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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early Cyrillic based writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Cyrillic_based_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molodtsov_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molodtsov_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Molodtsov alphabet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Molodtsov_alphabet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Molodtsov alphabet subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Molodtsov_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_after_1932" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_after_1932"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Writing after 1932</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_after_1932-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern alphabet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_alphabet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern alphabet subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letters_of_the_modern_Komi_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters_of_the_modern_Komi_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Letters of the modern Komi alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters_of_the_modern_Komi_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_sounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_sounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Vowel sounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_sounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komi-Yazva_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komi-Yazva_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Komi-Yazva alphabet</span> 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molodtsov_alphabet&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov alphabet</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Alphabets of the Komi language</div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi language</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic language</a> spoken in the north-eastern part of <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a>, has been written in several different alphabets. Currently, Komi writing uses letters from the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>. There have been five distinct stages in the history of Komi writing: </p> <ul><li>14th to 17th centuries — <a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Anbur</a>, the original graphic system;</li> <li>18th century to 1918 — based on the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">early Cyrillic alphabet</a>;</li> <li>1918 to 1932 and 1936 to 1938 — <a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Vasily Molodtsov's alphabet</a> based on the modified Cyrillic alphabet;</li> <li>1932 to 1936 — <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Latinization</a> of the alphabet;</li> <li>since 1938 — modern script based on the Cyrillic alphabet.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi-Zyryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a> sub-languages have used the same writing throughout almost all of their <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">written history</a> (except for the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anbur">Anbur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi_alphabets&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Anbur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic script</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abur_komi_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Abur_komi_inscription.jpg/250px-Abur_komi_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Abur_komi_inscription.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>Anbur</figcaption></figure> <p>The first writing for the Komi language was compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_of_Perm" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan of Perm">Stefan of Perm</a> around 1372–1375. This writing was created for the needs of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianization</a> of the Komi Territory. It is believed that when choosing the type of letters Stefan of Perm was guided by both the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> and Cyril alphabet, and the traditional Komi tribal characters — <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pas_(generic_characters)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pas (generic characters) (page does not exist)">Pas (generic characters)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Пас (тамга)">ru</a>]</span>. This writing was called <i>An-Bur</i> (by the name of the first two letters of the alphabet).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998112–117_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998112–117-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To this day, several icons with inscriptions in Anbur have survived (for example, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zyryansk_Trinity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zyryansk Trinity (page does not exist)">Zyryansk Trinity</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Зырянская Троица">ru</a>]</span>), as well as a number of handwritten lines in books. The total volume of preserved coherent texts on the embankment is 236 words.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998339–343_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998339–343-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Cyrillic_based_writing">Early Cyrillic based writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi_alphabets&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Cyrillic based writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-permyak_alphabet_1897.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Komi-permyak_alphabet_1897.JPG/250px-Komi-permyak_alphabet_1897.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Komi-permyak_alphabet_1897.JPG/375px-Komi-permyak_alphabet_1897.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Komi-permyak_alphabet_1897.JPG 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Komi-Permian alphabet from the ABC book of 1897</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting from the XVIII century, separate publications of Komi texts appear both in the Latin alphabet and in the Cyrillic alphabet. So, in the second edition of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaes_Witsen" title="Nicolaes Witsen">Nicolaes Witsen</a>’s book “Noord en Oost Tartarye” (<i>Northern and Eastern Tataria</i>), published in 1705, a translation of the prayer “<a href="/wiki/Our_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Father">Our Father</a>” into the Komi language, written in Latin, was published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык199856–57_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык199856–57-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1787–1789, in the book of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Simon_Pallas" title="Peter Simon Pallas">Peter Simon Pallas</a> “Comparative Dictionary of All Languages and Adverbs”, about 200 words were published in the Komi language in Cyrillic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998337–339_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998337–339-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1808, students of the Vologda Theological Seminary Philip Kozlov compiled the first grammar of the Komi-Zyryan language. It used the alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet: <b>А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Д д, Е е, Ж ж, З з, И и, І і, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, Ӧ ӧ, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Ч ч, <a href="/wiki/Che_with_diaeresis" title="Che with diaeresis">Ӵ</a> ӵ, Ш ш, ъ, Ы ы, ь, Ю ю, Я я</b>. This <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> has not been published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998182–185_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998182–185-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1813, on the basis of this grammar, the teacher of the same seminary, A. F. Flerov, released the first printed Komi grammar - “Zyryan Grammar, Published from the Main Directorate of Schools”.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998525_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998525-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1820s and 1950s, a whole series of Komi grammars and dictionaries were published that used various Komi language recording systems, both Cyrillic (P.I.Savvaitov, <a href="/wiki/Anders_Johan_Sj%C3%B6gren" title="Anders Johan Sjögren">Anders Sjögren</a>) and Latinized (<a href="/wiki/Matthias_Castr%C3%A9n" title="Matthias Castrén">Matthias Castrén</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык199817_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык199817-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second half of the 19th century, on the basis of previously created grammars, two main systems for recording the Komi language developed. So, in the works of G.S.Lytkin, in addition to standard Russian letters, the signs <b>ӧ, <a href="/wiki/Je_(Cyrillic)" title="Je (Cyrillic)">j</a></b>, the <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a> <b>ԫ, ꚉ</b> were used, and the <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">softness</a> of the consonants was indicated by a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave sign</a>. For a number of other authors, the softness of consonants was indicated by the addition of the sign <b>ј</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-isaev_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isaev-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the last years of