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">free</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupied_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied zone">occupied zones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011377_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011377-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the 1928 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Schlump_(novel)" title="Schlump (novel)">Schlump</a></i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Herbert_Grimm&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Herbert Grimm (page does not exist)">Hans Herbert Grimm</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Herbert_Grimm" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Herbert Grimm">de</a>&#93;</span> is set in German-occupied France where the protagonist works in the occupation administration. </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Alice_Network" title="The Alice Network">The Alice Network</a> is a 2017 novel about a real allied spy ring of the same name, set in <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner2014_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner2014_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWegner2014">Wegner 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet20119-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet20119_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, p.&#160;9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011311,_312-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011311,_312_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, pp.&#160;311, 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_CollinetPaul_Stahl1928" class="citation book cs1">Paul Collinet; Paul Stahl (1928). <i>Le ravitaillement de la France occupée</i>. Publications de la fondation Carnegie pour la paix internationale. Presses universitaires de France. p.&#160;56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Le+ravitaillement+de+la+France+occup%C3%A9e&amp;rft.pages=56&amp;rft.pub=Publications+de+la+fondation+Carnegie+pour+la+paix+internationale.+Presses+universitaires+de+France&amp;rft.date=1928&amp;rft.au=Paul+Collinet&amp;rft.au=Paul+Stahl&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+north-east+France+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet201115,_24-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet201115,_24_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, pp.&#160;15, 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989265–6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989265–6_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1989">Kennedy 1989</a>, pp.&#160;265–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet201133–36-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet201133–36_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, pp.&#160;33–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuffetaud2014216-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuffetaud2014216_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuffetaud2014">Buffetaud 2014</a>, p.&#160;216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Maner2011234-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Maner2011234_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Maner2011">Le Maner 2011</a>, p.&#160;234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker201054-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker201054_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBecker2010">Becker 2010</a>, p.&#160;54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011159-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011159_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, p.&#160;159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2010151-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker2010151_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBecker2010">Becker 2010</a>, p.&#160;151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2010149-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker2010149_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBecker2010">Becker 2010</a>, p.&#160;149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finance-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-finance_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finance_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_for_the_economic_and_financial_history_of_France2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Committee for the economic and financial history of France, ed. (2016). <i>Public finances in times of war 1914-1918</i> (in French). Paris. p.&#160;213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-11-129404-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-11-129404-2"><bdi>978-2-11-129404-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Public+finances+in+times+of+war+1914-1918&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pages=213&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-11-129404-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+north-east+France+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011156-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011156_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, p.&#160;156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011158,_159-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011158,_159_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, pp.&#160;158, 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELembré201624,_56,_57-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELembré201624,_56,_57_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLembré2016">Lembré 2016</a>, pp.&#160;24, 56, 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELembré201691-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELembré201691_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLembré2016">Lembré 2016</a>, p.&#160;91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011151-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011151_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, p.&#160;151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuffetaud2014255-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuffetaud2014255_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuffetaud2014">Buffetaud 2014</a>, p.&#160;255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011164–168-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011164–168_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, pp.&#160;164–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELembré2016156-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELembré2016156_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLembré2016">Lembré 2016</a>, p.&#160;156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELembré2016114-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELembré2016114_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLembré2016">Lembré 2016</a>, p.&#160;114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Maner2011220-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Maner2011220_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Maner2011">Le Maner 2011</a>, p.