the 19th century, the active publication of <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_book" title="Alphabet book">Alphabet book</a> in the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak languages begins. These primers were compiled by different authors and they used different versions of the Komi Cyrillic alphabet. </p><p><i>The differences between the alphabets of the Komi primers of the XIX — early XX centuries from the modern alphabet</i>: </p> <ul><li>Komi-Zyryan <ul><li>Popov A. "The ABC for the Zyryansky youth, or the easiest way for the Zyryans to learn Russian literacy." St. Petersburg, 1865. There are no letters <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ё">Ё</a> ё, <a href="/wiki/%D0%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Й">Й</a> й</b>. There are <b><a href="/wiki/%D4%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ԫ">Ԫ</a> ԫ, <a href="/wiki/%EA%9A%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꚉ">Ꚉ</a> ꚉ, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%CC%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ч̇ (page does not exist)">Ч̇</a> ч̇, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AA%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ъі (page does not exist)">Ъі</a> ъі, <a href="/wiki/%D1%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѣ">Ѣ</a> ѣ, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%88%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Јі (page does not exist)">Јі</a> јі, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%88%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Јо (page does not exist)">Јо</a> јо, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%88%D3%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Јӧ (page does not exist)">Јӧ</a> јӧ, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%88%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Јы (page does not exist)">Јы</a> јы, <a href="/wiki/%D1%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѳ">Ѳ</a> ѳ, <a href="/wiki/%D1%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѵ">Ѵ</a> ѵ</b>.</li> <li>"The alphabet for Zyryan-Izhem living in the <a href="/wiki/Pechorsky_Uyezd" title="Pechorsky Uyezd">Pechersk district</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Governorate" title="Arkhangelsk Governorate">Arkhangelsk Governorate</a>." Arkhangelsk, 1895. The letters <b>Ѣ ѣ, Ѳ ѳ</b> are present.</li> <li>Lytkin G.S. "The Primer Zyryansk-Russian-Church Slavonic." SPb, 1900. There are no letters <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ё">Ё</a> ё, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="И">И</a> и, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ф">Ф</a> ф, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Х">Х</a> х, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ц">Ц</a> ц, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Щ">Щ</a> щ, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ъ">Ъ</a> ъ, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ь">Ь</a> ь, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Э">Э</a> э, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ю">Ю</a> ю, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Я">Я</a> я</b>. There are <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De with grave (page does not exist)">д̀</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ze_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ze with grave (page does not exist)">з̀</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ј">ј</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El with grave (page does not exist)">л̀</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=En_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="En with grave (page does not exist)">н̀</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Es_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Es with grave (page does not exist)">с̀</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te with grave (page does not exist)">т̀</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Che_with_grave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Che with grave (page does not exist)">ч̀</a></b>.</li></ul></li> <li>Komi-Permyak <ul><li>"<i>Выддемъ пермякъ понда</i>" Perm, 1894. There is no letter <b><a href="/wiki/%D3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӧ">Ӧ</a> ӧ</b>. There are <b>Ѣ ѣ, Ѳ ѳ</b>.</li> <li>"ABC-book for (northeastern, Yinven) Permyaks" Kazan, 1897. There are no letters <b><a href="/wiki/Dotted_I_(Cyrillic)" title="Dotted I (Cyrillic)">І</a> і, Ф ф, Х х, Ц ц, Щ щ</b>. There are <b><a href="/wiki/%D3%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӂ">Ӂ</a> ӂ, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ze_with_breve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ze with breve (page does not exist)">З̆</a> з̆, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%CC%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Ш̆">Ш̆</a> ш̆, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AB%CC%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Ы̆">Ы̆</a> ы̆</b>.</li> <li>"ABC-book for the Permyaks of the Ivensky region" Kazan, 1899. There are no letters <b>І і, Ц ц, Щ щ</b>. Present <b>Ӂ ӂ, З̆ з̆, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Йи (page does not exist)">йи</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӵ">Ӵ</a> ӵ, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AA%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ъи (page does not exist)">ъи</a>, Ѳ ѳ</b>.</li> <li>"ABC-book for the (northeastern, Yinven) Permyaks" Kazan, 1900. There are no letters <b>І і, Ф ф, Х х, Ц ц, Щ щ</b>. There are <b>Ӂ ӂ, З̆ з̆, Ӵ ӵ, Ы̆ ы̆</b>.</li> <li>Popov E. “<i>Выддемъ коми отиръ челядь понда</i>” Kazan, 1904. There are no letters <b>Ӧ ӧ, Ф ф, Х х, Ц ц, Щ щ</b>. Present <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%CC%85%D0%B7%CC%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Д̅з̅ (page does not exist)">д̅з̅</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%CC%85%D0%B6%CC%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Д̅ж̅ (page does not exist)">д̅ж̅</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%CC%85%D1%88%CC%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ч̅ш̅ (page does not exist)">ч̅ш̅</a>, Ѣ ѣ, <a href="/wiki/%D3%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӭ">Ӭ</a> ӭ</b>.</li> <li>Moshegov Kondratiy Mikhailovich. “ABC-book for Permyaks children (in the Cherdyn dialect)”. Kazan, 1908. There are no letters <b>Ъ ъ, Ь ь</b>. There are <b><a href="/wiki/%D3%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӝ">Ӝ</a> ӝ, <a href="/wiki/%D3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӟ">Ӟ</a> ӟ, Ӵ ӵ, Ѳ ѳ</b>.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Due to the lack of a standard alphabet and the insignificance of editions in the Komi language (about 60-70 books and <a href="/wiki/Brochure" title="Brochure">brochures</a> in Komi were published in 1813-1914), these alphabets did not receive significant distribution among the population.<sup id="cite_ref-isaev_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isaev-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molodtsov_alphabet">Molodtsov alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi_alphabets&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Molodtsov alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi_Molodtsov%27_alfabet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Komi_Molodtsov%27_alfabet.jpg/250px-Komi_Molodtsov%27_alfabet.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Komi_Molodtsov%27_alfabet.jpg/375px-Komi_Molodtsov%27_alfabet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Komi_Molodtsov%27_alfabet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>Molodtsov's alphabet from the ABC-book of 1926</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Molodtsov alphabet</b> (<a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a>: <span lang="kv">Молодцов анбур</span>, <i>Molodcov anbur</i>) was based on the Cyrillic alphabet, but had a number of specific letters to indicate soft <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a>. It was used to write both the Komi-Zyrian and Komi-Permyak versions of the language, but active publishing of printed materials using the alphabet did not begin until 1921 due to the lack of necessary typefaces; until then, a modified Russian alphabet was used, compiled by A. A. Zember.<sup id="cite_ref-isaev_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isaev-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The letters particular to the Cyrillic Molodtsov alphabet were: <a href="/wiki/%D4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ԁ">Ԁ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D4%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Ԃ">Ԃ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Ԅ">Ԅ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D4%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Ԇ">Ԇ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D4%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ԉ">Ԉ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D4%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ԋ">Ԋ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D4%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ԍ">Ԍ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D4%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ԏ">Ԏ</a> (the hooks represent <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a>). </p> <table class="wikitable" summary="Thirty-three letters of the Molodtsov alphabet, capital and small" cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Molodtsov alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а </td> <td>Б б </td> <td>В в </td> <td>Г г </td> <td>Ԁ ԁ </td> <td>Ԃ ԃ </td> <td>Е е </td> <td>Ж ж </td> <td>Җ җ </td> <td>З з </td> <td>Ԅ ԅ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ԇ ԇ </td> <td>І і </td> <td>Ј ј </td> <td>К к </td> <td>Л л </td> <td>Ԉ ԉ </td> <td>М м </td> <td>Н н </td> <td>Ԋ ԋ </td> <td>О о </td> <td>Ӧ ӧ </td></tr> <tr> <td>П п </td> <td>Р р </td> <td>С с </td> <td>Ԍ ԍ </td> <td>Т т </td> <td>Ԏ ԏ </td> <td>У у </td> <td>Ч ч </td> <td>Ш ш </td> <td>Щ щ </td> <td>Ы ы </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition, the letters Ф ф, Х х, and Ц ц might be used for words borrowed from Russian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi_alphabets&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1918, the sphere of use of the Komi language expanded significantly; teaching was introduced in schools, and local newspapers began to publish separate articles in the language. Under these conditions, the need arose to create a permanent alphabet and develop spelling norms.<sup id="cite_ref-isaev_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isaev-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From May to June 1918, a meeting of teachers was held in <a href="/wiki/Ust-Sysolsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ust-Sysolsk">Ust-Sysolsk</a>, at which teacher Vasily Alexandrovich Molodtsov (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Васи́лий Алекса́ндрович Молодцо́в</span>, <a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a>: <span lang="kv">Молодцов Сандрӧ Васьӧ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Komi-language romanization"><i lang="kv-Latn">Molodcov Sandrә Vasjә</i></span>) spoke and acquainted the meeting participants with his draft alphabet for the Komi language, which was approved in August of the same year at a meeting of teachers in <a href="/wiki/Ust-Vym" title="Ust-Vym">Ust-Vym</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998510–511_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998510–511-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the merits of this alphabet (strict phonemic, economical writing), it also had a number of drawbacks, mainly the complexity of the handwriting due to the special form of characters for soft consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998264–266_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998264–266-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was abandoned and replaced by the Latin alphabet in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_after_1932">Writing after 1932</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi_alphabets&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Writing after 1932"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi_latin_alphabet.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Komi_latin_alphabet.PNG/220px-Komi_latin_alphabet.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Komi_latin_alphabet.PNG/330px-Komi_latin_alphabet.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Komi_latin_alphabet.PNG/440px-Komi_latin_alphabet.PNG 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Latinized Komi alphabet<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>~ 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Back in 1924, Professor A.N. Gren proposed translating the Komi script on a Latinized basis. According to his design, the alphabet should include the following letters: <b>A a, B b, D d, Dj dj, E e, G g, Zs zs, Dzs dzs, I i, J j, K k, L l, Lj lj, M m, N n, Nj nj, O o, Ö ö, P p, R r, S s, Sj sj, Sch sch, Cs cs, Csj csj, T t, Tj tj, U u, V v, Y y, Z z, Zj zj, Dz dz</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, few supported Gren, but at that time an active process of the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Latinization of writing</a> began in the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, and soon this question was raised again. In 1929, at the Komi Linguistic Conference of Glavnauka, a resolution was adopted on the need to switch to the Latinized alphabet, using the <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1alif" title="Yañalif">experience</a> of Latinizing the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> scripts of the peoples of the USSR. In September 1930, the Bureau of the Komi Regional Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks)</a> formally decided to translate the Komi script into Latin. The alphabet itself was approved in November 1931, after which the <a href="/wiki/Office_administration" title="Office administration">transfer of paperwork</a>, education and publishing to a new script began. This process was generally completed in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998210–212_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998210–212-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isaev_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isaev-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Latin Komi alphabet essentially became a transliteration of the youthful alphabet — it retained strict <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemicity</a>, the designation of soft consonants by adding a “tai”l (descender) to the letter, and special signs for <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a>. Thus, both the advantages and disadvantages of the previous alphabet were preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998210–212_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998210–212-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The change in the political situation in the USSR in the mid-1930s led to the abandonment of the Latinized Komi alphabet — the country began the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">process of cyrillization</a>. Regarding the writing of Komi, this resulted in a rejection of the Latin alphabet in 1936. Instead, Molodtsov's alphabet was restored, but in 1938 it was replaced by a new version of the Cyrillic alphabet, much more similar to the Russian script.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998210–212_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998210–212-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Komi-Permyak language in May 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug">district</a> alphabetical commission approved an alphabet authored by V. I. Yakimov containing all 33 letters of the Russian alphabet plus the additional letters <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode">Җ җ, Ҙ ҙ, І і, Ӧ ӧ, Ӹ ӹ</span></b>.<sup id="cite_ref-About_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 1937 proposal by A. N. Zubov was as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Д д, Е е, Ж ж, Ж̓ ж̓, З з, З̓ з̓, И и, Й й, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Ф ф, Х х, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, Ы ы, Э э, Ю ю, Я я, Ь ь, Ё ё.</span> </p><p>In July 1937, the Yakimov alphabet was discussed at the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> branch of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Language_and_Writing_of_the_Peoples_of_the_USSR_of_the_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_USSR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Language and Writing of the Peoples of the USSR of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (page does not exist)">Institute of Language and Writing</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="extiw" title="ru:Институт языка и письменности народов СССР">ru</a>]</span>, where it underwent some changes — <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">Ә ә, Җ җ, Ҙ ҙ, І і, Ӵ ӵ</span></b> were added to the 33 letters of the Russian alphabet. However, a few days later the Central Institute of Language and Writing in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> recommended replacing the letters <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">Җ җ, Ҙ ҙ, Ӵ ӵ</span></b> with the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">дж, дз, тш</span></b> respectively. In the final version of the alphabet, the sign <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">Ә ә</span></b> was replaced by <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">Ӧ ӧ</span></b> and the alphabet was as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Д д, Е е, Ж ж, З з, И и, Й й, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Ф ф, Х х, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, Ъ ъ, Ы ы, Ь ь, Э э, Ю ю, Я я, Ё ё, І і, Ӧ ӧ.</span><sup id="cite_ref-About_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_alphabet">Modern alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi_alphabets&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern alphabet for the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak languages was introduced in 1938. It consists of 35 letters: 23 consonants and 12 vowels, containing all the letters of the post-reform <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian alphabet</a> in order, in addition to the signs <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><a href="/wiki/O_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="O with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӧ ӧ</a></span></b> and <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><a href="/wiki/Dotted_I_(Cyrillic)" title="Dotted I (Cyrillic)">І і</a></span></b>. Three <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>, <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Дж">дж</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Дз">дз</a></span></b> and <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Тш">тш</a></span>.</b> are used to indicate affricates, but are rarely included as separate letters in the alphabet. </p><p>The letter <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">І і</span></b> ("hard <i>І і</i>") is used after the letters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">д, з, л, н, с, т</span> to denote their hardness (before "ordinary" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">И</span>, they are <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">soft</a>). The letter <b>Ӧ ӧ</b> denotes the <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">close-mid central unrounded vowel</a>. The softness of the consonants is indicated by the <a href="/wiki/Soft_sign" title="Soft sign">soft sign</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">Ь ь</span>) following them.