&#160;220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker201039-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker201039_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBecker2010">Becker 2010</a>, p.&#160;39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Maner201150-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Maner201150_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Maner2011">Le Maner 2011</a>, p.&#160;50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet201115–24-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet201115–24_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, pp.&#160;15–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuffetaud2014250-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuffetaud2014250_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuffetaud2014">Buffetaud 2014</a>, p.&#160;250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet201196–107-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet201196–107_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, pp.&#160;96–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuffetaud2014238-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuffetaud2014238_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuffetaud2014">Buffetaud 2014</a>, p.&#160;238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenisseLe_Cars2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Denisse, Albert; Le Cars, Franck (October 2020). <i>Pabert - Journal d'un officier-brasseur dans la France occupée de la Grande Guerre</i> (in French). Editeurs divers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-699-5337-6" title="Special:BookSources/979-10-699-5337-6"><bdi>979-10-699-5337-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pabert+-+Journal+d%27un+officier-brasseur+dans+la+France+occup%C3%A9e+de+la+Grande+Guerre&amp;rft.pub=Editeurs+divers&amp;rft.date=2020-10&amp;rft.isbn=979-10-699-5337-6&amp;rft.aulast=Denisse&amp;rft.aufirst=Albert&amp;rft.au=Le+Cars%2C+Franck&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+north-east+France+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet201185–96-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet201185–96_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, pp.&#160;85–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011133_to_141-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011133_to_141_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, p.&#160;133 to 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011210–248-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011210–248_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, pp.&#160;210–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011293–298-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011293–298_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, pp.&#160;293–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011279-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011279_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, p.&#160;279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011365–368-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011365–368_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, pp.&#160;365–368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011379-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011379_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, p.&#160;379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011381-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011381_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, p.&#160;381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivet2011377-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivet2011377_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNivet2011">Nivet 2011</a>, p.&#160;377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/32051912-the-alice-network">"The Alice Network"</a>. <i>Goodreads</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Goodreads&amp;rft.atitle=The+Alice+Network&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F32051912-the-alice-network&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+north-east+France+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nord-Pas_de_Calais_Mining_Basin" title="Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin">Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">World War I reparations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:German_occupation_of_northeastern_France_during_World_War_I" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:German occupation of northeastern France during World War I">German occupation of northeastern France during World War I</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPhail2001" class="citation book cs1">McPhail, Helen (2001). <i>The Long Silence: The Tragedy of Occupied France in World War I</i> (2nd&#160;ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784530532" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784530532"><bdi>978-1784530532</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Long+Silence%3A+The+Tragedy+of+Occupied+France+in+World+War+I&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-1784530532&amp;rft.aulast=McPhail&amp;rft.aufirst=Helen&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+north-east+France+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2014" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, James (2014). "Fresh Eyes, Dead Topic? Writing the History of the Occupation of Northern France in the First World War". In Broch, Ludivine; Carrol, Alison (eds.). <i>France in an Era of Global War, 1914-1945: Occupation, Politics, Empire and Entanglements</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137443489" title="Special:BookSources/9781137443489"><bdi>9781137443489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Fresh+Eyes%2C+Dead+Topic%3F+Writing+the+History+of+the+Occupation+of+Northern+France+in+the+First+World+War&amp;rft.btitle=France+in+an+Era+of+Global+War%2C+1914-1945%3A+Occupation%2C+Politics%2C+Empire+and+Entanglements&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=9781137443489&amp;rft.aulast=Connolly&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+north-east+France+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2014" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, James (2014). "Mauvaise Conduite: Complicity and Respectability in the Occupied Nord, 1914-1918". In De Schaepdrijver, Sophie (ed.). <i>Military Occupations in First World War Europe</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138822368" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138822368"><bdi>978-1138822368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Mauvaise+Conduite%3A+Complicity+and+Respectability+in+the+Occupied+Nord%2C+1914-1918&amp;rft.btitle=Military+Occupations+in+First+World+War+Europe&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-1138822368&amp;rft.aulast=Connolly&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+north-east+France+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegner2014" class="citation web cs1">Wegner, Larissa (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/Occupation_during_the_War_(Belgium_and_France)">"Occupations during the War (France and Belgium)"</a>. <i>International Encyclopedia of the First World War</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+First+World+War&amp;rft.atitle=Occupations+during+the+War+%28France+and+Belgium%29&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.aulast=Wegner&amp;rft.aufirst=Larissa&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net%2Farticle%2FOccupation_during_the_War_%28Belgium_and_France%29&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+north-east+France+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1989" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Paul (1989). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers</i>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72019-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72019-7"><bdi>0-679-72019-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Great+Powers&amp;rft.pub=Vintage+Books&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.isbn=0-679-72019-7&amp;rft.aulast=Kennedy&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+north-east+France+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Becker, Annette (2010). <i>Les cicatrices rouges 14-18 France et Belgique occupés</i> (in French). Paris: <a href="/wiki/Librairie_Arth%C3%A8me_Fayard" class="mw-redirect" title="Librairie Arthème Fayard">Fayard</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-65551-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-65551-2"><bdi>978-2-213-65551-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+cicatrices+rouges+14-18+France+et+Belgique+occup%C3%A9s&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Fayard&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-213-65551-2&amp;rft.aulast=Becker&amp;rft.aufirst=Annette&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+north-east+France+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffetaud2014" class="citation book cs1">Buffetaud, Yves (2014). <i>Le Nord en guerre</i>. Ysec éditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84673-193-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84673-193-5"><bdi>978-2-84673-193-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Le+Nord+en+guerre&amp;rft.pub=Ysec+%C3%A9ditions&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-84673-193-5&amp;rft.aulast=Buffetaud&amp;rft.aufirst=Yves&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+north-east+France+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeruyck1992" class="citation book cs1">Deruyck, René (1992). <i>Lille dans les serres allemandes</i>. La Voix du Nord. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-208-26023-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-208-26023-6"><bdi>2-208-26023-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Lille+dans+les+serres+allemandes&amp;rft.pub=La+Voix+du+Nord&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=2-208-26023-6&amp;rft.aulast=Deruyck&amp;rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+north-east+France+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLembré2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lembré, Stéphane (2016). <i>La guerre des bouches (1914-1918). Ravitaillement et alimentation à Lille</i> (in French). Villeneuve d'Ascq: Presses universitaires du Septentrion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7574-1280-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7574-1280-0"><bdi>978-2-7574-1280-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+guerre+des+bouches+%281914-1918%29.+Ravitaillement+et+alimentation+%C3%A0+Lille&amp;rft.place=Villeneuve+d%27Ascq&amp;rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+du+Septentrion&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-7574-1280-0&amp;rft.aulast=Lembr%C3%A9&amp;rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+north-east+France+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNivet2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nivet, Philippe (2011). <i>La France occupée. 1914-1918</i> (in French). Paris: <a href="/wiki/Armand_Colin" title="Armand Colin">Armand Colin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-200-35094-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-200-35094-9"><bdi>978-2-200-35094-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+France+occup%C3%A9e.+1914-1918&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Armand+Colin&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-200-35094-9&amp;rft.aulast=Nivet&amp;rft.aufirst=Philippe&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+north-east+France+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Maner2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Le Maner, Yves (2011). <i>La grande guerre dans le Nord et le Pas-de-Calais 1914-1918</i> (in French). Lille: La Voix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84393-181-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84393-181-9"><bdi>978-2-84393-181-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+grande+guerre+dans+le+Nord+et+le+Pas-de-Calais+1914-1918&amp;rft.place=Lille&amp;rft.pub=La+Voix&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-84393-181-9&amp;rft.aulast=Le+Maner&amp;rft.aufirst=Yves&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+north-east+France+during+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Yves Congar, <i>Journal de la Guerre (1914-1918)</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperial_German_occupations" title="Template:Imperial German occupations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Imperial_German_occupations" title="Template talk:Imperial German occupations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial_German_occupations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial German occupations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_occupied_by_Germany_during_World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries occupied by <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Capture_of_Moresnet" class="mw-redirect" title="German Capture of Moresnet">Moresnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Eastern Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_General_of_Warsaw" title="Government General of Warsaw">Warsaw</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">Poland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a> • <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_(1918)" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)">Courland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Germany"><img alt="Emblem of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/40px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/60px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/80px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#d7d7d7;"><div><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a> • <i><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz &amp; Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐sbtsb Cached time: 20241124061038 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.796 seconds Real time usage: 1.018 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4571/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 193583/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 8432/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 86185/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.446/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7903593/52428800 bytes 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