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998574_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998574-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters_of_the_modern_Komi_alphabet">Letters of the modern Komi alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi_alphabets&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Letters of the modern Komi alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(see below for IPA pronunciations) </p> <table class="standard" cellpadding="5" style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2.5em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="«width:3em;»">А а </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Б б </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">В в </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Г г </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Д д </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Е е </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ё ё </td></tr> <tr> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ж ж </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">З з </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">И и </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">І і </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Й й </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">К к </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Л л </td></tr> <tr> <td style="«width:3em;»">М м </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Н н </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">О о </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ӧ ӧ </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">П п </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Р р </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">С с </td></tr> <tr> <td style="«width:3em;»">Т т </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">У у </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ф ф </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Х х </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ц ц </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ч ч </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ш ш </td></tr> <tr> <td style="«width:3em;»">Щ щ </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ъ ъ </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ы ы </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ь ь </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Э э </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Ю ю </td> <td style="«width:3em;»">Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_sounds">Vowel sounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi_alphabets&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowel sounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>— </th> <th>Front </th> <th>Central </th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th>Close </th> <td>и, і </td> <td>ы </td> <td>ю, у </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid </th> <td>э, е </td> <td>ӧ </td> <td>ё, о </td></tr> <tr> <th>Open </th> <td> </td> <td>я, а </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komi-Yazva_alphabet">Komi-Yazva alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi_alphabets&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Komi-Yazva alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Komi-Yazva language</a>, long considered one of the dialects of the Komi-Permian language, received its original alphabet only in the early 2000s, when the first primer was published on it. The alphabet of this publication includes all the letters of the Russian alphabet plus the specific characters <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">Ӧ ӧ, <a href="/wiki/Oe_(Cyrillic)" title="Oe (Cyrillic)">Ө ө</a>, <a href="/wiki/U_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="U with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӱ ӱ</a></span></b>, as well as digraphs <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">дж, дч, тш</span></b>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later Russian-Komi-Yazvin dictionary contains an alphabet that has <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">І і</span></b> in addition to the 33 Russian letters and the specific characters from the aforementioned primer. Moreover, affricates are indicated by combinations of letters <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">дз, дж, тш</span></i> (but are not considered separate letters in this edition) and the letter <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ч</span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Publications in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izhem_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izhem dialect (page does not exist)">Izhem dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:Ижемский диалект">ru</a>]</span> of the Komi language use standard Komi writing.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_alphabets_and_IPA">Comparison of alphabets and IPA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi_alphabets&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Comparison of alphabets and IPA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Komi alphabets<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Anbur</th> <th>Cyrillic<br />of Castren-<br />Savvaitov<br />(19th c.)</th> <th>Cyrillic<br />of Sjögren <br />(19th c.)</th> <th>Molodtsov Cyrillic</th> <th>Project<br />of alphabet<br />of the professor<br />A. N. Gren</th> <th>Latin<br />1930—1936</th> <th>Modern Cyrillic<br />(since 1938)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_An_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Komi-Anbur_An_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_An_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Komi-Anbur_An_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_An_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Komi-Anbur_An_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_An_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍐</td> <td>а</td> <td>а</td> <td>а</td> <td>A a</td> <td>a</td> <td>а</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[a]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Bur_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Komi-Anbur_Bur_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Bur_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Komi-Anbur_Bur_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Bur_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Komi-Anbur_Bur_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Bur_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍑</td> <td>б</td> <td>б</td> <td>б</td> <td>B b</td> <td>b</td> <td>б</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[b]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Ver_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Komi-Anbur_Ver_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Ver_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Komi-Anbur_Ver_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Ver_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Komi-Anbur_Ver_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Ver_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍮</td> <td>в</td> <td>в</td> <td>в</td> <td>V v</td> <td>v</td> <td>в</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[v]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Gai_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Komi-Anbur_Gai_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Gai_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Komi-Anbur_Gai_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Gai_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Komi-Anbur_Gai_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Gai_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍒</td> <td>г</td> <td>г</td> <td>г</td> <td>G g</td> <td>g</td> <td>г</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[g]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Doi_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Komi-Anbur_Doi_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Doi_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Komi-Anbur_Doi_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Doi_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Komi-Anbur_Doi_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Doi_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍓</td> <td>д</td> <td>д</td> <td>ԁ</td> <td>D d</td> <td>d</td> <td>д</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[d]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>дј</td> <td>д̀</td> <td>ԃ</td> <td>Dj dj</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="безрамки"><img alt="безрамки" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg/7px-Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg/11px-Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg/15px-Latin_small_letter_D_with_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="424" /></a></span></td> <td>д (palatal)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɟ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Dzhoi_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Komi-Anbur_Dzhoi_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Dzhoi_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Komi-Anbur_Dzhoi_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Dzhoi_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Komi-Anbur_Dzhoi_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Dzhoi_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍖‎</td> <td>дж</td> <td>дж</td> <td>җ</td> <td>Dzs dzs</td> <td>з</td> <td>дж</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[d͡ʒ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Dzita_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Komi-Anbur_Dzita_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Dzita_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Komi-Anbur_Dzita_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Dzita_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Komi-Anbur_Dzita_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Dzita_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍘</td> <td>дз</td> <td>дз</td> <td>ԇ</td> <td>Dz dz</td> <td>ӡ</td> <td>дз</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[d͡ʑ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>је</td> <td></td> <td>je</td> <td>е</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[je]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>јо</td> <td></td> <td>jo</td> <td>ё</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[jo]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Zhoi_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Komi-Anbur_Zhoi_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Zhoi_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Komi-Anbur_Zhoi_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Zhoi_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Komi-Anbur_Zhoi_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Zhoi_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍕</td> <td>ж</td> <td>ж</td> <td>ж</td> <td>Zs zs</td> <td>ƶ</td> <td>ж</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʒ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Zata_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Komi-Anbur_Zata_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Zata_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Komi-Anbur_Zata_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Zata_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Komi-Anbur_Zata_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Zata_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍗</td> <td>з</td> <td>з</td> <td>з</td> <td>Z z</td> <td>z</td> <td>з</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[z]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>зј</td> <td>з̀</td> <td>ԅ</td> <td>Zj zj</td> <td>ⱬ</td> <td>з (palatal)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʑ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_I_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Komi-Anbur_I_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_I_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Komi-Anbur_I_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_I_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Komi-Anbur_I_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_I_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍙</td> <td>і</td> <td>і</td> <td>і</td> <td>I i</td> <td>i</td> <td>и, і</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[i]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_I_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Komi-Anbur_I_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_I_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Komi-Anbur_I_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_I_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Komi-Anbur_I_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_I_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍙</td> <td>ј</td> <td>ј</td> <td>ј</td> <td>J j</td> <td>j</td> <td>й</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[j]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Koke_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Komi-Anbur_Koke_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Koke_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Komi-Anbur_Koke_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Koke_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Komi-Anbur_Koke_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Koke_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍚</td> <td>к</td> <td>к</td> <td>к</td> <td>K k</td> <td>k</td> <td>к</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[k]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Lei_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Komi-Anbur_Lei_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Lei_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Komi-Anbur_Lei_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Lei_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Komi-Anbur_Lei_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Lei_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍛</td> <td>л</td> <td>л</td> <td>л</td> <td>L l</td> <td>l</td> <td>л</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɫ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>лј</td> <td>л̀</td> <td>ԉ</td> <td>Lj lj</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="безрамки"><img alt="безрамки" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg/3px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg/5px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg/6px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="447" /></a></span></td> <td>л (palatal)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʎ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Menoe_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Komi-Anbur_Menoe_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Menoe_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Komi-Anbur_Menoe_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Menoe_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Komi-Anbur_Menoe_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Menoe_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍜</td> <td>м</td> <td>м</td> <td>м</td> <td>M m</td> <td>m</td> <td>м</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[m]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Nenoe_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Komi-Anbur_Nenoe_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Nenoe_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Komi-Anbur_Nenoe_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Nenoe_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Komi-Anbur_Nenoe_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Nenoe_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍝</td> <td>н</td> <td>н</td> <td>н</td> <td>N n</td> <td>n</td> <td>н</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[n]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>нј</td> <td>н̀</td> <td>ԋ</td> <td>Nj nj</td> <td>ꞑ</td> <td>н (palatal)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɲ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_O_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Komi-Anbur_O_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_O_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Komi-Anbur_O_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_O_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Komi-Anbur_O_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_O_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍩</td> <td>о</td> <td>о</td> <td>о</td> <td>O o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[o]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_O_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Komi-Anbur_O_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_O_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Komi-Anbur_O_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_O_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Komi-Anbur_O_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_O_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍩</td> <td>ӧ</td> <td>ӧ</td> <td>ӧ</td> <td>Ö ö</td> <td>ə</td> <td>ӧ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɘ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Peei_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Komi-Anbur_Peei_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Peei_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Komi-Anbur_Peei_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Peei_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Komi-Anbur_Peei_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Peei_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍟</td> <td>п</td> <td>п</td> <td>п</td> <td>P p</td> <td>p</td> <td>п</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[p]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Rei_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Komi-Anbur_Rei_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Rei_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Komi-Anbur_Rei_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Rei_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Komi-Anbur_Rei_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Rei_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍠</td> <td>р</td> <td>р</td> <td>р</td> <td>R r</td> <td>r</td> <td>р</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[r]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Sii_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Komi-Anbur_Sii_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Sii_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Komi-Anbur_Sii_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Sii_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Komi-Anbur_Sii_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Sii_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍡</td> <td>с</td> <td>с</td> <td>с</td> <td>S s</td> <td>s</td> <td>с</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[s]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>сј</td> <td>с̀</td> <td>ԍ</td> <td>Sj sj</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_S_with_descender.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="безрамки"><img alt="безрамки" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Latin_small_letter_S_with_descender.svg/5px-Latin_small_letter_S_with_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Latin_small_letter_S_with_descender.svg/8px-Latin_small_letter_S_with_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Latin_small_letter_S_with_descender.svg/11px-Latin_small_letter_S_with_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="301" /></a></span></td> <td>с (palatal)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɕ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Tai_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Komi-Anbur_Tai_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Tai_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Komi-Anbur_Tai_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Tai_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Komi-Anbur_Tai_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Tai_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍢</td> <td>т</td> <td>т</td> <td>т</td> <td>T t</td> <td>t</td> <td>т</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[t]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>тј</td> <td>т̀</td> <td>ԏ</td> <td>Tj tj</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_T_with_descender.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="безрамки"><img alt="безрамки" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Latin_small_letter_T_with_descender.svg/4px-Latin_small_letter_T_with_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Latin_small_letter_T_with_descender.svg/6px-Latin_small_letter_T_with_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Latin_small_letter_T_with_descender.svg/8px-Latin_small_letter_T_with_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td> <td>т (palatal)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[c]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Vooi_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Komi-Anbur_Vooi_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Vooi_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Komi-Anbur_Vooi_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Vooi_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Komi-Anbur_Vooi_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Vooi_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍣</td> <td>у</td> <td>у</td> <td>у</td> <td>U u</td> <td>u</td> <td>у</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[u]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Ef_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Komi-Anbur_Ef_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Ef_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Komi-Anbur_Ef_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Ef_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Komi-Anbur_Ef_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Ef_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍫</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>F f</td> <td>f</td> <td>ф</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[f]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[p]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Ha_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Komi-Anbur_Ha_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Ha_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Komi-Anbur_Ha_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Ha_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Komi-Anbur_Ha_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Ha_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍬</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>H h</td> <td>x</td> <td>х</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[x]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[k]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>C c</td> <td>c</td> <td>ц</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[t͡s]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[t͡ɕ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Chery_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Komi-Anbur_Chery_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Chery_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Komi-Anbur_Chery_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Chery_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Komi-Anbur_Chery_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Chery_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍤</td> <td>ч</td> <td>ч</td> <td>щ</td> <td>Cs cs</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_C_with_middle_tilde.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="безрамки"><img alt="безрамки" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Latin_small_letter_C_with_middle_tilde.svg/7px-Latin_small_letter_C_with_middle_tilde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Latin_small_letter_C_with_middle_tilde.svg/10px-Latin_small_letter_C_with_middle_tilde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Latin_small_letter_C_with_middle_tilde.svg/13px-Latin_small_letter_C_with_middle_tilde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="254" /></a></span></td> <td>тш</td> <td> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[t͡ʃ]</a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>чј</td> <td>ч̀</td> <td>ч</td> <td>Csj csj</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="безрамки"><img alt="безрамки" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg/7px-Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg/10px-Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg/14px-Latin_small_letter_C_with_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="301" /></a></span></td> <td>ч</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[t͡ɕ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Shooi_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Komi-Anbur_Shooi_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Shooi_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Komi-Anbur_Shooi_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Shooi_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Komi-Anbur_Shooi_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Shooi_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍥</td> <td>ш</td> <td>ш</td> <td>ш</td> <td>Sch sch</td> <td>ꞩ</td> <td>ш</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʃ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Shchooi_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Komi-Anbur_Shchooi_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Shchooi_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Komi-Anbur_Shchooi_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Shchooi_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Komi-Anbur_Shchooi_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Shchooi_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍦</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>щ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɕː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Yer_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Komi-Anbur_Yer_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Yer_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Komi-Anbur_Yer_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Yer_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Komi-Anbur_Yer_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Yer_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍯</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ъ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[◌.]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Yeru_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Komi-Anbur_Yeru_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Yeru_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Komi-Anbur_Yeru_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Yeru_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Komi-Anbur_Yeru_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Yeru_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍨</td> <td>ы</td> <td>ы</td> <td>ы</td> <td>Y y</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_I_with_bowl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="безрамки"><img alt="безрамки" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Latin_small_letter_I_with_bowl.svg/7px-Latin_small_letter_I_with_bowl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Latin_small_letter_I_with_bowl.svg/11px-Latin_small_letter_I_with_bowl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Latin_small_letter_I_with_bowl.svg/13px-Latin_small_letter_I_with_bowl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="169" /></a></span></td> <td>ы</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɨ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Yeri_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Komi-Anbur_Yeri_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Yeri_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Komi-Anbur_Yeri_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Yeri_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Komi-Anbur_Yeri_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Yeri_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍰</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ь</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[◌ʲ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_E_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Komi-Anbur_E_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_E_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Komi-Anbur_E_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_E_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Komi-Anbur_E_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_E_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Yat_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Komi-Anbur_Yat_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Yat_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Komi-Anbur_Yat_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Yat_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Komi-Anbur_Yat_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Yat_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍔, 𐍱</td> <td>е</td> <td>е</td> <td>е</td> <td>E e</td> <td>e</td> <td>э</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[e]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Yu_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Komi-Anbur_Yu_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Yu_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Komi-Anbur_Yu_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Yu_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Komi-Anbur_Yu_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Yu_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍳</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ју</td> <td></td> <td>ju</td> <td>ю</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ju]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Ya_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Komi-Anbur_Ya_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Ya_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Komi-Anbur_Ya_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Ya_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Komi-Anbur_Ya_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Ya_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="200" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komi-Anbur_Ia_SansSerif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Komi-Anbur_Ia_SansSerif.jpg/20px-Komi-Anbur_Ia_SansSerif.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Komi-Anbur_Ia_SansSerif.jpg/30px-Komi-Anbur_Ia_SansSerif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Komi-Anbur_Ia_SansSerif.jpg/40px-Komi-Anbur_Ia_SansSerif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐍴‎, 𐍵</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ја</td> <td></td> <td>ja</td> <td>я</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ja]</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi_alphabets&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFКоми_язык1998" class="citation book cs1">Г. В. Федюнева (1998). <i>Коми язык. Энциклопедия</i> (<span class="nowrap">5000 экз</span> ed.). М.: Изд-во ДиК. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7903-0045-6" title="Special:BookSources/5-7903-0045-6"><bdi>5-7903-0045-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA.+%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.edition=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5000+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B7%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4-%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%9A&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=5-7903-0045-6&rft.au=%D0%93.+%D0%92.+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomi+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКастрен_М._А.1844" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кастрен, Матиас Александр (page does not exist)">Кастрен М. А.</a> (1844) [Elementa grammatices Syrjaenae]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A5FPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1">"De Litteris"</a>. <i>Основы зырянской грамматики</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хельсинки (page does not exist)">Helsingforsiae</a>. pp. 1–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+Litteris&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.place=Helsingforsiae&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=1844&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%9C.+%D0%90.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA5FPAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomi+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFРогов_Н._А.1860" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рогов, Николай Абрамович (page does not exist)">Рогов Н. А.</a> (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTtFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1">"Отделение Первое. О буквах"</a>. <i>Опыт грамматики пермяцкаго языка</i>. СПб. pp. 1–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5.+%D0%9E+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%B1.&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=1860&rft.au=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%9D.+%D0%90.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTtFAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomi+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEva_Toulouze2016" class="citation book cs1">Eva Toulouze (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal-inalco.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01276742/document"><i>Vasili Lytkin and the latinisation of Komi</i></a>. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vasili+Lytkin+and+the+latinisation+of+Komi&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Eva+Toulouze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal-inalco.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01276742%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomi+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi_alphabets&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a number of early publications in the Latin alphabet (1932), instead of <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%CC%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S̷ (page does not exist)">S̷ s̷</a>, the sign <a href="/wiki/%CA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ʕ">ʕ</a> <a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">ſ</a> was used, and instead of <a href="/wiki/%D3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӡ">Ӡ ӡ</a> - <a href="/wiki/%D2%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҙ">Ҙ ҙ</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi_alphabets&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998112–117-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998112–117_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКоми_язык1998">Коми язык 1998</a>, pp. 112–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВ._И._Лыткин1931" class="citation book cs1">В. И. Лыткин (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlib.rsl.ru/viewer/01005509745#?page=179"><i>К истории коми письменности</i></a>. Культура и письменность востока. Vol. 7–8. М. pp. 173–188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.series=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.pages=173-188&rft.date=1931&rft.au=%D0%92.+%D0%98.+%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlib.rsl.ru%2Fviewer%2F01005509745%23%3Fpage%3D179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomi+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998339–343-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998339–343_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКоми_язык1998">Коми язык 1998</a>, pp. 339–343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык199856–57-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык199856–57_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКоми_язык1998">Коми язык 1998</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998337–339-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998337–339_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКоми_язык1998">Коми язык 1998</a>, pp. 337–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998182–185-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998182–185_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКоми_язык1998">Коми язык 1998</a>, pp. 182–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998525-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998525_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКоми_язык1998">Коми язык 1998</a>, p. 525.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык199817-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык199817_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКоми_язык1998">Коми язык 1998</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isaev-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isaev_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isaev_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isaev_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isaev_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isaev_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFМ._И._Исаев1979" class="citation book cs1">М. И. Исаев (1979). <i>Языковое строительство в СССР</i> (<span class="nowrap">2650 экз</span> ed.). М.: «Наука». pp. 201–210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.pages=201-210&rft.edition=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2650+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B7%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%C2%BB&rft.date=1979&rft.au=%D0%9C.+%D0%98.+%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomi+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998510–511-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998510–511_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКоми_язык1998">Коми язык 1998</a>, pp. 510–511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998264–266-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998264–266_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКоми_язык1998">Коми язык 1998</a>, pp. 264–266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Creating and development of the Komi literary language" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsypanov,_Prof._E._A.;_anonymous_(tr.)" class="citation web cs1">Tsypanov, Prof. E. A.; anonymous (tr.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007023823/http://www.reocities.com/Athens/2282/finno.html">"The Finno-Ugric language family"</a>. ReoCities. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reocities.com/Athens/2282/finno.html">the original</a> on 7 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 Dec</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Finno-Ugric+language+family&rft.pub=ReoCities&rft.au=Tsypanov%2C+Prof.+E.+A.%3B+anonymous+%28tr.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reocities.com%2FAthens%2F2282%2Ffinno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomi+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fennougrica.kansalliskirjasto.fi/handle/10024/67397">"Русско-пермяцкий словарь для канцелярии"</a>. <i>Kudьmkar: Komi-Permjackәj Izdat̡el̡ştvo, 1932</i>. Kudьmkar: Komi-Permjackәj Izdat̡el̡ştvo. 1932 [Roça-komi kьvvez: natod̦il̡ kancel̡arija da sud uзьn].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kud%D1%8Cmkar%3A+Komi-Permjack%D3%99j+Izdat%CC%A1el%CC%A1%C5%9Ftvo%2C+1932&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=1932&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffennougrica.kansalliskirjasto.fi%2Fhandle%2F10024%2F67397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomi+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Gren1924" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">A. Gren (1924), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zyrians.foto11.com/gren_latin_graphics"><i>О применении латинского алфавита к языкам коми и удмурт</i></a> [<i>On the application of the Latin alphabet to the Komi and Udmurt languages</i>] (in Russian) (Komi mu ed.), pp. 50–59</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BA+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82&rft.pages=50-59&rft.edition=Komi+mu&rft.date=1924&rft.au=A.+Gren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzyrians.foto11.com%2Fgren_latin_graphics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomi+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998210–212-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998210–212_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998210–212_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998210–212_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКоми_язык1998">Коми язык 1998</a>, pp. 210–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-About-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.komi-permarchiv.ru/index.php?page=75-let-alfavitu">"О современном коми-пермяцком алфавите"</a>. 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Zubov (May 15, 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fennougrica.kansalliskirjasto.fi/handle/10024/81300">"Русский алфавит - в основу коми алфавита"</a> [Russian alphabet is the basis of the Komi alphabet]. <i>Ļen̡in tuj vülәt</i> (in Russian). <b>56</b> (1505): 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C4%BBen%CC%A1in+tuj+v%C3%BCl%D3%99t&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82+-+%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1505&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1937-05-15&rft.au=A.+N.+Zubov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffennougrica.kansalliskirjasto.fi%2Fhandle%2F10024%2F81300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomi+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130417072944/http://leb.nlr.ru/edoc/372136/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5">Листовка "Коми алфавит на русской основе. 1938</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998574-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКоми_язык1998574_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКоми_язык1998">Коми язык 1998</a>, p. 574.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFА.Л._Паршакова2003" class="citation book cs1">А.Л. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicode.org&rft.atitle=Revised+proposal+for+encoding+the+Old+Permic+script+in+the+SMP+of+the+UCS&rft.date=2012-04-26&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2012%2F12137-n4263-permic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomi+alphabets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_orthographies" title="Template talk:Language orthographies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language orthographies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orthographies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthographies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li><b>Orthographies</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans alphabet">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_orthography" title="Danish orthography">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_orthography" title="Faroese orthography">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Norwegian</a></li> <li>Swedish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_orthography" title="Swedish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_alphabet" title="West Frisian alphabet">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_orthography" title="Yiddish orthography">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language#Orthography" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language#Orthography" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cornish" title="Modern Cornish">Modern Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language#Orthography" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet" title="Aromanian alphabet">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_alphabet" title="Istro-Romanian alphabet">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian</a></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Phonology & ortography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_orthography" title="Sicilian orthography">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_orthography" title="Walloon orthography">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_orthography" title="Latvian orthography">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_orthography" title="Lithuanian orthography">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Latin_alphabet" title="Belarusian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara%C5%A1kievica" title="Taraškievica">Classical orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">Macedonian</a></li> <li>Polish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_orthography" title="Silesian orthography">Silesian</a></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_orthography" title="Slovak orthography">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_alphabet" title="Slovene alphabet">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_alphabet" title="Sorbian alphabet">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography" title="Ukrainian orthography">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_orthography" title="Hindustani orthography">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbodh" title="Balbodh">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_alphabets" title="Romani alphabets">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_orthography" title="Estonian orthography">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_orthography" title="Finnish orthography">Finnish</a></li> <li>Hungarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet" title="Hungarian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_orthography" title="Hungarian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_alphabet" title="Karelian alphabet">Karelian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_alphabets" title="Mansi alphabets">Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_alphabets" title="Mordvinic alphabets">Mordvinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Sámi orthography">Sámi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Kildin Sámi orthography">Kildin Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_alphabets" title="Udmurt alphabets">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_alphabet" title="Bashkir alphabet">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_alphabet" title="Gagauz alphabet">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_alphabets" title="Khakas alphabets">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_alphabets" title="Nogai alphabets">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabets" title="Uyghur alphabets">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_scripts" title="Yakut scripts">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungus—Manchu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Even_alphabets" title="Even alphabets">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_orthography" title="Evenki orthography">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udege_alphabets" title="Udege alphabets">Udege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_alphabet" title="Abkhaz alphabet">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargin_writing" title="Dargin writing">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li>Aramaic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Ethiopian Semitic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_alphabets" title="Somali alphabets">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_orthography" title="Sesotho orthography">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_scripts" title="Okinawan scripts">Okinawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungan alphabet">Dungan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_alphabets" title="Nivkh alphabets">Nivkh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabet" title="Hawaiian alphabet">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_orthography" title="Malay orthography">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_writing_systems" title="Massachusett writing systems">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_orthography" title="Nahuatl orthography">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole alphabet">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento_orthography" title="Papiamento orthography">Papiamento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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